AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

CONTENT

Prof. Dr. Risto Ciconkov, dipl. ing. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University Sv. Kiril & Metodij Skopje, R. Macedonia

1. Introduction 2. Properties of Ammonia 3. Most common systems and applications 4. New technologies in ammonia systems - heat exchangers, - compressors, - new concept of systems. 5. Safety, prerequisites, facts 6. Event Ammonia Refrigeration Technology 2009
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Delagate to IIR Member of

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AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

SHORT HISTORY OF REFRIGERANTS

1. Introduction 1834: Mechanical refrigerating system first time appeared. First refrigerants, natural: Ethyl-ether, CO2, NH3, ... 1930: CFCs (freons) 1987: Montreal Protocol, phase-out of CFCs 1990: HFCs introduction 1997: Kyoto Protocol, HFCs under control Come back of natural refrigerants: NH3, CO2, HCs, water, air Polemics; Confusion.
HFC (CFC) HCFC NH3 1990 Montreal Protocol 1987 1950 HCFC CFC NH3 HCs NH3 CO2 HFC Kyoto Protocol 1997 Future Natural CO2 NH3 methylSO2 chloride HCs

2008

1834 ethylether

(R610)

1930

CFC NH3 CO2 HC

UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008

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AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

SHORT HISTORY OF REFRIGERANTS

HCs NH3 CO2 HFC Kyoto Protocol 1997 HFC (CFC) HCFC NH3 1990 Montreal Protocol 1987 1950 HCFC CFC NH3 Future Natural CO2 NH3 methylSO2 chloride 1834 ethylether
(R610)

2. PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA (NH3; R717)

NBP (Normal Boiling Point): -33.3 oC Critical temperature: 132 oC Latent heat: 1262 kJ/kg ODP = 0 (Ozone Depletion Potential) GWP < 1 (Global Warming Potential)

2008

HCs

1930

CFC NH3 CO2 HC

Odour: characteristic, pungent Ignition temperature: 650 oC Explosion concentration limits: 15,5 - 28 % by volume Detection threshold: 5 ppm Tolerance limit: 500-1000 ppm

UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008

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AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Advantages of ammonia
Environmental: ODP = 0, GWP < 1; High values for energy efficiency; Excellent thermodynamic properties: - high critical temperature 132oC, - large latent heat, - large vapor density, - excellent for heat transfer. In vapor condition it is easier then the air; Easy detection (warning); Low price.

Disadvantages of ammonia:
It is toxic; Flammable moderately in concentration in the air from 15,5 to 28% It is not compatible with copper.
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AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Data: Ammonia partnership, A. Lindborg

Data: Ammonia partnership, A. Lindborg

R134a R404A R407C R410A R507 R717
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Refrigerant class L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L2

Practical limit according to EN 378 0,25 kg/m3 0,48 kg/m3 0,31 kg/m3 0,44 kg/m3 0,49 kg/m3 0,00035 kg/m3
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AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

3. MOST COMMON SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS

Cold Storage Food Processing Drink processing: brewery Dairy Process Refrigeration: - pharmaceutical, - chemical, - petrochemical, - some special plants. Industrial Heat Pumps Air conditioning (new)
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Cold Storage

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AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Food Processing

Dairy

UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008

UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008

AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Brewery

Food processing

Chiller 4 kg NH3

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UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008

AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Air conditioning Petrochemical plant Stutgard Airport

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AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

4. NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN AMMONIA SYSTEMS

Barrier: safety reason. Decrease the charge (quantity) of ammonia in refrigerating systems. - Avoid large reservoirs with liquid ammonia, - Avoid flooded shell-and-tube heat exchangers. - Avoid large pump systems. New technologies of heat exchangers. New concepts of ammonia systems. Improvement of: - Technical standards and regulations; - Proper maintainance of the refrigerating systems; - Training of personnel.
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Ammonia and new technologies of heat exchangers

Plate evaporators

Flooded evaporators: gravity fed system, surge drum above; Dry expansion evaporator: miscible oil, electronic expansion valve; New technology: stainless steel welded modules, nickel brazed, fusionbonded.
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AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Ammonia and new technologies of heat exchangers

Microchannel heat exchangers

Ammonia and new technologies of heat exchangers

Shell-and-tube evaporators and condensers with steel enhanced tubes increase of efficiency.

Air-cooled condensers Air cooler - evaporators Smaller heat exchanger size, Reduced refrigerant charges, Material: aluminium.
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Spray shell-and-tube evaporator (evaporating outside of tubes), Dry expansion evaporators, reduced charge of ammonia.

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AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Ammonia and new technologies of compressors

Semi-hermetic ammonia compressor

New concepts of ammonia systems

Systems with indirect cooling
cooling tower

Co1 C1
coldroom o 4C pump

Tx1

NH3

secondary loop (CO2)

Hermetic scroll compressor Refrigerating capacity: 5 kW to 35 kW

4C

Ev1A
display cases

Mixture, water + ethilen-glycol, water + propilen-glycol, water + NaCl; CaCl2 New: potassium-acetate, CO2, ...
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AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

New concepts of ammonia systems

Systems with indirect cooling

New concepts of ammonia systems

Cascade refrigeration system
cooling tower

Co1 C1 Tx1
high cascade (NH3)
coldroom o -20 C

Tx2

-20 C

Ev1/Co2

C2
display cases

low cascade (CO2)

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AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

New concepts of ammonia systems

Cascade system and indirect cooling
cooling tower

SUPERMARKET
Cascade system and indirect cooling

Co1 C1
coldroom o 4C pump

Tx1

high cascade (NH3)

coldroom o -20 C

Tx2

secondary loop (CO2)

4C
o

-20 C

Ev1A
display cases

Ev1/Co2

C2
display cases

low cascade (CO2)

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UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008

AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

New concepts of ammonia systems

Cost comparison: HFC chiller vs NH3 chiller Compact constructions, fully sealed and tested in factory

Source: Sabroe (Denmark) years Assumptions, Energy cost: 8 eurocent/kWh; Operation: 365 days/year

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AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

5. Safety, prerequisites, facts

Ammonia refrigerating systems - SAFETY

Technical standards and regulations. Prerequisite: Proper maintainance of the refrigerating systems. Training of personnel.

UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008

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AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Ammonia refrigerating systems in developing countries

Proper maintainance. Training of personnel.

Ammonia refrigerating systems in developing countries

Proper maintainance. Training of personnel.

UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008

UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008

AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

FACTS FOR AMMONIA SYSTEMS

The ammonia technology is old?! Today there are modern better systems with HFC refrigerants?! Proper information based on facts are necessary. The concentration of 5 ppm is smelled and it worries the people. Ammonia is one of the most honest chemicals, warning of its presence before it becomes dangerous.

International Institute of Refrigeration

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Skopje

3rd International Conference

NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3

Ammonia is excellent refrigerant which is in use in the past 150 years. The future of ammonia refrigerant has never been more prospective than today.
UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008

Ammonia Refrigeration Technology

7-9 May 2009, Ohrid, Macedonia
www.mf.edu.mk
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AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

AMMONIA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Ammonia Refrigeration Technology

April 2007, Ohrid, Macedonia

International Institute of Refrigeration

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Skopje

3rd International Conference

NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3

Ammonia Refrigeration Technology

7-9 May 2009, Ohrid, Macedonia
www.mf.edu.mk
UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008

Thank you.

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