PHYSICS CHAPTER 3

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CHAPTER 3:
Force, Momentum and Impulse
(5 Hours)

1
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
3.0 Force
 is defined as something capable of changing state of
motion or size or dimension of a body .
 There are four types of fundamental forces in nature:
 Gravitational forces (refer to figures 3.1 and 3.2)
 The forces involve attraction between massive
body.
 is a long-range forces.
 the weakest forces in nature.

Figure 3.1 Figure 3.2 2

PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
 Electromagnetic forces (refer to figures 3.3)
 The attractive and repulsive forces between electric
charges.
 is a long-range forces.
 Strong nuclear forces (refer to figures 3.4)
 The attractive forces bonding neutron and proton in
atomic nucleus.
 is a short-range forces and the strongest forces in
nature.

Figure 3.3 Figure 3.4 3

PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
 Weak nuclear forces (refer to figures 3.5)
 cause the unstable condition for atomic nucleus and is
responsible for the radioactive decay.
 is a short-range forces and 12 times weak compare with
electromagnetic forces.

Figure 3.5
 is a vector quantity.
 The dimension of the force is given by
[ F ] = [ m][ a] [ F ] = MLT −2
 The S.I. unit of force, F is kg m s-2 or newton (N)
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 PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Learning Outcome:
3.1 Newton’s laws of motion (2 hours)
www.kmph.matrik.edu.my/physics

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

 Explain Newton’s First Law and the concept of mass and
inertia.
 Definition of inertia and mass.
 Explain and use Newton’s Second Law

d  dm dv 
F = ( mv ) =  v +m 
dt  dt dt 
 Explain Newton’s Third Law.

5
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
3.1 Newton’s laws of motion
3.1.1 Newton’s first law of motion
 states “an object at rest will remain at rest, or continues to
move with uniform velocity in a straight line unless it is
acted upon by a external forces”
forces
OR
 
Fnett = ∑ F =0
 The first law gives the idea of inertia.
Inertia
 is defined as the tendency of an object to resist any change
in its state of rest or motion.
motion
 is a scalar quantity.

6
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
 Figures 3.6a and 3.6b show the examples of real experience of
inertia.

Figure 3.6a

Figure 3.6b
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PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Mass, m
 is defined as a measure of a body’s inertia.

 is a scalar quantity.
quantity
 The S.I. unit of mass is kilogram (kg).
(kg)
 The value of mass is independent of location.
location
 If the mass of a body increases then its inertia will increase.

mass ∝ inertia

Weight, W
 is defined as the force exerted on a body under gravitational
field.
 It is a vector quantity.
quantity
 It is dependant on where it is measured,
measured because the value
of g varies at different localities on the earth’s surface.
surface

8
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
 It always directed toward the centre of the earth or in the
same direction of acceleration due to gravity, g.
 The S.I. unit is kg m s-2 or newton (N).
(N)
Equation:

 
W = mg
3.1.2 Newton’s second law of motion
 states “the rate of change of linear momentum of a moving
body is proportional to the resultant force and is in the
same direction as the force acting on it”
it
OR
its can be represented by
 dp where

∑ F ∝ dt ∑ F : resultant force
dp : change in linear momentum
dt : time interval 9
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
 From the Newton’s 2nd law of motion, it also can be written as
 dp
∑ F=
dt
and p = mv

 d ( mv)   dm 
dv
∑ F = dt ∑ F = v dt + m dt
Case 1:
 Object at rest or in motion with constant velocity but with
changing mass.
mass For example : Rocket
  dm  
dv dv
∑ F =v
dt
+m
dt
and
dt
=0

  dm
∑ F = v dt
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PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Case 2:
 Object at rest or in motion with constant velocity and constant
mass.
mass
  dm  
dv dm dv
∑ F =v
dt
+m
dt
where
dt
= 0 and
dt
=0

∑ F = 0 Newton’s 1st
law of motion

 dp
 Thus ∑ F = =0
dt

p = constant

11
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Case 3:
 Object with constant mass but changing velocity.
velocity
  dm 
dv dm
∑ F =v
dt
+m
dt
and
dt
=0

  
dv  dv
∑ F =m
dt
and a =
dt
  
∑ F = ma where ∑ F : resultant force
m : mass of an object
a : acceleration
 The direction of the resultant force always in the same
direction of the motion or acceleration.
acceleration

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PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
 Newton’s 2nd law of motion restates that “The acceleration of
an object is directly proportional to the nett force acting on
it and inversely proportional to its mass”.
mass

OR

a∝
∑ F
m
 One newton(1 N) is defined as the amount of net force that
gives an acceleration of one metre per second squared to a
body with a mass of one kilogramme.
kilogramme
OR 1 N = 1 kg m s-2
 Notes: 

∑ F is a nett force or effective force or resultant force.
 The force which causes the motion of an object.

