Complete Fish Project

Fisheries Science Project 2005 Ibarahim Haleem MV404
SOCIO – ECONOMIC SURVEY
AIM:
To study the socio economic status of fishermen in Baa Eydhafushi.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
9 A standard questioner
9 Graph paper
PROCEDURE:
A sample of fishermen was selected at random from population
of 225. The sample included Angler, Chummer, Captain and Owner.
The fishermen were interviewed on the basis of the questioner. They
were interviewed in the local language. The information collected was
pooled and analyzed.
-1-
• Table showing data collected by survey.
Serial No. of Weekly No. of

Number Age Children income Profession Dhoani Rank
1. 40 4 1000 Fishing _ Angler
2. 56 9 1000 Fishing _ Captain
3. 48 6 700 Fishing 1 Angler
4. 42 4 600 Fishing _ Angler
5. 39 7 750 Fishing _ Chummer
6. 43 5 700 Fishing _ Chummer
7. 44 6 900 Fishing 1 Captain
8. 38 7 2000 Fishing _ Captain
9 65 5 1000 Fishing _ Captain
10 41 7 1000 Fishing _ Angler
12 30 - 2200 Fishing 1 Captain
16 35 3 1000 Fishing 1 Captain
22 43 5 2500 Fishing 1 Owner
25 85 10 3000 Fishing 2 Owner
-2-
• Frequency table showing age group of fishermen.
AGE GROUP FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
20 - 30 0 0%
30 - 40 6 22%
40 - 50 16 59%
50 - 60 1 4%
60 - 70 3 11%
70 - 80 0 0%
80 - 90 1 4%
27 100
-3-
Bar graph showing age group of

fishermen
70
60
Percentage
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 - 30
30 - 40
40 - 50
50 - 60
60 - 70
70 - 80
80 - 90
Age group
-4-
Pie chart showing Age group

80-90 20-30
70-80
60-70 30-40
50-60
40-50
-5-
• Table showing Average weekly income
RANK WEEKLY INCOME

(MRF)
Chummer 725
Angler 925
Captain 1214
Owner 2750
-6-
Bar graph showing average weekly

income
Weekly income ( In MRF )
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Chummer Angler Captain Owner
Rank
-7-
Pie chart showing average weekly

Income
Chummer
owner Angler
Captain
-8-
• Table showing weekly socio – economic status
RANK WEEKLY INCOME

(MRF)
Chummer 725
Angler 925
Captain 1214
Owner 2750
Secretary 560
Supervisor 760
Assistant Principal 1260
Atoll Chief 1620
-9-
Bar graph showing weekly

socio - economic status
3000
Weekly income (MRF)
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
Secretary
Atoll Chief
Chummer
Angler
Owner
Supervisor
Assistant
Captain
Principle
Rank
- 10 -
Pie chart showing Socio Economic

weekly status
Atoll Chief Chummer

Angler
Assistant Principle Captain
Supervisor
Secretary Owner
- 11 -
CONCLUSION:
It was found that the older people in between the age group
40-50 took up fishing. The younger generation has taken up jobs in
tourism industry instead of fishing. The average weekly income graph
shows that the boat owners are the person who is making maximum
profit through fishing.
From the data collected, it was found that the majority of the
fishermen interviewed were Angler and Captain.
The weekly income table of fishermen class shows that the boat
owners are earning the highest income, where as chummers is the
people who are drawing the lowest income.
The weekly income table of other professionalists shows that
the Aoll chief is the person who is drawing the highest salary. Secretary
is the person who is drawing the lowest salary.
The comparison of fishermen’s salary with that of the other
professionalists indicates that the boat owners are the people who are
earning maximum income among the group followed by Atoll chief.
This is followed by Captain and Assistant principal who are drawing
RF1214 and RF 1260 respectively. From the table it was also found
that chummers and supervisor are drawing equal amount of income of
RF 725 and RF 760 respectively.
- 12 -
TWO DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS
AIM:
To compare the external features of pelagic and demarsal
fish.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
9 A pelagic fish (skipjack tuna)
9 A reef fish (Emperor)
PROCEDURE:
Place the two fishes on a wooden board. The
following body features were compared and studied.
¾ Body shape
¾ Fins
- Caudal fin
- Pectoral fin
- Dorsal and anal fin
- Fin lets
¾ Scales
- 13 -
¾ Gills
¾ Muscles
¾ Bones
OBSERVATION:
FEATURES PELAGIC FISH DEMARSAL
FISH
¾ Body shape Streamlined Deep bodied
¾ Fins
- Caudal Crescent Square
- Pectoral Long and pointed Short and broad
- Dorsal and anal Short and Long and
retractable continues
¾ Gills Larger gill area Smaller
¾ Scales Reduced Large scales
¾ Muscles More red muscles Less red muscles
¾ Bones Thin and light Thick and hard
- 14 -
CONCLUSION:
• Pelagic fish (Tuna)
The Pelagic fish tuna are fast and continues
swimmers, which are found in open sea. They are migratory
in nature.
Tuna swims fast because its body is streamlined.
Tuna have long and pointed pectoral fin, retractable dorsal
and anal fin and reduced scales. Bones are light and thin.
Tuna needs higher energy because it swims for longer
distance.
It has more red muscles and which provide higher
amount of energy and larger gill area, which provides more
oxygen.
• Reef fish (Emperor fish)
It is seen in the reef where there are foods.
The adaptation of reef fish is for short burst swimming
and is clear from its morphological features (external). It
has:
¾ Long dorsal and anal fin
¾ Short and broad pectoral fin.
¾ Body shape - Deep bodied.

