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Importance of controlled mitosis. - Genetic information carried by the chromosomes is necessary for the proper functioning of an organism.

- Different cell divided at different times and rates. For example, human skin cell divide throughout their whole lifespan. Liver cells only divide when necessary to replace damaged tissues. Nerve and muscle cells DO NOT divide at all once their matured. - Control system in the cells ensures that cell division is complete and the cells divides in a controlled manner. Uncontrolled mitosis - Uncontrolled mitosis will produce cancer cell - Cancer is a disease which caused by the uncontrolled mitosis due to severe distribution to the mechanism that controls the cell cycle. - Cancer cell divided freely - Cancer cell that is not destroyed, will divided uncontrollably to form TUMOR, abnormal mass of cell. Differences between normal cells and cancer cells Normal cells Cancer cells Controlled growth Uncontrolled growth Single organized layer Multi- layered & disorganized Differentiated cell and carry out specialized Undifferentiated cell and DO NOT carry out functions specialized functions Normal nuclei and chromosomes no. Abnormal nuclei and chromosomes no. Application of knowledge of mitosis in cloning 1. Cloning is the process of producing clones or genetically identical organisms through ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION. 2. Cloning considered as asexual reproduction because the organisms produced have the same genetic content and chromosomal no. as their parent. ( common characteristic of asexual reproduction ). ANIMAL CLONING Dolly 1. Somatic cell ( from mammary gland cells ) removed and grown in a low culture medium. The starved cell stop dividing and enter non- dividing state. ( SOMATIC CELL DONOR ) 2. An unfertilized egg cell obtained. The nucleus is sucked out, leaving cytoplasm and organelles without any chromosomes. ( OVUM DONOR ) 3. An electrical impulses stimulate the fusion btw. somatic cell and egg cell ( without nucleus ) 4. Cells divided rapidly, forming embryo. (specific : blastocyst ) 5. Embryo then implanted into surrogate mother () 6. Dolly is cloned sheep of somatic cell donor, is born. IMPORTANT :** A Cloned Dolly is genetically identical with the somatic cell donor.

Tissue culture technique

Involved in the growth of cells or tissue outside of the organism in a suitable culture medium which contain nutrients and growth hormone ( in vitro : in glasses methods ) Purpose Produce plant / animal cells through asexual reproduction.

PROCEDURES; 1. Small piece of a plants leaf, shoot, bud, stem or root tissues are cut off. ( called : Explant ) ----- 0 ----R Enzymes are used to digest the cell walls of tissues. Naked cells without cell wall ( called : Protoplasts ) 2. The explant or protoplasts are sterilized () and placed in a glass container which contains a nutrients solution with a fixed chemical composition. A culture medium consists of a complex mix. of glucose, amino acid, minerals and other substance required for the growth of tissues. 3. The culture medium and apparatus must be in sterile condition and free from microorganisms which contaminated the tissue culture. The pH and temperature of the medium need to be maintained at optimum levels. 4. The explants begin divided by MITOSIS. 5. Cell division produces aggregates ( ) of cells, then developed into callus (undifferentiated mass of tissues ) 6. The callus developed to a somatic embryo. Then to plantlet which later can be transferred to the soil for growth into adult plant. Advantages of cloning : 1. Multiply copies of useful genes or clones - Example : bacterium ESCHERICHIA COLI has been genetically manipulated to produce the BOVINE Growth Hormone. - The clones of this bacteria can synthesis a large amount of the hormone. - Hormone can be injected to cows increase the quality of milk. 2. Produced in a shorter time and larger nos. - In medicine, e.g. the ESCHERICHIA COLI can cloned to produce insulin. - Insulin (hormone) which lowers the level of blood sugar by converting excess glucose to glycogen in liver. *Produced by pancreas - A lack of insulin caused diabetes mellitus ( People with ~ required constant supply of insulin ) Plants that reproduced from seeds take a long time to grow and produce fruits. Cloned plants produces flowers and fruits in Shorter period. Plants are engineered to produce high and better quality yields. - E.g. gene from bacterium BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ( Bt ) is transferred to cotton plant to create a new transgenic () cotton plant which is resistant to the Bt larvae. This gene code synthesis of the Bt protein which kill the larvae feed on cotton plant - Delayed ripening of tomatoes also an e.g. of beneficial traits possessed by transgenic

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plants. This type of tomatoes appear in fresh, firm and skinny appearance and has long shelf life. 5. Cloning & Tissue culture techq. involved in vegetative reproduction which Do not need pollinating agents. Propagation ( ) can take place any time without the need of pollination. Disadvantages of cloning : a) Long term side effect of using genetically modified viruses and bacterial cloned in various fields such as medicine. b) May happened problems related to environment such as pollution. c) Cloned do not show genetic variation. d) New clones may undergo natural mutations and may disrupt the natural equilibrium e) Cloned animal have a shorter life span Note : The disadvantages of cloning are NOT yet know. Just predicted by Scientist or Researchers

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