 If the forces act on an object and the object moving at

uniform acceleration (not at rest or not in the
equilibrium) hence   
Fnett = ∑ F = ma 13
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
3.1.3 Newton’s third law of motion
 states “every action force has a reaction force that is equal
in magnitude but opposite in direction”.
direction
 For example :
 When the student push on the wall it will push back with the
same force. (refer to figure 3.7)

B (wall)

A (hand)
  
FAB = − FBA
FBA FAB
Figure 3.7

Where FAB is a force by the hand on the wall (action)

FBA is a force by the wall on the hand (reaction)

14
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
 When a book is placed on the table. (refer to figure 3.8)
Force by the table on the book (reaction)

Figure 3.8
Force by the book on the table (action)

 If a car is accelerating forward, it is because its tyres are

pushing backward on the road and the road is pushing
forward on the tyres.
 A rocket moves forward as a result of the push exerted on it
by the exhaust gases which the rocket has pushed out.

 In all cases when two bodies interact, the action and reaction
forces act on different bodies.
bodies

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PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
3.1.4 Applications of Newton’s 2nd law of motion
 From the Newton’s second law of motion, we arrived at equation


∑ F = F = ma
nett
There are five steps in applying the equation above to solve
problems in mechanics:
 Identify the object whose motion is considered.
 Determine the forces exerted on the object.
 Draw a free body diagram for each object.
 is defined as a diagram showing the chosen body by
itself, with vectors drawn to show the magnitude and
directions of all the forces applied to the body by the
other bodies that interact with it.
it
 Choose a system of coordinates so that calculations may be
simplified.
 Apply the equation above,
 Along x-axis:
∑ Fx = ma x
 Along y-axis: ∑ Fy = ma y 16
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Example 1 :
Three wooden blocks connected by a rope of negligible mass are
being dragged by a horizontal force, F in figure 3.9.
 
 T1 T2
F m1 m2 m3

Figure 3.9
Suppose that F = 1000 N, m1 = 3 kg, m2 = 15 kg and m3 = 30 kg.
Determine
a. the acceleration of blocks system.
b. the tension of the rope, T1 and T2.
Neglect the friction between the floor and the wooden blocks.

17
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Solution :
a. For the block, m1 = 3 kg


a
 ∑ F x = F − T1 = m1a
F m1 T ∑F
1 x = 1000 − T1 = 3a
T1 + 3a = 1000 (1)
For the block, m2 = 15 kg


T1
a
 ∑F x = T1 − T2 = m2 a
m2 T2 ∑F x = T1 − T2 = 15a
T
For the block, m3 = 30 kg 1
− T2 = 15a (2)



a ∑F x = T2 = m3 a
T2 m3 T2 = 30a (3)
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PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Solution :
a. By substituting eq. (3) into eq. (2) thus
T1 − 45a = 0 (4)
1000
Eq. (1)−(4) : a=
48
a = 20.8 m s −2

b. By substituting the value of acceleration into equations (4) and

(3), therefore
T1 = 936 N
T2 = 624 N

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PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Example 2 :
Two objects of masses m1 = 10 kg and m2 = 15 kg are connected
by a light string which passes over a smooth pulley as shown in
figure 3.10. Calculate
a. the acceleration of the object of mass 10 kg.
b. the tension in the each string.
(Given g = 9.81 m s−2) Simulation 3.1
Solution : m1
a. For the object m1= 10 kg,
 m2
T1 ∑F y = T1 − m1 g = m1a
Figure 3.10
 where T1 = T2 = T
a
T − 10 g = 10a (1)
 
W1 = m1 g 20
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Solution :
a. For the object m2= 15 kg,

T2 ∑F y = m2 g − T2 = m2 a
∑F y = 15 g − T = 15a
 − T + 15 g = 15a (2)
Eq. (1) + (2) : a = 5 g = 5( 9.81)
a
25 25
−2
  a = 1.96 m s
W2 = m2 g
b. Substitute the value of acceleration into equation (1) thus