- 15 -
¾ More white muscles for short burst swimming.
PELAGIC FISH (TUNA)
- 16 -
REEF FISH (EMPEROR)
- 17 -
- 18 -
ESTIMATION OF SALTNESS OF
SEAWATER
AIM:
To estimate the saltiness of seawater.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
9 A liter of seawater
9 A measuring cylinder
9 A weighing balance
9 A beaker
9 Heat source
PROCEDURE:
Salinity is the total amount of dissolved salts in seawater. We
took a measuring cylinder and measured 1 liter of a sample of seawater.
It was heated on a heat source until all the water evaporated. After a
few minutes when all the water got evaporated, only the salts were
remaining at the bottom. The beaker was allowed to cool down and
using a weighing balance the mass of the salts determined. The
experimented repeated three times and the average value was taken as
the salinity of the seawater sample.
- 18 -
OBSERVATION:
Volume of seawater Weight of salt

Sample Average
(In mm) (In grams)
1 1000 33
2 1000 34 33.33 g
3 1000 33
CONCLUSION:
In the present study we found that the average salinity of the
seawater sample was 33.33 grams. This value is less than the salinity of
open sea. This might be due to rainfall and the subsequent dilution.
- 19 -
IDENTIFICATION OF CORALS
INTRODUCTION:
A visit was undertaken within this island. The main objective of this
visit was to study about the different reef zones and the organisms
found in each zones and classification of those organisms. Another
objective was to study about the different corals, which are found in
different reef zones. The relationship existing between different
organisms and different types of adaptations found in these organisms
were observed and recorded.
- 20 -
REEF ZONATIONS:
The different reef zones identified were as follows.
• Slash zones:
It is the area where the water is thrown up at the beach by the
waves.
• Littoral zone
It is the area between the high and low water level.
• Lagoon
Shallow water near the beach is called a lagoon. This area has
very little water movement. So there is less mixing with open sea.
The temperature, salinity and nutrients are less in this area.
• Reef flat
Area between lagoon and reef front is called reef flat. The wave
action is low in this area. The reef front protects this area from the
strong waves and currents.
- 21 -
• DIAGRAM OF REEF ZONATION
Island (finolhu)
giri faru lagoon reef flat

inner
thila reef reef front
Inner reef slope
- 22 -
TYPES OF CORALS OBSERVED:

The five main types of corals, which were observed during the study,
are as follows.
Coral type Habitat Environmental condition
Branching corals Reef flat Movement of water less
Brain corals Reef flat Movement of water less
Mushroom corals Reef flat Movement of water less
Table corals Reef flat and slope Movement of water less
Massive corals Reef front Movement of water less
DIAGRAMS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF CORALS:
Brain coral Mushroom coral Branching coral
Massive coral Table coral
- 23 -
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CORALS OBSERVED:

In general it was observed that there were only few corals
growing in the lagoon. In the reef flat and reef front massive corals and
brain corals were the most common forms. Branching corals were also
present but most of them were dead. There were also dead patches of
massive corals and brain corals in the reef front. In areas of good corals
growth there were abundant coral reef fishes. They included surgeon
fishes, butterfly fishes and parrot fishes. These fishes were less
abundant in areas of dead corals. Coralline algae were also seen in
these areas.
In the reefs, organisms live in association with other species. The
different types of associations that were recorded were commensalisms
and mutualism.
- 24 -
¾ Commensalisms
Shark and remora live in association with each other. The remoras
do not harm sharks, and as it is attached to the shark, remora fish gets
free swimming. So it gets food without wasting much energy.
¾ Mutualism
Clown fish and sea anemone live in association with each other. Sea
anemone protects clown fish.
- 25 -
THE DIFFERENT ORGANISHS OBSERVED IN EACH ZONE:
[ Splash zone
The different organisms found in this zone are crabs, hermit crabs
Hermit crab Hermit crab
[ Lagoon
The different organisms found in the lagoon are pipefish, gobies,
flat fish, sea urchin and sea cucumber
Pipe fish Goby
Sea urchin
- 26 -
[ Reef flat
FISHES
Butterfly Clown fish Boxfish
MOLLUSCS’
Octopus Squid Murex
CORALS OTHERS
Branching corals Sponges Anemone
- 27 -
[ Reef front
FISH
Surgeon fish Butterfly fish Parrot fish
MOLLUSCS’ CORALS
Giant clam Massive coral
OTHERS
Christmas tree worm
- 28 -
CONCULUSION:
Different groups of organisms were found in different reef zones.
Some of the organisms were common in various zones. The coral type
also varied in different zones. The lagoon had a poor coral growth. This
can be due to high water temperature and salinity and lack of substrate
for the settlement coral larvae.
A large-scale mortality of corals was observed in the study. This
can be due to El-Nino effect. The subsequent warm water current might
have caused the temperature of water to rise. This would have caused
the large-scale mortality of corals.
The different organisms contributed in one way or another for
buildings of the reefs. The parrotfish and coralline algae was the major
contributed sand formation. The sea cucumber played a significant role
cleaning of the environment.
The study was not carried out in the reef slope due to safety
reasons. During the study precaution was taken to wear protective
footwears.
- 29 -
THE DIFFERENT ADAPTATIONS OBSEREVED:

The reef organisms also exhibit a number of adaptations. These
include structural, behavioral and functional adaptations.
1. STRUCTURAL ADAPTATIONS
The different structural adaptations observed are as follows.
SURGEON FISH:
The sharp scalpel blade like structure was need for offence and
defense.
BOX FISH:
It had a hard body covering which provides protection.
- 30 -
TRIGER FISH:
Its first dorsal spine was used to lock itself in the coral cavity so that
the predator cannot press it out.
2. FUNCTIONAL ADAPTATIONS:
The different functional adaptations observed were as follows:
CLOWN FISH:
The mucus covering on its body was similar to the mucus of sea
anemone.
- 31 -
OCTOPUS:
It could swim fast, thus escape from its predator and change its
colour.
SEA URCHIN:
It has poisonous spines for its defense.
- 32 -
JELLY FISH:
It has stinging cells for defense
LION FISH:
It has poisonous spines on its body.
- 33 -
STING RAY:
It has poisonous sting for both defense and attack.
GOAT FISH:
It has barbels, which help the fish to search for food.
- 34 -
BUTTERFLY FISH:
It has a tubular mouth to collect food particles between the corals
and crevices.
CLEANER WRASSE:
It feed on small fishes.
- 35 -
GIANT CLAM:
It closes its shell when disturbs.
3. BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATIONS:
The different behavioral adaptations observed are as follows.
CHRISTMUS TREE WORM:

