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σε
P
(σ ε
P A
σε
æ l fr − l0 ö
EL = çç ×
è 0 l
%EL
Manifest
danger
stress concentrations
Figure 3.10 Stress-strain diagram for polymer below, at, and above its glass transition
temperature Tg.
Esteel
Ealum
τyx γyx θyx
τ
G=
γ
torsion
x
y
ε axial
ν =−
ε transverse
νsteel
νalum v
νrubber v
G E
E
G=
( +υ )
yield
Allowable building
S y ≤ σ allow ≤ Sy
τ allow = Sy
S y ≤ σ allow ≤ Sy
σ allow = Sy
εy
U r = σ dε
0
rupture
Class Members Short name
Enginering alloys Aluminum alloys Al alloys
(the metals and alloys of Copper alloys Cu alloys
engineering) Lead alloys Lead alloys
Magnesium alloys Mg alloys
Molybdenum alloys Mo alloys
Nickel alloys Ni alloys
Steels Steels
Tin alloys Tin alloys
Titanium alloys Ti alloys
Tungsten alloys Walloys
Zinc alloys Zn alloys
Engineering polymers Epoxies EP
(the thermoplastics and Melamines MEL
thermosets of engineering) Polycarbonate PC
Polyester PEST
Polyethylene, high density HDPE
Polyethylene, low density LDPE
Polyformaldehyde PF
Polymethylmethacrylate PMMA
Polypropylene PP
Polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE
Polyvinyl chloride PVC
Engineering ceramics Alumina Al2O3
(fine ceramics capable of Diamond C Table 3.7 Material classes
load-bearing application) Sialons Sialons and members and short
Silicon carbide SiC
Silicon nitride Si3N4 names of each member.
Zirconia ZrO2 [From Ashby (1992)].
text reference: Table 3.7, page 123
RA RB RC
SU HB HB
SU HB
HB
Charpy Izod
quenching
critical temperature
hardness
strength
hardness toughness
Expensive!
y
Brass zinc
Figure 3.4 Cross section of fiber reinforced
composite material.