T − 10( 9.81) = 10(1.96 )

Therefore T = 118N
T1 = T2 = T = 118 N 21
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Example 3 :
Two blocks, A of mass 10 kg and B of mass 30 kg, are side by side
and in contact with each another. They are pushed along a smooth
floor under the action of a constant force F of magnitude 200 N
applied to A as shown in figure 3.11. Determine
a. the acceleration of the blocks,  B
b. the force exerted by A on B. F A

Simulation 3.2 Figure 3.11

Solution : m A = 10 kg; mB = 30 kg; F = 200 N

a. Let the acceleration of the blocks is a. Therefore

∑F = (m
x A+ mB ) a
F = ( m A + mB ) a
200 = (10 + 30 ) a
a = 5.0 m s −2 22
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Solution :
b. For the object
 A,
a ∑F x = F − FBA = m A a
200 − FBA = 10( 5.0)
 
F A FBA
FBA = 150 N

From the Newton’s 3rd law, thus FAB = FBA = 150 N

OR
For the objectB,
a
∑F x = FAB = mB a
 FAB = 30( 5.0)
FAB B
FAB = 150 N
23
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Exercise 3.1 :
1. A block is dragged by forces, F1 and F2 of the magnitude
20 N and 30 N respectively as shown in figure 3.12. The
frictional force f exerted on the block is 5 N. If the weight of
the block is 200 N and it is move horizontally, determine the
acceleration of the block.
(Given g = 9.81 m s−2)  
a F1
 50
 
f 20 F2
Figure 3.12
ANS. : 1.77 m s− 2

24
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Exercise 3.1 :
 One 3.5 kg paint bucket is hanging by a massless cord from
another 3.5 kg paint bucket, also hanging by a massless cord
as shown in figure 3.13. If the two buckets are pulled upward
with an acceleration of 1.60 m s−2 by the upper cord, calculate
the tension in each cord.
(Given g = 9.81 m s−2)

ANS. : 39.9 N; 79.8 N

Figure 3.13

25
 PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Learning Outcome:
3.2 Conservation of linear momentum and impulse
www.kmph.matrik.edu.my/physics

(2 hours)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
 State the principle of conservation of linear momentum.
 Explain and apply the principle of conservation of
momentum in elastic and inelastic collisions
 Define and use the coefficient of restitution, e
v2 − v1
e=−
u 2 − u1
to determine the types of collisions.
 Define impulse J = Ft and use F-t graph to determine
impulse

26
PHYSICS CHAPTER
3.2 Conservation of linear 3
momentum

and impulse 
3.2.1 Linear momentum, p
 is defined as the product between mass and velocity.
velocity
 is a vector quantity.
 Equation :  
p = mv
 The S.I. unit of linear momentum is kg m s-1.
 The direction of the momentum is the same as the direction
of the velocity.
velocity
 It can be resolve into vertical (y) component and horizontal (x)
component.
py 
p p x = p cos θ = mv cos θ
p y = p sin θ = mv sin θ
θ
px 27
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
3.2.2 Principle of conservation of linear momentum
 states “In an isolated (closed) system, the total momentum
of that system is constant.”
constant
OR
“When the net external force on a system is zero, the total
momentum of that system is constant.”
constant

 In a Closed system,

∑ F =0
From the Newton’s second law,
 thus
 dp
∑ F= =0
 dt
dp = 0
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PHYSICS CHAPTER 3

Therefore p = constant then

∑p x = constant
∑p y = constant

 According to the principle of conservation of linear momentum,

we obtain

The total of initial momentum = the total of final momentum

OR
 
∑ pi = ∑ p f

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PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Linear momentum in one dimension collision
Example 4 :
u B = 3 m s −1 u A = 6 m s −1
B A
Figure 3.14

Figure 3.14 shows an object A of mass 200 g collides head-on with

object B of mass 100 g. After the collision, B moves at a speed
of 2 m s-1. to the left. Determine the velocity of A after Collision
−1
: Solution m A = 0.200 kg; mB = 0.100 kg; u A = −6 m s
u B = 3 m s −1 ; v B = −2 m s −1
 