It borrows itself into big corals and leave in this borrows.
- 36 -
PIPE FISH:
Its long and thin body resembles the long and thin filaments weeds
where they found.
- 37 -
FOOD TEST
AIM:
• To test the given sample for the presence of food groups.
• To realize the value of food in human diet.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
9 Test tubes
9 Food samples (potato, egg, butter)
9 Glucose
9 Sodium hydroxide
9 Copper sulphate
9 Ethyl Alcohol
9 Benedict’s solution
9 Iodine solution
9 Water
- 48 -
PROCEDURE:
¾ Test tube. 1 - Test the presence of starch
Potato sample was used for the test. Add few drops of iodine
solution to the cut surface of the potato and change in coloration was
observed.
¾ Test tube. 2 – Test the presence of lipids (fats)

Butter sample was used for the test. Take small quantity of butter in
a test tube; add about 10ml of ethyl alcohol. The mixture was shaken
well so that the lipid from the butter got dissolved in alcohol. The
colour changed was observed.
¾ Test tube. 3 – Test the presence of reducing sugar (glucose)

Glucose solution was used for the test. Take small quantity of
glucose in a test tube and dissolve it in 10ml of water. Then add 5ml of
benedict’s solution. Heat the test tube under burner. The colour change
was observed.
¾ Test tube. 4 – Test the presence of proteins.

Egg white was used for the study. Take small quantity of egg white
in a solution and add about 5ml of sodium hydroxide. Add few drops of
copper sulphate solution along with the sides of the test tube. The
change in colour was observed.
- 49 -
OBSERVATION:
SAMPLE OBSERVTION INFERENCE

Test tube. 1 - Solution turns blue black - Presence of starch
colour. confirmed.
Test tube. 2 - Cloudy, white solution - Presence of lipid
confirmed.
Test tube. 3 - Solution turns red brown - Presence of sugar
colour confirmed
Test tube. 4 - Solution turns red brown - Presence of protein
colour confirmed
- 50 -
CONCLUSION:
Food test is the sample method to detect the presence of food type
in a given food sample. All the tests showed positive result in the
present study.
In the case of starch test, a blue-black colour change indicated the
presence of starch in protein.
In the case of lipids when the sample was shaken which ethyl
alcohol, a cloudy white solution was obtained which confirms the
presence of starch.
In the case of sugar test the presence of reddish brown colour
confirms the presence of proteins in egg white.
A balance diet with all the food types in the right amount would
ensure a healthy body.
- 51 -
PLANKTONOLOGY
AIM:
To study the collection and observation of planktons.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
9 Plankton net
9 Bottle
9 Microscope
9 Alcohol
PROCEDURE:
Collection of planktons was done in the evening around 6:30 pm.
The details of the plankton net are as follows.
Length of the net = 85 cm.
Width of the mouth = 30 cm.
The plankton net was lowered into the water and towed for
sometime. The plankton collected was transferred into a jar which
contained alcohol. The sample was observed under a microscope. The
different phytoplankton and zooplankton samples were also drawn.
- 44 -
PHYTOPLANKTON
- 45 -
PHYTOPLANKTONS:
They are a large group of one-cell plants that live close to the
surface of water and provide food. These plants must keep them selves
in the lighted part of the sea. For this they have long spines and oil
droplets, which prevent them from smoking.
DIAGRAMS OF SOME PHYTOPLANKTONS:
- 46 -
ZOOPLANKTON
- 47 -
ZOOPLANKTON:
Some characteristics of certain zooplanktons found in the sea are
as follows.
¬ Comb jelly
Comb jelly is also called Hormiphora. Hormiphora has a pear
snaped body of about 5-20 mm in diameter. Their body is biradially
symmetrical with transparent gelatimous body possessing ciliary plates
in 8 rows. They feed on small marine animals including the eggs and
larvae of molluscs, crustaceans and fishes.
¬ Annelid worms
Body is triploblastic, symmetrical, elongated and vermiform. The
body consists of many number of divisions, each division is called
segments. Outer covering of the body is by cuticle secreted by the
underlying epidermis. Excretion is by paired nephridia.
- 48 -
¬ Sea star larva

The side lobes increase in length to become long, slender and
ciliated larva arms. The larva arms move and contract. The bases of
these arms surround the elevated, adhesive, glanchular, area performing
the functions of a sucker of fixation disc by which larvae becomes
attached at the time of metamorphosis.
¬ Nauplius larva
It is egg snaped, unsegmented. It has three paired appendages.
There is a median eye, which is the characteristics of nauplius larva.
The median eye may degenerate or persist in adult crustacean. The
appendages are uniramous antennules having two groups of sensory
cells forming fruntal organs, a pair of biramous mandibles for
swimming.
- 49 -
¬ Cyprid larva
Cypris larva is covered by a bivalved shell having addnetor
muscles. Head has compound eyes, antennules and antennae. Thorax
has six pairs biramous limbs. There is an abdomen of four segments.
¬ Copepod
Head is well developed. Circulatory system is of open type. True
nephoridia absent but coelcomducts act as gonaducts and often has
excretory organs. Muscles are striped and separate. Thick cuticle
prevents loss of water. Comb is replaced by haremocoele.
- 50 -
¬ Snail Larva
Body unsegmented, asymmetrical typically with a univalve.
Spirally coiled shell. Head is distinct bearing, tentacles eyes and mouth.
Foot is ventral, broad, flat and muscular. Respiration is by gills.
Circulatory system is open and the heart is enclosed in pericardium.
Excretory organs consist of metanephridia.
¬ Arrow worm
They are active predators and few millimeters in length.
- 51 -
¬ Jelly fish
They have true medusa which is large, bell or umbrella shape
without true velum. Marginal sense organs are tentaculocysts.
Gastrovascular system without stomodaeum. Masogloea is cellular.
Gonads are endodermal.
- 52 -
CONCLUTION:
Different kinds of planktons were observed during the study. The
phytoplankton was slightly greenish in colour. This is due to the
presence of chlorophyll in them. Zooplanktons were slightly brownish.
The most common types of zooplankton were copepods.
- 53 -
DETERMINATION OF FRESHNESS OF FISH

