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Breeding
Artificial Selection &
Breeding for selected traits
selection of plants or animals for
desirable traits by humans through
carefully planned breeding
Artificial Selection & Breeding for
selected traits
Isolation of natural populations
↓
Selective breeding of organisms
showing traits useful of humans
↓
Useful genotypes exits more often
(producing more offspring) than
other genotype
↓
Change in allele frequency towards
genotypes useful to humans
Aims of artificial selection
1. create new breeds or varieties
Aims of artificial selection
preserve good species
Aims of artificial selection
domesticate wild plants and
animals
Wildebeest Ostrich
Common types of artificial
selection
Inbreeding
Outbreeding
Polyploidy
Inbreeding
mating between genetically
closely related individuals
increase the number of
homozygous genotypes
◦ reduced variability
◦ decrease in heterozygosity
Inbreeding
self-fertilization
crossingthe offspring of the
same parents
backcrossing with one of the
parents
Inbreeding
decrease heterozygous
genotypes by 50% in each
generation
Problems of inbreeding
reduce in fertility
Inbreeding depression - vigour of
the population is gradually
reduced
Outbreeding
mating between genetically
closely unrelated individuals
increase the number of
heterozygosity
◦ more variations
◦ produce offspring with superior
character
(hybrid vigour)
use in combining two beneficial
characteristics
Polyploidy
Autopolyploidy
◦ chromosome sets derived from the
same species
◦ created by spontaneous duplication
Allopolyploidy
Polyploidy
Autopolyploidy
◦ chromosome sets derived from the
same species
◦ created by spontaneous duplication
Polyploidy
Allopolyploidy
◦ two different diploid species are
interbred
Allopolyploidy
the hybrid form is sterile
◦ different sets of chromosomes from
both parents are not homologous
◦ no pairing during meiosis
Allopolyploidy
duplicate the genome
the tetraploid became fertile
Allopolyploidy
get the advantage of inheriting
desirable characteristics from
both parents
can be induced artificially by
colchicine
◦ inhibit spindle formation
Methods commonly used in
plant breeding
Selection
Backcross
Hybridization
Polyploidbreeding
Mutation breeding
Methods commonly used in
animal breeding
Selection
Artificial insemination
Artificial insemination
Collection of semen from a male
Dilution and artificial introduction
of sperm into female reproductive
tract
Restriction enzymes
(restriction endonucleases)
Break at
specific site
Restriction enzymes
act as powerful scissors
create sticky ends
Formation of recombinant
DNA molecule
apply the restriction enzyme in
vitro with 2 different DNA
fragments
DNA ligase
can join ‘sticky ends’ of the DNA
fragments
Ways to locate the genes
Short gun sequencing
Top-down sequencing
Shotgun approach
Fragments of DNA
(some just contains the base
sequences of a gene)
Gene probe
Nucleotides
sequence
Haemophilia