∑ pi = ∑ p f
m Au A + mB u B = m A v A + mB v B
( 0.200)( − 6) + ( 0.100)( 3) = ( 0.200) v A + ( 0.100)( − 2)
v A = −3.5 m s −1 to the left 30
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Linear momentum in two dimension collision
Example 5 :

m1 u1 m2

50


m1 v1
Before collision After collision
Figure 3.15

A tennis ball of mass m1 moving with initial velocity u1 collides with

a soccer ball of mass m2 initially at rest. After the collision, the
tennis ball is deflected 50° from its initial direction with a velocity v1
as shown in figure 3.15. Suppose that m1 = 250 g, m2 = 900 g,
u1 = 20 m s−1 and v1 = 4 m s−1. Calculate the magnitude and
direction of soccer ball after the collision. Simulation 3.3
31
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Solution : m1 = 0.250 kg; m2 = 0.900 kg; u1 = 20 m s −1 ;
−1
u 2 = 0; v1 = 4 m s ; θ1 = 50 

From the principle of conservation of linear momentum,

 
∑ pi = ∑ p f
The x-component of linear momentum,
 
∑ pix = ∑ p fx
m1u1 x + m2 u 2 x = m1v1 x + m2 v2 x
( 0.250)( 20) + 0 = ( 0.250)( v1 cos θ1 ) + ( 0.900) v2 x
5 = ( 0.250) ( 4 cos 50 ) + ( 0.900 ) v2 x
v2 x = 4.84 m s −1

32
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Solution :
The y-component of linear momentum,
 
∑ piy = ∑ p fy
0 = m1v1 y + m2 v2 y
( )
0 = ( 0.250) − 4 sin 50 + ( 0.900) v2 y


v2 y = 0.851 m s −1
Magnitude of the soccer ball,
v2 = ( v2 x ) 2 + ( v2 y ) 2
v2 = ( 4.84) + ( 0.851)
2 2
= 4.91 m s −1

−1 
Direction of the soccer ball,v2 y  −1  0.851 
θ2 = tan   = tan  
 v2 x   4.84 
θ2 = 9.97 from positive x-axis anticlockwise
33
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Exercise 3.2.1 :
 An object P of mass 4 kg moving with a velocity 4 m s−1 collides
elastically with another object Q of mass 2 kg moving with a
velocity 3 m s−1 towards it.
a. Determine the total momentum before collision.
b. If P immediately stop after the collision, calculate the final
velocity of Q.
c. If the two objects stick together after the collision, calculate
the final velocity of both objects.
ANS. : 10 kg m s− 1; 5 m s− 1 to the right; 1.7 m s− 1 to the right
 A marksman holds a rifle of mass mr = 3.00 kg loosely in his
hands, so as to let it recoil freely when fired. He fires a
bullet of mass mb = 5.00 g horizontally with a velocity 300 m s-1.
Determine
a. the recoil velocity of the rifle,
b. the final momentum of the system.
ANS. : − 0.5 m s− 1; U think. 34
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
3.
1.20 kg 1.80 kg

Before
0.630 m s-1 1.40 m s-1

After
In figures 3.16 show aFigure
3.50 g3.16
bullet is fired horizontally at two
blocks at rest on a frictionless tabletop. The bullet passes
through the first block, with mass 1.20 kg, and embeds
itself in the second block, with mass 1.80 kg. Speeds of
0.630 m s−1 and 1.40 m s-1, respectively, are thereby given
to the blocks. Neglecting the mass removed from the first
block by the bullet, determine
a. the speed of the bullet immediately after it emerges from
the first block and
.b. the initial speed of the bullet
ANS. : 721 m s− 1; 937.4 m s− 1
35
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Exercise 3.2.1 :
 A ball moving with a speed of 17 m s−1 strikes an identical ball
that is initially at rest. After the collision, the incoming ball has
been deviated by 45° from its original direction, and the struck
ball moves off at 30° from the original direction as shown in
figure 3.17. Calculate the speed of each ball after the collision.

Figure 3.17

ANS. : 8.80 m s− 1; 12.4 m s− 1

36
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
3.2.3 Collision
 is defined as an isolated event in which two or more bodies
(the colliding bodies) exert relatively strong forces on each
other for a relatively short time.
time
 From the Newton’s Law of impact, the coefficient of restitution
is defined as the ratio of the relative velocity after collision
to the relative velocity before collision.
collision
OR

 v2 − v1 
e = − 
 u 2 − u1 
Where e : coefficient of restitution
v2 − v1 : relative velocity after collision
u 2 − u1 : relative velocity before collision
37
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
 The coefficient of restitution, e is used to measure the
elasticity of the colliding bodies where its value always
positive (0 ≤ e ≤ 1).
1)
 The coefficient of restitution, e is dimensionless (no unit).
unit)
 Table 3.1 shows the type of collision based on the value of e.