BY ORGANO LEPTIC ANALYSIS
AIM:
To determine the whether the given fish sample is spoilt or not by
organoleptic analysis.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
9 A spoilt fish
9 A fresh fish
9 2 trays
9 Forceps
9 Scalpel
9 Scissors
PROCEDURE:
Two samples of fish were used for the study one is freshly caught
and refrigerated where as the other is kept overnight at room
temperature (i.e.: the temperature accelerated the rate of deterioration
hence spoilage).
The fishes were kept on different trays and the observations were
made as mentioned in the table.
- 52 -
DIAGRAM SHOWING AREAS OF A FISH WHICH ARE

SUSCEPTIBLE TO SPOILAGE:
- 53 -
OBSERVATION:
FEATURES FRESH FISH SPOILT FISH

1. Smell Sea weedy and fresh Bad ammonical
2.Abdomen Firm Soft
3.Sides Firm Soft
4.Mucus Clear Brownish
5.Eye Clear and firm Opaque and sunken
6.Gills Bright red Brownish
CONCLUSION
The organoleptic analysis distinguishes a fresh fish from a spoilt
one. This method is very easy and inexpensive for a common man to
select good quality fish when he goes purchase fish.
- 54 -
DIAGRAM SHOWING A GOOD QUALITY FISH:
DIAGRAM SHOWING A POOR QUALITY FISH:
- 55 -
DETERMINATION OF SPOILAGE IN FISH

BY CHEMICAL METHOD
AIM:
To determine whether a given fish sample is spoilt or not by using
simple chemical method.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
9 A fresh fish
9 A spoilt fish
9 Two test tubes
9 Dilute sodium hydroxide
9 Dilute hydrochloric acid
9 Glass rod
9 Burner
PROCEDURE:
The two test tubes are labeled as A and B. In test tube A
fresh fish sample was taken and in test tube B spoilt fish was taken.
Sodium hydroxide was added to both the test tubes and heated using
a burner. The glass rod was dipped in hydrochloric acid and showed
in the mouth of the test tubes and the observations were recorded.
Repeated the experiment for getting confirmation.
- 56 -
OBSERVATION:
TEST RESULT CONFIRMATION

Sample A add sodium No fumes Sample is fresh
hydroxide
Sample B add sodium White fumes Sample is spoilt.
hydroxide
CONCLUSION:
Ammonia is released when the fish begins to spoil. In test tube
A the sample was fresh. Hence there was no ammonia to react with
hydrochloric acid to produce fumes. Where as in test tube B where
we placed spoilt sample, the ammonia present was reacted with
hydrochloric acid and formed white fumes of ammonium chloride.
- 57 -
MEASURING CURRENT
AIM:
To measure the speed of currents in the lagoon.
MATERIALS:
9 A plastic bottle
9 A plastic or nylon twine (20m)
9 Stop watch
9 Compass.
PROCEDURE:
Suitable 10 areas were selected in the lagoon having about hip deep
water. A plastic or nylon wire was tied to the bottle on its neck. It
was filled with sand for 1/4th of its capacity. The lid of the plastic
bottle was closed tightly and then released in the lagoon. The bottle
was allowed to sink to 1/4th of its size.
It drifted away with the currents, without being obstructed by
corals or any other materials. When the bottle moved to 20m
distances time taken by the bottle to move away and direction was
noted.
- 58 -
OBSERVATION:
• Table showing the results of the measuring current around Eydhafushi.
Loc Date Time Bottle Time Distance Speed Average Direction

(starting) (secs) (m) (m/s) Speed
B1 330 20 0.06 NE
B2 315 20 0.06 0.07 NE
1 25-5-2002 12:00pm B3 315 20 0.06 (High Tide) NE
B4 240 20 0.08 NE
B5 265 20 0.08 NE
B1 439 20 0.05 NE
B2 611 20 0.03 0.05 NE
2 26-5-2002 5:00pm B3 472 20 0.04 (Low Tide) NE
B4 476 20 0.04 NE
B5 306 20 0.07 E
B1 96 20 0.21 N
B2 85 20 0.24 0.2 NE
3 27-5-2002 3:35pm B3 125 20 0.16 (Low Tide) NE
B4 110 20 0.18 NE
B5 104 20 0.19 NE
B1 487 20 0.04 NW
B2 316 20 0.06 0.05 NW
4 27-5-2002 5:05pm B3 345 20 0.06 (Low Tide) N
B4 372 20 0.05 NE
B5 478 20 0.04 NE
B1 407 20 0.05 N
B2 390 20 0.05 0.07 N
5 28-5-2002 4:30pm B3 255 20 0.08 (Low Tide) N
B4 220 20 0.09 N
B5 252 20 0.08 N
B1 152 20 0.13 NW
B2 226 20 0.09 0.13 NW
6 28-5-2002 5:15pm B3 119 20 0.17 (Low Tide) N
B4 160 20 0.13 N
B5 135 20 0.15 N
B1 180 20 0.11 NE
B2 314 20 0.06 0.08 NE
7 28-5-2002 5:35pm B3 410 20 0.05 (Low Tide) NE
B4 233 20 0.09 NE
B5 227 20 0.09 NE
B1 148 20 0.14 E
B2 109 20 0.18 0.18 SE
8 28-5-2002 4:40pm B3 98 20 0.2 (Low Tide) E
B4 102 20 0.2 E
- 59 -
B5 126 20 0.16 NE
B1 112 20 0.19 N
B2 120 20 0.17 0.17 N
9 28-5-2002 5:00pm B3 160 20 0.13 (Low Tide) N
B4 136 20 0.15 N
B5 145 20 0.14 N
B1 161 20 0.12 NE
B2 151 20 0.13 0.13 NE
10 28-5-2002 5:20pm B3 137 20 0.15 (Low Tide) NE
B4 140 20 0.14 NE
B5 184 20 0.11 NE
- 60 -
LINE GRAPH SHOWING AVERAGE SPEED

