J413 L(\vc-Lc

\cdL4

L
l4

-i:

c(

J 5( s-c

ITE
L

V:LEs_t3I*Lt
a,

V.

V
-

5)

C-05

cJ

C4

V
Co.p
olv

6 N

oe/ LC P*L L34jj

(4z {T
LC

s)
aL

77

-)

Rc

+
Co(c

I
cJc)

A. _1O/o3L,)
I (i

-)

H
5

T cl
bi-

j
L

P
S

AV 4e

Lp kp

J co

- RO(l

0 4-

cc
(U Z

o+

c()co5(0)s

G*

c=

=
O

6r= C

(c!)

s
to)
Ov0 0

"

0
o dd 0vO

N(K+

Pvo\ Poi,--?d) =y Cal In

pec -

i!

rY

a
Cn c_a ov

p(\w)

op

0L) cJ&

"

i.

CJ\ 17-

TrHo

+ 4.
QP

_3f

i)

=0

&Le)=
00

3
ev)

f(&!
-

pro(:cc fte-

ccs4/

-(4d Th_
55o

> r(= A()

)&)) 1

P{VaJ5

od-ok

I ,I

Sc
-

J)Id

I
0 ao o

ciz4l

e\

0J
1=
)

6t
r=o

vd7
37

Ii
II
+ \ UI

r.tt-.

lr~j
11 0

IV-2 ?
S
V
1

at

=b

It

v1

Ay

IAZO

l;

1- Vi

Cqg=

OI_
EO

L.

3)

v
A1
,t

V1

-J ;I __-

Io

Vi

2-

ro
VI

b __V
11

V
io

b=

S 1 I
[v=

h
I S

:3 =

;7;-

~ v a= o

tl o

_v
VI

IO

TABLE 12.1 Type

An Abbreviated List of Laplace Transform Pairs f(t)(t>O) F(s)

(impulse) (step) (ramp) (exponential) (sine) (cosine) (damped ramp) (damped sine) (damped cosine)

8(t) 0(t) t

1
1
-

eat

sin cot
5-

Co

0)

cos cot
tet et sin cot e t cos cot
_1 (s

+ a) 2
Co

(s + a)2 + co2 s+a

7

TABLE 12.2

An Abbreviated List of Operational Transforms

Operation

f(r)
Kf(t)

F(s)
KF(s)
-

Multiplication by a constant Addition/subtraction First derivative (time) Second derivative (time) nth derivative (time)

f1 (t) + f2 (t)
df(t) dt d2f(t) d f(t) dt

f3 (t) +

Fi (s) + F2(s) - F3 (s) + sF(s) - f( 0 ) s2F(s) - sf(0) - df(0) dt sF(s) sf(0) - s2 df(0) dt
Sn-3

df(0) dt2 dt1

F(s)

Time integral Translation in time Translation in frequency Scale changing First derivative (s) nth derivative (s)
s integral

ff(x) dx f(t - a)u(t - a), a > 0 etf(t) f(at),a >0 tf(t) tf(t) At) "

eF(s) F(s + a)

1F()
dF(s) ds dF(s) ds1 F(u) do

TABLE 12.3
Fair Number

Four Useful Transform Pairs Nature of

Roots F(s)

f(t)
K e _atu (t)

1
2 3
4
Note:

Distinct real
5+0

Repeated real Distinct complex Repeated complex

K (s+a)2 K saj/3 K (s +

Kte u(t)

K
s+o+jf3

2KIe

cos (t + O)u(t)

(s + a+ j Inpairs I and2,Kis areal quantity, whereas in pairs 3 and4,Kis the complex quantity IK I

2tJKIet cos (t + 0)u(t)

TABLE 151 Normalized (so that co, = 1 rad/s) Butterworth Polynomials up to the Eighth Order
n

nth-Order Butterworth Polynomial

(s+1)
(s2 +Vs+1)
(s+1)(s2+s+1)

1 2
3 4 5 6
(2

7 8
(2

+ 0.765s + 1)( s2 1.848s + 1) (s 1)( s2 + 0.618s + 1)(s2 + 1.618s + 1) (2 _ + 0.518s 1)( s2 + V2 1)( s2 + 1.932s 1) (s 1)( s2 0.445s 1)(s 2 + 1.247s + 1)(s2 + 1.802s + 1) + 0390s + 1)(s 2 + 1.111s + 1)(s2 + 1.6663s + 1)(s2 + 1.962s + 1)

TABLE 17.1 Type impulse constant signtnn step

Fourier Transforms of Elementary Functions f(r) ii(t) A sgri(t)

is(S) 050(5) F(so)

2ss-AP(s.$) 2/isa asi(so( i//va l/(ss -I Jo), a l/(x - jso), a

-F -F

positive-time axposscntial negative-time exponential positive- and negative-linse exponential eosssplex exponential cosilte auto

0 0
-F

e"x(-5)

a cog esel
Sill 1,1,1

x-[A(vs I us 5) + 0(va - so)j /sr[li(so F us 0) - 3/si -

lIttLE 17.2

Operational Transforms

Jo
1(0(5)

F(u)
KF(sa)
f 5 (t) -1 Jo(S)

MO

elf(s)1dr 5

F(sa) - l@) -F F.(sa) (JcafF(ss) F(so)/Jo F e- F(us) F(xs - iOc) F (so safl) + F (a, + ,0o) si > 0