Coefficient of
Type of collision
restitution, e

1 Elastic

<1 Inelastic

0 Completely inelastic

Table 3.1
38
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Elastic collision
 is defined as one in which the total kinetic energy (as well as
total momentum) of the system is the same before and after
the collision.
collision
 Figure 3.18 shows the head-on collision of two billiard balls.
m1u1 m2 u 2
Before collision 1 2

At collision 1 2 Simulation 3.4

m1v1 m2 v 2
After collision 1 2

Figure 3.18 39
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
 The properties of elastic collision are
a. The coefficient of restitution, e = 1
b. The total momentum is conserved.
conserved
 
∑ pi = ∑ p f
c. The total kinetic energy is conserved.
conserved

∑K = ∑Ki f

OR

1 1 1 1
m1u1 + m2 u 2 = m1v1 + m2 v22
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
40
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Inelastic (non-elastic) collision
 is defined as one in which the total kinetic energy of the
system is not the same before and after the collision (even
though the total momentum of the system is conserved).
conserved)
 Figure 3.19 shows the model of a completely inelastic
collision of two billiard balls. u =0
m1u1 2
Before collision 1 2
m2

At collision 1 2 Simulation 3.5

v
After collision 1 2
(stick together)
Figure 3.19 41
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
 Caution:
 Not all the inelastic collision is stick together.
together
 In fact, inelastic collisions include many situations in which
the bodies do not stick.
stick
 The properties of inelastic collision are
a. The coefficient of restitution, 0 ≤ e < 1
b. The total momentum is conserved.
conserved
 
∑ pi = ∑ p f
c. The total kinetic energy is not conserved because some of
the energy is converted to internal energy and some of it is
transferred away by means of sound or heat.
heat But the total
energy is conserved.
conserved

∑E = ∑E
i f OR ∑K = ∑K
i f + losses energy
42
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Example 6 :
Two titanium spheres approach each other head-on with the same
speed and collide elastically. After the collision, one of the spheres,
whose mass is 500 g, remains at rest. Calculate the mass of the
other sphere.
Solution : m1 = 0.500 kg; u1 = u 2 = u; v1 = 0
u u
Before collision 1 2

v1 = 0 v2 = ?
After collision 1 2
m2 = ?
By using the principle of conservation of linear momentum, thus
 
∑ pi = ∑ p f
m1u1 + m2 u 2 = m1v1 + m2 v2
m1u − m2 u = m2 v2 (1) 43
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Solution :
Since the collision is elastic then e = 1, thus
 v2 − v1 
e = − 
 u 2 − u1 
 v2 − 0 
1 = − 
−u −u
v2 = 2u (2)
By substituting eq. (2) into eq. (1), therefore
1 1
m2 = m1 = ( 0.500)
3 3
m2 = 0.167 kg
44
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Example 7 :
A ball is dropped from a height of 2.00 m above a tile floor and
rebounds to a height of 1.30 m.
a. Determine the ball’s speed just before and after strike the floor.
b. State the type of the collision between ball and floor. Give
reason. (Given g = 9.81 m s−2)
Solution : h = 2.00 m; h = 1.30 m
0 1
a. i. Before collision,
1 u=0 s = − h = −2.00 m
y 0
Thus
1 v=0 2
v1 2
= u − 2 gs y
2.00 m 2
v1 = 0 − 2( 9.81)( − 2.00)
v1 ' 1.30 m
1
v1 = 6.26 m s −1
1
v1 Floor (2)
45
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Solution :
a. ii. After collision,
s y = h1 = 1.30 m
Thus
v = ( v1 ') − 2 gs y
2 2

0 = ( v1 ') − 2( 9.81)(1.30 )
2

v1 ' = 5.05 m s −1
b. The initial and final velocities of the floor are zero.
By using equation of Newton’s law of restitution,

 v2 − v1 '   0 − 5.05 
e = −  = − 
 u 2 − v1   0 − ( − 6.26) 
= collision
Thereforeethe 0.807 between ball and floor is inelastic.
inelastic