IN DIFFERENT LOCATIONS
0.25
0.2
Average speed
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Location
- 61 -
CONCLUSION:
A flow current was observed from the outer location 5. The
current from location 1 flows towards east and followed coastal line
of the island up to location 5, where the current flows into open sea.
The current flows from location 6 towards location 10, from where it
finally flows in to open sea. The current flows from location 8
through location 9 to location 10 towards the north direction where
it flows in to open sea.
The current in the location 3 was found to be maximum.
- 62 -
¾ MOVEMENTS OF CURRENT AROUND EYDHAFUSHI

N
KEY:
Current Direction
W E
High tide L5
Low Tide
S
L4
L2
L3
L1
L6
L10
L7
L9 L8
- 63 -
POPULATION SAMPLING
AIM:
1) To measure the mean length and weight of a sample of fishes
2) To study the standard deviation of the sample.
MATERIALS REQURED:
9 20 members of scads (Mushimas)
9 Weighing balance
9 Measuring board.
PROCEDURE:
20 members of scads were selected from a group of random. The
fishes were caught by pole and line method.
Length was measured using a measuring board. Mass was found
using a weighing balance.
Sum of individual length
Average length =
Total number of fishes
321.6
= 20
= 16.08 cm
Sum of individual length

Average weight =
Total number of fishes
1223
= 20
= 61.15 cm
- 64 -
• Table showing the length and weight of scads.
Serial Length Weight

number (cm) (grams)
1 16.2 65
2 17.2 80
3 15.4 56
4 15.7 57
5 15.6 54
6 16.3 62
7 17.1 74
8 15.7 73
9 16 60
10 16 63
11 15.8 58
12 16.2 62
13 16.3 65
14 15.8 55
15 16.3 64
16 15.1 50
17 16.4 64
18 16.3 57
19 15.4 55
20 16.8 69
321.6 1223
- 65 -
• Bar graph
BAR GRAPH SHOWI NG LENGTH AND WEI GHT OF SCADS
Length
90
Weigth
80
Length and weight
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Number of scads
- 66 -
• Table showing length group frequency.
SIZE- GROUP FREQUNCY PERCENTAGE

(cm)
15 - 15.5 3 15
15.5 - 16 5 25
16 - 16.5 9 45
16.5 - 17 1 5
17 - 17.5 2 10
20 100
- 67 -
BAR GRAPH SHOWI NG LENGTH GROUP

FREQUENCY
50
45
40
35
PERCENTAG
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
17 - 17.5
16.5 - 17
15 - 15.5
15.5 - 16
16 - 16.5
LENGTH
- 68 -
• Table showing weight group frequency.
SIZE-GROUP FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

(gm)
50 - 55 3 15
55 - 60 6 30
60 - 65 6 30
65 - 70 3 15
70 - 75 1 5
75 - 80 1 5
20 100
- 69 -
BAR GRAPH SHOWI NG WEI GHT GROUP

FREQUENCY
35
30
25
Percentage
20
15
10
0
50 - 55
55 - 60
60 - 65
65 - 70
70 - 75
75 - 80
Weight
- 70 -
• Table showing standard deviation

Serial Length
No. (X) X-X ( X – X )2
1 16.2 16.2 - 16.08 = 0.12 0.01

2 17.2 17.2 - 16.08 = 1.12 1.25
3 15.4 15.4 - 16.08 = -0.68 0.46
4 15.7 15.7 - 16.08 = -0.38 0.14
5 15.6 15.6 - 16.08 = -0.48 0.23
6 16.3 16.3 - 16.08 = 0.22 0.05
7 17.1 17.1 - 16.08 = 1.02 1.04
8 15.7 15.7 - 16.08 = -0.38 0.14
9 16.0 16.0 - 16.08 = -0.08 6.40
10 16.0 16.0 - 16.08 = -0.08 6.40
11 15.8 15.8 - 16.08 = -0.28 0.08
12 16.2 16.2 - 16.08 = 0.12 0.01
13 16.3 16.3 - 16.08 = 0.22 0.05
14 15.8 15.8 - 16.08 = -0.28 0.08
15 16.3 16.3 - 16.08 = 0.22 0.05
16 15.1 15.1 - 16.08 = -0.98 0.96
17 16.4 16.4 - 16.08 = 0.32 0.10
18 16.3 16.3 - 16.08 = 0.22 0.05
19 15.4 15.4 - 16.08 = -0.68 0.46
20 16.8 16.8 - 16.08 = 0.72 0.52
Standard deviation = √ 18.48

