Abstracts Total

Academic Project abstracts for EEE(M.
Tech)
2011-12
For more details please visit our website www.kresttechnology.com. We will develop your ideas and your papers also, for any further information call 9885112363 / 040-44433434 or mail to krestinfo@gmail.com , eee@kresttechnology.com
Head office: 2nd floor, Solitaire plaza, beside Image Hospital, Ameerpet, Hyderabad
www.kresttechnology.com, e-mail: eee@kresttechnology.com, Ph: 9885112363 / 040 44433434
1. A NOVEL DFACTS DEVICE FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF POWER QUALITY OF THE SUPPLY
ABSTRACT
The proliferations of the non-linear devices cannot be restricted at transmission and distribution level because of their compactness and power handling capacity but they also draw non-linear current and hence degrade the power quality. In order to maintain, a variety of mechanically switched devices like shunt connected capacitors and phase sifting transformers are used but none responds quickly enough to changing conditions to provide real-time flow control. In addition to these novel controllers that have no single conventional analog have been
developed and are termed as FACTS devices. In this paper a DFACTS device is proposed n exclusively for the improvement of the quality of the supply concept of DFACTS device uses two Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) utilizing Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique where inherent characteristics of reducing the lower order harmonics is used for the domestic, i.e., at the distribution side for improvement of quality of the power supply, the complete mathematical analysis and block diagram of the dc voltage controller is proposed. The proposed concept has been simulated for different types of loads and balanced as well as unbalanced supply voltages, different types of loads are taken and there THD are taken and noted down. Simulation is carried out using the MATLAB/Simulink software.
2. A PRACTICAL TECHNIQUE FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT FOR SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MACHINES
ABSTRACT
Most of the electrical loads in our daily life are single phase as well as inductive. Single phase induction machines are one of the many reasons for poor quality power supply along with some concerns on torque requirements, accelerating time, starting current, and dip in voltage and harmonics in input current. During starting, power supply is more adversely affected. When single motors at homes are started, a visible fluctuation in lights is observed. This is due to the poor quality of power during starting of single phase induction motor. When the motor is started, it draws high starting current. This high current causes dip in the voltage during starting intervals, because there is a lot of voltage drop across the distribution conductor. This paper presents an analysis of all the above mentioned problems along with a practical way to mitigate them. In this paper, induction motor under test is the capacitor run motor. In this paper a practical approach is presented using classical LC circuit techniques. The results and tests performed before and after application of the proposed solution have been analyzed and presented. The frequency, running current waveform current components in time domain are simulated using MATLAB/Simulink software, The conclusions presented in this paper will stimulate and direct future research work for maintaining high quality power supply during starting of induction machine
3. ACTIVE POWER FILTER BASED ON CASCADED TRANSFORMER MULTILEVEL INVERTER

ABSTRACT
The widespread increase of non-linear loads nowadays, significant amounts of harmonic currents are being injected into power systems. Harmonic currents flow through the power system impedance, causing voltage distortion at the harmonic currents frequencies. The distorted voltage waveform causes harmonic currents to be drawn by other loads connected at the point of common coupling (PCC). The use of grid connected power electronic converters to improve power quality in power distribution systems represents the best solution, in terms of performance and stability, for the elimination of harmonic distortion, power factor correction, balancing of loads, and voltage regulation. The traditional method of current harmonics reduction involves passive LC filters, which are its simplicity and low cost. However, passive filters have several drawbacks such as large size, tuning and risk of resonance problems In this paper, we propose an APF based on cascaded H-bridge multilevel converter which employs one single dc input power source and isolated single-phase low-frequency transformers. By the proposed circuit configuration, a number of dc-link can be reduced, compared with traditional APF based on cascaded H-bridge multilevel converter. With this type of topology, higher voltage levels can be achieved, making the proposed topology suitable for compensation of medium and high voltage power distribution systems. A simple control scheme is used for the correct operation of inverter and compensation demands. The current reference required can be obtained allowing the generation of the total compensating current and the absorption of the needed active power to compensate converter losses and to keep the dc voltages constant. Simulated results carried out by MATLAB/Simulink program for steady-state and transient operating conditions prove the compensation effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Simulation results show the validity and effectiveness of presented active power filter for compensation of harmonic currents, reactive power and unbalance currents.
4. A COMPARISON OF SYMMETRICAL AND ASYMMETRICAL THREE-PHASE H-BRIDGE MULTILEVEL INVERTER FOR DTC INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVES ABSTRACT
Multilevel voltage-source inverters are intensively studied for high-power applications and standard drives for medium-voltage industrial applications have become available Solutions with a higher number of output voltage levels have the capability to synthesize waveforms with a better harmonic spectrum and to limit the motor winding insulation stress. Earlier studies have pointed out the limitations of conventional inverters, especially in high-voltage and high-power applications. In recent years, multilevel inverters are becoming increasingly popular for high-power applications due to their improved harmonic profile and increased power ratings. Several studies have been reported in the literature on multilevel inverters topologies, control techniques, and applications. However, there are few studies that actually discuss or evaluate the performance of induction motor drives associated with three-phase multilevel inverter. This paper presents then a comparison study for a cascaded H-bridge multilevel direct torque control (DTC) induction motor drive. In this case, symmetrical and asymmetrical arrangements of five- and seven-level H-bridge inverters are compared in order to find an optimum arrangement with lower switching losses and optimized output voltage quality. For the validation of the earlier discussed control approach, simulations and experiments have been carried out. The carried out experiments show that an asymmetrical configuration provides nearly sinusoidal voltages with very low distortion, using less switching devices. Moreover, torque ripples are greatly reduced. Simulation results for five levels cascaded and seven-level H-bridge inverter Shown using MATLAB/Simulink software.
5. A DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER EQUIPPED WITH A HIGH-FREQUENCY ISOLATED DCDC CONVERTER

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) that is characterized by the use of a high-frequency unidirectional isolated dcdc converter. Voltage sag is the most power quality problem facing now days in distribution system; this paper discusses the control and performance of a low-voltage DVR using a high-frequency isolated dcdc converter. The highfrequency (20-kHz) transformer in the dcdc converter is much smaller, for example, onehundredth, in volume than the line-frequency transformer. DVR, which is characterized by connecting the shunt converter (the diode rectifier) to the supply side. The DVR consists of shunt and series converters connected back to back and a common dc capacitor as an energy-storage device. Multilevel topologies such as diode-clamped or cascaded pulse width modulation (PWM) converters can eliminate line frequency transformers from medium-voltage applications, A main motivation of the isolated dcdc converters is to replace line-frequency transformers with high-frequency transformers, in which galvanic isolation is indispensable between the two sets of dc terminals; Experimental results obtained by a 200-V 5-kW laboratory system have verified the viability and effectiveness of the DVR. In the near future, replacing Si devices with SiC devices will bring significant reductions in volume and weight to the dcdc converter, as well as the series converter. Simulation has been done using
MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
6. A HYBRID AC/DC MICRO GRID AND ITS COORDINATION CONTROL

ABSTRACT
THREE PHASE ac power systems have existed for over 100 years due to their efficient transformation of ac power at different voltage levels and over long distance as well as the inherent characteristic from fossil energy driven rotating machines. Recently more renewable power conversion systems are connected in low voltage ac distribution systems as distributed generators or ac micro grids due to environmental issues caused by conventional fossil fueled power plants. Recently dc grids are resurging due to the development and deployment of renewable dc power sources and their inherent advantage for dc loads in commercial, industrial and residential applications, the dc micro grid has been proposed to integrate various distributed generators. However, ac sources have to be converted into dc before connected to a dc grid and dc/ac inverters are required for conventional ac loads. This paper proposes a hybrid ac/dc micro grid to reduce the processes of multiple dcac dc or acdcac conversions in an individual ac or dc grid. The hybrid grid consists of both ac and dc networks connected together by multi-bidirectional converters. AC sources and loads are connected to the ac network whereas dc sources and loads are tied to the dc network. Energy storage systems can be connected to dc or ac links. The proposed hybrid grid can operate in a grid-tied or autonomous mode. The coordination control algorithms are proposed for smooth power transfer between ac and dc links and for stable system operation under various generation and load conditions. Uncertainty and intermittent characteristics of wind speed, solar irradiation level, ambient temperature, and load are also considered in system control and operation. A small hybrid grid has been modeled and simulated using the Simulink in the MATLAB. The simulation results show that the system can maintain stable operation under the proposed coordination control schemes when the grid is switched from one operating condition to another.
7. A MINIMUM POWER-PROCESSING-STAGE FUEL-CELL ENERGY SYSTEM BASED ON A BOOST-INVERTER WITH A BIDIRECTIONAL BACKUP BATTERY STORAGE
ABSTRACT
When low-voltage unregulated fuel-cell (FC) output is conditioned to generate ac power, two stages are required: a boost stage and an inversion one. A two-stage FC power conditioning system to deliver ac power has been commonly considered and studied. The system usually includes transformer-type dcdc boost converter stage and dc-to-ac inverter stage with auxiliary energy unit. This type of power conditioning system has inevitable drawbacks, such as being bulky, costly, and inefficient, because each stage has to have a high efficiency for higher overall efficiency and normally more than six active components (switches and diodes) are required. In order to minimize the problems with a two-stage FC power conditioning system, a topology with reduced power processing and conversion stages is required. A topology that is suitable for ac loads and is powered from dc sources able to boost and invert the voltage at the same time has been proposed. The double-loop control scheme of this topology has also been proposed for better performance, even during transient conditions. In this paper, the boost-inverter topology that achieves both boosting and inversion functions in a single stage is used to develop an FC-based energy system that offers high conversion efficiency, low-cost, and compactness. The proposed system incorporates additional battery-based energy storage and a dcdc bidirectional converter to support instantaneous load changes. The output voltage of the boost-inverter is voltage-mode controlled and the dcdc bidirectional converter is current-mode controlled. The load low-frequency current ripple is supplied by the battery, which minimizes the effects of such ripple being drawn directly from the FC itself. Analysis, simulation, and experimental results are presented to confirm the operational performance of the proposed system.
8. A MODIFIED C-DUMP CONVERTER FOR BLDC MACHINE USED IN A FLYWHEEL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM
ABSTRACT
The permanent magnet brushless DC machine (BLDCM) is one of the suitable motors for the flywheel energy storage system (FESS) The common half-bridge topology for high-speed BLDCM. It includes a buck chopper and a half-bridge converter. Compared with the full-bridge converter, the half bridge converter has half the number of switches and avoids the short circuit across the phase leg in the full-bridge converter. However, this half-bridge topology has two disadvantages for the FESS: 1) the energy unidirectional flow, and 2) the energy of the turnoff phase is consumed on the resistance which means the waste of energy. This paper presents a modified C-dump converter for brushless DC (BLDC) machine used in the flywheel energy storage system. The converter can realize the energy bidirectional flowing and has the capability to recover the energy extracted from the turnoff phase of the BLDC machine. The principle of operation, modeling, and control strategy of the system has been investigated in the paper. Simulation and experimental results of the proposed system are also presented and discussed.
9. A NEW APPROACH TO MULTIFUNCTIONAL DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER IMPLEMENTATION FOR EMERGENCY CONTROL IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
ABSTRACT
The dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is one of the modern devices used in distribution systems to protect consumers against sudden changes in voltage amplitude. In this paper, emergency control in distribution systems is discussed by using the proposed multifunctional DVR control strategy. Also, the multi loop controller using the Posicast and P+Resonant controllers is proposed in order to improve the transient response and eliminate the steady-state error in DVR response, respectively. The main purpose is to detect and compensate for the voltage sag with minimum DVR active power injection. Also, the in-phase compensation method can be used for sag and swell mitigation. The multiline DVR can be used for eliminating the battery in the DVR structure and controlling more than one line. Moreover, research has been made on using the DVR in medium level voltage. Harmonic mitigation and control of DVR under frequency variations are also in the area of research. The closed-loop control with load voltage and current feedback is introduced as a simple method to control the DVR. The proposed algorithm is applied to some disturbances in load voltage caused by induction motors starting, and a three-phase short circuit fault. Also, the capability of the proposed DVR has been tested to limit the downstream fault current. The current limitation will restore the point of common coupling (PCC) (the bus to which all feeders under study are connected) voltage and protect the DVR itself. The innovation here is that the DVR acts as a virtual impedance with the main aim of protecting the PCC voltage during downstream fault without any problem in real power injection into the DVR. The basis of the proposed control strategy in this paper is that when the fault current does not pass through the DVR, an outer feedback loop of the load voltage with an inner feedback loop of the filter capacitor current will be used. Also, a feed forward loop will be used to improve the dynamic response of the load voltage. Moreover, to improve the transient response, the Posicast controller and to eliminate the steady-state error. Simulation results show the capability of the DVR. Head office: 2nd floor, Solitaire plaza, beside Image Hospital, Ameerpet, Hyderabad
10
10. A MINIMUM POWER-PROCESSING-STAGE FUEL-CELL ENERGY SYSTEM BASED ON A BOOST-INVERTER WITH BIDIRECTIONAL BACKUP BATTERY STORAGE ABSTRACT
DISTRIBUTED generation (DG) has been widely used in the power industry due to market deregulation and environmental concerns. Islanding protection is one of the most important issues to address in DG applications. The islanding is defined as a condition in which a portion of an electric power system is solely energized and separated from the rest of the electric power system. The DG unit should detect the islanding and disconnect the islanded system in a timely manner to avoid damages. Unintentional islanding of DG may result in power-quality (PQ) issues, interference with protection devices, and reliability reduction for customers. There are three main methods of Islanding detection: 1) passive, 2) active, and 3) communication-based methods. This paper presents a new islanding detection method, which has the advantages of active and passive islanding methods, small NDZ, and good accuracy. The control strategy of the voltage-source inverter has been designed to operate at unity power factor. Also, the dc side has been modeled by a controllable dc voltage source. The main idea of this paper is to change the dc-link voltage considering the PCC voltage changes during the islanding condition. A simple and easy-to-implement method, such as the over/under voltage protection (OVP/UVP), can be used to detect an islanding condition. Once the magnitude of voltage exceeds a determined threshold value, an islanding condition is detected and DG is disconnected Simulation is done using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the new islanding detection method for different operating conditions. In addition, it has been shown that this method does not distort any voltage or current waveforms by injecting perturbations and, thus, it has high performance from a PQ point of view. This method is also capable of detecting islanding conditions accurately within the minimum standard time.
11
11. A NEW METHOD FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN CLASSICAL AC/AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS USING PWM TECHNIQUE
ABSTRACT
There are three basic types of AC to AC converters. The simplest ones, the AC voltage controllers, allow controlling the output voltage only, while the output frequency is the same as the input frequency. The second one is the Cycloconverters. In Cycloconverters, the output frequency can be controlled, but it is at least one order of magnitude lower than the input frequency. In both the AC voltage controllers and Cycloconverters, the maximum available output voltage approaches the input voltage. The last one is the matrix converter. Because of having no inherent limits on the output frequency, matrix converters are most versatile, but the maximum available output voltage is about 15% lower than the input voltage AC voltage controllers are widely used to obtain variable AC voltage from fixed AC source. A lot of topologies of pulse-width modulated (PWM)-AC voltage controllers for singlephase and three phase systems are proposed up to date. PWM-AC controllers have important advantages compared with the phase-controlled AC voltage controllers using Thyristors and Triacs. This article presents a novel control technique for application to PWM-AC controllers with ability of generating smaller harmonics. In the proposed control method, both the traditional AC voltage controllers and the PWMAC controllers are combined, smaller THD values are obtained and switching losses are minimized. Thus, the harmonic pollution in the power system will be reduced and the power quality will be increased. In order to investigate the proposed controller performance, computer simulations are performed. Obtained results are compared with those of the conventional PWM-AC controller According to the simulation sector-control with PWM method has better performance than phase-angle control with PWM method does. So, sector-control with PWM method is recommended to the power community. This method can be of practical value in replacing the conventional counterparts that are used in controlling heating elements and speed control of small fractional horsepower induction motors. Simulation results are conducted using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
12
12. A NEW MULTILEVEL INVERTER TOPOLOGY USING LESS NUMBER OF SWITCHES ABSTRACT
Multilevel voltage source inverter is recognized as an important alternative to the normal two level voltage source inverter especially in high voltage application. Using multilevel technique, the amplitude of the voltage is increased, stress in the switching devices is reduced and the overall harmonics profile is improved. Among the familiar topologies, the most popular one is cascaded multilevel inverter. It exhibits several attractive features such as simple circuit layout, less components counts, modular in structure and avoid unbalance capacitor voltage problem. However as the number of output level increases, the circuit becomes bulky due to the increase in the number of power devices, the general purpose of the multilevel inverter is to synthesize a nearly sinusoidal voltage from several levels of dc voltages, typically obtained from capacitor voltage sources. As the number of level increases, the synthesized output waveform has more steps, which produce a staircase wave that approaches a desired waveform. Also as more steps added to the waveform, the harmonic distortion of the output waveform decreases, approaching zero as the level increases. As the number of level increases, the voltage that can be summing multiple voltage levels also increases. These new types of converters are suitable for high voltage and high power application due to their ability to synthesize waveforms with better harmonic spectrum. Numerous topologies have been introduced and widely studied for utility and drive applications. Amongst these topologies, the multilevel cascaded inverter was introduced in Static VAR compensation and drive systems. This project presents a new technique for getting a multilevel output and also uses PWM control techniques. In this technique, the number of switches used for the dc to ac conversion is reduced. So this dc to ac conversion significantly reduces the initial cost. This technique exhibits some attractive features which suits industrial applications.
MATLAB/Simulink environment is used to simulate the results. The simulation of the seven-level multilevel inverter is successfully done using pulse width modulation technique. From the simulation, it is noted that the new multilevel inverter topology works well and shows hope to reduce the initial cost and complexity. When we increase the levels, the number of switches used is very less compared to the other topology. Head office: 2nd floor, Solitaire plaza, beside Image Hospital, Ameerpet, Hyderabad
13
13. A NOVEL APPROACH IN SOFT STARTING OF LARGE INDUCTION MOTORS

ABSTRACT
The electric power consumption of AC motor is a great part of the total domestic consumption. So, high efficiency and stability of AC motor can realize energy-saving and cost reducing effectively. Not only AC motor need to be soft-started to lessen current surge and electric fence voltage-drop, but also its speed need to be able to adjusted to improve efficiency. If the induction motor is started directly, its starting current will be up to 5-8 times the rated value, which causes a sharp decline in voltage of the connecting power network, affecting normal operation of other equipments and causing a great impact on the motor, especially on cage-type rotor whose bars and rings would be destroyed enormously. As the development of the power electronics technology, computer control technology and automatic control technology, electronic soft-start controller has appeared, while in generally, the starters on the market only have basic modes such as current-limited and voltage step ramping soft-start. Although it can meet the demands of most kinds of loads, the start state is not optimal, direct online induction machine starts have many disadvantages. Torque pulsations are often large and vary from positive to negative values. These torque transients in a motor shaft are transmitted to the load, resulting in mechanical wear in the motor bearings and load couplings. Therefore, properly controlling the starting currents and torques of induction machines is of great importance in many instances. This paper proposes a new series compensator based circuit for soft starting of IM. This circuit consists of a diode-bridge type DC reactor that connects in series with each phase of transformer. It does not need any control, measurement and gate driving circuits. The power circuit simplicity, reliable operation and almost no effect on normal operation of IM are other advantages of proposed circuit. The theoretical analysis and the effect on voltage quality are presented. The proposed circuit consists of three similar diode-bridges and a single coil that each connects in series with each-phase of induction motor. This circuit has almost no effect in normal operation of induction motors. The simplicity of proposed circuit, easy to build and absence of control circuits are the main attractive points of circuit. The analytical analysis and designing characteristics for DC reactor in proposed circuit are presented. Head office: 2nd floor, Solitaire plaza, beside Image Hospital, Ameerpet, Hyderabad
14
The overall circuit operation in transient and steady state cases are studied in detail. Simulation results are obtained to verify the valuable operation of proposed circuit in soft starting. The simulation results are obtained to verify the performance of proposed method in transient and steady states.
15
14. A NOVEL BVC-RBF NEURAL NETWORK BASED SYSTEM SIMULATION MODEL FOR SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTOR
ABSTRACT
THE switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive is considered as an attractive candidate for variable speed motor drives due to its low cost and rugged structure, reliable converter topology, and high efficiency over a wide speed range, and fault-tolerant performance. These drives are suitable for applications such as electric vehicles, aircraft starter/generator systems, mining drives, robotics, and. On the one hand, several approaches have been reported in the literature for obtaining and describing the flux linkage characteristics of SRM, FEA is the most commonly used method for calculating the flux linkage characteristics without experimental measurement, which is quite suitable for machine design and performance prediction. Nevertheless, almost all of the aforementioned intelligent approximation methods such as ANN, ANFIS, and RBF are conditioned on that the model is determined based on the observational data only. But in the modeling task, there is more or less some prior knowledge available, which can help to improve the model generalization. A new topology of RBF neural network with boundary value constraints that has the capability of automatically satisfying types of prior knowledge is proposed, without adding algorithmic complexity and computational costs. The so-called BVC-RBF neural network is applied to modeling of the flux linkage characteristic in this paper. The purpose of this paper is to develop a SRM system simulation model considering the critical problems as discussed above. In this paper, a double scalar magnetic potential method (DSMP) based 3-D FEM together with enhanced incremental energy method (EIEM) is used for flux linkage calculation, which considers the end effect and reduces the computation time. In order to get better approximation results, a novel BVC-RBF neural network is applied for modeling of the flux linkage characteristics. Based on the modeling results, a SRM system simulation model is studied here using MATLAB/Simulink. All simulations are completely documented by their blocks, corresponding special MATLAB functions, and parameters.
16
15. A NOVEL DUTY CYCLE CONTROL STRATEGY TO REDUCE BOTH TORQUE AND FLUX RIPPLES FOR DTC OF PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR DRIVES WITH SWITCHING FREQUENCY REDUCTION
ABSTRACT
DIRECT torque control (DTC) has become a powerful and popular control scheme since it was firstly proposed in the 1980s by Takahashi and Depenbrock. Due to the merits of simple structure, quick dynamic response and strong robustness against rotor parameters, DTC has now been extended from induction machine to a variety of machines, including PMSM doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) and synchronous reluctance machine etc. However, conventional switching-table-based DTC (STDTC) also presents some disadvantages, among which large torque/flux ripples and variable Switching frequency are the two most notable drawbacks Conventional switching-table-based direct torque control (DTC) presents large torque and flux ripples as well as variable switching frequency. Many methods have been proposed to tackle the problems above, among which duty cycle control is a kind of very effective approach. It is known that by adjusting the duty ratio of the active vector selected from the switching table, the torque ripple can be reduced. However, most of the prior duty cycle control methods only focus on the torque performance improvement and fail to take the flux ripple reduction into account. Furthermore, the methods obtaining the duty ratio are usually complicated and relies heavily on the accuracy of machine parameters, which negates the merits of simplicity and robustness of conventional DTC. This paper proposes a unified switching table to select three vectors rather than two vectors in prior arts hence lower flux ripple and more sinusoidal stator current can be obtained while maintaining the torque performance. A very simple but effective method is proposed to obtain the durations of the three vectors. The influence of one-step delay caused by digital implementation is investigated. By arranging the switching sequence of the three vectors appropriately, the switching frequency can be significantly reduced. The superiority of the novel method is confirmed by a comparative study with its counterpart using two vectors only. Both simulation and experimental results obtained from a 1 kW permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) DTC drive are presented to validate the effectiveness of the novel duty cycle control strategy. Head office: 2nd floor, Solitaire plaza, beside Image Hospital, Ameerpet, Hyderabad
17
16. A NOVEL INDUCTION MOTOR SPEED ESTIMATION USING NEURO FUZZY