46
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3

3.2.4 Impulse, J
 Let a single constant force, F acts on an object in a short time
interval (collision), thus theNewton’s 2nd law can be written as
  dp
∑ F = F = dt = constant
    
J = Fdt = dp = p2 − p1

where p2 : final momentum
p1 : initial momentum

F : impulsive force
 is defined as the product of a force, F and the time, t
OR the change of momentum.
momentum
 is a vector quantity whose direction is the same as the
constant force on the object.
47
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
 The S.I. unit of impulse is N s or kg m s− 1.
 If the force acts on the object is not constant then
 t2  
J = ∫ Fdt = Fav dt
t1

where Fav : average impulsive force
 Since impulse and momentum are both vector quantities, then it
is often easiest to use them in component form :

J x = ( Fav ) x dt = p2 x − p1 x = m( v x − u x )
( )
consider 2-D
collision only J y = ( Fav ) y dt = p2 y − p1 y = m v y − u y
J z = ( Fav ) z dt = p2 z − p1 z = m( v z − u z )

48
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
 When two objects in collision, the impulsive force, F against
time, t graph is given by the figure 3.20.
F

Figure 3.20 t
0 t1 t2
Shaded area under the F−t graph = impulse

Picture 3.1 Picture 3.3

Picture 3.2

49
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Example 8 :
A 0.20 kg tennis ball strikes the wall horizontally with a speed of
100 m s−1 and it bounces off with a speed of 70 m s−1 in the
opposite direction.
a. Calculate the magnitude of impulse delivered to the ball by the
wall,
b. If the ball is in contact with the wall for 10 ms, determine the
magnitude of average force exerted by the wall on the ball.
Solution : m1 = 0.20 kg

u1 = 100 m s −1
1
Wall (2)
1 v2 = u 2 = 0
v1 = 70 m s −1
50
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Solution :
a. From the equation of impulse that the force is constant,
J = dp = p2 − p1
J = m1 ( v1 − u1 )
J = ( 0.20 ) [ ( − 70 ) − 100]
J = −34 N s
Therefore the magnitude of the impulse is 34 N s.
s

b. Given the contact time, dt = 10 × 10 −3 s

J = Fav dt
(
34 = Fav 10 ×10 −3
)
Fav = 3400 N
51
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Example 9 :
F ( kN )

18

0 0.2 t ( ms )
1.0 1.8
Figure 3.21
An estimated force-time curve for a tennis ball of mass 60.0 g
struck by a racket is shown in figure 3.21. Determine
a. the impulse delivered to the ball,
b. the speed of the ball after being struck, assuming the ball is
being served so it is nearly at rest initially.

52
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
−3
Solution : m = 60.0 × 10 kg
a. From the force-time graph,
J = area under the F − t graph
1
(
J = (1.8 − 0.2 ) × 10 −3 18 × 103
2
)
J = 14.4 N s
=0
b. Given the ball’s initial speed, u
J = dp = m( v − u )
(
14.4 = 60.0 × 10 −3
)( v − 0 )
v = 240 m s −1

53
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Exercise 3.2.2 :
1. A steel ball with mass 40.0 g is dropped from a height of
2.00 m onto a horizontal steel slab. The ball rebounds to a
height of 1.60 m.
a. Calculate the impulse delivered to the ball during impact.
b. If the ball is in contact with the slab for 2.00 ms, determine

the average force on the ball during impact.

ANS. : 0.47 N s; 237. 1 N
 A golf ball (m = 46.0 g) is struck with a force that makes an
angle of 45° with the horizontal. The ball lands 200 m away
on a flat fairway. If the golf club and ball are in contact for
7.00 ms, calculate the average force of impact. (neglect the
air resistance.)
ANS. : 293 N

54
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Exercise 3.2.2 :
3.