20
= 0.96
- 71 -
BAR GRAPH SHOWI NG STANDARD DEVI ATI ON OF

SCADS
6
Standard deviation
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Number of scads
- 72 -
CONCLUTION:
In the presence study the mean length of the scads was
16.08cm. The standard deviation of the total length was 0.96.
From the above study it can be observed that all the fishes in
full population had a similar length. A smaller standard deviation
indicates that there was not much variation in the different length
measurements.
The most common group was 16.0 to 16.5 cm and the least is
16.5 to 17.0 cm. Since the size group was similar it can be
concluded that all the fishes could be from the same shoal.
Taking sample from a population is one way to study the
population. To ensure that there is least error and biasness. While
selecting samples, random sample is considered by studying the
average length of a fish we can get an idea of the size of a fish in
fishing. Length measurement studies are useful to know the size and
maturity.
- 73 -
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
CONCERNING EYDHAFUSHI
INTRODUCTION:
Eydhafushi is the capital of Baa Atoll, which is situated in
5- degree and 72 degree east longitude. This is about 63 miles North
from Male’. The area of this island is around 0.5 kilometer. The
population of this island is about 3300 and most of the people earn
money by fishing. About 300 fishermen are present in this island.
THE MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN EYDHAFUSHI:

1. Beach erosion
2. Coral mining
3. Dredging
4. Reclamation of land
5. Disposal of domestic waste
6. Sewage disposal
7. Depletion of ground water
- 74 -
1. BEACH EROSION:
Strong waves and currents erode the soil from the beach into the
sea.
z Reasons for beach erosion:
• Coral mining
When corals are mined, waves directly reach the beach. These
waves are strong enough to wash the sand away from the beach. As
the corals are taken off from the reef, it gets deeper providing the
current to flow with greater force so a coral area is not safe.
• Taking sands from beaches for constructing houses.

People take sand from the beaches for construction purpose. This
reduces the amount of sand in the beach and this helps the waves to
come to a long distance along the beach.
• Destruction of mangroves and coconut palms near the beach.

When the vegetation around the island is destroyed the sand gets
loose. The vegetation holds the soil with their roots. So waves
cannot wash away the soil easily. Therefore removal of vegetation
makes the soil loosely bond making the waves to erode the soil
easily.
z Steps taken by the government to protect the island from beach

erosion
The government banned:
i. Coral mining
ii. Cutting mangroves
iii. Removing sand from beaches.
- 75 -
2. CORAL MINING:
This is the removal of coral stones from the reefs for construction
purposes. This will increase the depth of seawater and changes the
habitats of baitfishes. People remove massive corals from the reef.
This is because of its massive structure, strength and hardness.
Not only coral mining do affect corals but anchoring on the reefs
also damages lot of habitat of coral reef species. Many branching
corals and table corals were destroyed. When the coral reefs are
destroyed, it will affect the island. It will cause soil erosion when the
waves directly reach the beach.
3. DREDGING:
This is the process by which lagoons of the islands are deepened.
This is for navigation and reclaiming lands. The heavy excavators
will remove the bottom soil along with the organisms found in the
bottom. This removal of bottom organisms reduces the amount of
demarsal fishes. The sedimentation produced during dredging last
for long and settles on the corals so that the corals gasp for oxygen.
It also reduces the light penetrating intensity reducing the
photosynthetic rate.
4. RECLAMATION OF LAND:
Increasing the size of the land by adding sands taken from the
lagoons in the past, the island was reclaim for construction purposes.
This interferes with natural cycle.
- 76 -
5. DISPOSAL OF DOMESTIC WASTE:

The waste product in the island is not treated well. It is burned
or buried in the garbage disposal area. When the waste are burned it
produces lot of smoke, which will cause air pollution and ocean
layer, rises. This result in global warming where the low lying
islands like Maldives is affected the most. So it is not good to burn
the waste. When we burry the waste it mixes with ground water,
polluting the water. So the waste affects the well water, we
commonly use. So it is advisable to recycle the waste in the island.
6. SEWAGE DISPOSAL:
The sewage is also not treated well. It is directly pump into the
sea without any treatment. When the sewage is pumped into the sea
it results eutrophication where excess phytoplankton grow blocking
the light intensity.
- 77 -
FISHING BOATS IN MALDIVES
INTRODUCTION:
Fishing vessels have been developed by Maldives based on
their experience and years of craftsmanship. In the past, they built
boats from the coconut timber, but now they use hard wood. Hard
wood is used where strength is needed in the boat. The traditional
hard wood used includes kandoo, funa, hirun’dhu, dhiggaa, kaani
and kuredhi. One very notable feature of these dhoanis is that they
are extremely stable. Steel is not at all used. Fasteners are made up
of copper.
The following are the various fishing vessels used in
Maldives.
1. Bokkura
2. Vadhudhoani
3. Masdhoani
- Sailing Masdhoani
- Mechanized Masdhoani
- Mark II Masdhoani
- 78 -
1. BOKKURA
This is a traditional rowing boat with a planked hull. The boats
are between 2 – 3m long. Some of these boats have engines of 2 – 5
hp installed. However some islands they are propelled by using oars
or by a pole pushed against the bottom. Bokkuras are also used for
transporting the catch to the shore, from fishing within the Atoll.
Sometimes it is used for transporting people and their belonging
between anchored boats and the shore. The crew consists of two or
more men. They have a shallow hull, which is very stable.
- 79 -
DIAGRAM SHOWING A BOKKURA
- 80 -
2. VADHUDHOANI:
They are traditionally non-mechanized, sailing crafts of
about 6 – 8 meters. They are similar in construction to the sailing
masdhaonis. They are used within the Atoll or in the deep sea and in
the vicinity of the reef. The crew consists of 3 to 4 men. They have
sails and are propelled by wind power.
These dhaonis accounted for 60% of the total fleet in 1974
and 61% in 1984 and 52% by the year 1990. These boats are used
for short distance transport and other local purposes as well as for
fishing. Recently vessels have been mechanized with small diesel
engines.
- 81 -
DIAGRAM SHOWING A VADHUDHOANI
- 82 -
MASDHOANI:
Masdhoanis are used for pole and line fishing. There are
three types of masdhoanis
1. Sailing masdhoanis.
2. Mechanized masdhoanis.
3. Mark II masdhoanis.
1.SAILING MASDHOANIS:
It is about 10 to 12 meters in length and 3 to 3.5 meters
across. They are used to operate in shallow lagoons. They do not
have superstructures. There are holes in the hull, which can be used
to flood the bait wells. There is a wooden platform on the aft of the
vessel where the skipper standards while steering and the crew
standards for pole and line fishing. There are about 6 – 12 people.
- 83 -
DIAGRAM SHOWING A SAILING MASDHOANI
- 84 -
2. MECHANIZED MASDHOANIS:
Mechanized masdhoanis were introduced in
Maldives in the year 1972 with slight modification to the stern to
allow for the size of engines and additional vibration. These dhoanis
increased to 30% of the total fishing fleet by 1990. They are
generally longer than the traditional sailing dhoanis. They vary 10 –
15 meters in over all lengths and have a range of 40 – 45 miles and
are operated as day boats. To adopt a traditional sailing masdhoanis
for mechanization it is necessary to:
1) Strengthen the aft end of the hull with additional frames.