ABSTRACT
Three phase induction motor is, devices widely used in the industrial world. Induction motor has several parameters that are non-linear, especially the rotor resistance, whose value varies for different operating conditions. This cause the settings on the induction motor is more complex than AC motors. Solution induction motor control has the features of precise and quick torque response The corresponding output variables and the stator flux position sector are used to select the appropriate voltage vector from a switching table which generates pulses to control the power switches in the inverter, This scheme presents many disadvantages (variable switching frequency - violence of polarity consistency rules - current and torque distortion caused by sector changes start and low-speed operation problems high sampling frequency needed for digital implementation of hysteresis comparators) To eliminate the above difficulties, Neuro Fuzzy Control scheme (NFCS) has been proposed This scheme uses a controller based on an adaptive NF inference system together with a space voltage modulator to replace both the hysteresis comparators and the switching table. The Adaptive NF inference system controller combines fuzzy logic and artificial neural networks to evaluate the reference voltage required to drive the flux and torque to the demanded values within a fixed time period This evaluation is performed using the electromagnetic torque and stator flux magnitude errors together with the stator flux angle. This calculated voltage is then synthesis using Space Vector Modulation (SVM). To generate the desired reference voltage using this scheme, the Adaptive NF inference system controller acts only on the amplitude. A proposed modification of this scheme is to design a Adaptive NF inference system controller to act on both the amplitude and the angle of the reference voltage components. All the schemes cited above use a PI controller for speed control. To ensure accurate speed estimation over a wide range, from zero to high levels exceeding the rated speed, accurate values of the machines parameters, the aim of the simulation proposed control is to improve the performance and robustness of the induction motor drives under non linear loads and parameter variations. Both the design of the fuzzy controller and its Head office: 2nd floor, Solitaire plaza, beside Image Hospital, Ameerpet, Hyderabad
18
integration with neural network in a global control system are discussed. Simulation results shown excellent tracking performance of the proposed control system, and have convincingly demonstrated the usefulness of the neuro-fuzzy controller in high performance drives with uncertainly.
19
17. A NOVEL POWER QUALITY COMPENSATOR FOR NEGATIVE SEQUENCE AND HARMONIC CURRENTS IN HIGH-SPEED ELECTRIC RAILWAY
ABSTRACT
In order to solve the issue of power quality in the general and high-speed electrified railway, many methods and power quality compensators are studied. Static Var Compensators (SVC) can be used to balance a distribution system, but the SVC should be connected to the 110kV or 220kV high-voltage side of the traction system, which increases the requirement on voltage rating. General active filters are effective in suppressing harmonic currents in electrified railway but cannot compensate negative-sequence currents. An active power quality Compensator (APQC) with an impedance matching balance transformer and an Scott transformer is proposed to compensate negative-sequence, harmonic and reactive currents, For power quality problem of high-speed electrified railway, this paper presents a new type of power quality compensation system, which is mainly made of railway regulator RPC, two sets of thyristor-controlled reactor and two sets of thyristor-controlled 3rd filter. Based on the working principle of the proposed power quality compensator, its equivalent electrical models are established in fundamental and harmonic domain respectively. The simulation results confirm the correctness of the contents of this paper, and also reflect the new power quality compensation system has the low cost, stability characteristics and good prospects for engineering applications. The proposed power quality compensator has small capacity and low cost. Furthermore, based on the working principle of the proposed power quality compensator, its equivalent electrical models are established in fundamental and harmonic domain respectively. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate that the negate ve-sequence currents is zero and the THD of power arm current is reduced from 14% to 3%, after the proposed power quality compensator is run, The proposed system can be used to compensate negative-sequence current and suppress harmonic current in high-speed electrified railway. The uniform electric models in fundamental domain and harmonic domain are derived in this paper. The simulation results are shown that the proposed power quality compensator is effective. It can reduce the Head office: 2nd floor, Solitaire plaza, beside Image Hospital, Ameerpet, Hyderabad
20
capacity of the active part and has a good performance at harmonic suppression and negativesequence compensation.
21
18.A SEVEN-LEVEL INVERTER TOPOLOGY FOR INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE USING TWO-LEVEL INVERTERS AND FLOATING CAPACITOR FED H-BRIDGES
ABSTRACT
THE capability of multilevel inverters to generate voltage waveform with less harmonic distortion, at reduced switching frequency, using switching devices of low-voltage ratings makes them preferred choice for medium- and high voltage power processing applications. This has led to their increasing applications in the control of medium and high voltage ac drives .Though with increase in number of levels the quality of waveform improves, it also increases the complexity of the circuit due to the increase in the number of devices and associated control circuitry. The other issues of concern in industrial applications are reliability and efficiency of the system. Hence, the researchers in this field are focused mainly on the development of less complex, more reliable and efficient multilevel inverter topologies. A survey of multilevel inverter topologies is presented. The conventional multilevel converters include the neutral point clamped (NPC), flying capacitor, and cascaded H-bridge topologies. Dual inverter configuration for an open-end winding induction motor is another interesting multilevel topology for drive applications. The seven-level inverter topology proposed in this paper is intended for an induction motor with open-end winding structure. Here, in addition to two two-level inverters feeding the coils from both ends, two H-bridge cells are connected in series with the motor winding in each phase. These H-bridge cells are fed by capacitors whose voltages are maintained at the required level. An important advantage of this topology is the reduction in dc-link voltage requirement by half when compared with the requirement of dc-link voltage in NPC topology. In this topology, there are multiple ways of generating middle voltage levels and this feature is utilized in balancing the capacitor voltages in the entire modulation range. It needs only two isolated dcvoltage sources of voltage rating Vdc /2 where Vdc is the dc voltage magnitude required by the conventional neutral point clamped (NPC) seven-level topology. The proposed topology is capable of maintaining the H-bridge capacitor voltages at the required level of Vdc /6 under all operating conditions, covering the entire linear modulation and over modulation regions, by making use of the switching state redundancies.
22
In the event of any switch failure in H-bridges, this inverter can operate in three-level mode, a feature that enhances the reliability of the drive system. The two level inverters, which operate at a higher voltage level of Vdc /2, switch less compared to the H-bridges, which operate at a lower voltage level of Vdc /6, resulting in switching loss reduction. The experimental verification of the proposed topology is carried out for the entire modulation range, under steady state as well as transient conditions. Simulation results are studied using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
23
19. A SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTER WITH ENHANCED PERFORMANCE USING ANN-BASED PREDICTIVE AND ADAPTIVE CONTROLLERS
ABSTRACT
This paper attempts to improve the dynamic performance of a shunt-type active power filter. The dynamic performance of an APF is mainly dependent on how quickly and how accurately the harmonic components are extracted from the load current. Many harmonic extraction techniques are available, and their responses have been explored. Proposed techniques include traditional dq and pq theory based approaches and application. Shunt-type active power filter (APF) is used to eliminate the current harmonics. The predictive and adaptive properties of artificial neural networks (ANNs) are used for fast estimation of the compensating current. The dynamics of the dc-link voltage is utilized in a predictive controller to generate the first estimate followed by convergence of the algorithm by an adaptive ANN (adaline) based network. Recently, ANNs have attracted much attention in different applications, including the APF. Computed the Fourier coefficients of the signal by using adaline. Weights in adaline are tuned to minimize the total harmonic distortion of the source current. Extensive simulations and experimentations confirm the validity of the proposed scheme for all kinds of load (balanced and unbalanced) for a three-phase three-wire system.
24
20.A SIMPLE METHOD TO REDUCE TORQUE RIPPLE IN DIRECT TORQUE CONTROLLED PERMANENT-MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR BY USING VECTORS WITH VARIABLE AMPLITUDE AND ANGLE
ABSTRACT
In this paper, a modified direct torque control (DTC) for permanent-magnet synchronous machines, which enables important torque- and flux-ripple reduction by using voltage vectors with variable amplitude and angle, is proposed. DTC also presents some drawbacks, including large torque ripple, variable switching frequency, and acoustic noises, among others. This is because DTC is a kind of heuristic method in essence, which uses hysteresis comparators and stator-flux-position information to determine the final output voltage vector from a switching table. The hysteresis comparators only consider the signs of torque and flux errors and do not differentiate their amplitudes. Furthermore, the switching table is composed of a limited number of discrete voltage vectors with fixed length and angle. The selected vector from the switching table is applied during the whole sampling period, which leads to low switching frequency at the cost of large torque and flux ripples. In the proposed DTC, the amplitudes of torque and flux errors are differentiated and employed to regulate the amplitude and angle of the output voltage vectors online, which are finally synthesized by space vector modulation (SVM). Two simple formulas are developed to derive the amplitude and angle of the commanding voltage vectors from the errors of torque and flux only. The conventional switching table and hysteresis controllers are eliminated, and a fixed switching frequency is obtained with the help of SVM. Stator flux is estimated from an improved voltage model, which is based on a low-pass filter with compensations of the amplitude and phase. The proposed DTC is comparatively investigated with the existing SVM-DTC from the aspects of theory analysis, computer simulation, and experimental validation. In this paper, an improved DTC is proposed, which eliminates the use of hysteresis comparators and switching table. It makes full use of the ability of SVM to produce an arbitrary voltage vector.
25
Compared with other SVM-based DTC, the proposed method only needs the knowledge of torque and flux errors to obtain the amplitude and angle of the commanding voltage vector The simulation and experimental results prove that the proposed DTC is very simple and provides excellent steady-state response, quick dynamic performance, and strong robustness against external disturbance and control-parameter variations.
26
21. A SINGLE PHASE FIVE LEVEL INVERTER FOR GRID CONNECTED PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM BY EMPLOYING PID CONTROLLER
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a single phase five level photovoltaic (PV) inverter topology for grid connected PV systems with a novel Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) control scheme. PV
inverter, which is the heart of a PV system, is used to convert dc power obtained from PV modules into ac power to be fed into the grid. Improving the output waveform of the inverter reduces its respective harmonic content and, hence, the size of the filter used and the level of Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) generated by switching operation of the inverter. In recent years, multilevel inverters have become more attractive for researchers and manufacturers due to their advantages over conventional three level PWM inverters. They offer improved output waveforms, smaller filter size and lower EMI, lower Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). Two reference signals identical to each other with an offset equivalent to the amplitude of the triangular carrier signal were used to generate PWM signals for the switches. A digital Proportional-Integral- Derivative (PID) current control algorithm is implemented in DSP TMS320F2812 to keep the current injected into the grid sinusoidal and to have high dynamic performance with rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. The inverter offers much less total harmonic distortion and can operate at near-unity power factor. The proposed system is verified through simulation and is implemented in a prototype. Experimental results are compared with the conventional single phase three level grid connected PWM inverter.
27
22.A SINGLE-STAGE THREE-PHASE PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM WITH ENHANCED MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING CAPABILITY AND INCREASED POWER RATING
ABSTRACT
This paper proposes a single-stage three-phase photovoltaic (PV) system that features enhanced maximum power point tracking capability, and an improved energy yield under partial shading conditions. Further, the proposed PV system can effectively double the maximum permissible dc voltage of a grounded conventional single-stage PV system, with no need for insulators, fuses, disconnects, and switchgear of a higher voltage class, with respect to safety/insulation standards or common system integration practices exercised for conventional grounded single-stage PV systems. A PV system, PV modules are connected in series and in parallel in order to enable power generation and processing at an adequately large voltage level and efficiency. However, when PV cells in a module are shaded, they experience a significant power output drop and can even act as loads to other (unshaded) cells and modules. This phenomenon can result in hot-spot formation in, and potential damage of, the shaded cell(s), in addition to a disproportionate maximum-power drop in the overall array. To circumvent the aforementioned issue, manufacturers typically install bypass diodes in anti parallel with each group of 1218 cells in a module. Nonetheless, the reduced energy yield remains an issue to be further addressed through more effective PV module clustering configurations and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms. The proposed PV system is realized through the parallel connection of an auxiliary halfbridge converter to the dc link of a conventional single-stage PV system and, therefore, is also an option for retrofit applications. This paper presents the mathematical model, principles of operation, and the control loops of the proposed single-stage PV system. The performance of the proposed single-stage PV system is demonstrated by time-domain simulation studies conducted on a detailed switched model in the PSCAD/EMTDC software environment.
28
23.A THREE-PHASE CURRENT-FED PUSHPULL DCDC CONVERTER WITH ACTIVE CLAMP FOR FUEL CELL APPLICATIONS
ABSTRACT
In this paper, a new active-clamped three-phase current-fed pushpull dcdc converter is proposed for high-power applications where low-voltage high-current input sources such as fuel cells are used. The proposed converter has the following features: active clamping of the transient surge voltage caused by transformer leakage inductances, natural zero-voltage switching turn-on of main switches using energy stored in transformer leakage inductor, small current rating and zerovoltage and zero current switching of clamp switches, no additional start-up circuitry for soft starting due to the operating duty cycle range between 0 and 1, and zero-current switching turnoff of rectifier diodes leading to negligible voltage surge associated with the diode reverse recovery. A comparative study along with loss analysis is performed. Active-clamp circuits were applied to the three-phase L-type half-bridge converter. Besides reduced total number of switches compared to the three-phase full-bridge converter proposed, a major advantage of the three-phase L-type half-bridge converter is that the switching frequency of clamp switches is the same as that of main switches, and therefore, higher power density can be achieved by further increasing the switching frequency of the overall system. A three-phase current-fed pushpull converter was introduced. The three-phase pushpull converter has the simplest structure in its power and gate drive circuits, leading to increased system reliability. In this paper, an active-clamping technique is proposed for the three-phase current-fed pushpull converter. With the proposed active clamping, the current-fed pushpull converter is able to achieve higher efficiency and higher power density in the high step-up application such as fuel cells owing. Experimental results from5-kW laboratory prototypes of the proposed active-clamped converter and the passive-clamped converter are provided.
29
24. A TRANSFORMER LESS MEDIUM-VOLTAGE STATCOM TOPOLOGY BASED ON EXTENDED MODULAR MULTILEVEL CONVERTERS
ABSTRACT
A new transformer less four-leg topology is suggested for shunt compensation, the modular multilevel converters (MMC) based on the half-bridge converters, to achieve higher performance as a STATCOM in a distorted and unbalanced medium voltage large-current (MVLC) system. Further, an extended MMC (EMMC) is proposed in order to manage more accurate compensation for high-power applications. Both proposals can be controlled for various purposes such as reactive power and unbalance compensation, voltage regulation, and harmonic cancellation. Moreover, related control strategies are also suggested for both the MMC and the EMMC to ensure that the sourceend three-phase currents are sinusoidal and balanced. Also, the dc-link capacitors of the halfbridge converters are regulated. One interesting application for the EMMC-based STATCOM could be the improvement in power quality and performance of the electrified railway traction power supply system. Both the MMC- and the EMMC-based STATCOM along with their proposed control strategies were simulated. This paper proposes a new type of the MMC topology as a STATCOM in order to achieve full compensation of MV-LC loads, i.e., harmonic elimination, reactive power optimization and in particular balancing the three- or four-wire systems. The full compensation using the proposed STATCOM is achieved without any coupling transformer for MV-LC applications (high-power). Nevertheless, available power semiconductor technology may impose limitations due to the voltage and current ratings, losses, and switching frequency. Hence, here the EMMC is proposed that is composed of parallel connection of multiple MMC per phase in order to deal with large-current requirements. There are two main differences between the EMMC and just parallel connection of MMC: 1) two or more MMC in an EMMC share the common dc-link (positive and negative common points); and 2), the presence of the coupling inductors that lowers down considerably the circulating current between them.
30
Further, to verify the suggestions, these proposals were also implemented on a 30-kVA modular laboratory prototype. Experiments and simulations confirm the predefined objectives.
31
25. A VERSATILE CONTROL SCHEME FOR UPQC FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
ABSTRACT
The proliferation of power electronics based equipment has produced a significant impact on the quality of electric power supply. Conventional power quality mitigation equipment is proving to be inadequate for an increasing number of applications, and this fact has attracted the attention of power engineers to develop dynamic and adjustable solutions to power quality problems. This has led to development of Custom Power Devices (CPD).One modern and very promising CPD that deals with both load current and supply voltage imperfections is the Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC). One modern solution that deals with both load current and supply voltage imperfections is the Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) such a solution can compensate for different power quality phenomena, such as: sags, swells, voltage imbalance, flicker, harmonics and reactive currents. UPQC is a combination of series and shunt active filters connected in cascade via a common dc link capacitor. The series active filter inserts a voltage, which is added at the point of the common coupling (PCC) such that the loads end voltage remains unaffected by any voltage disturbance. The main objectives of the shunt active filter are: to compensate for the load reactive power demand and unbalance, to eliminate the harmonics from the supply current, and to regulate the common dc link voltage. This paper investigated the development of UPQC control schemes and algorithms for power quality improvement and implementation of a versatile control strategy to enhance the performance of UPQC. The proposed control scheme gives better steady-state and dynamic response. The validity of the proposed control method is verified by means of MATLAB/SIMULINK.
32
26. AN ADAPTIVE-FILTER-BASED TORQUE-RIPPLE MINIMIZATION OF A FUZZY-LOGIC CONTROLLER FOR SPEED CONTROL OF IPM MOTOR DRIVES
ABSTRACT
This paper presents an adaptive-filter-based torque ripple minimization (TRM) of a fuzzy-logic controller (FLC) for speed control of an interior permanent magnet (IPM) motor drive. A simple and effective first-order digital infinite impulse response filter is utilized to reduce the torque ripples introduced by the FLC. The gain of the filter is adapted online based on the magnitude of the torque ripple. The optimal position of the filter in the complete drive is also determined for effective TRM. The various sources of torque pulsations in a practical electricmachine drive are described. The main causes of the torque ripple in an FLC are also explained. Despite the many advantages of intelligent controllers as compared with the conventional PI controller, industries are still reluctant to apply these controllers in real-life applications due to some inherent disadvantages. As an intelligent controller, a fuzzy-logic controller (FLC) is considered in this paper, and it may provide speed responses, which are quicker, without overshoot/undershoot and no steady-state error as compared with PI controller. However, there are some disadvantages of FLC, such as high computational burden, and the response frequently suffers from chattering around steady state due to firing of the rules at different proportion to membership functions at every sampling instant. The problem of high computational burden can be solved by utilizing high-speed signal processors. The latter problem causes the ripple in the torque and, hence, the speed vibration of the motor, which is not acceptable for highperformance industrial-drive applications. In terms of performance, this is one of the major drawbacks of an FLC as compared with a PI controller. the authors utilized an iterative learning control (ILC) for torque/speed ripple minimization of a brushless surface-mounted PM synchronous motor drive. However, the ILC scheme has its own limitation for real-time applications, particularly at high-speed operating conditions. Moreover, they used a PI controller for the inner control loop to generate pulse width-modulated (PWM) control signals. A simulation model for closed vector control of an FLC-based IPM motor drive incorporating the proposed TRM technique is developed in MATLAB/Simulink. The complete drive is also experimentally implemented using digital signal processor board DS1102 for a Head office: 2nd floor, Solitaire plaza, beside Image Hospital, Ameerpet, Hyderabad
33
laboratory 1-hp IPM motor. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is investigated, both in simulation and experiment, at different operating conditions. It is found that the performance of the FLC-based IPM drive is improved significantly with the proposed TRM technique.
34
27. AN ADVANCED MODULATION TECHNIQUE FOR THE CASCADED MULTILEVEL INVERTER USED AS A SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTER
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, the increase in the usage of non-linear loads especially the power electronic equipments leads to deterioration of the quality of voltage waveforms at the point of common coupling (PCC) of various consumers. Active power filters (APF) have proved to be an attractive alternative to compensate for current and voltage disturbances in power distribution systems. Two fundamental
configurations of stand-alone APFs, either active or passive, have evolved: the series and the shunt filter. The shunt active filter is recognized as a cost effective solution for harmonic compensation in low and medium power systems. It has simple structure and construction, similar to a PWM voltage source inverter, with a large dc link capacitor, and connected to the line by means of an inductor. Active power Filter (APF) has been used to mitigate the harmonic pollution in electrical networks. APF acts as an ideal current source and inject the compensating current into the ac lines by selective harmonic compensation in order to cancel the line current harmonics. A cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter has been used to realize the three phase shunt active filter. For the multilevel inverter a unipolar multicarrier PWM (MCPWM) technique is proposed. Since the harmonics are the most critical factor in selecting the control technique for the active power filters, the potential impact of the MCPWM techniques on the THD is investigated. The simulation is done in MATLAB/SIMULINK software and the results show that with the proposed unipolar multi carrier technique, THD is reduced significantly in the over modulation region compared to conventional techniques and hence is employed in the realization of active filter.
35
28. AN HYBRID MULTI LEVEL INVERTER BASED DSTATCOM CONTROL

ABSTRACT
This paper presents an investigation on the Hybrid Seven-Level (HSL) Hbridge inverter, which is used in a Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) in Power Systems (PS). A DSTATCOM is a voltage source converter (VSC) based device. When operated in a current control mode, it can improve the quality of power by mitigating poor load power factor, eliminating harmonic content of load and balancing source currents for unbalanced loads. Making use of HSLI has the benefits of low harmonics distortion, reduced number of switches required to achieve the seven- level inverter output over the conventional cascaded seven-level inverter, and also reduced switching losses. In order to compensate the reactive power and suppress the total harmonics distortion (THD) drawn from a Non-Liner Diode Rectifier Load (NLDRL) of DSTATCOM, we propose a Sub-Harmonics Pulse Width Modulation (SHPWM) technique to control the switches of HSL H bridge inverter. The D-Q reference frame theory is used to generate the reference compensating currents for DSTATCOM and proportional and integral (PI) control is used for capacitors dc voltage regulation for DSTATCOM. An HSL Hbridge inverter is considered for the shunt compensation of a 4.5 kV distribution system. The simulation of DSTATCOM with its control model is implemented and The results are validated by MATLAB/Simulink simulation software.
36
29. AN IMPROVED MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC GRID-CONNECTED INVERTER BASED ON VOLTAGE-ORIENTED CONTROL
ABSTRACT
An improved maximum power point (MPP) tracking (MPPT) with better performance based on voltage-oriented control (VOC) is proposed to solve a fast changing irradiation problem. In VOC, a cascaded control structure with an outer dc link voltage control loop and an inner current control loop is used. The currents are controlled in a synchronous orthogonal d, q frame using a decoupled feedback control. The reference current of proportionalintegral (PI) daxis controller is extracted from the dc-side voltage regulator by applying the energy-balancing control. Furthermore, in order to achieve a unity power factor, the q-axis reference is set to zero. The MPPT controller is applied to the reference of the outer loop control dc voltage photovoltaic (PV).Without PV array power measurement, the proposed MPPT identifies the correct direction of the MPP by processing the d-axis current reflecting the power grid side and the signal error of the PI outer loop designed to only represent the change in power due to the changing atmospheric conditions. The robust tracking capability under rapidly increasing and decreasing irradiance is verified experimentally with a PV array emulator. In this paper, the main component of the single-stage grid connected PV system is the three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI). Typically, simple inductors L are used as a filter interfacing inverter and mains. LCL filter provides advantages in costs and dynamics since smaller inductors can be used. However, in a grid-connected system, an LCL filter may cause resonance, which is a disaster for the systems stability. Hence, control systems involving LCL filters are inevitably more complicated. The voltage-oriented control (VOC) method used for VSI employs an outer dc link voltage control loop and an inner current control loop to achieve fast dynamic response. The performance of the power flow depends largely on the quality of the applied current control strategy. In this paper, the current control has been implemented in a rotating synchronous reference frame d, q because the controller can eliminate a steady-state error and has fast transient response by decoupling control. Simulations and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method provides effective, fast, and perfect tracking. Head office: 2nd floor, Solitaire plaza, beside Image Hospital, Ameerpet, Hyderabad
37
30. AN SVPWM-BASED SWITCHING PATTERN FOR STANDALONE AND GRID-CONNECTED THREE-PHASE SINGLESTAGE BOOST INVERTERS
ABSTRACT
In many modern energy conversion systems, a voltage, which is provided from a sustainable energy source or energy storage device, must be boosted and converted to an ac voltage with a fixed amplitude and frequency. The sustainable energy (SE) sources have attracted the attention of many countries because the power generated is environmentally friendly, and the sources are not subject to the instability of price and availability that are typical of conventional energy sources. SE sources make use of high-power and high-speed solid-state technology in order to efficiently convert the energy to useful power and connect to a power network (the grid and/or local loads). In order to make these SE sources useful, especially when considering the generation of a line-frequency ac voltage, a single-stage or multiple-stage power conversion is necessary. A multiple-stage power conversion system typically involves a dcdc converter which is used to isolate and/or boost the variable low-voltage input to a constant dc output, and a dcac converter (inverter), which produces the sinusoidal output for either the stand-alone or the grid-connected mode of operation. Similar power conversion systems are also required for the energy storage systems often associated with SE sources. To realize the economical and environmental benefits of these SE sources, a significant amount of effort is required to develop novel power electronic circuit topologies as the interfaces between distributed generation units and local loads and/or the grid. In this paper, a switching pattern based on the concept of the conventional space vector pulse width-modulated (SVPWM) technique is developed for single-stage, three-phase boostinverters using the topology of current-source inverters. The six main switching states, and two zeros, with three switches conducting at any given instant in conventional SVPWM techniques are modified herein into three-charging states and six discharging states with only two switches conducting at any given instant.
38
The charging states are necessary in order to boost the dc input voltage. The developed switching pattern was experimentally verified through a laboratory-scaled three phase 500-W boost inverter and the results are presented in this paper.
39
31. ANALYSIS AND SIMPLIFICATION OF THREEDIMENSIONAL SPACE VECTOR PWM FOR THREE-PHASE FOUR-LEG INVERTERS
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this paper is to simplify the implementation of continuous and discontinuous 3-D space vector pulse width modulations (SVPWMs). This paper analyzes the relationships, whether in abc or 0 coordinates, between three phase voltages and the following elements: the tetrahedron in which the reference vector resides, three adjacent active switching vectors (or three switching states), and their duration times. Based on the analysis, the calculation of the turn-on time of each switch in the actual implementation is simplified, and discontinuous PWM (DPWM) methods in three-leg inverters can be extended to four-leg inverters without the phase angle. In addition, two more DPWM methods that are peculiar to 3-D SVPWM are presented. A contribution to the algorithm of continuous and discontinuous 3-D SVPWMs. It compares and analyzes the distribution of 16 switching vectors in abc and 0 coordinates from the perspective of computer graphics. Then, a novel and simple method to identify the tetrahedron and three adjacent nonzero switching vectors is presented, which needs less calculation efforts. It reveals the essential relationship between each tetrahedron and three-phase voltages and the relationship between the durations of three adjacent switching vectors and three-phase voltages. This simplified
algorithm does not use irrational operations or look-up tables, and it alleviates the computation burden of the processor. The simulation and experimental results are provided to validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
40
32. ANALYSIS OF THE VARIATION EFFECT OF INDUCTION MACHINE PARAMETERS FOR VECTORIAL CONTROLS
ABSTRACT
Induction machines (IM) have been widely used in industry because of their advantages: simple construction, ruggedness, reliability, low cost, and a minimum of maintenance. However, due to their highly-coupled nonlinear structure, a high-performance control of IM is a challenging problem. This paper presents a contribution for detailed comparison between two control strategies for Induction Machine (IM) drives: Direct Field-Oriented control (DFOC) and Direct Torque Control (DTC). The principle of field oriented control (FOC) of IM was proposed. The (FOC) appeared to have similar performance to the DC machine over a wide range of speed and load conditions, but the performance of a FOC implementation depends critically on a very accurate coordinate transformations and flux angle estimation, which are complex and depending on the variation of machine parameters. The DTC has been widely used for IM drives. Besides its simplicity, DTC is able to produce fast torque and flux control and, if the torque and flux can be estimated correctly, DTC become robust. However, it is well known that DTC presents some disadvantages. Recently, much effort has been made to improve the performance of DTC, especially by reducing the ripples, and by fixing the inverter switching frequency. The performances of those two control schemes are evaluated and compared by simulation in terms of sensitivity to machine parameters. Finally a summary of the comparison is presented.
41
33. ANALYSIS, DESIGN, MODELING, AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ACTIVE CLAMP HF LINK CONVERTER
ABSTRACT
This paper deals with the system oriented analysis, design, modeling, and implementation of active clamp HF link three phase converter. The main advantage of the topology is reduced size, weight, and cost of the isolation transformer. However, violation of basic power conversion rules due to presence of the leakage inductance in the HF transformer causes over voltage stresses across the Cycloconverters devices. It makes use of the snubber circuit necessary in such topologies. The conventional RCD snubbers are dissipative in nature and hence inefficient. The efficiency of the system is greatly improved by using regenerative snubber or active clamp circuit. It consists of an active switching device with an anti-parallel diode and one capacitor to absorb the energy stored in the leakage inductance of the isolation transformer and to regenerate the same without affecting circuit performance. The turn on instant and duration of the active device are selected such that it requires simple commutation requirements. The time domain expressions for circuit dynamics, design criteria of the snubber capacitor with two conflicting constrains (over voltage stress across the devices and the resonating current duration). The simulation results based on generalized circuit model and the experimental results based on laboratory prototype are presented.
42
34. APPLICATION OF SMES UNIT IN IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF AN AC/DC POWER SYSTEM
ABSTRACT
This paper investigates the use of a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) unit to improve the performance of an ac/dc power system. In this context, investigations have been conducted on a large turbine-generator unit connected to a high voltage direct current (HVDC) system. The impact of HVDC converter station faults on the torsional torques induced in turbine generator shafts with and without using an SMES unit is elaborated. High-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems, high-speed governor controls, and variable speed drive converters. In most of the reported studies, attention has been given to the interaction between HVDC systems and the turbine-generator shafts. Fewer studies have investigated the impact of HVDC faults on turbine-generator shaft torsional torques. In all these investigations, only dc line faults have been considered and no attempt has been made to consider the converter station fault. Faults considered are fire-through, misfire, and short circuit across the inverter station, flashover, and a three-phase short circuit in the ac system. These investigations are studied using an electromagnetic transient program power system simulation/electromagnetic transients including DC (PSCAD/EMTDC). In this paper, the EMTDC/PSCAD program is used to simulate the interaction between the HVDC system and the turbine-generator shafts with and without the SMES unit. The results of these investigations are presented in the form of typical time responses as well as harmonic analyses.
43
35. ASSESSMENT OF POWER QUALITY IN WIND POWER SYSTEMS