Figure 3.22
A tennis ball of mass, m = 0.060 kg and a speed,
v = 28 m s−1 strikes a wall at a 45° angle and rebounds with
the same speed at 45° as shown in figure 3.22. Calculate the
impulse given by the wall.
ANS. : 2.4 N s to the left or − 2.4 N s

55
 PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Learning Outcome:
www.kmph.matrik.edu.my/physics

3.3 Reaction and frictional forces (1 hour)

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
 Use Newton’s Third Law to explain the concept of
normal reaction force.
 State and use equation for frictional force and
distinguish between static friction,

fs ≤ µs N
and kinetic (dynamic) friction,

fk = µk N

56
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
3.3 Reaction and frictional forces
 
3.3.1 Reaction (normal) force, N or R
 is defined as a reaction force that exerted by the surface to
an object interact with it and the direction always
perpendicular to the surface.
surface
Case 1: Horizontal surface
 An object lies at rest on a flat horizontal surface as shown in
figure 3.23. Action: weight of an object is exerted on
 the horizontal surface
N
Reaction: surface is exerted a force, N on
the object .
∑F y = N − mg = 0

Figure 3.23 Therefore

  N = mg
W = mg 57
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Case 2 : Inclined plane
 An object lies at rest on a rough inclined plane as shown in
figure 3.24.
y Component of the weight :

N x Wx = mg sin θ
W y = mg cos θ
Wx Action: y-component of the object’s
weight is exerted on the inclined
Wy surface.
θ Reaction: surface is exerted a force, N on
θ the object.
Figure 3.24  
W = mg
∑F y = N − Wy = 0
Therefore
N = mg cos θ
58
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Case 3 : Motion of a lift
 Consider a person standing inside a lift as shown in figures
3.25a, 3.25b and 3.25c.
a. Lift moving upward at a uniform velocity

Since the lift moving at a

uniform velocity, thus

N ay = 0
Therefore

∑F =0 y
N − mg = 0

Figure 3.25a   N = mg
W = mg
59
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
b. Lift moving upwards at a constant acceleration, a

 By applying the newton’s 2nd law

N of motion, thus

∑F y = ma y
N − mg = ma

a
N = m( a + g )
Figure 3.25b  
W = mg

60
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
c. Lift moving downwards at a constant acceleration, a

By applying the newton’s 2nd law

of motion, thus


∑F y = ma y
N mg − N = ma

a
N = m( g − a )
Figure 3.25c  
W = mg

 Caution : N is also known as apparent weight and W is true

weight.
weight
61
PHYSICS 
CHAPTER 3
3.3.2 Frictional force, f
 is defined as a force that resists the motion of one surface
relative to another with which it is in contact.
contact
 is independent of the area of contact between the two surfaces..
 is directly proportional to the reaction force.
OR
f ∝N
where f : frictional force
f = µN μ : coefficient of friction
N : reaction force
 Coefficient of friction, µ
 is defined as the ratio between frictional force to reaction
force. f
OR µ=
N
 is dimensionless and depends on the nature of the surfaces.
62
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
 There are three types of frictional force :
 Static, fs (frictional force act on the object before its move)
move
 Kinetic, fk (frictional force act on the object when its move)
move
 Rolling, fr (frictional force act on the object when its rolling)
rolling
f s = µs N Can be ignored

f k = µk N where fr < fk < fs

thus µr < µk < µs
f r = µr N
 Caution:
 The direction of the frictional force exerted by a surface
on an object is always in the opposite direction of the
motion.
motion
 The frictional and the reaction forces are always
perpendicular.
perpendicular Simulation 3.6
63
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Case 1 : Horizontal surface
 Consider a box of mass m is pulled along a horizontal surface
by a horizontal force, F as shown in figures 3.26.
 
a
N

 F
f

Figure 3.26 mg
 x-component :
∑F x = Fnett = ma
F − f = ma
 y-component :
∑F =0
y
N = mg
64
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Case 2 : Inclined plane
 Consider a box of mass m is pulled along an inclined plane by a
force, F as shown in figures 3.27. 
y 
 a x F
N

Wx
 Wy
f θ Simulation 3.7
θ
 
Figure 3.27 W = mg
 x-component  y-component
(parallel to the inclined (perpendicular to the inclined
plane) :∑ Fx = ma plane:
∑ F =0
y
F − Wx − f = ma N − Wy = 0
F = ma + mg sin θ + f N = mg cos θ 65
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Example 10 : 
F
30

Figure 3.28
A box of mass 20 kg is on a rough horizontal plane. The box is
pulled by a force, F which is applied at an angle of 30° above
horizontal as shown in figure 3.28. If the coefficient of static friction
between the box and the plane is 0.3 and the box moves at a
constant speed, calculate
a. the normal reaction force,
b. the applied force F,
c. the static friction force.
(Given g = 9.81 m s-2)
66
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Solution : m = 20 kg; μs = 0.3
constant speed 
F
F sin 30