2) Change the shape of the stern stem.
3) Fix base block for the engine.
4) Make an aperture for the propeller shaft.
5) Add a watertight bulkhead in front of engine, decking over and
fitting with a hatch.
The masdhoanis is used pole and line fishing.
Mechanized ones is more efficient because it is not depended on the
variations of weather and can follow shoals of fishes. The stern
platforms on the mechanized dhoanis are use as a fishing platform.
The mid interior contains bait wells and is used to store live fishes.
Engines off 22hp and 30hp are used with great efficiency and for
easy maintenance.
- 85 -
DIAGRAM SHOWING A MECHANIZED MASDHOANI
- 86 -
MARK II MASDHOANI:
These are well-designed modern dhaonis used in today’s
fishing. The speed and the vibration caused additional stress to the
structure of the boat. Although many masdhoanis have been
successfully mechanized. This stress is better provided for in the
designed of the mark II masdhoanis. It also has a 6 inches bulwark
to increase safety. Apart from using these dhoanis for fishing and
extra skill is needed in handling it. As the fish are broad on board,
they need an extra lift to get them over the 6 inches bulwark. To
mamoeuvre the boat especially in bringing the boat along side the
jetties and freezer boats, they must be well versed in using the
engine.
Distinguishing features of these dhoanis are that in the stern.
The dhoanis are completely decked over, making it easy to work on.
There are modifications to the engine, which allow it to be
controlled from above the deck.
- 87 -
DIAGRAM SHOWING A MARK II MASDHOANI
- 88 -
DIAGRAM SHOWING PARTS OF A DHOANI
- 89 -
KNOTS
INTRODUCTION:
When two ends of the ropes are tied together a knot is formed.
Knot tying is very important for people like us and many others too.
It is very important because it is used to tie our boats to the jetty as
well as to an anchor. Various other activities done during our daily
life activities also require tying the knots. Different kinds of knots
are made for different purposes. Some of the commonly used knots
include;
1. Overhand knot
2. Figure eight knot
3. Square or reef knot
4. Sheet bend
5. Bow line
6. Fishermen’s knot
7. Two half hitches
8. Fishermen’s bend
9. Clove hitch
10. Snelling hook
11. Fishing hook knot
- 90 -
1. OVERHAND KNOT:
^ Name : Overhand knot

^ Use : To prevent the ends of a rope from unlaying.
2. FIGURE – EIGHT KNOT:
^ Name : Figure-Eight knot

^ Use : To prevent the ends of a rope from unlaying.
- 91 -
3. REEF KNOT:
^ Name : Reef Knot

^ Use : To tie two ropes of same diameter.
4. SHEET BEND:
^ Name : Sheet bend

^ Use : To tie two ropes of different diameter.
- 92 -
5. BOW LINE:
^ Name : Bow line

^ Use : To make a loop at the end of a rope.
6. FISHERMEN’S KNOT
^ Name : Fishermen’s knot

^ Use : To tie two ropes of same diameter.
- 93 -
7. TWO HALF HITCHES:
^ Name : Two half hitches

^ Use : To tie a rope to a pile or bollard.
8. FISHERMEN’S BEND:
^ Name : Fishermen’s bend

^ Use : To tie a rope t a to a ring of an anchor or float.
- 94 -
9. CLOVE HITCH:
^ Name : Clove hitch

^ Use : To tie rope to a pile or bollard
10. SNELLING HOOK:
^ Name : Snelling hook

^ Use : To tie a ring eyed hook to a line
- 95 -
11. FISHING HOOK KNOT:
^ Name : Fishing hook knot

^ Use : Use to tie a flat shank hook to a line.
- 96 -
Fisheries Science Project 2005 Ibarahim Haleeem MV404
GUT CONTENT ANALYSIS
AIM:
To study the different types of food eaten by a reef fish and a pelagic
fish.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
9 Tuna (fresh)
9 Tray
9 Scissors
9 Scalpel
9 Forceps
9 Bone cutter
9 Microscope
9 Magnifying glass
9 Parrot fish (Reef fish)
PROCEDURE:
Two fishes were selected for the studies. One was a pelagic fish
and the other was a reef fish. The belly of both the fishes was cut
open as follows.
¾ A cut was made in the mid ventral line of the fish.
¾ It was cut up to pelvic fin.
¾ A 90-drgree turn was made and then cut up to the pectoral fin.
¾ Then it was cut parallel to the lateral line and finally till the
anus.
- 97 -
The flap was removed in to a dish contain water. The contents

was absorbed using a magnifying glass while the minute particles
was observed using microscope.
OBSERVATION:
• Table showing the gut content of two fishes.