ABSTRACT
Wind power generation systems influence power quality in a very specific manner creating the requirements for detailed and correct analysis of disturbances caused by wind generators. Wind power system cause sub- and inter harmonic disturbances within the spectrum of voltages and currents. Various types of wind generators which permit the fulfillment of regulatory necessities, regarding grid stability. The paper shows alternative method of spectrum estimation in power systems, tested on the system with the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) connected to low voltage distribution grid. The analysis interest was targeted on the harmonics generated by DFIG. Attributable to restrictions imposed by utilities on Wind Park operators it's troublesome to run such analysis activity on real object among widespread vary of parameters changes in acceptably short time. Advanced spectral estimation algorithm (ESPRIT) is applied to overcome the drawbacks of Fourier-based techniques. The ESPRIT algorithms are presented. The measurement procedure and assessment of grid parameters. Current measurements and harmonics estimation results are finally presented and assessed.
44
36. CASCADED MULTILEVEL VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER BASED ACTIVE POWER FILTER FOR HARMONICS AND REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a cascaded multilevel Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) based shunt Active Power Filter (APF) for current harmonics and reactive power compensation due to nonlinear loads. The proposed approach comprises Low Pass Filter (LPF) in conjunction with Proportional Integral (PI) controller which is used to estimate the peak reference current and maintain the DC bus capacitor voltage of the cascaded inverter nearly constant. The controller is the most important part of the active power filter and lot of research is being conducted in this area. Conventional PI and Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controllers have been used to estimate the peak reference currents and control the dc side capacitor voltage of the inverter. Most of the active filter systems use PI controller for maintaining the dc side capacitor voltage. When the source supplies a nonlinear or reactive load, it is expected to supply only the active fundamental component of the load current and the compensator supplies the harmonic/reactive component. The outer capacitor voltage loop will try to maintain the capacitor voltage nearly constant which is also a mandatory condition for the successful operation of the APF. The low pass filter design followed PI controller is proposed for controlling the capacitor voltage and estimate the required reference current. The effectiveness of active power filter depends on the design and characteristics of current controller. The cascaded multilevel active filter switching signals are derived from Triangular carrier Current Controller (TCC), Periodical Sampling Current Controller (PSCC) and proposed Triangular Periodical Current Controller (TPCC). It gives better dynamic performance under transient and steady state operating conditions. The APF system is validated through extensive simulation under steady state and transient condition with different nonlinear loads. Comparative assessments of different current controllers are carried out. These simulation results reveal that the cascaded active filter effectively compensates the current harmonics and reactive volt amperes to improve the power quality.
45
37. CASE STUDY ON POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF THIRTY BUS SYSTEM WITH UPFC
ABSTRACT
The unified power flow controller (UPFC) is a pair of back to back power electronic inverters which are connected together by a common DC link. Two transformers are used to isolate the UPFC and to match the voltage levels between the power system and the power electronic inverters. One of the inverter is connected to the transmission line. The series connected inverter can generate a voltage which can have adjustable magnitude and phase angle. This inverter therefore can provide both real and reactive power to the transmission line. The second inverter primarily provides the real power required by the series inverter but it can also operate as an independent VAR compensator. Therefore the UPFC can control the flow of real and reactive power in the transmission line. This paper describes the modeling and simulation of IEEE 30 bus system employing UPFC. Simulink models are developed for IEEE 30 bus system with and without UPFC. Digital simulation using MATLAB/SIMULINK is done with these models and the results are presented. The effect of UPFC on real power, reactive power and the voltage is also presented.
46
38. COMPARATIVE STUDY ON CARRIER OVERLAPPING PWM STRATEGIES FOR FIVE LEVEL DIODE CLAMPED INVERTER
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the comparison of Carrier Overlapping Pulse Width Modulation (COPWM) techniques for the Diode clamped Multi Level Inverter (DCMLI). Due to switch combination redundancies, there are certain degrees of freedom to generate the five level AC output voltage. This paper presents the use of Control Freedom Degree (CFD) combination. The effectiveness of the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) strategies developed using CFD are demonstrated by simulation and experimentation. The results indicate that the multilevel inverter triggered by the developed COPWM-A strategy exhibits reduced harmonics. PWM strategies developed are implemented in real time using dSPACE/Real Time Interface (RTI). Multilevel voltage source inverters have recently become very popular in applications using renewable energy sources such as fuel cell, photovoltaic cell and biomass etc. The idea of control degrees of freedom combination and the validity of the PWM strategies are demonstrated. The simulation and experimental results closely match with each other validating the strategies presented.
47
39. COMPARISON OF 3-LEVEL AND 9-LEVEL INVERTERFED INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVES

ABSTRACT
Nowadays multilevel inverters are the promising alternative and cost effective solution for high voltage and high power applications including power quality and motor drive problems. Multilevel structure allows raising the power handling capability of the system in a powerful and systematic way. The advancements in the field of power electronics and microelectronics made it possible to reduce the magnitude of harmonics with multilevel inverters, in which the number of levels of the inverters are increased rather than increasing the size of the filters. The performance of multilevel inverters enhances as the number of levels of the inverter increases. In this paper the harmonic content of a 3-level inverter is compared with a 9-level inverter and it is found that the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of a 9-inverter is less and is lower than that of a 3-level inverter. This study deals with comparison of 3-level inverter- fed induction motor drive with 9level inverter fed induction motor drive. A conventional Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) fed induction motor drive is modeled and simulated using MATLAB simulink and the results are presented. 9-level inverter is also simulated and the corresponding results are presented. The FFT spectrums for the outputs are analyzed to study the reduction in the harmonics.
48
40. COMPARISON OF SSSC AND D-Q CONTROL SCHEME BASED UPFC FOR POWER FLOW CONTROL
ABSTRACT
The control of power and the usable capacity enhancement of present as well as new and upgraded lines can be effectively done by Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) technology. The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is a second generation FACTS device which enables independent control of active and reactive power besides improving reliability and quality of the supply. This paper describes the independent control of real and reactive power flow through a transmission line by using the d-q (direct axis-quadrature axis) control strategy for UPFC placed at the sending end of an electrical power transmission system. The d-q control scheme is based on the transformation of a three-phase system to d-q two axis system. The power flow control performance of the d-q control scheme based UPFC is compared with that of the other FACTS device called Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) by applying a single line-toground fault across a transmission line to which they are connected. Simulations are carried out in MATLAB/Simulink environment to validate the performance of the d-q control scheme for UPFC. The simulation results show that the d-q control scheme based UPFC is more effective than SSSC in controlling the real and reactive power flow.
49
41. COMPARISON OF Z-SOURCE INVERTER FED INDUCTION MOTOR WITH TRADITIONAL SOURCE INVERTER SYSTEMS
ABSTRACT
This study presents an impedance-source inverter fed (or Z-source converter) induction motor and its control characteristics compared with other traditional inverters. The impedance source inverter employs a unique impedance network coupled with inverter and rectifier; it overcomes the conceptual barriers and limitations of the traditional voltage-source converter (abbreviated as V-source converter) and current-source converter (abbreviated as I-source converter). The DC voltage source can be a battery, fuel-cell stack, diode rectifier, and/or capacitor. Six switches are used in the main circuit; each is traditionally composed of a power transistor and an anti parallel (or freewheeling) diode to provide bidirectional current flow and unidirectional voltage blocking capability. The traditional three-phase current source converter (abbreviated as I-source converter) structure. A DC current source feeds the main converter circuit, a three-phase bridge. The DC current source can be a relatively large DC inductor fed by a voltage source such as a battery, fuel-cell stack, diode rectifier, or thyristor converter. Six switches are used in the main circuit, each is traditionally composed of a semiconductor switching device with reverse block capability such as a gate-turn-off thyristor (GTO) and SCR or a power transistor with a series diode to provide unidirectional current flow and bidirectional voltage blocking. By controlling the shoot-through duty cycle, the z-source inverter system provide ridethrough capability during voltage sags, reduces line harmonics, improves power factor and extends output voltage range. Analysis and simulation results are presented to demonstrate these features.
50
42. COMPARISON PERFORMANCE OF INDUCTION MOTOR USING SVPWM AND HYSTERESIS CURRENT CONTROLLER
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the comparative performances of three phase induction motors using space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) and hysteresis current controller. An indirect field orientation is applied to ensure decoupling control between torque and flux of the induction motor. The hysteresis current controller is built in with PI speed controller and three hysteresis current bands while the SVPWM system is embedded with the two control loops, the inner current control loop and the outer speed control loop using PI controller. The performance of the output voltage of inverter that fed induction motor system is mainly determined by pulse width modulation (PWM) strategy. The simple implementation is use current control based on hysteresis current controller. With this method, fast response current loop will be obtained and knowledge of load parameter is not required. However this method can cause variable switching frequency of inverter and produce undesirable harmonic generation. Another method of PWM that have become popular and received great interest by researcher is SVPWM. This technique have better dc bus utilization and easy for digital implementation. Both systems were run and tested using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The simulation results demonstrate that the SVPWM can improve the quality of the stator current and reduce the torque ripple while maintaining the other performance characteristics of the system.
51
43. COMPOSITE ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM INVOLVING BATTERY AND ULTRA CAPACITOR WITH DYNAMIC ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN MICRO GRID APPLICATIONS
ABSTRACT
Renewable-energy-based micro grids are a better way of utilizing renewable power and reduce the usage of fossil fuels. Usage of energy storage becomes mandatory when such micro grids are used to supply quality power to the loads. Micro grids have two modes of operation, namely, grid-connected and islanding modes. During islanding mode, the main responsibility of the storage is to perform energy balance. During grid-connected mode, the goal is to prevent propagation of the renewable source intermittency and load fluctuations to the grid. Energy storage of a single type cannot perform all these jobs efficiently in a renewable powered Micro grid. The intermittent nature of renewable energy sources like photovoltaic (PV) demands usage of storage with high energy density. At the same time, quick fluctuation of load demands storage with high power density. This paper proposes a composite energy storage system (CESS) that contains both high energy density storage battery and high power density storage ultra capacitor to meet the aforementioned requirements. The proposed power converter configuration and the energy management scheme can actively distribute the power demand among the different energy storages. Results are presented to show the feasibility of the proposed scheme.
52
44. CONSTANT FREQUENCY-UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER

ABSTRACT
The aim of this paper is to maintain the constant frequency in the utility using constant frequency unified power quality conditioning system (CF-UPQC) consists of a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) and a Matrix converter based frequency changer. UPQC is a combination of series active and shunt active filter. The series active filter and shunt active filters are used to compensate the voltage, current imbalance and harmonics. In order to avoid the switching oscillation, passive filters are placed at the output of each inverter. At the output of shunt inverter a high pass second order LC filter is placed and the output of series inverter low pass second order LC resonance filter is allocated. UPQC controller provides the compensated voltage through the UPQC series inverter and conditioning the current through the shunt inverter by instantaneous sampling of source voltage and load current . Frequency converter (Matrix converter) is used to regulate the supply frequency when it varies beyond the power quality limit. The performance of the CF -UPQC which is composed by UPQC and matrix converter has been verified based on the simulation results.
53
45. CONSTANT POWER CONTROL OF DFIG WIND TURBINES WITH SUPER CAPACITOR ENERGY STORAGE
ABSTRACT
The increasing penetration of wind power into electric power grids, energy storage devices will be required to dynamically match the intermittency of wind energy. This paper proposes a novel two-layer constant power control scheme for a wind farm equipped with doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines. Each DFIG wind turbine is equipped with a super capacitor energy storage system (ESS) and is controlled by the low-layer wind turbine generator (WTG) controllers and coordinated by a high-layer wind farm supervisory controller (WFSC). To enable WTGs to effectively participate in frequency and active power regulation, unit commitment, economic dispatch, and electricity market operation, energy storage devices will be required to dynamically match the intermittency of wind energy. The WFSC generates the active power references for the low-layer WTG controllers according to the active power demand from or generation commitment to the grid operator; the low-layer WTG controllers then regulate each DFIG wind turbine to generate the desired amount of active power, where the deviations between the available wind energy input and desired active power output are compensated by the ESS. Simulation studies are carried out in PSCAD/EMTDC on a wind farm equipped with 15 DFIG wind turbines to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
54
46. CONTROL AND ANALYSIS OF THE MODULAR MULTILEVEL CASCADE CONVERTER BASED ON DOUBLESTAR CHOPPER-CELLS (MMCC-DSCC)
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the modular multilevel cascade converter based on double-star chopper-cells, which is intended for grid connection to medium-voltage power systems without using line-frequency transformers. The converter is characterized by a modular arm structure consisting of cascade connection of multiple bidirectional pulse width modulation chopper-cells with floating dc capacitors. This arm structure requires voltage-balancing control of all the dc capacitors. However, the voltage control combining an averaging control with an individualbalancing control imposes certain limitations on operating conditions. A basic concept of the DSCC using the modular arm structure described , along with the operating principle and performance under an ideal condition. The grid-connected converter, referred to simply as the grid converter, acts as a rectifier, an inverter, an inductor, and a capacitor, in accordance with the phase difference between the supply voltage and the supply current. This implies that the DSCC is required to achieve rigid and stable voltage control of all the floating dc capacitors under all the operating conditions. The authors of this paper have proposed a voltage control that combines an averaging control and an individual-balancing control. The averaging control is based on adjusting the circulating current from the dc link to the converter leg, while the individual-balancing control relies on the load (supply) current. This paper proposes an arm-balancing control to achieve voltage balancing under all the operating conditions. The validity of the arm-balancing control as well as the theory developed in this paper is confirmed by computer simulation and experiment.
55
47. CONTROL OF A DOUBLY FED INDUCTION GENERATOR VIA AN INDIRECT MATRIX CONVERTER WITH CHANGING DC VOLTAGE
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a control strategy for a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) using an indirect matrix converter, which consists of an input side matrix converter and an output side voltage source converter (VSC). The capability of the input converter to generate different virtual dc link voltage levels is exploited. The commutation of the VSI with reduced voltage is illustrated for operating points where the output voltage demand is low without any deterioration of the current control performance. The proposed method leads to a reduction in the commutation losses in the output converter and reduced common mode voltage. For the input converter, soft switching commutation is obtained by synchronizing the input and output converter pulse widthmodulation patterns. This modulation strategy is particularly applicable in DFIG applications because the required rotor voltage decreases when the DFIG speed is close to the synchronous speed. The complete control strategy is experimentally validated using a 2-kW rig.
56
48. CONTROL STRATEGY FOR HARMONIC ELIMINATION IN STAND-ALONE DFIG APPLICATIONS WITH NONLINEAR LOADS
ABSTRACT
This paper proposes a new control strategy of effective fifth and seventh harmonic elimination in the stator output voltage at the point of common coupling for a stand-alone doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) feeding a three-phase diode rectifier. This load regularly causes such harmonic distortions, which harmfully affect the performance of other loads connected to the DFIG. In order to allow the DFIG to deliver a pure sinusoidal stator output voltage, these harmonics must be rejected. The proposed elimination method is investigated based on the rotor current controller employing a proportional integral and a resonant controller, which is implemented in the fundamental reference frame. In this frame, both positive seventh and negative fifth voltage harmonic can be eliminated by using only single resonant compensator tuned at six multiples of synchronous frequency in the rotor current controller. The control scheme is developed in the rotor-side converter for the control and operation of the DFIG. Simulations and experimental results with 2.2-kW DFIG feeding a nonlinear load are shown to verify prominent features of the proposed control method.
57
49. COORDINATED VOLTAGE CONTROL SCHEME FOR SEIG-BASED WIND PARK UTILIZING SUBSTATION STATCOM AND ULTC TRANSFORMER
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a coordinated voltage control scheme for improving the network voltage profile and for minimizing the steady-state loading of the STATCOM to effectively support the system during contingencies. The paper addresses implementation issues associated with primary voltage control and optimal tracking secondary voltage control for wind parks based on self-excited induction generators which comprise STATCOM and under-load tap changer (ULTC) substation transformers. The voltage controllers for the STATCOM and ULTC transformer are coordinated and ensure the voltage support. In steady-state operation, the voltage is controlled by only stepping the tap changer when the voltage is outside the dead band region of the ULTC to minimize the number of taps changes. Thus, the STATCOM will be unloaded and ready to react with higher reactive power margin during contingencies. In the paper, the effects of the short circuit ratio of the interconnection and the inherent communication delay between the wind park and the remote bus on the performance of the controllers and the maximum critical clearing time of fault are considered. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the controllers in steady-state and in response to system contingency situations.
58
50. DAMPING OF LOW FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS IN POWER SYSTEMS WITH NEURO-FUZZY UPFC CONTROLLER
ABSTRACT
Low Frequency Oscillations (LFO) occur in power systems because of lack of the damping torque in order to dominance to power system disturbances as an example of change in mechanical input power. In the recent past Power System Stabilizer (PSS) was used to damp LFO. FACTs devices, such as Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), can control power flow, reduce sub-synchronous resonance and increase transient stability. So UPFC may be used to damp LFO instead of PSS. UPFC damps LFO through direct control of voltage and power. A comprehensive and systematic approach for mathematical modeling of UPFC for steady-state and small signal (linearize) dynamic studies has been proposed. The other modified linearize Heffron-Philips model of a power system installed with UPFC is presented. For systems which are without power system stabilizer (PSS), excellent damping can be achieved via proper controller design for UPFC parameters. By designing a suitable UPFC controller, an effective damping can be achieved. In this research the linearize model of synchronous machine (Heffron-Philips) connected to infinite bus (Single Machine-Infinite Bus: SMIB) with UPFC is used and also in order to damp LFO, adaptive neuro-fuzzy controller for UPFC is designed and simulated. Simulation is performed for various types of loads and for different disturbances. Simulation results show good performance of neuro-fuzzy controller in damping LFO.
59
51. DAMPING POWER SYSTEM OSCILLATIONS USING A HYBRID SERIES CAPACITIVE COMPENSATION SCHEME
ABSTRACT
The recently proposed phase imbalanced series capacitive compensation concept has been shown to be effective in enhancing power system dynamics as it has the potential of damping power swing as well as sub synchronous resonance oscillations. In this paper, the effectiveness of a hybrid series capacitive compensation scheme in damping power system oscillations is evaluated. A hybrid scheme is a series capacitive compensation scheme, where two phases are compensated by fixed series capacitor (C) and the third phase is compensated by a TCSC in series with a fixed capacitor (Cc). Several studies have investigated the potential of using FACTS Controllers capability in damping inter-area oscillations. The use of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), and Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) have been the subjects of several studies evaluating their respective effectiveness in enhancing power system dynamics. The paper presents the application of a new hybrid series capacitive compensation scheme in damping power system oscillations. The effectiveness of the presented scheme in damping these oscillations is demonstrated through several digital computer simulations of case studies on a test benchmark. The effectiveness of the scheme in damping power system oscillations for various network conditions, namely different system faults and tie-line power flows is evaluated using the MATLAB simulation program.
60
52. DC/DC BOOST CONVERTER FUNCTIONALITY IN A THREE-PHASE INDIRECT MATRIX CONVERTER

ABSTRACT
An indirect matrix converter (IMC) connected with two input power sources is proposed: a gasoline generator as the main ac power supply and batteries as the secondary power source. The IMC is small in size because of having a dc-link part without an electrolytic capacitor. The dc-link part is utilized by connection with a boost-up chopper with batteries as a secondary input power source. Furthermore, the chopper connects to the neutral point of the motor and utilizes the leakage inductance of the motor as a reactor component. The proposed technique successfully further reduce the size of the converter by removing the boost reactor in the boost converter stage. The proposed converter is simulated and experimentally validated using a 750W prototype and an induction motor driven with V/f control. In this paper, a new circuit topology is presented, which is composed of an indirect matrix converter (IMC) and a dc/dc boost converter that connects to the neutral point of a motor. An IMC has high efficiency and is easily configured in comparison to matrix converters. Control over the inverter zero-vector periods allows an additional chopper leg to perform as a boost converter with connection to the neutral point of a motor. Simulation and experimental results demonstrated good sinusoidal waveforms and confirmed the validity of the proposed method. From the loss analysis of the proposed circuit, an efficiency of 96% was estimated. The effectiveness of the scheme is evaluated using the MATLAB simulation program.
61
53. DESIGN AND EFFECTIVE OPERATION OF DOUBLE WINDING SYNCHRONOUS RELUCTANCE MOTOR
ABSTRACT
Reluctance motors are generally employed in synthetic fiber industry, glass making machinery and textile industry where the speed is almost constant. The power factor and efficiency of reluctance motor ranges between 0.35 to 0.5 and 55 % to 75% respectively. The product of power factor and efficiency is between 0.25 and 0.32. An attempt is made in this paper to improve the efficiency and power factor of reluctance motor. A 3 kW, 415V, 1500 rpm, Double Winding Synchronous Reluctance Motor (DWSyRM) has been designed, fabricated and tested. The stator consists of two sets of three phase winding in the same core. Saliency is made in the squirrel cage rotor by removing the set of rotor teeth alternatively. When a three phase supply is given to the stator winding, a revolving magnetic field of constant magnitude is developed in the air gap. Rotor poles are pulled into synchronism by reluctance torque. Out of two windings in the stator, one winding is used to meet the mechanical load while a three phase emf induced in the second winding works as an Induction alternator (IA), to which a single phase or small three phase load can be connected. Since the machine runs at synchronous speed the terminal voltage at the secondary winding is almost maintained at a constant. Both the windings can be loaded simultaneously. Machine has to be operated at its maximum capacity for the given no load losses, to achieve better efficiency. Load tests with various combinations of electrical and mechanical loads have been conducted. Experiment results prove the improvement in the efficiency and power factor to a great extent compared to Reluctance motor. The effectiveness of the scheme is evaluated using the MATLAB simulation program.
62
54. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF NEURO-FUZZY VECTOR CONTROL FOR WIND-DRIVEN DOUBLY-FED INDUCTION GENERATOR
ABSTRACT
Wound-rotor induction generators have numerous advantages in wind power generation over other types of generators. One scheme is realized when a converter cascade is used between the slip-ring terminals and the utility grid to control the rotor power. This configuration is called the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG). In this paper, a vector control scheme is developed to control the rotor side voltage source converter that allows independent control of the generated active and reactive power as well as the rotor speed to track the maximum wind power point. A neuro-fuzzy gain tuner is proposed to control the DFIG. The input for each neurofuzzy system is the error value of generator speed, active or reactive power. The choice of only one input to the system simplifies the design. The neuro-fuzzy systems are designed and trained to provide the best dynamic performance while tracking the wind turbines maximum power point curve. This paper presents a control method to maximize power generation of a wind-driven DFIG considering the effect of saturation in both main and leakage flux paths. This is achieved by applying vector control techniques with a neuro-fuzzy gain scheduler. The overall DFIG system performance using the proposed neuro-fuzzy gain tuner is compared to that using the conventional PI controllers. Experimental investigations have also been conducted on a laboratory DFIG to verify the calculated results. The effectiveness of the scheme is evaluated using the MATLAB simulation program.
63
55. DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF UPQC TO IMPROVE POWER QUALITY AND TRANSFER POWER OF PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY TO GRID
ABSTRACT
In this paper the design of combined operation of UPQC and PV array is proposed. The proposed system is composed of series and shunt inverters, PV array connected to DC link by boost converter which is able to compensate the voltage sag and swell and voltage interruption, harmonics and reactive power in both islanding and interconnected modes. The proposed system is able to inject the active power to grid in addition to its ability in improvement of power quality in point of common coupling. Also it can provide a part of sensitive load power during voltage interruption. The advantage of proposed combined system is voltage interruption compensation and active power injection to grid in addition to the mentioned abilities. Also, this proposed system has higher efficiency and functioning ability in compare with other common PVs and causes reduction in system's total cost. In this proposed system, perturbation and observation (P&O) method is used to achieve the maximum power point of PV array. This proposed system's operation is analyzed using MATLAB/SIMULINK software and simulation results confirm that the proposed system operates correctly.
64
56. DESIGN STRATAGY FOR OPTIMUM RATING SELECTION OF INTERLINE DVR