N 30
 F cos 30
fs

mg
a. Since the box moves at constant speed thus a =0
x-component : ∑ Fx = 0
F cos 30 − f s = 0


F cos 30 − μ s N = 0


0.3N
F= (1)
cos 30 67
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Solution :
y-component : =0∑F y
N + F sin 30 − mg = 0


N + F sin 30 = ( 20 )( 9.81)


N + F sin 30 = 196 (2)

By substituting eq. (1) into eq. (2), hence
 0.3 N 
N +   sin 30 
= 196
 cos 30  N = 167 N
b. Therefore the applied force is given by
0.3(167 )
F= 
= 57.9 N
cos 30
c. The static friction force is
f s = μs N
f s = 0.3(167 ) = 50.1 N 68
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3

Example 11 : F
20

30
Figure 3.29
A block of mass 200 kg is pulled along an inclined plane of 30° by
a force, F = 2 kN as shown in figure 3.29. The coefficient of kinetic
friction of the plane is 0.4. Determine
a. the normal force,
b. the nett force,
c. the acceleration of the block,
d. the time taken for the block to travel 30 m from rest.
(Given g = 9.81 m s-2)
69
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Solution : m = 200 kg; F = 2000 N; μk = 0.4
  y
a F x
F sin 20 20 F cos 20

N
mg sin 30
 
fk 
mg cos 30

30
30 
mg
a. y-component : ∑Fy = 0
N + F sin 20 − mg cos 30 = 0
N + 2000 sin 20 − ( 200)( 9.81) cos 30 = 0
 

N = 1015 N
70
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Solution :
b. The nett force is directed along the inclined plane surface.
x-component : Fnett = ∑ Fx
Fnett = F cos 20 − mg sin 30 − f k
Fnett = F cos 20 − mg sin 30 − μk N
Fnett = 2000 cos 20 − ( 200)( 9.81) sin 30 − ( 0.4 )(1015)
Fnett = 492 N
c. Fnett = ma
−2
492 = 200a a = 2.46 m s
d. Given s = 30 m; u = 0
1 2 1
s = ut + at 30 = 0 + ( 2.46) t 2
2 2
t = 4.94 s 71
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Exercise 3.3 :
1.

Figure 3.30
A 5.00 kg object placed on a frictionless, horizontal table is
connected to a string that passes over a pulley and then is
fastened to a hanging 9.00 kg object as in figure 3.30.
a. Sketch free body diagrams of both objects,
b. Calculate the acceleration of the two objects and the
tension in the string.
(Given g = 9.81 m s−2)
ANS. : 6.30 m s− 2; 31.5 N 72
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Exercise 3.3 :
2. Two object are connected by a light
string that passes over a frictionless
pulley as in figure 3.31.
The coefficient of kinetic friction of
the plane is 0.3 and m1 = 2.00 kg,
m2 = 6.00 kg and θ = 55°.
a. Sketch free body diagrams of
both objects.
b. Determine
i. the accelerations of the objects,
ii. the tension in the string
iii. the speed of each object 2.00 s
after being released from rest. Figure 3.31
(Given g = 9.81 m s−2)
ANS. : 2.31 m s− 2; 24.2 N; 4.62 m s− 1 73
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Exercise 3.3 :
3. A 5.00 g bullet is fired horizontally into a 1.20 kg wooden
block resting on a horizontal surface. The coefficient of
kinetic friction between block and surface is 0.20. The bullet
remains embedded in the block, which is observed to slide
0.230 m along the surface before stopping. Calculate the
initial speed of the bullet.
(Given g = 9.81 m s−2)
Tips : Use
 Newton’s second law of motion involving
acceleration.
 Principle of conservation of linear momentum.
 Equation of motion for linear motion.
ANS. : 229 m s− 1

74
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Exercise 3.3 :
4. The block shown in figure 3.32,
has mass, m =7.0 kg and lies on
a smooth frictionless plane tilted
at an angle, θ = 22.0° to the
horizontal.
a. Determine the acceleration of
the block as it slides down the
plane.
b. If the block starts from rest
12.0 m up the plane from its
base, calculate the block’s
speed when it reaches the Figure 3.32
bottom of the incline plane.
(Given g = 9.81 m s−2)
ANS. : 3.68 m s− 2; 9.40 m s− 1 75
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3

THE END…
Next Chapter…
CHAPTER 4 :
Work, Energy and Power

76