Pelagic fish (tuna) Reef fish (parrot fish)
Bait fish Detritus
Zooplanktons Digested matter
Pieces of shrimp Coralline matter
Crustacean Sand
- 98 -
CONCLUSION:
In the study few bait fishes and zooplanktons in the gut of tuna
was observed. It is likely that the fish caught had just undergone
feedings.
In the case of reef fish the gut contents on observation showed
the presence of detritus and digested matter.
The gut contents were also studied under the microscope. During
the study lot of zooplanktons was observed in the gut of pelagic fish.
It is because they mainly feed on planktons.
- 99 -
LIVE FISH TRANSPORTATION
AIM:
To compare the survival of marine and fresh water fish while
transportation
MATERIALS REQUIRED.
9 Aerator
9 Plastic bag (4 in number)
9 Plastic tube
9 Hand net.
PROCEDURE:
Aquarium fishes required for the study were collected from the
lagoon. The fishes were collected using a hand net while snorkeling
in the lagoon. The fishes were maintained alive in a plastic bucket.
The water in the bucket was changed at regular intervals to ensure
that oxygen availability for the fish.
Fresh water fish was collected from the fresh water well. Two
plastic bags were taken. It was labeled as A and B. Plastic bags A
and B were filled 1/3rd with clean seawater. Two other plastic bags
were taken. They were labeled C and D. Plastic bags C and D were
filled one-third with clean freshwater. The bags A and B were
stocked with marine fishes, while bags C and D were stocked with
fresh water fishes. The bags A and C were filled with oxygen using
an aerator, and when the bags filled the neck of the bags were tied.
- 100 -
So that no leak of oxygen will be there, while the other bags were
kept without oxygen tied.
All the bags were kept in a cool, dry place. At regular intervals
the survival of the fishes in these bags were observed. Reading of
survival period was noted.
- 101 -
OBSERVATION
Fish Volume Temperature Salinity Survival
of water period (hrs)
a) Seawater
1.With oxygen Clownfish 300 ML 29-degree C 33 PPT 30
2. Without Clownfish 300 ML 29-degree C 33 PPT 15
oxygen
b) Fresh water
1. With oxygen Grouper 300 ML 29-degree C 38
2. Without Grouper 300 ML 29-degree C 14
oxygen
- 102 -
CONCLUSION
The present study showed that the fishes survived for longer time
with oxygen. The fresh water fish with oxygen survived for 38 hrs
and that without oxygen survived for 30 hrs. The marine fishes with
oxygen survival. A part from oxygen, better handling procedures are
recommended while transporting the fish for its longer survival.
- 103 -

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Fisheries Science Project 2005 Ibarahim Haleem MV404

SOCIO – ECONOMIC SURVEY

• Table showing data collected by survey.

Serial No. of Weekly No. of

• Frequency table showing age group of fishermen.

AGE GROUP FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Bar graph showing age group of

Pie chart showing Age group

• Table showing Average weekly income

RANK WEEKLY INCOME

Bar graph showing average weekly

Pie chart showing average weekly

• Table showing weekly socio – economic status

RANK WEEKLY INCOME

Assistant Principal 1260

Atoll Chief 1620

Bar graph showing weekly

Pie chart showing Socio Economic

Atoll Chief Chummer

Assistant Principle Captain

TWO DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS

To compare the external features of pelagic and demarsal

9 A pelagic fish (skipjack tuna)

9 A reef fish (Emperor)

Place the two fishes on a wooden board. The

following body features were compared and studied.

- Dorsal and anal fin

FEATURES PELAGIC FISH DEMARSAL

¾ Body shape Streamlined Deep bodied

- Caudal Crescent Square

- Pectoral Long and pointed Short and broad

- Dorsal and anal Short and Long and

¾ Gills Larger gill area Smaller

¾ Scales Reduced Large scales

¾ Muscles More red muscles Less red muscles

¾ Bones Thin and light Thick and hard

• Pelagic fish (Tuna)

The Pelagic fish tuna are fast and continues

swimmers, which are found in open sea. They are migratory

Tuna swims fast because its body is streamlined.

Tuna have long and pointed pectoral fin, retractable dorsal

Tuna needs higher energy because it swims for longer

It has more red muscles and which provide higher

amount of energy and larger gill area, which provides more

• Reef fish (Emperor fish)

It is seen in the reef where there are foods.

The adaptation of reef fish is for short burst swimming

and is clear from its morphological features (external). It

¾ Long dorsal and anal fin

¾ Short and broad pectoral fin.

¾ Body shape - Deep bodied.

¾ More white muscles for short burst swimming.

 PELAGIC FISH (TUNA)

 REEF FISH (EMPEROR)

Volume of seawater Weight of salt

• DIAGRAM OF REEF ZONATION

giri faru lagoon reef flat

TYPES OF CORALS OBSERVED:

DIAGRAMS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF CORALS:

Brain coral Mushroom coral Branching coral

Massive coral Table coral

DIFFERENT TYPES OF CORALS OBSERVED:

THE DIFFERENT ORGANISHS OBSERVED IN EACH ZONE:

PELAGIC FISH (TUNA)

REEF FISH (EMPEROR)

CHRISTMUS TREE WORM:

DIAGRAM SHOWING A BOKKURA

DIAGRAM SHOWING A VADHUDHOANI

DIAGRAM SHOWING A SAILING MASDHOANI

DIAGRAM SHOWING A MECHANIZED MASDHOANI

DIAGRAM SHOWING A MARK II MASDHOANI

DIAGRAM SHOWING PARTS OF A DHOANI