ABSTRACT
This paper is concerned with calculating the optimum rating for two dynamic voltage restorers (DVRs) when used in an interline DVR (IDVR) structure. An IDVR consists of two or more DVRs which have a common dc link and, thus, can exchange active power. This can increase the compensation range of an IDVR compared with separate but otherwise similar DVRs. The basic operation of the DVR and IDVR is briefly explained. The limitations of IDVR operation in terms of active power exchange are explained and, based on that, the expressions governing the steady-state operation of IDVR are derived. The compensation range of an IDVR is compared with that of two separate DVRs. This paper also explores how the limitations in absorbing power from a healthy feeder can narrow the compensation range of an IDVR. After identifying and formulating various limitations in IDVR operation, a design procedure is presented to determine the optimum size (or rating) of the DVRs in an IDVR structure. In the proposed approach, all possible scenarios concerning healthy and faulty feeders are taken into consideration. Examples along with graphs and tables aid in conveying the proposed approach. In this paper, we demonstrated that the compensating range of DVRs can be improved by using the IDVR structure (i.e., by connecting the dc bus of several DVRs). A complete steady state analysis of the IDVR was given, and the impact of active power on the compensating range of DVRs and IDVRs was explained. Various limitations in the operation of IDVR in terms of power exchange between different feeders were addressed. The effectiveness of the scheme is evaluated using the MATLAB simulation program.
65
57. DESIGN, IMPLEMENTATION AND CONSTRUCTION OF A MULTILEVEL INVERTER FOR ROBOT ARM DRIVE, BY MEANS OF A BRUSHLESS MOTOR
ABSTRACT
Modern industrial processes depend on the technology for automation, especially in robotics and position control. Electrical Machinery used for these purposes are varied, nevertheless, permanent magnet electric machines have better performance thanks to their high power density and low inertia. On the other hand, the most popular technique used in controlling position is the PWM drive. The PMM is also known as brushless motor since it does not have brushes and Commutator. Its high power density and great efficiency has positioned it as a good choice currently available in markets. This kind of machine is composed by a three-phase stator and a rotor with permanent magnets, making it a synchronic machine. Given the above mentioned conditions, there is no starting torque, so these machines are destined to operate only with power electronics devices that control and optimize their operation. In this work the position control of a permanent magnet machine driven by a multilevel configuration, taking advantage of its benefits is presented. This article presents a first step of the total workforce, showing the state of the art and the overall structure of that work. The effectiveness of the scheme is evaluated using the MATLAB simulation program.
66
58. DEVELOPMENT OF A NONLINEAR CONTROL STRATEGY FOR THE DC POWER TRANSFERRING SYSTEM
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a detailed control strategy to a PWM bidirectional DC-DC transferring system designed for high voltage, high power applications. The objective is to realize precise bidirectional power flow control between two DC grids, where the half bridge topology is adopted for the connection between them. By using the averaging technique, the systems nonlinear average model is derived, based on which the nonlinear control algorithm is proposed, to realize the current control. A comprehensive synthesis of the control algorithms is conducted, from the viewpoint of rapidity, robustness and system cost. It is verified that the proposed nonlinear control algorithm has a fast response, competent disturbance rejection ability and low cost. Although the structure studied here is the half bridge bidirectional converter, however, the controller design methods and the relative conclusions can be promoted to any type of structure in power transferring systems. The control algorithm proposed in this paper is totally based on the systems nonlinear characteristics and is comparably easy to realize. The proposed nonlinear control algorithm is a new approach for controlling the DC-DC bidirectional power transferring system, based on the exploration of systems nonlinearities and Lyapunov function. The system is modeled in the environment Simulink by using SimPowerSystem.
67
59. DIRECT ELECTROMAGNETIC TORQUE CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTORS POWERED BY HIGH POWER PWM INVERTERS FOR TWO LEVELS OR THREE LEVELS
ABSTRACT
This study aims to develop a control strategy for high power induction motor capable of providing, in solicitations binding load torque, electromagnetic torque responses in wide dynamic. Direct torque control will achieve those goals. Indeed, by selecting from a table of switching vectors of the inverter output voltage, it imposes directly the states of power switches based on the electromagnetic state of the motor. Two applications are processed as part of this work. The first concerns the control of an induction motor fed by an inverter 2-voltage levels. The second develops new switching tables for direct torque control of induction motor fed by an inverter 3-voltage levels and structure of NPC. The characteristics of these tables justify the use of such a control strategy for systems implementing high power components such as GTOs. Particular attention is paid to maintaining the balance of the midpoint of the final structure of inverter. The system was analyzed, designed and performances were studied extensively by simulation to validate the theoretical concept. The effectiveness of the scheme is evaluated using the MATLAB simulation program.
68
60. DIRECT POWER CONTROL OF A DUAL CONVERTER OPERATING AS A SYNCHRONOUS RECTIFIER

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a dual converter employed as a rectifier with power factor regulation and bidirectional power flow. The active and reactive powers flowing into the converter is controlled using an optimized direct-power-control algorithm. Among many existing multilevel topologies, the dual converter structure has the advantage that the multilevel operation can be obtained by using two standard two-level converters. The multilevel structure of the converter is exploited to control the voltage level in each sub converter by selecting the modulation method from one commonly found in the literature, with the option of clamping one of the sub converters. These modulation methods are used to control the power taken by each sub converter, providing limited dc-link voltage regulation. The algorithm used for the control of the dual converter is an optimized version of the DPC. An SCCS function has been introduced to define the clamping state of the sub converters. A generalization of the principle of alternate sub hexagonal center has been presented with the generation of different clamping zone patterns for commonly used modulation methods. Simulations and experimental results show that different modulation strategies can be employed in the regulation of dc links in both sub converters. The effectiveness of the scheme is evaluated using the MATLAB simulation program.
69
61. DIRECT TORQUE AND INDIRECT FLUX CONTROL OF BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR

ABSTRACT
In this paper, the position-sensor less direct torque and indirect flux control of brushless dc (BLDC) motor with non sinusoidal back electromotive force (EMF) has been extensively investigated. In the literature, several methods have been proposed for BLDC motor drives to obtain optimum current and torque control with minimum torque pulsations. Most methods are complicated and do not consider the stator flux linkage control, therefore, possible high-speed operations are not feasible. In this study, a novel and simple approach to achieve a lowfrequency torque ripple-free direct torque control (DTC) with maximum efficiency based on dq reference frame is presented. The proposed sensor less method closely resembles the conventional DTC scheme used for sinusoidal ac motors such that it controls the torque directly and stator flux amplitude indirectly using d-axis current. This method does not require pulse width modulation and proportional plus integral regulators and also permits the regulation of varying signals. Furthermore, to eliminate the low-frequency torque oscillations, two actual and easily available line-to-line back EMF constants (kba and kca) according to electrical rotor position are obtained offline and converted to the dq frame equivalents using the new line-to-line park transformation. Then, they are set up in the look-up table for torque estimation. The validity and practical applications of the proposed sensor less three-phase conduction DTC of BLDC motor drive scheme are verified through simulations and experimental results. The effectiveness of the scheme is evaluated using the MATLAB simulation program.
70
62. DIRECT VOLTAGE CONTROL FOR A STAND-ALONE WIND-DRIVEN SELF-EXCITED INDUCTION GENERATOR WITH IMPROVED POWER QUALITY
ABSTRACT
An improved direct voltage control (DVC) strategy is proposed for the control of terminal voltage and frequency of a stand-alone wind-driven self-excited induction generator with variable loads. The DVC strategy, including a proportional-integral (PI) regulator, leadlag corrector, and a feed-forward compensator, is designed based on the system transfer function matrix. The PI regulator can eliminate the steady-state tracking errors of the terminal voltage. The leadlag corrector is employed to enlarge the phase stability margin of the dominant loops while the feed forward compensator is adopted to mitigate the voltage harmonics resulting from the cross-coupling dynamics. The procedures for capacity design of the excitation capacitors, the voltage source inverter, and the consumer load are also presented. In this paper, an improved DVC strategy for the wind-driven SEIGVSI system is proposed. The procedures for capacity matching of the excitation capacitors, the VSI, and the consumer load are presented. For the resistive load, it is generally hard to reduce the VSI capacity because it has to support the resistive load at low wind speeds. The simulation and experimental results verify that the proposed strategy has a fast dynamic response and can effectively control the generated voltage with low harmonic distortions under different linear or nonlinear loads. The effectiveness of the scheme is evaluated using the MATLAB simulation program.
71
63. DYNAMIC MODELING AND IMPROVED CONTROL OF DFIG UNDER DISTORTED GRID VOLTAGE CONDITIONS
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a mathematical model of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) in the positive synchronous reference frame under distorted grid voltage conditions. The oscillations of the DFIGs electromagnetic torque and the instantaneous stator active and reactive powers are fully described when the grid voltage is harmonically distorted. Four alternative control targets are proposed to improve the system responses during grid harmonic distortions. A new rotor current control scheme implemented in the positive synchronous reference frame is developed. The control scheme consists of a proportionalintegral (PI) regulator and a harmonic resonant (R) compensator tuned at six times the grid frequency. Consequently, the fundamental and the fifth- and seventh-order components of rotor currents are directly regulated by the PIR controller without sequential-component decompositions. The feasibility of the proposed control strategy is validated by simulation studies on a 2.0-MW wind-turbine-driven DFIG system. Compared with the conventional vector control scheme based on standard PI current controllers, the proposed control scheme leads to significant elimination of either DFIG power or torque oscillations under distorted grid voltage conditions. The effectiveness of the scheme is evaluated using the MATLAB simulation program.
72
64. DYNAMIC MODELING AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A GRID-CONNECTED CURRENT-SOURCE INVERTERBASED PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM
ABSTRACT
Voltage-source inverter (VSI) topology is widely used for grid interfacing of distributed generation (DG) systems. However, when employed as the power conditioning unit in photovoltaic (PV) systems, VSI normally requires another power electronic converter stage to step up the voltage, thus adding to the cost and complexity of the system. To make the proliferation of grid-connected PV systems a successful business option, the cost, performance, and life expectancy of the power electronic interface need to be improved. The current-source inverter (CSI) offers advantages over VSI in terms of inherent boosting and short-circuit protection capabilities, direct output current controllability, and ac-side simpler filter structure. Research on CSI-based DG is still in its infancy. This paper focuses on modeling, control, and steady-state and transient performances of a PV system based on CSI. It also performs a comparative performance evaluation of VSI-based and CSI-based PV systems under transient and fault conditions. The control structure consists of two current control loops. An MPPT provides the reference for the outer dc-side current control loop. The inner current control loop is designed to control the current that is injected into the grid. Using two case studies, i.e., a step change in insulations level and a grid-side fault, a comparative performance evaluation of CSI- and VSI based PV systems was performed. Analytical expectations are verified using simulations in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment, based on a detailed system model.
73
65. DYNAMIC STABILITY IMPROVEMENT OF AN INTEGRATED GRID-CONNECTED OFFSHORE WIND FARM AND MARINE-CURRENT FARM USING A STATCOM
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a control scheme based on a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) to achieve both voltage control and damping enhancement of a grid-connected integrated 80-MW offshore wind farm (OWF) and 40-MW marine- current farm (MCF). The performance of the studied OWF is simulated by an equivalent doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) driven by an equivalent wind turbine (WT) while an equivalent squirrel-cage rotor induction generator (SCIG) driven by an equivalent marine-current turbine (MCT) is employed to simulate the characteristics of the MCF. A damping controller of the STATCOM is designed by using modal control theory to contribute effective damping characteristics to the studied system under different operating conditions. A frequency-domain approach based on a linearized system model using eigenvalue techniques and a time-domain scheme based on a nonlinear system model subject to various disturbances are both employed to simulate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme. It can be concluded from the simulated results that the proposed STATCOM joined with the designed damping controller is very effective to stabilize the studied system under disturbance conditions. The voltage fluctuations of the AC bus subject to the active-power variations of the studied system can also be effectively controlled by the proposed control scheme. Analytical expectations are verified using simulations in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment, based on a detailed system model.
74
66. ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND POWER CONTROL OF A HYBRID ACTIVE WIND GENERATOR FOR DISTRIBUTED POWER GENERATION AND GRID INTEGRATION
ABSTRACT
Classical wind energy conversion systems are usually passive generators. The generated power does not depend on the grid requirement but entirely on the fluctuant wind condition. A dc-coupled wind/hydrogen/super capacitor hybrid power system is studied in this paper. The purpose of the control system is to coordinate these different sources, particularly their power exchange, in order to make controllable the generated power. As a result, an active wind generator can be built to provide some ancillary services to the grid. The control system should be adapted to integrate the power management strategies. Two power management strategies are presented and compared experimentally. We found that the source-following strategy has better performances on the grid power regulation than the gridfollowing strategy. In order to benefit from various technology advantages, we have developed a wind generator (WG), including three kinds of sources: 1) a RES: WG; 2) a fast-dynamic storage: SCs; and 3) a long-term storage: FC, EL, and H2 tank. The control of internal powers and energy management strategies should be implemented in the control system for satisfying the grid requirements while maximizing the benefit of RESs and optimizing the operation of each storage unit. The experimental tests have shown that the source-following strategy has better performance on the grid power regulation than the grid-following strategy. Analytical expectations are verified using simulations in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment, based on a detailed system model.
75
67. ENERGY OPTIMIZATION OF FIELD ORIENTED SIXPHASE INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE

ABSTRACT
This paper deals with the efficiency optimization of Field Oriented Control (FOC) of a sixPhase Induction Motor (6PIM) by adaptive flux search control. The six-phase induction motor is supplied by Space Vector PWM (SVPWM) and voltage source inverter. Adaptive flux search controller is fast than ordinary search control technique and easy to implement. Adaptive flux Search Control (SC) technique decreases the convergence time by proper change of flux variation steps and increases accuracy of the SC technique. A proper loss model of 6PIM in conjunction with the proposed method is used. The six-phase induction machine has large zero sequence harmonic currents that can be reduced by SVPWM technique. The proposed technique is based on flux controlling to achieve maximum efficiency at light load or low speed. Space vector modulation in induction machine is used to generate harmonically optimum waves at the output. The PWM switching frequency is quantitatively limited, since the Space Vector Modulation (SVM) technique is complex and computationally intensive. For reaching to real minimum input power, we use input power as objective function. By choosing that as a minimum point, the machine efficiency is maximized. To decrease the convergence time of the algorithm, the flux reference is obtained automatically. Minimum flux change must be chosen based on the noise level coming from disturbance in the FOC loop. Maximum flux step is limited by instability of the system. Simulation and experimental results are carried out and they verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Analytical expectations are verified using simulations in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment, based on a detailed system model.
76
68. ENHANCED POWER QUALITY CONTROL STRATEGY FOR SINGLE-PHASE INVERTERS IN DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEMS
ABSTRACT
Power electronic converters are commonly used for interfacing distributed generation (DG) systems to the electrical power network. This paper deals with a single-phase inverter for DG systems requiring power quality features, such as harmonic and reactive power compensation for grid-connected operation. The idea is to integrate the DG unit functions with shunt active power filter capabilities. With this approach, the inverter controls the active power flow from the renewable energy source to the grid and also performs the nonlinear load current harmonic compensation by keeping the grid current almost sinusoidal. This paper deals with a single-phase H-bridge inverter for DG systems, requiring power quality features as harmonic and reactive power compensation for grid-connected operation. The proposed control scheme employs a current reference generator based on SSI and IRP theory, together with a dedicated repetitive current controller. The grid-connected single-phase H-bridge inverter injects active power into the grid and is able to compensate the local load reactive power and also the local load current harmonics. Simulation results are carried out and they verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Analytical expectations are verified using simulations in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment, based on a detailed system model.
77
69. FAULT DETECTION AND MITIGATION IN MULTILEVEL CONVERTER STATCOMS

ABSTRACT
Many static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs) utilize multilevel converters due to the following: 1) lower harmonic injection into the power system; 2) decreased stress on the electronic components due to decreased voltages; and 3) lower switching losses. One disadvantage, however, is the increased likelihood of a switch failure due to the increased number of switches in a multilevel converter. A single switch failure, however, does not necessarily force an (2n + 1)-level STATCOM offline. Even with a reduced number of switches, a STATCOM can still provide a significant range of control by removing the module of the faulted switch and continuing with (2n 1) levels. This paper introduces an approach to detect the existence of the faulted switch, identify which switch is faulty, and reconfigure the STATCOM. In this paper, the method we propose requires only that the output dc link voltage of each phase be measured. This measurement is typically accomplished anyway for control purposes. If a fault is detected, the module in which the fault occurred is then isolated and removed from service. This approach is consistent with the modular design of cascaded converters in which the cells are designed to be interchangeable and rapidly removed and replaced. The proposed approach was able to accurately identify and remove the faulted module. In addition, the STATCOM was able to remain in service and continue to provide compensation without exceeding the total harmonic distortion allowances. Analytical expectations are verified using simulations in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment, based on a detailed system model.
78
70. FAULT RIDE-THROUGH OF A DFIG WIND TURBINE USING A DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER DURING SYMMETRICAL AND ASYMMETRICAL GRID FAULTS
ABSTRACT
The application of a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) connected to a wind-turbine-driven doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is investigated. The setup allows the wind turbine system an uninterruptible fault ride-through of voltage dips. The DVR can compensate the faulty line voltage, while the DFIG wind turbine can continue its nominal operation as demanded in actual grid codes. In this paper, the application of a DVR that is connected to a wind-turbine-driven DFIG to allow uninterruptible fault ride through of voltage dips fulfilling the grid code requirements is investigated. The DVR can compensate the faulty line voltage, while the DFIG wind turbine can continue its nominal operation as demanded in actual grid codes. The DVR can compensate the faulty line voltage, while the DFIG wind turbine can continue its nominal operation and fulfill any grid code requirement without the need for additional protection methods. The DVR can be used to protect already installed wind turbines that do not provide sufficient fault ride-through behavior or to protect any distributed load in a micro grid. Simulation results for a 2 MW wind turbine and measurement results on a 22 kW laboratory setup are presented, especially for asymmetrical grid faults. They show the effectiveness of the DVR in comparison to the low-voltage ride-through of the DFIG using a crowbar that does not allow continuous reactive power production. The effectiveness of the scheme is evaluated using the MATLAB simulation program.
79
71. FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF THE POSITIONING OF SUPERCONDUCTING FAULT CURRENT LIMITERS FOR THE SMART GRID APPLICATION USING SIMULINK AND SIMPOWERSYSTEM
ABSTRACT
One of the most important topics regarding the application of superconducting fault current limiters (SFCL) for upcoming smart grid is related to its possible effect on the reduction of abnormal fault current and the suitable location in the micro grids. Due to the grid connection of the micro grids with the current power grids, excessive fault current is a serious problem to be solved for successful implementation of micro grids. However, a shortage of research concerning the location of SFCL in micro grid is felt. In this work, a resistive type SFCL model was implemented by integrating Simulink and Sim Power System blocks in MATLAB. The designed SFCL model could be easily utilized for determining an impedance level of SFCL according to the fault-current-limitation requirements of various kinds of the smart grid system. In addition, typical smart grid model including generation, transmission and distribution network with dispersed energy resource was modeled to determine the location and the performance of the SFCL. As for a dispersed energy resource, 10 MVA wind farm was considered for the simulation. Three phase faults have been simulated at different locations in smart grid and the effect of the SFCL and its location on the wind farm fault current was evaluated. Consequently, the optimum arrangement of the SFCL location in Smart Grid with renewable resources has been proposed and its remarkable performance has been suggested.
80
72. FLYING CAPACITOR MULTILEVEL INVERTER BASED SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTER WITH TRIFLING SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DIVISIONAL VOLTAGES DEREGULATION
ABSTRACT
Due to increasing utilization of shunt active power filter (APF) in power systems, necessarily it has to be effective and reliable as much as possible. In this paper to enjoy of multilevel inverter advantages in active filtering task, a shunt APF based on flying capacitor multilevel inverter is presented. The power section of this active filter is viewed as analog to digital converter; as a result a multilevel Sigma-Delta modulation control can be utilized to control power section of APF aimed at reducing sensitivity to flying capacitor voltage deregulation and improving modulator performance. In control section of this APF, perfect harmonic cancellation (PHC) method which is capable of correct action under any condition of use is exploiting. Use of a multilevel inverter makes possible direct connection of the APF to the increased voltage network. Besides, APF profits from FCMLI other advantages such as flexibility, lower electromagnetic interference (EMI), higher efficiency, lower device switching and suppression of offensive harmonics which generate by APF itself. To enhance APF performance further, 2ndorder modulation control is used to control FCMLI. This modulator shapes in band noise to higher frequencies, so allows a significant reduction of the filtering requirements. In addition, it reduces EMI further, and omits complicated PWM control. Furthermore to reduce flying capacitor voltage deregulation and system nonlinearity power section of APF is embedded in control loop that causes more improvement of APF performance. Simulation studies are performed using MATLAB/SIMULINK to validate proposed APF performance.
81
73. GRID INTERCONNECTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AT THE DISTRIBUTION LEVEL WITH POWERQUALITY IMPROVEMENT FEATURES
ABSTRACT
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4wire distribution systems. The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This paper has presented a novel control of an existing grid interfacing inverter to improve the quality of power at PCC for a 3-phase 4-wireDGsystem. It has been shown that the grid-interfacing inverter can be effectively utilized for power conditioning without affecting its normal operation of real power transfer. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies.
82
74. HARMONIC ORIENTATION OF PULSE WIDTH MODULATION TECHNIQUE IN MULTILEVEL INVERTERS

ABSTRACT
The Multilevel Inverter topology gives the advantages of usage in high power and high voltage application with reduced harmonic distortion without a transformer. This paper presents a comparative study of orientation of higher ordered harmonics with increase in switching frequency around the frequency modulation index of nine level diode clamped inverter for different Switching frequency Multicarrier Pulse width Modulation. In this paper amplitude modulation and pulse width modulation are used. To the quality of the output waveform gets improved with low distortion. And the most popular structure among the transformer less voltage source multilevel inverters, the diode-clamped converter based on the neutral point converter. This paper describes A nine level diode clamped inverter is modeled and Simulated for different switching frequencies of SPWM technique and are compared for normal modulation index. And the paper is explaining as follows multi level inverter illustration, PWM methods for multi level inverters, analysis of nine level diode clamped inverter, simulation results and discussions.
83
75. HEXAGRAM-CONVERTER-BASED STATCOM FOR VOLTAGE SUPPORT IN FIXED-SPEED WIND TURBINE GENERATION SYSTEMS
ABSTRACT
This paper studies the effectiveness of reactive power compensation using a multilevel, hexagram-converter-based Static Compensator (STATCOM) with one-cycle control (OCC) for a wind farm with fixed-speed turbines, and the interaction with the power system network. Comparison is made with several common types of multilevel voltage source converters used for STATCOM applications. A new voltage control method based on OCC principles for hexagrambased STATCOMs is proposed and proven by a wind farm power system simulation showing the improvement of voltage variations caused by wind speed changes. The experimental results from tests of a small-scale hexagram converter prototype have verified the proposed converter and control method. This paper studies the interaction among a wind farm with a fixed-speed WTGS, reactive power compensation using a new multilevel, hexagram-converter-based STATCOM with one-cycle control (OCC) control, and the power system network. The paper presents the simulation results of the voltage variations caused by wind speed changes and compares an uncompensated and a compensated system. A small-scale experimental prototype of the hexagram STATCOM was built for verification. This paper proposed a new HEX-MC-based STATCOM control method based on OCC control principles and containing two independent control loops to stabilize the voltage at the PCC. To verify and prove the viability and effectiveness of the proposed OCC control strategy in steady-state and dynamic operation modes, a simulation model of a small wind farm was created. The simulation results showed that fluctuations and over current of a wind farm under randomly varying wind speed can be effectively reduced. Reactive power support the operation of a wind farms FSIGs leads to voltage stabilization at the PCC and maintenance of the wind farm grid current at the rated value.
84
76. HIGH-EFFICIENCY REGULATION METHOD FOR A ZERO-CURRENT AND ZERO-VOLTAGE CURRENT-FED PUSHPULL CONVERTER
ABSTRACT
A new high-efficiency regulation method for a zero current and zero-voltage current-fed pushpull converter is presented. The method proposed is based on the use of a controlled transformer as a post regulator, which adds or subtracts an additional voltage to the output filter of the converter. An auxiliary regulator, which only handles a percentage of the output power, controls this transformer, and therefore, results in much higher efficiency than a normal pre regulator would have. The novelty of the presented converter is that regulation is achieved without affecting the zero-voltage and zero-current switching in any working conditions. Smalland large-signal models of the converter have been developed and a low-power prototype has been simulated and implemented. The good agreement, between the experimental simulations and theoretical results, validates the theoretical developments. This paper proposes a different way to apply the parallel power-processing technique to the ZVZCPS converter. The method proposed is based on the use of a controlled transformer as a post regulator, adding or subtracting an additional voltage to the output filter of the converter. This technique has already been applied to a classical forward converter with two outputs, but the novelty of this paper is the implementation of such technique to the ZVZCPS converter, demonstrating than the zero-voltage and zero-current switching is maintained under any operating conditions and improving the efficiency when compared against the SMART converter in the whole input voltage range. In Section II, the operation of the proposed converter is presented. In Section III, the small-signal analysis of the converter is derived and in Section IV, the simulation and experimental results of a 250Wprototype are shown. The paper is summarized in Section V and ends with the conclusions.
85
77. HYBRID FLYING-CAPACITOR-BASED ACTIVENEUTRAL-POINT-CLAMPED FIVE-LEVEL CONVERTER OPERATED WITH SHE-PWM