-f(x) dx -.

f(ar)

f/i - CO e"sf(s)
f(t)cos ol x(A)os(s -- A) do
j

X(sa)I1(so)

fi(t)f2( 5 )

ftm

F(o)F0 (o

ss) dss

sf(s)

OA Z (gist)

ty

O=I

OA Zj

S 1
OA

0I TA

(sis)

-S

O-J

HHi Ty
= = Tq

O-4

H H
Tj

= TZV

U=I Z
DA

HTT

orgT1 TFq

(ansi)

55
o= z1

A
I

(sit)
UI T

5_S
o=I

17 0 - A ~Tj

= llq
o=I I

iT

(au) OA
=
TT

1 (4

Tj

OA
1 T3

oJ
TTD

(gut)

H- 51TU = iA
F11Z55

T4TTFt = Tj

O A (tnt)

j ,T

(sit)

jSTj Ti1y + JILT! =

(4

Q=fl F4

1F4

T,1TTq
Ft
11 1 tq

TflTtq =

(4
tj (it

LJi1TT
IZI ZI V
-

ZAfzv (4FT Tflhif =

(a - it)

(i1Ft +

(51T( + TATIFt = tj

(sat)

il-liz + I I LZ 2 = (4 H - TjIi,

(4

TABLE 18.2 Terminated Two-Port Equations

z Parameters

y Parameters
Y1ZY21ZL

- Z12z21

= Yn -

y22ZL Y 2i t

12

(z11 + - 0)(z22 ZL) Z21

Z12Z21

12

Y22ZL

+ YllZS + AYZ & ZL

Z

Vm

VTh
1+
zTh

=
12

Z22 Zn Z2l

+ Zg

= Y22

A YZ,

1,

Ii

z22

+ Z2
ZZIZL

Yii 11 - Yn AYZL
V2

YZIZL

Z11ZZ + AZ

V1 1+yZj
Z2IZL

(z11

+ Z9 )(z22

J- Z)

z12z21

Vg

Y12 Y21

Z0 Z 1 - ( 1 + 311Z)(1 y22Z)

a Parameters Zi .
-

Is Parameters
- b22 Z 1 +

Is12
- vg Lxv

V
allZL + + Q2IZ8 ZL -I- a22Z2 12

b22Z 1 ZL

h22ZL

Is12

vTh = Ill +

V1 Isb

= b+
b 11 Z.

1111 112iZ

+ Is1 2 Is2 2

1 Il ciZ
+ 1122

12

Ab

I -

+
IsbZ

Vl _ ZL V1 11I2ZL +012 V2
V 9 ZL (Iii + o21 Z 11)Z 2 + 12 + l22Zr

V2
1 -

b12

b22ZL

b11Z 1

LsbZ h22Z 2 +

b21Z0ZL

TABLE 18.1
Y22 /ly Y12 Z12 Ay

Parameter Conversion Table

a ll 22l h22

1h h 1 h12
1122
-

1
91 912 911

1
212 Z

zy

a21 la all Lla a 12

h22 h12 lh
h 12

lii 912

b21

Yiz
Y22 Y12

la a21

b 21
Ab

b22

Z12 Az

912 g

1
0 21

I yll
Y12

b12 bl, 1

h22

911

Z21 212

a22

ig
g12

22

y
Ay

a22 a21

h11

1
2

g
911 lg 922 --

121

1
122 921 121 122 Z22 Z21 Z22 912

Yli

a22

b 11

Ag
121

z22
Az 212 Az 221 Y21= 8Z 211 Y22 Z11 Z, -1 8z

a22 all
a aj2

bl,
b12

1 hl, 1
h12 lb 812

Y21

021

1
a22

bl, b21 bil

121 122 g

Yll ly Y11
Ay y22 Y12

Ag

h12 hl,
821 811

all
all 211 8a

all

1
a12 822

1
211 212 112

h22
88

bh

821

812

Y22

122

18 h2l 811

1
921 922 921 922 921

221 Zit Az Zll

Y21

1 all a12 all

81

Y21 1 Y21

Ab b 11

Y22 1 Y22

Ah b 12
b22 811 Ah

a12

Z21

a21

18b21 221 Y21

822 821

111 921 Y11Y22 921 Y12Y21

lb

a22

Z22 21

Yll
Y21

b
lb a 22

1 h2,

Ia

a11a22

ana2l

b 11

izlg 812 912 88

Z12

Y12

/a

12

21

a12

922 - -

811h22
111122

h12h21
812121

Jz Parameters

g Parameters
g12g21

Zin =

h11

- 1 + h22ZL
h2lVg

Yin = 911 -

922 + ZL g211

12 = (1 + h22ZL)(hll + Zg) - hl2h2lZL h2lVg VTh h22Z 9

12 = (1

gllZ g)(922 + ZL) - 912921Z9

g21V VTh

Ah

= 1 + giiZ g

Zg +
ZTh h22Z 9

h11 Ah

gl2g2lZ g ZTh = 922 1+ gZg g21

12

h2l

Il1+h22ZL
-

11 V1
h21ZL

911ZL + g

- gZ

V1 - zS.hZ V2 -

+ h11

922 + ZL

- (h11 + Zg)(l + h22ZL) - hl2h2lZL

9 21 Z - (1 + gllZ g)(922 + ZL) - 91292lZg