ABSTRACT
A five-level flying-capacitor (FC)-based active neutral- point-clamped (ANPC) converter is an arrangement of a three-level ANPC converter and a two-level cell. In this paper, a control strategy is proposed to regulate the voltage across the FCs at their respective reference voltage levels by swapping the switching patterns of the switches based on the polarity of the output current, the polarity of the FC voltage, and the polarity of the fundamental line-to-neutral voltage under selective harmonic elimination pulse width modulation. The voltage across the FCs and the dc-link capacitors are simultaneously controlled at their reference voltage levels. The proposed control strategy is applied using power system computer aided design/electromagnetic transients including dc on a static synchronous compensator operating under a power-factorcorrection mode to verify its performance. Experimental results are also presented for low and high number of angles per quarter period using a low-power laboratory prototype. The objective of this paper is to discuss the control strategy to regulate the voltage across the FCs at their reference voltage levels by swapping the switching patterns of the cell1 and cell2 switches of the five-level FC-based ANPC converter. The swapping of the switching patterns depends upon the polarity of the output current, the polarity of the FC voltage, and the polarity of the fundamental line-to-neutral voltage under SHE-PWM. In this paper, the proposed FC control strategy for the five levels FC-based ANPC converter has been investigated for various modulation indexes. The proposed FC control regulates the voltage across the FCs at their respective reference voltage levels and simultaneously controls the voltage across the dc-link capacitors at their reference levels. The performance of the FC control strategy for low and high number of angles per quarter period is validated using a low-power three-phase five level- ANPC converter prototype.
86
78. HYSTERESIS MODULATION OF MULTILEVEL INVERTERS

ABSTRACT
The hysteresis modulation for power electronic converters is attractive in many different applications because of its unmatched dynamic response and wide command-tracking bandwidth. Its application and benefits for two-level converters are well understood, but the extension of this strategy to multilevel converters is still under development. This paper summarizes and reviews the various hysteresis modulation approaches available in the literature for multilevel converters. The pros and cons of various techniques are described and compared for tracking the reference signal in order to attain an adequate switching optimization, excellent dynamic responses and high accuracy in steady-state operation. By using the recently developed multilevel hysteresis modulation approaches, the advantages of using several accessible dc potentials in a multilevel inverter have been fully exploited. All of these hysteresis modulation approaches are tested for tracking a current reference when applied to a five-level inverter. The relevant simulation and experimental results are also presented. This study will provide a useful framework and point of reference for the future development of hysteresis modulation for multilevel converters. This paper summarizes and reviews the various hysteresis modulation techniques available in the literature for the multilevel converters. This includes, in general, the MB, MOB, and TB hysteresis modulation techniques. To generalize the existing MHM techniques for higher level inverters, their modified versions have been also discussed. The basic principle of operation and logical sequence of the design choices has been described for each of these schemes. The advantages of using various accessible dc voltage levels have been fully exploited by using these schemes. The various schemes considered in this paper have been further investigated using simulation and experimental studies for a five-level inverter system. However, these strategies can easily be extended to any multilevel inverter structure, even in the case of n-level voltage waveforms and three-phase systems.
87
79. IMPLEMENTATION OF NEURAL-NETWORK CONTROLLED THREE-LEG VSC AND A TRANSFORMER AS THREE-PHASE FOUR-WIRE DSTATCOM
ABSTRACT
In this paper, a neural-network (NN)-controlled distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) using a dSPACE processor is implemented for power quality improvement in a three-phase four-wire distribution system. A three-leg voltage source- converter (VSC)-based DSTATCOM with a zig-zag transformer is used for the compensation of reactive power for voltage regulation or for power factor correction along with load balancing, elimination of harmonic currents, and neutral current compensation at the point of common coupling. The Adaline (adaptive linear element)-based NN is used to implement the control scheme of the VSC. This technique gives similar performance as that of other control techniques, but it is simple to implement and has a fast response and gives nearly zero phase shift. The zigzag transformer is used for providing a path to the zero sequence current in a three-phase fourwire distribution system. This reduces the complexity and also the cost of the DSTATCOM system. The performance of the proposed DSTATCOM system is validated through simulations using MATLAB software with its Simulink and Power System Block set toolboxes and hardware implementation. In this paper, a neural network (NN) control of the three-phase four-wire DSTATCOM is proposed with a new method control for the voltage regulation at the PCC. The system is implemented using a dSPACE controller based on TMS320F240 DSP. The dynamic performance of the system is studied for voltage regulation and power factor correction modes of the DSTATCOM. The compensation of load harmonic currents, load balancing, and neutral current are also obtained along with voltage regulation or power factor correction.
88
80. IMPROVEMENTS IN POWER QUALITY AND EFFICIENCY WITH A NEW AC/DC HIGH CURRENT CONVERTER
ABSTRACT
A very flexible AC/DC converter featuring high-output current, reduced voltage ripple and highly adjustable current control is described. The whole system consists of four stages and uses a proper switching technique in conjunction with a feedback control performed by means of a PID regulator. Moreover, the built prototype exhibits high efficiency and reduced harmonic pollution. In order to evaluate the harmonic distortion on the current drawn from the supply network, an FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) analysis is performed. Finally, experimental and computation results for output currents up to 400A, which confirm the correct behavior of the proposed converter, are presented and discussed. In this paper a high current AC/DC converter with high quality performance is introduced. The whole system is described and experimental results obtained from experimental tests performed on a built prototype are reported, analyzed and discussed. A new type of an AC/DC high current converter composed of four stages was presented. The first stage performed an AC/DC conversion while the second and fourth stages employed a specific switching procedure performing a DC/AC and AC/DC conversions. The proposed system could be effectively employed in fields requiring very high DC currents, such as electric traction and electrochemical applications.
89
81. IMPROVING GRID POWER QUALITY WITH FACTS DEVICE ON INTEGRATION OF WIND ENERGY SYSTEM
ABSTRACT
Renewable energy sources, which are expected to be a promising alternative energy source, can bring new challenges when connected to the power grid. However, the generated power from renewable energy source is always fluctuating due to environmental conditions. In the same way, wind power injection into an electric grid affects the power quality due to the fluctuation nature of the wind and the comparatively new types of its generators. On the basis of measurements and norms followed according to the guidelines specified in IEC-61400 (International Electro technical Commission) standard, the performance of the wind turbine and thereby power quality are determined. The power arising out of the wind turbine when connected to a grid system concerning the power quality measurements, are: active power, reactive power, voltage sag, voltage swell, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation. These are measured according to national/international guidelines. This paper clearly shows the existence of power quality problem due to installation of wind turbines with the grid. In this proposed scheme a FACTS device {STATIC COMPENSATOR (STATCOM)} is connected at a point of common coupling with a battery energy storage system (BESS) to reduce the power quality problems. The battery energy storage system is integrated to support the real power source under fluctuating wind power. The FACTS Device (STATCOM) control scheme for the grid connected wind energy generation system to improve the power quality is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in power system block set. The intended result of the proposed scheme relives the main supply source from the reactive power demand of the load and the induction generator. From the obtained results, we have consolidated the feasibility and practicability of the approach for the applications considered.
90
82. INDUCTION MACHINE DTC OPTIMIZATION USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR EVS APPLICATIONS
ABSTRACT
A three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor is used as a propulsion system of an electric vehicle (EV). The motor is controlled at different operating conditions using a direct torque control (DTC) technique known to have simple control structure with comparable performance. Whereas in a conventional DTC drive, the weakest points is the optimal voltage space vector choice. In this paper Artificial Intelligence is used to achieve an optimal selection of voltage space vectors. The European drive cycle ECE-15 is used for validation. The simulation results show that the proposed DTC optimization using artificial intelligence scheme for induction motors is a good candidate for EVs propulsion. The proposed DTC scheme uses an adaptive observer based on a full order the induction machine model. The effectiveness of the proposed solution is based on the whole vehicle and not on the sole induction motor. Simulations were carried out on a test vehicle propelled by an 18.5kW induction motor to evaluate the consistency and the performance of the proposed control approach. The DTC technique has been employed for the speed control of an induction motor for EV application. The input of the control system is the torque reference provided by the pedal of the EV. The control technique is capable of operating over four quadrants (increase and decrease of speed in positive and negative directions). During braking, the kinetic energy of the EV is partially recovered and returned to the batteries, which improves the total efficiency of the system. Due to the dependency of the controlled variables, flux and torque, to the induction motors equivalent circuit parameters; three different intelligent torque control schemes are proposed. DTC N controller, DTC Fuzzy controller and DTCNF controller have been evaluated for induction motor control and have been compared with the conventional direct torque control technique.
91
83. INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE USING SEVEN LEVEL MULTILEVEL INVERTER FOR ENERGY SAVING IN VARIABLE TORQUE LOAD APPLICATION
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this paper is to control the speed of an induction motor by using seven level diode clamped multilevel inverter. To obtain high quality sinusoidal output voltage with reduced harmonics. The proposed Scheme for diode clamped multilevel inverter is multicarrier SPWM control. An open loop speed control can be achieved by using V/ method. This method can be implemented by changing the supply voltage and frequency applied to the three phase induction motor at constant ratio. The proposed system is an effective replacement for the conventional method which has high switching losses, as a result a poor drive performance. The simulation result portrays the effective control in the motor speed and an enhanced drive performance through reduction in total harmonic distortion (THD). The effectiveness of the system is verified through simulation using PSIM6.1 simulink package. In this paper, a three-phase diode clamped multilevel inverter fed induction motor is described. The diode clamped inverter provides multiple voltage levels from a five level unidirectional voltage balancing method of diode clamped inverter. The voltage across the switches has only half of the dc bus voltage. These features effectively double the power rating of voltage source inverter for a given semiconductor device. The proposed inverter can reduce the harmonic contents by using multicarrier SPWM technique. It generates motor currents of high quality. V/ is an efficient method for speed control in open loop. In this scheme, the speed of induction machine is controlled by the adjustable magnitude of stator voltages and its frequency in such a way that the air gap flux is always maintained at the desired value at the steady state. Here the speed of an induction motor is precisely controlled by using seven level diode clamped multilevel inverter.
92
84. INTERCONNECTION OF TWO VERY WEAK AC SYSTEMS BY VSC-HVDC LINKS USING POWER-SYNCHRONIZATION CONTROL
ABSTRACT
In this paper, voltage-source converter (VSC) based high-voltage dc (HVDC) transmission is investigated for interconnection of two very weak ac systems. By using the recently proposed power-synchronization control, the short-circuit capacities of the ac systems are no longer the limiting factors, but rather the load angles. For the analysis of the stability, the Jacobian transfer matrix concept has been introduced. The right-half plane (RHP) transmission zero of the ac Jacobian transfer matrix moves closer to the origin with larger load angles. The paper shows that, due to the bandwidth limitation imposed by the RHP zero on the directvoltage control of the VSC, high dc-capacitance values are needed for such applications. In addition, the paper proposes a control structure particularly designed for weak-ac-system interconnections. As an example, it is shown that the proposed control structure enables a power transmission of 0.86 p.u. from a system with the short-circuit ratio (SCR) of 1.2 to a system with an SCR of 1.0. This should be compared to previous results for VSC based HVDC using vector current control. In this case, only 0.4 p.u. power transmission can be achieved for dc link where only one of the ac systems has an SCR of 1.0. In this paper, VSC-HVDC technology using the recently proposed power-synchronization control is investigated for interconnection of two very weak ac systems. The proposed design and linear model are verified by a VSC-HVDC model in the electromagnetic transient simulation software PSCAD/EMTDC. The simulation software PSCAD/EMTDC is often considered as adequate for controller design in industry. Experiments on converters with power ratings of several MW are very costly and time consuming. Such tests are likely to be performed in the future; however, they are beyond the scope of the present paper.
93
85. INVESTIGATION OF SSR CHARACTERISTICS OF HYBRID SERIES COMPENSATED POWER SYSTEM WITH SSSC
ABSTRACT
The advent of series FACTS controllers, thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) and static synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) has made it possible not only for the fast control of power flow in a transmission line, but also for the mitigation of sub synchronous resonance (SSR) in the presence of fixed series capacitors. SSSC is an emerging controller and this paper presents SSR characteristics of a series compensated system with SSSC. The study system is adapted from IEEE first benchmark model (FBM). The active series compensation is provided by a three-level twenty four-pulse SSSC. The modeling and control details of a three level voltage source converter-(VSC)-based SSSC are discussed. The SSR characteristics of the combined system with constant reactive voltage control mode in SSSC has been investigated. It is shown that the constant reactive voltage control of SSSC has the effect of reducing the electrical resonance frequency, which detunes the SSR. The analysis of SSR with SSSC is carried out based on frequency domain method, EIGENVALUE analysis and transient simulation. While the EIGENVALUE and damping torque analysis are based on linearizing the D-Q model of SSSC, the transient simulation considers both D-Q and detailed three phase nonlinear system model using switching functions. In this paper, we have presented the analysis and simulation of a hybrid series compensated system with SSSC. The modeling details of 24-pulse three level VSC-based SSSC is presented. The application of D-Q model is validated by the transient simulation of the threephase model of SSSC.
94
86. ISOLATED BUCKBOOST DC/DC CONVERTERS SUITABLE FOR WIDE INPUT-VOLTAGE RANGE
ABSTRACT
A family of isolated buckboost dc/dc converter for wide input-voltage range is proposed in this paper, and the full bridge (FB) boost converter, being one of the typical topologies, is analyzed. Due to the existence of the resonant inductor (including the leakage inductor), the FB-boost converter can only adopt the two-edge-modulation (TEM) scheme with the FB cell being leading-edge modulated and the boost cell being trailing-edge modulated to minimize the inductor current ripple over the input voltage range, and a phase-shift-controlscheme-based TEM with the use of the market available controller IC such as UC3895 is proposed, which realizes phase-shifted control for the FB cell to achieve zero-voltage switching. In order to improve the reliability and efficiency of the FB-boost converter, a three-mode dual-frequency control scheme is proposed, in which the FB-boost converter operates in boost, FB-boost and FB modes in low, medium and high input voltage regions, respectively, and for which the expression of the inductor current ripple is derived in this paper. As the input voltage in the FB-boost mode is close to the output voltage, the inductor current ripple in this mode is much smaller than that in the other modes, and the switching frequency of the boost cell in this mode can be lowered to one-(2N+1)th of the preset switching frequency to reduce the switching loss, and hence, to improve the efficiency. A 250500 V input, 360 V output, and 6 Kw rated power prototype is fabricated to verify the effectiveness of the design and control method. The average efficiency over the input-voltage range is 96.5%, and the highest efficiency attained is 97.2%. A family of isolated buckboost converters is proposed in this paper for use in applications where the input-voltage range is wide and galvanic isolation is required. For illustration, an FB boost converter version is analyzed. If the transformer is ideal, all the characteristics of the isolated buckboost converters are the same as the TSBB converter except for considering the turns ratio of the transformer.
95
87. LOAD COMPENSATION FOR DIESEL GENERATOR BASED ISOLATED GENERATION SYSTEM EMPLOYING DSTATCOM
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the control of distribution static synchronous compensator (DSTATCOM) for reactive power, harmonics and unbalanced load current compensation of a diesel generator set for an isolated system. The control of DSTATCOM is achieved using least mean square-based adaptive linear element (Adaline). An Adaline is used to extract balanced positive sequence real fundamental frequency component of the load current and a proportional integral (PI) controller is used to maintain a constant voltage at the dc-bus of a voltage-source converter (VSC) working as a DSTATCOM. Switching of VSC is achieved by controlling source currents to follow reference currents using hysteresis-based PWM control. This scheme is simulated under MATLAB environment using Simulink and PSB blockset toolboxes for feeding linear and nonlinear loads. The modeling is performed for a threephase, three-wire star connected synchronous generator coupled to a diesel engine, along with the three-leg VSC working as a DSTATCOM. Results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the control of DSTATCOM for the load compensation and an optimal operation of the DG set. This paper presents a DSTATCOM for the load compensation of a diesel generator set to enhance its performance. The control of DSTATCOM with capabilities of reactive power, harmonics and unbalanced load compensation is achieved by Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithm based adaptive linear element (Adaline). The Adaline is used to extract positive-sequence fundamental frequency real component of the load current. The dc-bus voltage of voltage source converter (VSC) is supported by a proportionalintegral (PI) controller which computes current component to compensate losses in DSTATCOM. The extraction of reference currents using Adaline involves an estimation of weights. These weights are measure of peak of fundamental frequency real current component of the load current. The life of a DG set is enhanced in the absence of unbalanced and harmonic currents. The modeling of the DG set is performed using a synchronous generator, a speed governor, and the excitation control system. is simulated under MATLAB environment using Simulink Head office: 2nd floor, Solitaire plaza, beside Image Hospital, Ameerpet, Hyderabad
96
88. LOAD COMPENSATION FOR SINGLE PHASE SYSTEM USING SERIES ACTIVE FILTER
ABSTRACT
The exponentially rising application of power electronics based appliances in Domestic Consumer Voltage Distribution System (DCVDS) has enhanced power quality problems even at the lowest voltage level in distribution system. Starting from transmission system to low voltage distribution system, quite a good number of series active filters has been designed with a limited emphasis on single phase system as no imposition has been made by governing bodies/standards at international level. In this paper a new control strategy for series active filter has been proposed for improvement of power quality problems in single phase system. Since the non linear loads in the system comprises of both voltage source harmonic and current source harmonic loads and the dominancy of each type of load varies from time to time, the non linear load ranging from voltage source type harmonic load (VSHL) dominant to current source type harmonic load (CSHL) dominant has been taken up for study. The proposed series active filter has shown better power quality improvement even with variation of non linear load from voltage source harmonic load dominant to current source harmonic dominant. The power quality improvement has been shown through simulation results using EMTDC/PSCAD. This paper presents a new technique for series active power filters. The active filter is connected between source and load without any passive filter. The control signal for APF is obtained by separation of reactive and harmonic current from the source current and is multiplied by proportionality constant k to generate reference voltage. The injected voltage is then compared with reference voltage. Hysteresis band method of control is used to track the reference voltage. This method is suitable for VSHL, CSHL, and combination of both, supplied from either distorted source voltage or ideal source voltage.
97
89. LOADING BALANCE OF DISTRIBUTION FEEDERS WITH LOOP POWER CONTROLLERS CONSIDERING PHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATION
ABSTRACT
For the operation of distribution systems, loading balance of distribution feeders is important for reducing power loss and mitigating power flow overloading. In this paper, a loop power controller (LPC) is applied for the control of real power and reactive power flows by adjusting voltage ratio and phase shift so that the loading balance of distribution feeders can be obtained. To incorporate photovoltaic (PV) power generation in feeder loading balance, a Tai power distribution feeder with large PV installation is selected for computer simulation. Daily loading unbalance is determined by analyzing PV power generation recorded by the SCADA system and by constructing daily power load profiles based on distribution automation system (DAS) data. The load transfer required to achieve loading balance and the line impedance of distribution feeders are used to derive the voltage ratio and phase shift of the LPC. Computer simulations indicated that loading balance can be achieved in distribution feeders with large PV system installation by using loop power controllers according to the variation of solar energy and power loading of study feeders. The system power loss reduction resulting from feeder loading balance by LPC is also investigated in this paper. To mismatches of real power and reactive power loadings between test feeders for each study hour. To demonstrate the effectiveness of LPC for the enhancement of loading balance, a Tai power distribution system consisting of two feeders with a large-scale PV system has been selected for computer simulation. The power loadings of the study feeders and the PV power generation have been recorded. By applying the control algorithm of LPC to adjust the voltage ratio and phase shift between both feeders, the proper amount of real power and reactive power can be transferred from the heavily loading feeder to the lightly loading feeder for each study hour.
98
90. LOW FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS DAMPING BY STATIC SYNCHRONOUS SERIES COMPENSATOR EQUIPPED WITH AN AUXILIARY FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER
ABSTRACT
Low frequency oscillations (LFO) are a frequent adverse phenomenon which increase the risk of instability for the power system and thus reduce the total and available transfer capability (TTC and ATC). This brief investigates the damping performance of the static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) equipped with an auxiliary fuzzy logic controller (FLC). At the outset, a modified Heffron-Phillips model of a single machine infinite bus (SMIB) system installed with SSSC is established. In the following an auxiliary FLC for SSSC is well-designed to enhance the transient stability of the power system. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed FLC in damping LFO, the SMIB power system is subjected to a disturbance such as changes in mechanical power. The complete digital simulations are performed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment to provide comprehensive understanding of the issue. Simulation results demonstrate that the developed FLC would be more effective in damping electromechanical oscillations in comparison with the conventional proportional-integral (PI) controller. This manuscript addresses the design of a supplementary FLC to attenuate power oscillations by SSSC. The investigation is carried out for a single machine infinite bus (SMIB) power system installed with a SSSC. In the sequel, the linearized Heffron-Phillips model of the examined plant is evolved. An auxiliary FLC is utilized to modulate the amplitude modulation index during the transients to enhance the stability of the power system. Subsequently, aiming to provide a fruitful investigation, a comparative study is developed where the FLC is compared with a conventional PI controller. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink exhibits the superior damping of LFO obtained with FLC than PI controller.
99
91. MATRIX CONVERTER-BASED UNIFIED POWER-FLOW CONTROLLERS: ADVANCED DIRECT POWER CONTROL METHOD
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a direct power control (DPC) for three-phase matrix converters operating as unified power flow controllers (UPFCs). Matrix converters (MCs) allow the direct ac/ac power conversion without dc energy storage links; therefore, the MC-based UPFC (MCUPFC) has reduced volume and cost, reduced capacitor power losses, together with higher reliability. Theoretical principles of direct power control (DPC) based on sliding mode control techniques are established for an MC-UPFC dynamic model including the input filter. As a result, line active and reactive power, together with ac supply reactive power, can be directly controlled by selecting an appropriate matrix converter switching state guaranteeing good steady-state and dynamic responses. Experimental results of DPC controllers for MC-UPFC show decoupled active and reactive power control, zero steady-state tracking error, and fast response times. Compared to an MC-UPFC using active and reactive power linear controllers based on a modified Venturini high-frequency PWM modulator, the experimental results of the advanced DPC-MC guarantee faster responses without overshoot and no steady-state error, presenting no cross-coupling in dynamic and steady-state responses. The dynamic and steady-state behavior of the proposed DPC-MC P, Q control method is evaluated and discussed using detailed simulations and experimental implementation (Sections IV and V). Simulation and experimental results obtained with the nonlinear DPC for matrix converter-based UPFC technology show decoupled series active and shunt/series reactive power control, zero steady-state error tracking, and fast response times, presenting faultless dynamic and steady-state responses.
100
92. MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF CASCADED H-BRIDGE INVERTER FOR WIND DRIVEN ISOLATED SELF EXCITED INDUCTION GENERATORS
ABSTRACT
This paper describes the simulation model and the harmonics analysis of multi level inverters fed RL load and induction motor load. The SEIG fed H- bridge multi level inverter (MLI) for variable speed wind energy conversion systems are considered for various stand alone applications. In this paper, the SEIG fed cascaded five levels inverter for induction motor load systems are clearly explained with the help of MATLAB / SIMULINK models. The generated voltage of the wind driven self excited induction generator (SEIG) is mainly depending on the wind velocity fluctuations, appropriate capacitance values and load conditions. The five levels cascaded inverter has interface with the wind driven self excited induction generator (SEIG). The variable magnitude, variable frequency voltage of the generator can be controlled by choosing the proper modulation index. The simulation and harmonic analysis of the proposed inverter will be discussed and the total harmonic distortion will be evaluated. The generated voltage of the SEIG is mainly depends upon the excitation capacitance values, change in wind velocity and load conditions. The reactive power requirement by the induction generator can also be supplied by a group of capacitors. If the capacitance is insufficient, the induction generators will not build up voltage. The main draw of the induction generator is need of reactive to build up the terminal voltage. In this chapter, the wind driven SEIG fed five levels cascaded five level inverter for standalone wind power conversion scheme has been explained with the simulation results. The simulation model of the SEIG fed H bridge inverter with RL load. The H-bridge inverter sub system is shown in the Figure 3. The SEG voltage, rectifier voltage, inverter output voltage, current waveforms with RL load and induction motor load has been discussed with help of simulation results.
101
93. MODELING AND CONTROL OF VSC-HVDC LINKS CONNECTED TO ISLAND SYSTEMS

ABSTRACT
The recently proposed power-synchronization control for grid-connected voltagesource converters (VSCs) has been shown to be a feasible solution for high-voltage directcurrent (HVDC) transmission connected to high-impedance weak ac systems. In this paper, power-synchronization control is investigated for VSC-HVDC links connected to another type of weak ac system, i.e., low-inertia or island systems. As an example, a linear model of a typical island system feeding by a VSC-HVDC link, including a synchronous generator, an induction motor, and some passive loads, is developed for tuning the control parameters of the VSCHVDC link. Time simulations in PSCAD/EMTDC demonstrate that VSC-HVDC systems using power-synchronization control are flexible for various network conditions, such as large-acsystem connection, island systems, or passive networks. The time simulations also show that power-synchronization control can seamlessly handle transitions between operation modes, as well as ride through ac-system faults in all network conditions. This paper investigates the application of VSC-HVDC links using the recently proposed power-synchronization control for island operation. By using power-synchronization control, the VSC emulates a synchronous machine. Therefore, it basically has no requirement on the shortcircuit capacity of the ac system. Such a control strategy is particular suitable for island operation where the ac-system conditions often vary to a large extent. The major focus of the paper is dynamic modeling and control design. In this paper, VSC-HVDC links using power-synchronization control is investigated for connection to island systems. A linear model has been developed for tuning the control parameters of the VSC-HVDC link. The time simulations in PSCAD/EMTDC demonstrate that VSC-HVDC links using power-synchronization control is able to operate in various network conditions and seamlessly handle transitions between different operating modes.
102
94. MODULATION FOR THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER LESS Z-SOURCE INVERTER TO REDUCE LEAKAGE CURRENTS IN PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS
ABSTRACT
In this paper, a modified Z-source inverter (ZSI) with specific modulation techniques is proposed to reduce leakage currents in three-phase transformer less photovoltaic (PV) systems. The new topology only requires an additional fast-recovery diode when compared with the original structure. On the other hand, the pulse width modulation technique is entirely modified in order to reduce the leakage currents through the conduction path. Simulation results for the three-phase transformer less PV system operating in two cases, i.e., connected to a grid and connected to a grounded RL load, are presented. Experimental results of leakage currents in three-phase ZSIs connected to a RL load are obtained to validate the theoretical and simulation models. In order to reduce leakage currents present in transformer less PV systems (grid connected or stand alone with grounded load), it is necessary to maintain the CMV constant in the inverter, i.e., not having switching. Therefore, in this paper, the ZSI with an additional fast-recovery diode (named ZSI-D), using specific PWM techniques that maintain the CMV constant, is proposed to reduce leakage currents. The maximum amplitude of the output voltages can reach high levels due to the boost characteristic of the ZSI, and thus, less PV modules in series are needed to connect the system to the grid without a transformer. Furthermore, a proper switching pattern is chosen in order to assure a reduced number of commutations, leading to reduced switching losses in the inverter. In this paper, a modified topology of ZSI has been proposed to be applied in three-phase transformer less PV systems. Three specific modulation techniques combined with the proposed topology guarantee constant CMV (and, therefore, constant leakage voltage) during the
application of active vectors and complete isolation of the PV array during the shoot-through vectors, improving the behavior of the system in terms of leakage currents with only an additional fast-recovery diode when compared with the original structure. The traditional and modified three-phase transformer less ZSIs were simulated in two load conditions (RL load and grid connected), and experimental prototypes of both topologies connected to a RL load were tested to evaluate leakage currents.
103
95. MODULATION INDEX EFFECT ON THE 5-LEVEL SHEPWM VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER
ABSTRACT
Harmonic content of the voltage source inverters is important and must be in the allowed ranges. Different method are proposed to decrease the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and caused to be sinusoidal the output voltage of inverters. One of these methods is using multilevel structure. In this structure many important parameters which are effective on voltage source inverter operation that among them we can mention to modulation index (MI). Variation of modulation index can change the THD. One of the harmonic reduction methods is using multilevel structure. In this paper, a sample 5-level SHE-PWM voltage source inverter is presented and all equation and choosing switching angles for elimination desired harmonics from different order. To investigate the effective parameters on the inverter operation, a typical 5-level inverter is simulated in PSPICE software. The simulation has been done for different values of modulation and its effect on the inverter operation is evaluated. In this paper, the effect of some parameters such as modulation index and load type on the voltage source inverter is investigated. By using a new switching method for this purpose, a sample 5-level voltage source inverter is simulated in PSPICE software and the effects of modulation index variation on inverter function are studied. Also some simulations are done for resistive-inductive load in the output of the inverter. In this paper, the effect of different parameters such as mode, load and modulation index on the voltage source inverter operation has been investigated. For this purpose, the equation for any operation mode of inverter is obtained and by solving them, the suitable chopping angle for removing of desired harmonic from different order are determined. It is shown that the fundamental component of output voltage is controlled by modulation index and variation of modulation index, influences on the output voltage harmonics. For instance, by decreasing of modulation index, the amplitude of harmonics decreased in the output voltage.
104
96. MONOVARIABLE AND MULTIVARIABLE VOLTAGE REGULATOR DESIGN FOR A SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR MODELED WITH FIXED AND VARIABLE LOADS
ABSTRACT
This paper deals with the design and application of eight-linear voltage controllers that provide satisfactory voltage control performance in the presence of unknown load variation. The controller synthesis is based on the synchronous generator (SG) modeling strategy and the feedback control linearization method. Two models are presented. The first one takes into account a fixed load connected to the SG. The second model considers an unknown load. This consideration permits the design of a robust controller as regards the load variation. In addition, the linearization of the feedback control is established using a single-input single- output controller and a multi-input-single-output (MISO) controller. The MISO solution represents a linearization method without any approximations. To validate the efficiency of each solution, the controllers are developed by using the H method and implementation in a real-time domain is then performed. The contribution of this paper deals with the modeling of an SG for application of feedback voltage control. Linear models of the complete system are presented. From these models, modern feedback control theories can be applied. Four approaches are presented in the aim of SG terminal voltage control: 1) SISO controller; 2) MISO controller; 3) controller synthesized by taking into account an SG model with fixed load; and 4) controller synthesized by taking into account a variable load. The MISO controller is obtained after linearization of the feedback control without any approximations. The SISO controller is obtained after some approximations in the linearization strategy. MISO controller requires the rotor position but the SISO controller does not require it. Three SISO controllers are proposed: the vdp controller, vqp controller, and the vdp + vqp one. Experimental results have shown that the vdp + vqp controller includes the advantage of the vdp controller and the vqp one. On the other hand, the system response time and the voltage drop/overshoot obtained with the vdp + vqp are similar to the MISO results.
105
97. MULTIDIMENSIONAL TWO-LEVEL MULTIPHASE SPACE VECTOR PWM ALGORITHM AND ITS COMPARISON WITH MULTI FREQUENCY SPACE VECTOR PWM METHOD
ABSTRACT
A multilevel multiphase space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) algorithm has been introduced recently, in which the reference is separated into an integer part and a fractional part. The fractional part is, in essence, a two-level multiphase space vector algorithm. This paper shows that, with appropriate adaptations, the fractional part of the general space vector multilevel multiphase PWM can be applied as a stand-alone PWM method in conjunction with two-level voltage-source converters with any number of phases. Simulation results of the five- and six-phase cases are shown, and the new algorithm is compared with another recent multi frequency SVPWM algorithm, which follows the standard approach of selecting the switching vectors and calculating their application times using dq planes. The experimental verification is provided using a five-phase two motor series-connected induction motor drive, supplied from a custom-designed five-phase voltage-source inverter. This paper studies the application of the two-level multiphase SVPWM algorithm developed to conventional two-level voltage-source converters. It shows, for the first time, that this algorithm can be used for both sinusoidal and multi frequency output voltage generation with two-level inverters, and provides corresponding experimental proofs. The new multidimensional modulation algorithm has a number of properties inherited from the algorithm. Thus, it can be used with converters with any number of phases; it has a low computational cost, and it is suitable for online implementation. The range of the modulation index in the linear region of the algorithm is calculated in this paper, and the technique to extend it when the load has the floating neutral point is outlined. The algorithm is simulated with a five- and a six-phase inverter, and it is compared with the recent multi frequency SVPWM algorithm, which carries the switching vector selection in several dq planes. Experimental results, collected from a five-phase two-motor series-connected drive, are given to verify the theoretical analysis.
106
98. MULTILEVEL INVERTER TO REDUCE COMMON MODE VOLTAGE IN AC MOTOR DRIVES USING SPWM TECHNIQUE
ABSTRACT
In this paper, an approach to reduce common-mode voltage (CMV) at the output of multilevel inverters using a phase opposition disposed (POD) sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique is proposed. The SPWM technique does not require computations therefore, this technique is easy to implement on-line in digital controllers. A good tradeoff between the quality of the output voltage and the magnitude of the CMV is achieved in this paper. This paper realizes the implementation of a POD-SPWM technique to reduce CMV using a five-level diode clamped inverter for a three phase induction motor. Experimental and simulation results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed technique. The diode clamped multilevel structure is more suitable for high and medium voltage drives which are directly connected to the utility power system (direct to drive topology). This topology requires only one ac power supply (with a front end active converter and an inverter at the drive end) therefore; it is very attractive for industrial adjustable speed drives (ASD). The CMV reduction technique is well discussed in many papers using a higher level cascaded H Bridge multilevel inverter and a three-level diode (neutral) clamped inverter. The application of a five-level diode clamped inverter to reduce common mode voltage using POD-PWM has not been reported in literature. A conventional two-level inverter generates CMV which is responsible for a leakage current and the premature failure of motor bearings. A multilevel inverter has the inherent ability to reduce CMV. Simulation and experimental results prove that the PD-SPWM technique reduces the magnitude of CMV to Vdc/6 and that it has a minimum THD in the line voltage and current. The POD-SPWM technique further reduces the magnitude of CMV to Vdc/12 at the cost of an increase in the THD in the line voltage and current. A multilevel inverter reduces the dv/dt in its output voltage and therefore the leakage current is also reduced.
107
99. MULTILEVEL INVERTER, BASED ON MULTI-STAGE CONNECTION OF THREE-LEVEL CONVERTERS, SCALED IN POWER OF THREE.
ABSTRACT
A multi-stage inverter using three-state converters is being analyzed for multipurpose applications, such as active power filters, static var compensators and machine drives for sinusoidal and trapezoidal current applications. The great advantage of this kind of converter is the minimum harmonic distortion obtained. The drawbacks are the isolated power supplies required for each one of the stages of the multiconverter. In this paper this problem has been overcome by using isolated, bidirectional dc power supplies, which are fed from a common power source. This solution becomes practical because only one converter of the chain, called Master, takes more than 80% of the total active power required by the system. The rest of the converters, called Slaves, need very low power, and then those dc supplies are small. Another configuration with common dc supply and output transformers is displayed, and simulation results for different applications are shown and compared with similar results obtained with conventional PWM converters. The control of this multi-converter is being implemented using DSP controllers, which give flexibility to the system. Multi-stage converters work more like amplitude modulation rather than pulse modulation, and this fact makes the outputs of the converter very much cleaner. This way of operation allows having almost perfect currents, and very good voltage waveforms, eliminating most of the undesirable harmonics. And even better, the bridges of each converter work at a very low switching frequency, which gives the possibility to work with low speed semiconductors, and to generate low switching frequency losses. The objective of this paper is to show the advantages of multi-stage converters for \ball kind of applications. The drawbacks of requiring isolated power supplies is solved using different techniques, which depend on the type of application, and based on the fact that the first converter, called Master, takes more than 80% of the total power delivered to the load. A fourstage converter using three-state power modules, which gives 81 different levels of voltage amplitude is studied.
108
The results are compared with conventional PWM modulators working at a switching frequency of 10 kHz. All the load parameters of both types of converters are set at the same values.
109
100. NEURAL-NETWORK-BASED INTEGRATED ELECTRONIC LOAD CONTROLLER FOR ISOLATED ASYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS IN SMALL HYDRO GENERATION
ABSTRACT
This paper deals with a neural-network (NN)-based integrated electronic load controller (IELC) for an isolated asynchronous generator (IAG) driven by a constant-power small hydro uncontrolled turbine feeding three-phase four-wire loads. The proposed IELC utilizes an NN based on the least mean-square algorithm known as adaptive linear element to extract the fundamental component of load currents to control the voltage and the frequency of an IAG with load balancing in an integrated manner. The IELC is realized using zigzag/three single-phase transformers and a six-leg insulated-gate bipolar-transistor-based current controlled voltagesource converter, a chopper switch, and an auxiliary load on its dc bus. The proposed IELC, with the generating system, is modeled and simulated in MATLAB environment using Simulink and Simpower System toolboxes. The simulated results are validated with test results on a developed prototype to demonstrate the effectiveness of IELC for the control of an IAG feeding three-phase four-wire linear/nonlinear balanced/ unbalanced loads with neutral-current compensation. In this paper, the control strategy is a neural-network (NN)- based least mean square (LMS) known as adaptive linear element (adaline) algorithm of an IELC, which has capability of controlling the voltage and its frequency in an integrated manner. The adaline is used to extract the positive-sequence fundamental-frequency component of the load currents to estimate the reference source currents through tracking of the unit vectors together with tuning of the weights. The dc-bus voltage of the voltage-source converter (VSC) of IELC with this type of control strategy is less sensitive to load fluctuations. IELC is used to control the active power (indirectly, to control the frequency) and the reactive power (to control the terminal voltage) of the IAG, and the six-leg VSC also acts as a harmonic eliminator and a load balancer. A set of zigzag three single-phase transformers is used to adjust the voltage to bring the dc-link voltage to an optimum level. The advantage of using the zigzag transformer is to mitigate the zero-sequence currents and triplen harmonics in the primary winding itself, thus reducing the rating of the devices of the VSC. Head office: 2nd floor, Solitaire plaza, beside Image Hospital, Ameerpet, Hyderabad
110
The reduction in the kilo volt ampere rating of the VSC is on the order of 14% as compared with three single phase VSC topology without the zigzag transformer, and its neutral terminal is used for nonlinear and linear unbalanced loads where the neutral current is compensated in the primary windings of the zigzag/three single-phase transformers, keeping the secondary windings free from zero-sequence currents and triplen-harmonic currents. A unipolar switching is used in case of the six-leg VSC (consisting of three H-bridge VSCs), which has the advantage of effecting the doubling of the switching frequency of a pulse width modulation (PWM) voltage as compared with bipolar switching, which is used in a threephase three-leg VSC for any given switching frequency. In a four-leg VSC topology, the fourthleg rating is observed on the order of 150% of the other three legs with nonlinear loads, and the overall VSC rating is larger compared with this proposed topology due to the flow of zerosequence currents and triplen-harmonic currents into the VSC. In a three-leg VSC with midpointcapacitor topology, the balancing of the voltages of the capacitors is a complicated task. Additional PWM circuit, voltage sensor, current sensor, and analog-to-digital converter channels are required in the four-leg VSC topology and the three-leg VSC with midpoint-capacitor topology.
111
101. NEUTRAL-POINT POTENTIAL BALANCING OF THREELEVEL INVERTERS IN DIRECT-DRIVEN WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM
ABSTRACT
With the increase of wind energy conversion system (WECS) capacity, conventional twolevel voltage source converters tend to be replaced gradually by multilevel neutral-point (NP)clamped converters. In this study, the topology of a boost three level (TL) chopper on the front of a TL diode-clamped inverter is used for direct-driven WECSs. The switch-signal phase delay control (SSPDC) is proposed for NP potential balancing of TL inverter based on the characteristics of boost TL chopper. As the boost chopper is also used for maximum power point tracking, the controller with dual PI regulators is designed for the chopper. Parameters of the two PI regulators are determined according to the state space averaging model of the boost TL chopper using SSPDC. In addition, the proposed NP balancing method is compared with two methods based on redundant vector selection. The validity of the proposed method is verified by analysis and simulation results. Boost choppers are often used in some energy conversion systems due to simple topology and control scheme. Especially, the boost TL chopper has some advantages in high power applications such as reduced switching losses and reduced reverse recovery losses of the diode. In this study, a TL diode-clamped converter is used as the grid-side-connected inverter in a WECS, and a boost TL chopper is set on the front of it to provide enough dc-link voltage for inversion at low commutating voltage, which results from low rotating speed.
112
102. NINE-LEVEL INVERTER SYSTEM FOR AN OPEN-END WINDING

ABSTRACT
A Nine level inverter system for an open-end winding induction motor drive is presented in this paper. 9 level inversion is achieved by feeding an open-end winding induction motor with two symmetrical 3-level inverters from both ends. The combined inverter system with open-end winding induction motor produces voltage space phasor locations identical to a 9-level inverter. A total of 4096 space phasor combinations are available in the proposed scheme, distributed over 217 space vector locations. The proposed inverter drive scheme is capable of producing the phase voltage ranging from 2-level to 9-level depending on the depth of modulation. The inverter with the higher DC-link voltage is switching less frequently, compared to the inverter with the lower DC-link voltage. Lowest speed range (with v/f mode operation) with three level inverter A (i.e. inverter-1 & inverter-2 ) is clamped to a state of 8(---)8(---). The motor phase voltage can be (2/9) Vdc, (1/9) Vdc, and 0 are obtained when inverter A is clamped to zero while inverter B is switched to (2/9) Vdc, (1/9) Vdc, and 0. In the middle speed range (i.e. fourth, fifth and sixth levels) inverter A is clamped to its second level (3/9) Vdc, (i.e. inverter-1 is clamped to a state 8(---)) while inverter B is switched to (2/9) Vdc, (1/9) Vdc, and 0. In the higher speed range (i.e. seventh, eighth and ninth levels) inverter A can be clamped to its third level (6/8) Vdc while inverter B is switched to (2/9) Vdc, (1/9) Vdc, and 0. Since inverter-1 and inverter-2 are not switched in the lowest speed range, the switching losses are entirely due to the switching of inverter-3 and inverter-4. Similarly in the middle range, the switching losses are due to the switching of inverter-2, inverter-3 and inverter-4 only. Hence the inverter A is switched less frequently as the inverter operates in all these levels.
113
103. ON CHIP IMPLEMENTATION OF Z- SOURCE INVERTER FED INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE

ABSTRACT
This paper presents an impedance-source inverter fed (or Z source converter) induction motor and its control characteristics compared with other traditional inverters. The impedance source inverter employs a unique impedance network coupled with inverter main circuit and rectifier; it overcomes the conceptual and theoretical barriers and limitations of the traditional voltage-source converter (abbreviated as V-source converter) and current-source converter (abbreviated as I-source converter). By controlling the shoot-through duty cycle, the z-source inverter system provide ride-through capability during voltage sags, reduces line harmonics, improves power factor and high reliability, and extends output voltage range. Simulation and experimental results are presented to demonstrate these features. This paper compares simulation results with experimental results of Z source inverter system. The experimental results are in line with the simulation results. There exist two traditional converters: voltage-source (or voltage-fed) and current-source (or current-fed) converters (or inverters depending on power flow directions). Fig. 1 shows the traditional three-phase voltage-source converter (abbreviated as V-source converter) structure. A DC voltage source supported by a relatively large capacitor feeds the main converter circuit, a three-phase bridge. The dc voltage source can be a battery, fuel-cell stack, diode rectifier, and/or capacitor. Six Switches are used in the main circuit; each is traditionally composed of a power transistor and an anti parallel (or freewheeling) diode to provide bidirectional current flow and unidirectional voltage blocking capability. The V-source converter is widely used. It, however, has the following conceptual and theoretical barriers and limitations.
114
104. ONLINE EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF A FUZZYLOGIC-CONTROLLER-BASED IPMSM DRIVE

ABSTRACT
This paper presents an online loss-minimization algorithm (LMA) for a fuzzy-logiccontroller (FLC)-based interior permanent-magnet synchronous-motor (IPMSM) drive to yield high efficiency and high dynamic performance over a wide speed range. LMA is developed based on the motor model. In order to minimize the controllable electrical losses of the motor and thereby maximize the operating efficiency, the d-axis armature current is controlled optimally according to the operating speed and load conditions. For vector-control purpose, FLC is used as a speed controller, which enables the utilization of the reluctance torque to achieve high dynamic performance as well as to operate the motor over a wide speed range. In order to test the performance of the proposed drive in real time, the complete drive is experimentally implemented using DSP board DS1104 for a prototype laboratory 5-hp motor. The performance of the proposed loss-minimization-based FLC for IPMSM drive is tested in both simulation and experiment at different operating conditions. A performance comparison of the drive with and without the proposed LMA-based FLC is also provided. It is found from the results that the proposed LMA and FLC-based drive demonstrates higher efficiency and better dynamic responses over FLC-based IPMSM drive without LMA. In this paper, an online LMAbased speed-control scheme of IPMSM drive incorporating an FLC has been presented. The LMA was developed based on the motor model. The d-axis armature current was controlled optimally based on the developed LMA to minimize the controllable losses and hence maximized the operating efficiency. The FLC was used as a speed controller, and it helped to extend the operating speed limit of the motor. The LMA was incorporated with the FLC so that the motor can operate over wide speed range while maintaining high efficiency. It is true that some sacrifices were made for the MTPA-based FLC to integrate with the LMA in order to get the benefits of both algorithms.
However, as the proposed IPMSM drive worked fine with stable responses both in simulation and real time, it proves that MTPA and LMA intersect with eachother at some Head office: 2nd floor, Solitaire plaza, beside Image Hospital, Ameerpet, Hyderabad
115
optimum operating point. Thus, it also justifies the stability of the proposed scheme. A performance comparison of the FLC-based IPMSM drive with and without LMA was also provided in the simulation. Simulation results demonstrated the higher efficiency and better dynamic response of the LMA-based drive as compared with that without LMA over a wide speed range. The complete drive was also experimentally implemented using DSP board DS1104. The experimental results also showed high efficiency and high dynamic performance of the proposed FLC and LMA-based IPMSM drive.
116
105. ONLINE OPTIMAL REACTIVE POWER CONTROL STRATEGY OF PV INVERTERS

ABSTRACT
This paper proposes a decentralized nonlinear auto adaptive controller for reducing system losses by the optimal management of the reactive power supplied by the inverters of photovoltaic (PV) units. This ancillary service can be furnished on the base of standard needs or on voluntary basis. The control design is based on an optimization procedure involving the sensitivity theory in conjunction with the Lyapunov function and provides control laws acting as references of the PV inverter local controller. PV inverters must operate in a decoupled manner in order to provide the reactive power imposed by the control law and to transfer the active power produced by PV modules. The experiences and results conducted in an indoor laboratory as well as on an actual distribution network managed by ENEL Distribution S.p.A. demonstrate its effectiveness in reducing system losses. In order to reduce the burden due to the centralization of the controller, in this paper, a decentralized controller that is able to minimize grid losses by actively managing the reactive power supplied by PV inverters is suggested. The controller is based on an artificial dynamic system whose dynamics are explicitly designed to be stable by adopting the Lyapunov theory. Dynamics are also designed to be adequately damped out in order to obtain fast asymptotic convergence to the equilibrium point, with minimal or no oscillations. Owing to the decentralization of the proposed controller, the control laws are locally evaluated at a generating unit level. Moreover, the controller must operate in a decoupled manner in order to preserve the active power deriving from the sunlight conversion. Experimental results are provided considering an industrial inverter modified to allow a decoupled control of the active and reactive power injections.
117
106. PARALLEL OPERATION OF DFIGS IN THREE-PHASE FOUR-WIRE AUTONOMOUS WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM
ABSTRACT
This paper deals with a control algorithm for two parallel-operated doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) driven by wind turbines in a three-phase four-wire autonomous system feeding local loads. The proposed autonomous wind energy conversion system (AWECS) is using back-to-back-connected pulse width-modulated insulated-gate-bipolar-transistor-based voltage source converters with a battery energy storage system at their dc link. The system utilizes separate rotor-side converters for each DFIG for maximum power tracking (MPT) through its rotor speed control. However, a common dc bus and a battery bank and stator-side converter are used for voltage and frequency control at the stator terminals of the DFIGs. A deltastar transformer is connected between the stator-side converter and the stator terminals of DFIGs for optimizing the voltage of dc bus, and the load-side neutral is connected to the neutral of the star side of the transformer. The proposed electromechanical system is modeled and simulated in MATLAB using Simulink and Sim Power Systems set toolboxes. The performance of the proposed AWECS is presented to demonstrate its capability of MPT, stator voltage and frequency control, harmonic elimination, load balancing, and load leveling. A new three-phase four-wire AWECS using parallel operated DFIGs has been designed, modeled, and simulated in MATLAB using Simulink and SPS toolboxes. The performance of the proposed AWECS has been demonstrated under different electrical (consumer load variation) and mechanical (with wind speed variation) dynamic conditions. It has been observed that the AWECS demonstrates satisfactory performance under different dynamic conditions while maintaining constant voltage and frequency. Moreover, it has shown capability of MPT, neutral current compensation, harmonic elimination, and load balancing.
118
107. PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF VSC-BASED SHUNT AND SERIES COMPENSATORS USED FOR LOAD VOLTAGE CONTROL IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
ABSTRACT In this paper, the performance of voltage-source converter-based shunt and series compensators used for load voltage control in electrical power distribution systems has been analyzed and compared, when a nonlinear load is connected across the load bus. The comparison has been made based on the closed-loop frequency response characteristics of the compensated distribution system. A distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) as a shunt device and a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) as a series device are considered in the voltage-control mode for the comparison. The power-quality problems which these compensator address include voltage sags/swells, load voltage harmonic distortions, and unbalancing. The effect of various system parameters on the control performance of the compensator can be studied using the proposed analysis. In particular, the performance of the two compensators are compared with the strong ac supply (stiff source) and weak ac-supply (nonstiff source) distribution system. The experimental verification of the analytical results derived has been obtained using a laboratory model of the single-phase DSTATCOM and DVR. A generalized converter topology using a cascaded multilevel inverter has been proposed for the medium-voltage distribution system. Simulation studies have been performed in the MATLAB/SIMULINK software to verify the results in the three-phase system. In this paper, the performance of the DSTATCOM and the DVR used for the load bus voltage control have been analyzed and compared when a nonlinear load is connected across the load bus. Both of these compensators are used under closed-loop voltage-control mode. The control performance of the compensator and attenuation properties against perturbations has been obtained using closed-loop frequency-response characteristics.
119
108. PERFORMANCE OF VOLTAGE SOURCE MULTILEVEL INVERTER - FED INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE USING SIMULINK
ABSTRACT
This paper deals with performance of voltage source multilevel inverter-fed induction motor drive. A Voltage source inverter (VSI) is compared with multilevel inverter. A conventional Voltage Source Inverter-fed induction motor drive is modelled and simulated using MATLAB simulink and the results are presented. Multilevel inverter employing Selective Harmonic Elimination (SHE) method is also simulated and the corresponding results are presented. The FFT spectrum for the outputs is analyzed to study the reduction in harmonics. The usual technique of overcoming such problems in Voltage Source Inverters (VSIs) is to pulse width modulate the input voltage waveforms. Pulse width modulated voltage source inverters are invariably used for AC/DC/AC conversion to provide a variable ac voltages to the induction motor. However, inverter fed induction motor suffers from the presence of significant amount of harmonics which causes undesired motor heating, torque pulsation and EMI. The reduction in harmonics calls for large sized filters, resulting in increased size and cost of the system. However, the advancements in the field of power electronics and microelectronics made it possible to reduce the magnitude of harmonics with multilevel inverters, in which the number of levels of the inverters are increased rather than increasing the size of the. The performance of multilevel inverters will be better than a classical inverter. The THD for multilevel inverters will be lower than that of a classical inverter. Multilevel inverter fed induction motor drive is simulated using the blocks of Simulink. The results of multilevel inverter system are compared with the results of VSI based drive system. It is observed that the total harmonic distortion produced by the multilevel inverter system is less than that of VSI fed drive system. Therefore the heating due to multilevel inverter system is less than that of VSI fed drive system.
The simulation results of voltage, current, speed and spectrum are presented. This drive system can be used in industries where adjustable speed drives are required to produce output Head office: 2nd floor, Solitaire plaza, beside Image Hospital, Ameerpet, Hyderabad
120
with reduced harmonic content. The scope of this work is the modeling and simulation of multilevel inverter and VSI fed induction motor drive system. Experimental investigations will be done in future. Multilevel inverter system is better than VSI fed drive system due to the reduced value of THD.
121
109. PERFORMANCE INVESTIGATION OF NEURALNETWORK-BASED UNIFIED POWER-QUALITY CONDITIONER

ABSTRACT
The application of artificial intelligence is growing fast in the area of power electronics and drives. The artificial neural network (ANN) is considered as a new tool to design control circuitry for power-quality (PQ) devices. In this paper, the ANN-based controller is designed for the current control of the shunt active power filter and trained offline using data from the conventional proportional-integral controller. A digital-signal-processor-based microcontroller is used for the real-time simulation and implementation of the control algorithm. An exhaustive simulation study is carried out to investigate the performance of the ANN controller and compare its performance with the conventional PI controller results. The system performance is also verified experimentally on a prototype model developed in the laboratory. The performance of the UPQC mainly depends upon how accurately and quickly reference signals are derived. It was observed that the power conditioner compensates for voltage as well as current harmonics. However, its performance using the conventional PI controller was not satisfactory especially with respect to transient conditions. In order to improve its response time, the artificial-intelligence-based ANN controller is proposed, and its performance is analyzed by simulation and experimentally.
122
110. POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER WITH SERIESPARALLEL COMPENSATION APPLIED TO SINGLE-PHASE SYSTEMS
ABSTRACT
This work deals with compensation algorithm schemes used in single-phase Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC), allowing harmonic suppression and sag/swell compensation of the input voltage. In addition, reactive power compensation and harmonic suppression of the input current are also carried out, resulting in an effective power factor correction. Two different operation modes are employed to control the UPQC using Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) based controllers. In the first mode the series converter acts as a sinusoidal current source, while the parallel converter acts as a sinusoidal voltage source. In the second mode, the series\ converter acts as a non-sinusoidal voltage source, while the parallel converter acts as a nonsinusoidal current source. A comparative analysis of the two operation modes is made, in which the advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed. Validation results are presented to confirm the theoretical development and performance of the single-phase UPQC. In this paper, a single-phase UPQC is implemented, which is composed of two single-phase fullbridge PWM converters to perform the series and parallel active power line filter functions. The single-phase UPQC will be implemented adopting two different operation modes. In the first mode, the series converter works as a sinusoidal current source, while the parallel converter also works as a sinusoidal voltage source. In the second mode, the series converter works as a non-sinusoidal voltage source, eliminating utility voltage disturbances, while the parallel converter works as a nonsinusoidal current source eliminating any current harmonics injected from non-linear loads into the power supply system. In both operation modes the output voltage regulation is considered, resulting in output voltage with constant rms value and lower Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). In order to extract the single-phase current and voltage compensation references, necessary to compensate the input current and the output voltage, Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) based controllers are used, in which were adapted to be used for single-phase loads.
123
The coordinates of the unit vector sin and cos, used in SRF-based controllers, are obtained from the single-phase Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) system. A comparative analysis of the two operation modes used to control the UPQC is made, in which their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal characteristics of the voltage and current references generated by the SRF-based controllers are considered. Finally, validation results are presented to confirm the theoretical development of the single-phase UPQC.
124
111. POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT FOR ELECTRICAL SYSTEM FEEDING METRO SUBWAY IN EGYPT
ABSTRACT
In Cairo METRO subway system, diode rectifiers are commonly used in the front end of a power converter as an interface with the electric utility. Rectifiers are nonlinear in nature and, consequently, generate harmonic currents into the ac power source. The nonlinear operation of the diode rectifiers causes highly distorted input current. The non-sinusoidal shape of the input current drawn by the rectifiers causes a number of problems in the sensitive electronic equipment and in the power distribution network. The distorted input current flowing through the system produces distorted voltages at the point of common coupling PCC. The recommended practice, IEEE- 519, and IEC 1000-3 has evolved to maintain utility power quality at acceptable levels. In order to meet IEEE-519 and IEC 1000-3 requirements, a cost-effective and economical solution to mitigate harmonics generated by power electronic equipment is currently of high interest. One approach is to us 12-pulse converter configuration using a phase shift power transformer to achieve low harmonics at the ac line current and low ripple at the dc output voltage. This method is currently used in Metro system rectifier station to improve system power quality .The proposed solution for system power quality improvement in this research is to use the usual 12-pulse converter to achieve 36-pulse source current by using pulse multiplication technique using multi-step reactor with three switching devices. This system reduce THD in the ac source current from 9% to 4.9% and lower ripple in the dc output voltage with the advantage of simple, lower source voltage THD, size, and cost.
125
112. POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN DC DRIVES USING MATLAB/SIMULINK

ABSTRACT
Power Quality (PQ) has become an important topic of discussion and research, especially in a deregulated environment. As per IEEE 519 std. these parameters of power quality measurement, are four in number, of which Total Harmonic Distortion is most widely used. Semiconductor switching devices which are generally used in converter circuits produce significant harmonic voltages as they chop voltage waveforms during the transition between the conducting and cutoff stages. The diode bridge rectifiers/converters are considered as a major contributor to the power system harmonics and the consequences are varying from components overheating to communication interference. Our work links the field of electrical power conversion and electrical drives (DC), where these power converters find applications. Electric drives play an important role in industry as well as our day-to-day life. They are use the electrical power input and provide mechanical work as output. They are also an indispensable part of our daily lives. The applications of DC drives make it undesirable when used in deregulated environment. Hence power quality issues matter a lot in these cases. We extend our work to higher pulse converters (upto 48 Pulse) and determine the power quality parameters in each case. Various reduction methods like LC Passive Filters, Shunt Active Filter, Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation are applied in each case and a clear comparison before and after application of techniques will be brought out. Power Quality related issues, standards concerned with power quality are discussed in detail and various suppression techniques are thus simulated. All the reduction techniques do have its own area of application. Owing to IEEE 519 Std, suitable technique can be adopted. Passive Filters are cheaper and Shunt Active Filters are found to be advantageous than other reduction techniques. Selective Harmonic Elimination Technique can be used to suppress dominant harmonics and thus lower the THD of entire system. With increase in pulse number, the quality of power is found to improve.
126
113. POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF 1- GRIDCONNECTED PWM INVERTER USING FUZZY WITH HYSTERESIS CURRENT CONTROLLER
ABSTRACT
The ever mounting demand of electrical energy and the keen scarcity of conventional energy sources leads to the burgeon of distributed generation (DG) system. The main abstruse is the harmonization of the DG to the utility grid. Generally current regulated PWM voltage-source inverters (VSI) are used for synchronizing the utility grid with DG source in order to meet the following objectives: 1) To ensure grid stability 2) active and reactive power control through voltage and frequency control 3) power quality improvement (i.e. harmonic elimination) etc. In this paper, fuzzy with hysteresis controller is proposed to enhance the power quality by diminishing current error at higher band width. The studied system is modeled and simulated in the MATLAB/Simulink environment and the results obtained are compared with conventional hysteresis controller. The single-phase grid connected inverter shown in Fig.1.Which is composed of a dc voltage source (VDC), four switches (S1-S4), a filter inductor (Lf) and utility grid (Vg). In inverter-based DG, the produced voltage from inverter must be higher than the Vg in order to assure power flow to grid. Since Vg is uncontrollable, the only way of controlling the operation of the system is by controlling the current that is following into the grid. The paper presents the control grid connected PWM VSI using fuzzy with hysteresis controller in the control loop. From the study we observed that, fuzzy with hysteresis current controller can able to enhance the power quality of the grid system as it is enable to reduce switching frequency even if the band width increased without any significant increase in the current error. As a result, the THD level of grid current is considerably reduced as compared to conventional hysteresis current controller. Moreover, switching frequency of the inverter system has been reduced, in that in turn, switching losses are also reduced to certain extent.
127
114. POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF WIND TURBINES USING DOUBLY-FED INDUCTION MACHINES
ABSTRACT
A novel approach to modeling doubly-fed induction machines facing (distorted) ac power networks is presented. It takes place in the frequency-domain and is based on frequency coupling matrices using tensor algebra. Benefits of this comprehensible and fast modeling approach are demonstrated by establishing a feed-forward control signal that reduces stator current harmonics and torque ripple thereby improving the network compatibility and reducing the stress on the mechanical drive train. Dynamic simulations using PSCAD/EMTDC and MATLAB/Simulink are presented demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed modeling approach and the feedforward compensation scheme. The transfers of the doubly-fed induction are derived for a given operating point around which the non-linear set of equations is linearised. The resulting transfers are subsequently transformed into the frequency-domain and represented through frequency coupling matrices using tensors. The benefits of representing the doubly-fed induction machine through frequency coupling matrices are twofold: firstly, the modelling approach uses only linear algebra. Thus it is extremely fast. Secondly, it is very comprehensible in terms of harmonic generation and propagation. The latter provides an excellent insight into the mechanisms through which harmonics are transformed and generated. This was used to implement a feed-forward control scheme that significantly reduces stator current harmonics and torque oscillations in the presence of stator voltage distortions. Appropriate rotor voltage injections can be easily computed if the stator voltage contains more than one harmonic component, since the feed-forward control strategy is based on a linear model. The reduction of stator current harmonics improves the network compatibility. The reduction of electric torque pulsations reduces the mechanical stress of the drive train. Both are particularly important for wind power applications that are likely to be connected to the public grid at the medium voltage level, and where the gear-box is the component which is most likely to fail.
128
115. POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT USING A FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL OF A SERIES ACTIVE FILTER
ABSTRACT
A fuzzy logic controller (FLC) with fast reference voltage generation to correct and regulate unbalance voltage in three-phase system is proposed. The compensation algorithm is not based on three symmetrical component decomposition so the controller can yield a fast response that is essential in such a critical real time control work. The reference voltage is fed to the FLC , which is a robust closed loop controller. The proposed algorithm and control scheme of series active filter may correct and regulate unbalance voltage in three-system under different conditions of the utility supply. The proposed SAF is composed of a three-phase PWM voltage source inverter injecting compensation voltage through three separate 1- transformers. The output of inverter is connected to a second order filter to eliminate high frequency caused by the switching action of the inverter. The secondary winding of each transformer is connected in series with each phase of the power supply. In this study, a fuzzy controller with fast reference voltage generation to regulate Unbalance voltage in three-phase system is presented and analyzed. The algorithm avoids the computational load by symmetrical components decomposition. The simulation results show a very good performance of the proposed algorithm and control scheme under arbitrary fault conditions of the utility supply.
129
116. POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

ABSTRACT
Power quality has become an important factor in power systems, for consumer and household appliances with proliferation of various electric/ electronic equipment and computer systems. The main causes of a poor power quality are harmonic currents, poor power factor, supply voltage variations, etc. In recent years the demand for the quality of electric power has been increased rapidly. Power quality problems have received a great attention nowadays because of their impacts on both utilities and customers. Voltage sag, swell, momentary interruption, under voltages, over voltages, noise and harmonics are the most common power quality disturbances. This paper proposes a new connection for a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) to improve the power quality of two feeders in a distribution system. This paper illustrates how UPQC can improve the power quality by mitigating all these PQ disturbances. The proposed configuration of the UPQC is developed and verified for various Power Quality disturbances by simulating the model using PSCAD/EMTDC. The disturbances considered here are according to IEC Electromagnetic Compatibility Standards. This paper presents the new connection for UPQC. i.e. INTERLINE UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER (IUPQC) which is the most sophisticated mitigating device for the power quality disturbances. It was firstly introduced to mitigate the current harmonics and voltage disturbances. The main aim of the IUPQC is to hold the voltages Vt1 and Vt2 constant against voltage sag/swell/any power disturbances in either of the feeders. Many contributions were introduced to modify the configurations and the control algorithms to enhance its performance.
130
117. POWER SYSTEM VOLTAGE REGULATION VIA STATCOM INTERNAL NONLINEAR CONTROL
ABSTRACT
A new internal STATCOM control based on feedback linearization is proposed. The feedback linearization controller is developed without any simplifying assumptions to the STATCOM model. The proposed control is validated on the IEEE 118-bus system with fullorder generator and network models as opposed to a small test system. Furthermore, the proposed control is benchmarked against published results. Lastly controllability issues associated with a singularity in the feedback linearization control (FBLC) coordinate transformation is identified, and a solution is provided to avoid instability. In this paper, we extend the previous work in STATCOM FBLC in several significant ways. First, we apply the FBLC to the standard STATCOM model without making any simplifying assumptions. Secondly, we validate the proposed control on the IEEE 118-bus system with full-order generator and network models as opposed to a small test system. Thirdly, we compare the proposed control against benchmarked results, and lastly we identify controllability issues associated with a singularity in the FBLC coordinate transformation and propose a solution to avoid instability. Both power systems and STATCOMs are inherently nonlinear; thus, nonlinear control will typically provide better controllability and performance. In this paper, a new nonlinear control for the STATCOM is proposed. At the internal level, the proposed nonlinear control is based on feedback linearization and is general enough that it can be extended to the control of any voltage source converter. The nonlinear simulation results show that the proposed control exhibits more effective performance regardless of operating condition including small load change, large load change, and threephase short circuits, when compared with traditional PI controls. Additionally, it was shown that the choice of the reference frame for the nonlinear control can avoid any potential singularity
induced bifurcations in the algebraic manifold.
131
118. PREDICTIVE CURRENT CONTROL IMPLEMENTATION IN THE SENSOR LESS INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE
ABSTRACT
A speed sensor less control system for an induction motor with predictive current controller is presented. The whole control does not require measurements of the motor speed and motor flux. A closed loop observer system with robustness against parameters variation is used for the control approach. The proposed observer computes the required state variables correctly in wide frequency range. In the system predictive current controller based on the computation of back electromagnetic force by the observer is implemented. In case of motor choke use, the choke parameters are added to predictive current controller algorithm. It is shown that the choke inductance has to be taken into account in predictive controller. The whole proposed control idea makes the system practically insensitive to the changes of motor parameters, even at very low frequency. It is proved that the drive system is applicable to the high dynamic performance and wide range of rotor speed. The description of test bench is included. The obtained simulation and experimental results confirm the good properties of the proposed speed sensor less induction motor drive. In this paper PCC is implemented in the IM speed sensor less system with field oriented control method. In the FOC system instead of linear PI current controllers, predictive current controllers may be used. The current control algorithm previously presented was modified by using the observer system instead of simple load model. With such approach, better results were recorded. To avoid the system complication for the PCC, the back EMF calculation was integrated to flux and speed observer for FOC IM drive. In this paper, new results as well as the new solution for integration of a motor choke in the current controller are presented. The proposed drive is speed sensorless and robust on motor parameters changes. The obtained results confirm that the system works properly without parameters estimation, even in very low speed ranges. Both simulation and experimental investigations for 5.5 kW IM drive are presented.
132
119. PRIMARY-SIDE-CONVERTER-ASSISTED SOFTSWITCHING SCHEME FOR AN AC/AC CONVERTER IN A CYCLO-CONVERTER-TYPE HIGH-FREQUENCY-LINK INVERTER
ABSTRACT
Emerging trends of high-power-density power electronics interfaces for renewable- and alternative-energy sources have led to the need for high-frequency-inverter designs without compromising energy-conversion efficiency. In that context, a zero-voltage-switching (ZVS)based scheme is described in this letter, for a Cycloconverters-type high-frequency-link inverter, which is applicable for renewable- and alternative-energy sources as well as other commercial applications. The proposed scheme achieves the primary-side-converter-assisted switching of the ac/ac converter switches under ZVS condition. The modes of operation of the ac/ac converter are explained to outline the behavioral response. The results on the efficacy of the ZVS-based inverter and its performance show satisfactory performances. A new ZVS scheme for the ac/ac converter of a CHFL inverter has been outlined in this letter. By mitigating the device switching loss, the ZVS scheme enables one to potentially choose power MOSFETs with lower ON-state resistance at the price of slightly higher output capacitance. Unlike the schemes outlined in [17][20], where a diode and an active device (e.g., MOSFET or IGBT) conduct during the transition and the ON-states, in the ZVS scheme, the diode only plays a small role during the transition. As such, the reverse recovery of the diode during the transition is reduced. These loss-mitigating mechanisms yield an improvement in the inverter (i.e., dc/ac converter followed by the ac/ac converter) efficiency of over 2% at the rated power and over 3% at around 20% of the rated power using the ZVS scheme. Aside from demonstrating the inverter efficiency using the ZVS scheme, we have also demonstrated the output-voltage yield and THD. They clearly show that a higher voltage and slightly better THD are yielded using the ZVS scheme due to higher efficiency and soft switching transition.
133
120. QUASI-Z-SOURCE-BASED ISOLATED DC/DC CONVERTERS FOR DISTRIBUTED POWER GENERATION

ABSTRACT
This paper presents new step-up dc/dc converter topologies intended for distributed power generation systems. The topologies contain a voltage-fed quasi-Z-source inverter with continuous input current on the primary side, a single-phase isolation transformer, and a voltage doubler rectifier (VDR). To increase the power density of the converter, a three-phase auxiliary ac link (a three-phase inverter and a three-phase isolation transformer) and a three-phase VDR are proposed to be implemented. This paper describes the operation principles of the proposed topologies and analyzes the theoretical and experimental results. This paper is devoted to a new power circuit topology to be implemented in the front-end dc/dc converter for distributed power generation. The topology proposed contains a voltage-fed quasi-Z-source inverter (qZSI) with continuous input current at the converter input side, a high-frequency stepup isolation transformer, and a voltage doubler rectifier (VDR). In contrast to earlier presented topologies, the novel converter provides such advantages as increased reliability, isolation transformer with reduced turns ratio, and reduced impact on the FC due to continuous input current. To improve the power density of the converter, the topology with a three phase intermediate ac link is discussed in the final section of this paper.
134
121. RELIABLE, EFFECTIVE AND EFFICIENT OPERATION OF DG SOURCE FOR POWER FLOW CONTROL IN COORDINATION WITH MAIN UTILITY NETWORK AT COMMON LOAD BUS USING STATIC DEVICE
ABSTRACT
This research work examines reliable, effective and efficient operation of DG source in coordination with main utility network using static device, so that consumer is optimally benefited. The investigation made in our research work reveals that utility can achieve the required loading level and at the same time, it can improve the system power factor, or regulate the Point of common coupling (PCC) /common load bus voltage while mitigating harmonics and correcting unbalance. The response time and stabilization time of DG source, both are reduced with the help of static device/UPFC. Therefore Flexible Dispersed Generation (FDG) with the help of UPFC enhances the performance of distribution networks. In turn, the FDG is competitive in the new restructured market. A technique of power flow control is proposed along with simulation studies, so that power flowing from utility supply side to the common load bus can be controlled economically, effectively and efficiently in the presence of DG. The control of power flow from Main/utility supply and DG source to common load bus is such that, load does not sense any king of disturbance. The studies are performed based on well known software package
MATLAB/Simpower tool box The work proposes use of static/FACT device, Unified power flow controller (UPFC) to control power flow at load bus by utility in coordination with DG source so that response time taken by DG source to share load with utility and transients that appears in initial seconds are reduced.
135
122. REAL TIME COORDINATION OF PLUG-IN ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING IN SMART GRIDS TO MINIMIZE POWER LOSSES AND IMPROVE VOLTAGE PROFILE
ABSTRACT
This paper proposes a novel load management solution for coordinating the charging of multiple plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) in a smart grid system. Utilities are becoming concerned about the potential stresses, performance degradations and overloads that may occur in distribution systems with multiple domestic PEV charging activities. Uncontrolled and random PEV charging can cause increased power losses, overloads and voltage fluctuations, which are all detrimental to the reliability and security of newly developing smart grids. Therefore, a real-time smart load management (RT-SLM) control strategy is proposed and developed for the coordination of PEV charging based on real-time (e.g., every 5 min) minimization of total cost of generating the energy plus the associated grid energy losses. The approach reduces generation cost by incorporating time-varying market energy prices and PEV owner preferred charging time zones based on priority selection. The RT-SLM algorithm appropriately considers random plug-in of PEVs and utilizes the maximum sensitivities selection (MSS) optimization. This approach enables PEVs to begin charging as soon as possible considering priority-charging time zones while complying with network operation criteria (such as losses, generation limits, and voltage profile). Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the performance of SLM for the modified IEEE 23 kV distribution system connected to several low voltage residential networks populated with PEVs.
136
123. REDUCING THD IN HYBRID MULTILEVEL INVERTER WITH VARYING VOLTAGE STEPS UNDER SPACE VECTOR MODULATION
ABSTRACT
Multilevel inverters can be widely applied in industries. Different modulation techniques have been proposed to control the multilevel inverter. This paper proposes a new algorithm for hybrid multilevel inverters with unequal voltage steps under the space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM). The SVPWM can be applied practically in hybrid multilevel inverters with different voltage steps; it can be applied to most multilevel topologies. A scheme is presented to identify the center of a sub hexagon containing the reference space vector. The reference space vector is mapped to the innermost sub hexagon, using the center of the sub hexagon. The algorithm offers an intuitive method for minimizing the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output voltage of the inverter and the proposed techniques lead to a significant reduction in THD. Finally, the algorithm was implemented on a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) and the scheme is explained for a five level inverter, and experimental results are presented for a five level inverter. A novel SVPWM algorithm is proposed in this paper by which the switching angles are calculated in real time for hybrid multilevel inverters with unequal or varying voltage steps. The vector at the center of the sub hexagon containing the reference space vector was directly identified and the reference space vector is mapped to the innermost sub hexagon, and the switching vectors for the two-level inverters are generated. The voltage THD is minimized with the new expression in the proposed algorithm. The computational time is small and so the DSP can handle it easily in real time. Thus the minimization of the voltage THD and the real time calculating ability make the proposed algorithm attractive in hybrid multilevel inverters with unequal or varying voltage steps and SVPWM scheme is implemented on TMS320C6701DSP platform. Experimental results are presented for five-level inverter and the performance of the proposed algorithm is verified.
137
124. REVERSING THE POWER FLOW IN THE LOOPED ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION NETWORK BY USING A CASCADED H-BRIDGE D-SSSC
ABSTRACT
In new configuration of electrical distribution network the distributed generation is connected directly to the medium voltage link. For achieving the total generation of DGs the distribution network radial configuration is changed to the loop or meshed configuration by using a power electronic device in the connection point to control the power flow. Distribution Static Synchronous Series Compensator (D-SSSC) is able to control the power flow between two feeders from different substations. Thanks to use the multilevel converter topology, D-SSSC is connected directly to the line, omitting bulky transformer. Cascaded H-bridge is the best option for this kind of realization. Controlling the power flow in new configuration of electrical distribution system is source of advantages. One of the great impacts of D-SSSC is balancing the power flows of connected feeders, avoiding congestion of feeders and cables damages. This system sometimes needs to reverse the power flow in the line despite of the phase angle between the feeders. The conventional SSSC control strategy uses current phase to inject a voltage in phase with the current to maintain the DC bus voltage at its reference value and a quadratic component to control the power flow. This control strategy is fail to operation while the power reference is reversing due to loosing the current phase track at low and zero line current. In this paper the feasibility of a DSSSC for reversing the power flow is discussed and a new control strategy based on voltage phase track is introduced. In this paper the electrical distribution system modeling for reversing the power flow is discussed and a new control strategy based on tracking the phase of feeder voltage is proposed. The feasibility of this method to reverse the power flow is demonstrated via simulation results. A real part of Tehran electrical distribution network is used for simulation results.
138
125. SIMPLE LOW-COST HYSTERETIC CONTROLLER FOR MULTIPHASE SYNCHRONOUS BUCK CONVERTERS
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a novel hysteretic controller for a multiphase synchronous buck converter supplying low voltage, high current, and high slew-rate loads. The control scheme implements the main control functions for powering such demanding loads, including outputvoltage regulation, adaptive voltage positioning, current sharing, and phase interleaving. This paper also describes a control-design methodology based on output impedance analysis. This design leads to optimal output-voltage transient response with a simple and low-cost control implementation. Simulation and experimental results are reported in order to validate the features of the novel control scheme. This paper presents a hysteretic controller that performs all necessary control functions for multiphase synchronous buck converters, including OVR, AVP, current sharing, and phase interleaving. The analog circuits implementing these functions have been selected keeping in mind simplicity, low cost, and high performance as main objectives. Moreover, a control-design methodology based on the closed-loop output-impedance analysis is also reported. Applying the sliding-mode-control theory, a generalized expression of the closed-loop output impedance is derived. Then, by a proper selection of the control parameters, constant resistive output impedance is accomplished. As a result, the transient response is optimal. A novel hysteretic control scheme for multiphase synchronous buck converter has been presented. An analysis based on the closedloop output impedance has been carried out in order to design OVR, AVP, and current-sharing control functions. Selected experimental results demonstrate that an optimal output-voltage transient response is accomplished through a suitable selection and design of the control parameters. From a practical point of view, the lack of current sensing and processing circuitry in the controller allows for a simple and low-cost implementation of the AVP and current sharing with outstanding performance. The injection of an external synchronization signal has been proved to be a simple alternative in order to implement fixed switching frequency and phase interleaving operation. A performance and cost comparison with other multiphase controllers has been also included. Head office: 2nd floor, Solitaire plaza, beside Image Hospital, Ameerpet, Hyderabad
139
As a conclusion, we can assert that the proposed controller achieves similar characteristics to the high-performance controllers intended for powering low-voltage, highcurrent, and fast transient loads but with the additional advantage of simplicity and low-cost circuit implementation.
140
126. SIMPLIFIED FUZZY CONTROL FOR FLUX-WEAKENING SPEED CONTROL OF IPMSM DRIVE
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a simplified fuzzy logic-based speed control scheme of an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) above the base speed using a flux-weakening method. In this work, nonlinear expressions of d-axis and q-axis currents of the IPMSM have been derived and subsequently incorporated in the control algorithm for the practical purpose in order to implement fuzzy-based flux-weakening strategy to operate the motor above the base speed. The fundamentals of fuzzy logic algorithms as related to motor control applications are also illustrated. A simplified fuzzy speed controller (FLC) for the IPMSM drive has been designed and incorporated in the drive system to maintain high performance standards. The efficacy of the proposed simplified FLC-based IPMSM drive is verified by simulation at various dynamic operating conditions. The simplified FLC is found to be robust and efficient. Laboratory test results of proportional integral (PI) controller-based IPMSM drive have been compared with the simulated results of fuzzy controller-based flux-weakening IPMSM drive system. In this paper, a new approach for fuzzy logic-based algorithm of flux-weakening method has been applied for the speed control of IPMSM drive above the base speed. In this work, relatively simpler expressions of d- and q-axis currents have been derived and incorporated in the IPMSM drive system. Simplified fuzzy controller for the IPMSM has also been designed and implemented through simulation.
141
127. SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF A MULTILEVEL CONVERTER TOPOLOGY FOR SOLAR PV BASED GRID CONNECTED INVERTER
ABSTRACT
There has been a noticeable increase in use of Solar PV based systems for power generation, given its renewable nature. A solar PV based grid tie inverters are used for dc-ac conversion. The conventional line commutated ac-to-dc inverters have square-shaped line current which contains higher-order harmonics. The line current with the high harmonic contents generates EMI and moreover it causes more heating of the core of distribution/power transformers. Alternatively, PWM based inverters using MOSFET/IGBT switches are also used for the same purpose. However, apart from higher switching losses, the power handling capability and reliability of these devices are quite low in comparison to thyristors/SCR. Nevertheless, the conventional thyristor based forced commutated inverters are not suitable for PWM applications due to the problems of commutation circuits. A pure sinusoidal line current or waveform with low harmonic contents is the most desirable. In the present work, a multilevel line commutated inverter topology has been proposed and analyzed which improves the wave shape and hence reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the line current in a grid tie line commutated inverter. The scheme has successfully been implemented and tested. Moreover, the performance of the proposed topology is far better than the conventional line-commutated inverter. It reduces THD, losses, switching stress and EMI. Multilevel inverter for three levels has successfully been implemented. A thorough study has been made to obtain optimal performance with battery as dc source and can be extended for solar PV modules. With reduced THD and features of multilevel inverter, it will to be a better replacement for square wave inverter in various distributed system connected to the grid.
142
128. SIMULATION SINGLE PHASE SHUNT ACTIVE FILTER BASED ON P-Q TECHNIQUE USING MATLAB/SIMULINK DEVELOPMENT TOOLS ENVIRONMENT
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a single phase shunt active power filter based on instantaneous power theory. The active filter will be connected directly to utility in order to reduce THD of load current, in this case the utility is TNB. The instantaneous power theory also known as p-q theory is used for three phase active filter and this paper proves that the p-q theory can also be implemented for single phase active filter. Since the system has only single phase signal for both voltage and current, thus the dummy signal with 120 different angels must be generated for input of the p-q theory. The p-q technique will generate six signals PWM for switching IGBT, but only two of the signals will be used to control the switching IGBT. The simulation results are on MATLAB/Simulink environment tools presented in order to demonstrate the performance of the current load on single phase shunt active power filter. A simulation of single phase shunt active filter is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink. The non-linear load with 3KVA for compensation is connected before single phase diode rectifier. There are some advantages of implementing shunt active filter on grid power system since it can be installed at housing estate or others system that using single phase grid power system. The aim of this paper is to implement the p-q theory in single phase shunt active filter connected directly to gird power system. The technique is simulated by using
MATLAB/Simulink simulation development tools environment.
143
129. SINGLE-PHASE SEVEN-LEVEL GRID-CONNECTED INVERTER FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

ABSTRACT
This paper proposes a single-phase seven-level inverter for grid-connected photovoltaic systems, with a novel pulse width-modulated (PWM) control scheme. Three reference signals that are identical to each other with an offset that is equivalent to the amplitude of the triangular carrier signal were used to generate the PWM signals. The inverter is capable of producing seven levels of output-voltage levels (Vdc, 2Vdc/3, Vdc/3, 0,Vdc,2Vdc/3,Vdc/3) from the dc supply voltage. A digital proportionalintegral current-control algorithm was implemented in a TMS320F2812 DSP to keep the current injected into the grid sinusoidal. The proposed system was verified through simulation and implemented in a prototype. This paper recounts the development of a novel modified H-bridge single-phase multilevel inverter that has two diode embedded bidirectional switches and a novel pulse width modulated (PWM) technique. The topology was applied to a grid-connected photovoltaic system with considerations for a maximum-power-point tracker (MPPT) and a current-control algorithm. Multilevel inverters offer improved output waveforms and lower THD. This paper has presented a novel PWM switching scheme for the proposed multilevel inverter. It utilizes three reference signals and a triangular carrier signal to generate PWM switching signals. The behavior of the proposed multilevel inverter was analyzed in detail. By controlling the modulation index, the desired number of levels of the inverters output voltage can be achieved. A TMS320F2812 DSP optimized the performance of the inverter. The less THD in the sevenlevel inverter compared with that in the five- and three-level inverters is an attractive solution for grid-connected PV inverters.
144
130. SMART PARK AS A VIRTUAL STATCOM

ABSTRACT
Power electronic-based FACTS devices such as STATCOMs are sometimes essential for voltage support in transmission networks. They can also be used for continuous operation of doubly-fed induction generator-based wind turbines during faults. However, these devices are quite expensive and therefore cannot be used extensively. This paper explores the potential of a low-cost solution that utilizes the reactive power and voltage support capabilities of plug-in vehicles parked in charging stations (Smart Parks) so that they can behave as virtual STATCOMs. For this solution, a 12-bus multi machine power system is considered wherein one of the conventional units is replaced by a 400 MW wind farm. Twelve Smart Parks are developed and integrated into the test system. First, they are connected to a weak bus in the system and used in voltage control mode. Their performance is compared with a STATCOM of a similar rating. Next, the Smart Parks are connected to the wind farm bus, and a coordinated reactive power control strategy is proposed to improve the faultride-through capability of the wind farm without exceeding the current limits of rotor and gridside converters. The entire study is carried out in real time on a real-time digital simulator platform. A novel idea to exploit the reactive power capabilities of a large number of plug-in vehicles in Smart Parks and utilizing the aggregation as a virtual STATCOM has been presented in this paper. First, a methodical analysis is carried out to obtain a realistic assessment of the reactive power capability of a commercially available hybrid vehicle battery. From there, an aggregated Smart Park model is developed on a real-time digital simulator platform, and 12 such Smart Park models are integrated into a 12-bus power system. The Smart Parks performance is compared with that of an actual STATCOM under various contingencies. Finally, a coordinated reactive power support strategy between the Smart Parks and the grid-side converter of the wind farm is presented to improve the fault-ride-through capability of the wind farm while maintaining the continuity of service and without violating the grid-side reactive power and current limits.
145
131. A SPACE VECTOR PWM SCHEME FOR THREE LEVEL INVERTERS BASED ON TWO-LEVEL SPACE VECTOR PWM
ABSTRACT
Multilevel inverters are increasingly being used in high-power medium voltage applications due to their superior performance compared to two-level inverters. Among various modulation techniques for a multilevel inverter, the space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) is widely used. The complexity is due to the difficulty in determining the location of the reference vector, the calculation of on times, and the determination and selection of switching states. This paper proposes a general SVPWM algorithm for multilevel inverters based on standard two-level SVPWM. Since the proposed multilevel SVPWM method uses two-level modulation to calculate the on-times, the computation of on-times for an n-level inverter becomes easier. The proposed method uses a simple mapping to achieve the SVPWM for a multilevel inverter. A general nlevel implementation is explained, and experimental results are given for two-level and threelevel inverters. A simple MATLAB/ Simulink model is presented to implement SVPWM for three phase VSI. A brief view of the VSI model is also reported based on space vector representation. A MATLAB/ Simulink based model for implementation of SVPWM is presented. The step by step model gives an insight into the SVPWM. By varying the magnitude of the input reference different modulation index can be achieved.
146
132. SPEED CONTROL OF SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTOR USING FUZZY SLIDING MODE
ABSTRACT
In this paper, a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is designed, based on the similarity between the FLC and the sliding mode control (SMC), for a class of nonlinear system to tackle the nonlinear control problems with modeling uncertainties, plant parameters variations and external disturbances. The proposed scheme gives fast dynamic response with no overshoot and zero steady-state error. To show the validity and the effectiveness of the control method, simulations are performed for the speed control of a switched reluctance motor. The simulation results show that the controller designed is more effective than the conventional sliding mode controller in enhancing the robustness of control systems with high accuracy. In this paper, we designed a sliding mode like FLC based on the similarity between the FLC and the sliding mode control. The proposed method permits us to use more formalized engineering type of knowledge to construct the FLC with fast self tuning the dead zone parameters (boundary layer thickness) under parameter variations in the controlled system. The different simulation results obtained show the high robustness of the controller in presence of the parameters variation as the resistances, the moment of inertia or the load. The control of speed gives fast dynamic response. The decoupling, stability and convergence to equilibrium point are verified
147
133. SYNCHRONOUS-REFERENCE-FRAME-BASED CONTROL METHOD FOR UPQC UNDER UNBALANCED AND DISTORTED LOAD CONDITIONS
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a new synchronous-reference frame (SRF)-based control method to compensate power-quality (PQ) problems through a three-phase four-wire unified PQ conditioner (UPQC) under unbalanced and distorted load conditions. The proposed UPQC system can improve the power quality at the point of common coupling on power distribution systems under unbalanced and distorted load conditions. The simulation results based on MATLAB/Simulink are discussed in detail to support the SRF-based control method presented in this paper. The proposed approach is also validated through experimental study with the UPQC hardware prototype. In this paper, the proposed synchronous-reference-frame (SRF)-based control method for the UPQC system is optimized without using transformer voltage, load, and filter current measurement, so that the numbers of the current measurements are reduced and the system performance is improved. In the proposed control method, load voltage, source voltage, and source current are measured, evaluated, and tested under unbalanced and distorted load conditions using MATLAB/Simulink software. The proposed SRF-based method is also validated through experimental study. This paper describes a new SRF-based control strategy used in the UPQC, which mainly compensates the reactive power along with voltage and current harmonics under non ideal mains voltage and unbalanced load-current conditions. The proposed control strategy uses only loads and mains voltage measurements for the series APF, based on the SRF theory. The conventional methods require the measurements of load, source, and filter currents for the shunt APF and source and injection transformer voltage for the series APF. The simulation results show that, when under unbalanced and nonlinear load-current conditions, the aforementioned control algorithm eliminates the impact of distortion and unbalance of load current on the power line, making the power factor unity. Meanwhile, the series APF isolates the loads and source voltage in unbalanced and distorted load conditions, and the shunt APF compensates reactive power, neutral current, and Head office: 2nd floor, Solitaire plaza, beside Image Hospital, Ameerpet, Hyderabad
148
harmonics and provides three-phase balanced and rated currents for the mains. Experimental results obtained from a laboratory model of 10 kVA, along with a theoretical analysis, are shown to verify the viability and effectiveness of the proposed SRF-based UPQC control method.
149
134. TCSC DAMPING CONTROLLER DESIGN BASED ON SELF LEARNING FUZZY CONTROLLER TECHNIQUES
ABSTRACT
Application of self learning fuzzy (SLFLC) controller to TCSC device for improving damping inter-area modes of oscillations is investigated. The SLFLC plus integral term utilizing sensitivity technique is synthesized by learning that is actuated after completion of the main learning algorithm. The paper considers the conventional PID controller and compares its performance with respect to the proposed SLFLC controller. numerous abnormal conditions like fault and load disturbance simulation results are presented to emphasize the efficiency of the proposed TCSC controller in a TNB 25 bus system.. This article presents a design and control of an SLFLC organized for TCSC in a multimachine power system .by means of a model reference-based and a sensitivity model based learning mechanism. In the presence of a proportional controller in parallel to the SLFLC, learning starts from a blank fuzzy rule-table, and proceeds after each run of the system by adding centroid increments to fuzzy output subsets of the activated fuzzy control rules.
150
135. THD REDUCTION IN PERFORMANCE OF MULTI-LEVEL INVERTER FED INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE
ABSTRACT
Multi-level voltage source inverters offer several advantages such as a better output voltage with reduced total harmonic distortion (THD), reduction of voltage ratings of the power semiconductor switching devices and also the reduced electro-magnetic interference problems etc. This paper presents the application of simplified space vector modulation (SVM) method for three-level, five-level and seven-level diode clamped inverters feeding a three-phase Induction motor. The space vector diagram of the multi-level inverter is decomposed into six space vector diagrams of two-level inverters. This paper compares total harmonic distortion values of voltage and current waveforms of Induction motor to the conventional two-level inverter drive using diode clamped multi-level inverter (Three, five and seven level). Although these methods propose general SVPWM algorithms for multilevel inverter, the coordinate transformations used in these algorithms are somewhat complicated. In [9], a new simplified space vector pulse width modulation (SVM) method for three-level inverter is proposed. In this paper, a simple SVPWM method for three level, above three-level inverter and comparison of total harmonic distortion presented. By using the new SVPWM strategy, effective time calculation and switching sequence selection are easily done like conventional two-level inverter. Simulation studies are carried out using 3-Phase, 50HP, 400V, 50Hz, and 1500RPM induction machine.
151
136. THREE-ARM AC AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR

ABSTRACT
In this paper, a novel ac automatic voltage regulator (AVR) is proposed. This AVR is configured by an input inductor, an output filter, a small-capacitance dc capacitor, and a threearm power converter. This three-arm power converter acts as an ac boost converter when the utility voltage is lower than the specified voltage. On the contrary, this three-arm power converter acts as an ac buck converter when the utility voltage is higher than the specified voltage. Hence, the output voltage of the AVR can be maintained at the specified voltage. The salient feature of this AVR is that the power electronic switches of only one arm are switched in high frequency, while those of the other arms are switched in low frequency. Hence, the switching loss of this AVR can be reduced. Moreover, the capacitance of the dc capacitor in the three-arm power converter is very small. Hence, the size and cost can be reduced, while the reliability and power efficiency can be increased. A prototype is developed and tested to verify the performance of the proposed AVR. The experimental results verify that the proposed AVR has the desired performance. This paper proposes a novel three-arm AVR. The proposed three-arm AVR acts as an ac boost converter when the utility voltage is lower than the specified voltage, and it acts as an ac buck converter when the utility voltage is higher than the specified voltage. Hence, the output voltage of the AVR can be maintained at the specified voltage. The power demanded by the load is directly supplied by the conversion results of the power converter (ac to ac). In comparison with the conventional three arm power converter which requires double conversion (ac to dc and dc to ac), the proposed three-arm AVR requires only a single conversion. Moreover, the power electronic switches in only one arm of the three-arm power converter are switched in high frequency, while those of the other arms are switched in low frequency. The switching power loss is reduced, and no transformer is required. In comparison with the conventional three-arm AVR with a constant dc bus voltage, the dc bus voltage of the proposed three-arm AVR is a full-wave rectified voltage. Hence, the use of a large dc capacitor in sustaining a constant dc voltage is avoided, and only a small dc capacitor is employed to act as a snubber and filter circuit.
152
Consequently, the proposed three-arm AVR has the advantages of reduced installation cost and volume, as well as increased reliability and power efficiency. To verify the performance of the proposed three-arm AVR, a prototype is developed and tested.
153
137. TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF A WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM USED AS ACTIVE FILTER
ABSTRACT
This paper details the transient operation of a wind energy conversion system (WECS) used simultaneously as an active filter and power generator. This study is intended to address the system response to two types of transient phenomena: voltage dips (fast transients) and wind speed variations (slow transients). The system response to voltage dips is governed by the electrical system dynamics and control method and results in the evaluation of the WECS lowvoltage ride through capability. The study of the system response to wind speed variations requires a complete mechanical model to be included. Simulation results are presented for a typical WECS, and a discussion is carried out dealing with the generalization of the present work to other configurations. The transient response of a WECS operating as power generator and AF simultaneously has been presented. The conclusion of this study are as follows: 1) Harmonic compensation and transient response do not interfere. This is due to the fact that in the block diagrams for the control of the power converters, the fundamental current and voltage reference signals are separated from the harmonic signals. Voltage and wind speed variations contribute to determine the behavior of the fundamental components only; the harmonic currents flow results from the NLL characteristics. It has been observed that derating implemented when harmonic compensation is applied helps protecting the WECS during the transients. 2) LSC current is the quantity most severely affected by the transients following voltage variations. If derating is not applied, the use of a protection device is necessary to protect the solid-state device. 3) Reactive power regulation minimizes the voltage oscillations at the PCC during wind speed transients: a reactive power regulator has been designed to perform this operation.
154
138. TRANSIENT STABILITY ENHANCEMENT IN POWER SYSTEM WITH DISTRIBUTED STATIC SERIES COMPENSATOR (DSSC)
ABSTRACT
Long distance AC transmission system is often subjected to stability problems which limit the transmission capability. Large power systems often suffer from weakly damped swings between synchronous generators. This paper aims to enhance the transient stability of the power system with the use of distributed static series compensator (DSSC). First of all, a detailed simulation model of the DSSC has been presented. DSSC has a function like static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) but is in smaller size and lower price along with more other capabilities. Likewise, DSSC lies in transmission lines in a distributed fashion. A case study comprising two-machine power system has been put under investigation through the extensive time domain simulations. In the sequel, the DSSC has been incorporated in the studied system in different cases. Simulation results approve the DSSC ability for increasing transient stability margin of the power system. The concept of DSSC is on the base of utilizing a low power single-phase inverter, which attaches to the transmission conductor and dynamically controls the corresponding transfer impedance. By this way, the active control of power flow on the line is achieved. Quite few papers have attempted the modeling and interrogating of DSSCs capabilities. For instance offers a graphical simulation model for DSSC and explores a single phase system which comprises only one DSSC and an ideal voltage source instead of generators. Hence, the least available and reported technical papers for DSSC justifies further studies on the other capabilities of this device. This study serves a research where 1400 DSSCs are integrating in a two-area, twomachine system in order to examine the transient stability of the system. With the aim of improving the transient stability, a supplementary controller has been designed and suitably combined to the main control loop of DSSCs. Simulation results exhibit the efficient influence of DSSCs in the transient stability augmentation and justifies its controller performance.
155
139. TRANSMISSION LINE STABILITY IMPROVEMENT USING TCSC

ABSTRACT
A steady state analysis is applied to study the voltage collapse problem. The Modal Analysis method is used to investigate the stability of the power system. Prediction of the stability margin or distance to voltage collapse is based on the reactive power load demand. The load is connected to several selected buses. The analysis is performed for IEEE 14 Bus system. Then, the most critical mode is identified for each system. After that, the weakest bus, which contributes the most to the critical mode, are identified using the participation factor. The remedial measure is proposed to prevent the voltage collapse. TCSC is used to improve the voltage profile of the system. The voltage profile obtained after the incorporation of the TCSC is compared with the same before the incorporation of the TCSC and the improvement is verified. 1. The Modal analysis technique is applied to investigate the stability of IEEE 14 Bus system. The method computes the smallest Eigen value and the associated Eigen vectors of the reduced Jacobian matrix using the steady state system model. The magnitude of the smallest Eigen value gives us a measure of how close the system is to the voltage collapse. Then, the participating factor can be used to identify the weakest node or bus in the system associated to the minimum Eigen value. 2. The obtained results agreed about the weakest buses that contribute to voltage instability or voltage collapse. 3. TCSC is used as the compensator so as to improve the voltage profile after the prediction of the voltage collapse. 4. PV curves are plotted for the bus more sensitive to voltage collapse both before and after compensation and the improvement is verified.
156
140. TWO-STAGE MPPT POWER REGULATOR FOR SATELLITE ELECTRICAL PROPULSION SYSTEM
ABSTRACT
A novel DC-DC power converter has been developed to fulfill the requirements of a solar electrical propulsion module. The maximum power point tracker solar array regulator is divided into two series converters; a direct-energy transfer (DET) regulator and a secondary step-up converter. The DET regulator creates an unregulated maximum power point bus and the secondary converter regulates to a 100-V bus. The purpose of this paper is to describe the solution with a specific design and experimental results. A two-stage solar array regulator has been proposed, designed, and tested for high power EP loads. The presented solution has the following advantages. It uses well-known and established regulation units as building blocks. These units have already been used on regulated bus systems with 30 years heritage. The operation at the MPP of the SA is an approach that is different from the traditional MPPT converters. Therefore it is not required to continuously modulate the SA power around its maximum point to find the MPP, and the SA sections that are supplying power are always operating at their MPP independently of load. Moreover, the digital MPPT detector improves tracking efficiency under steady-state illumination conditions. A new MPP algorithm (DP&OW) has been tested. With this algorithm, the control of the MPP voltage can be more accurate than a conventional MPP system because the update of the reference MPP voltage coming from MPPT does not have to be adjusted very often. Because the MPP bus differs slightly from regulated busses, this approach can be extended to other spacecraft power applications. In particular, it can be of interest in future telecommunication platforms.
157
141. UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER (UPQC) CONTROL USING FEED FORWARD (FF)/ FEED BACK (FB) CONTROLLER
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the new control design or the unified power quality (PQ) conditioner (UPQC) for Power Quality improvement. The purpose of UPQC is to compensate for voltage sags/swells, load demand changes, power factor correction etc,. The control strategy employs a kalman filter to estimate the fundamental component as well as the harmonic components of the voltage and current. Simulation of the proposed method was carried out on a single- phase power distribution system and the results of simulation shows that the proposed method is able to provide the desirable power quality in the presence of a wide range of disturbances. In this paper, a modelbased coordinated control is proposed for the UPQC. It is an FF/FB control that aims to regulate the load voltage and supply current to the desired waveforms directly so that they are undistorted. The coupling effect between series and shunt filters is also accounted for. In the absence of any modelling error, zero steady-state error can be achieved by the FF control in principle. Otherwise, the negative effects of any modeling errors introduced are mitigated by the FB control. In general, the proposed control approach combines the following. A control strategy for the Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) is proposed. The proposed control has the ability to improve both the line voltage and load current quality, including voltage sag/swell, harmonics and also current of harmonics, reactive component. The adaptive performance of the UPQC has been verified through simulation studies using MATLAB. The design of the controller has been done through the study and construction of Kalman filters to extract the fundamental and harmonics of the measured voltage and current signals as well as to estimate the state variables of the UPQC. It is concluded that this paper ha demontrated a systematic approach to the control design, providing an overall solution to a variety of power quality problems.
158
142. UPQC-S: A NOVEL CONCEPT OF SIMULTANEOUS VOLTAGE SAG/SWELL AND LOAD REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATIONS UTILIZING SERIES INVERTER OF UPQC
ABSTRACT
This paper introduces a new concept of optimal utilization of a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC). The series inverter of UPQC is controlled to perform simultaneous 1) voltage sag/swell compensation and 2) load reactive power sharing with the shunt inverter. The active power control approach is used to compensate voltage sag/swell and is integrated with theory of power angle control (PAC) of UPQC to coordinate the load reactive power between the two inverters. Since the series inverter simultaneously delivers active and reactive powers, this concept is named as UPQC-S (S for complex power). A detailed mathematical analysis, to extend the PAC approach for UPQC-S, is presented in this paper. MATLAB/SIMULINK-based simulation results are discussed to support the developed concept. Finally, the proposed concept is validated with a digital signal processor-based experimental study. In this paper, the concept of PAC of UPQC is further expanded for voltage sag and swell conditions. This modified approach is utilized to compensate voltage sag/swell while sharing the load reactive power between two inverters. Since the series inverter of UPQC in this case delivers both active and reactive powers, it is given the name UPQCS (S for complex power). The key contributions of this paper are outlined as follows. 1) The series inverter of UPQC-S is utilized for simultaneous voltage sag/swell compensation and load reactive power compensation in coordination with shunt inverter. 2) In UPQC-S, the available VA loading is utilized to its maximum capacity during all the working conditions contrary to UPQC-VAmin where prime focus is to minimize the VA loading of UPQC during voltage sag condition. 3) The concept of UPQC-S covers voltage sag as well as swell scenario. In this paper, a detailed mathematical formulation of PAC for UPQC-S is carried out. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed UPQC-S approach are validated by simulation as well as experimental results.
159
143. USING ACTIVE POWER FILTERS TO IMPROVE POWER QUALITY

ABSTRACT
This paper describes different power quality problems in distribution systems and their solutions with power electronics based equipment. Shunt, hybrid and series active power filters are described showing their compensation characteristics and principles of operation. Different power circuits topologies and control scheme for each type of active power filter are analyzed. The compensation characteristics of each topology with the respective control scheme are proved by simulation and experimentally. This paper will focus in the analysis of which to use with their compensation characteristics. Shunt active power filters, series active topologies, and hybrid schemes will be presented and analyzed. The control scheme characteristics for shunt and series schemes will also be discussed. Finally, steady state and transient results for dynamic compensation, obtained from simulated and experimental setup will be presented. In this paper the use and advantages of applying active power filters to compensation power distribution systems has been presented. The principles of operation of shunt, series, and hybrid active power filters has been presented. Also, a brief description of the state of the art in the active power filter market has been described. The shunt active power filter performance under fault power distribution system was discussed. Simulation and experimental results proved the viability of using active power filters to compensate active power filters.
160
144. VOLTAGE STABILITY IMPROVEMENT USING SERIES FACTS DEVICES

ABSTRACT
In this paper, voltage stability assessment with appropriate representations of the FACTS series devices is investigated and compared in the modified IEEE 14-bus test system. The target function to determine the TCSCs installing place is increasing voltage stability during fault occurrence. By determining TCSCs optimum installation place, their success rate buses voltage stabilization is studied by a new following index named voltage stability index, and it is presented that TCSCs can be considerably successful in voltage stability during fault contingency. TCSC installation effect on amount of load shedding reduction is also presented as a new subject to keep buses voltage stability. In this paper a new method is presented to optimum TCSC allocation in an associated power system which is a kind of sensitivity analysis method. It should be noted that since we assume no limit in used TCSCs and more important than that because of real power systems expansion, TCSCs optimum installing location is time consuming by using methods like try and error and so an appropriate method is necessary to determine TCSC optimum installing place. For example, in order to two different TCSCs with different values in a IEEE 14 bus power system which has 20 transmitting lines, the studied conditions, by applying mentioned methods and assuming that the TCSCs are not located on a single line will be1920 conditions.
161
145.11-LEVEL INVERTER USING LESS NUMBER OF SWITCHES

ABSTRACT
This new type of converter is suitable for high voltage and high power applications. This multilevel inverter has ability to synthesize waveforms with better harmonics spectrum. The power loss in the circuit is less due to less number of switches. There are numerous topologies has been introduced and widely studied for utility and drive application. Multilevel inverter is fulfilling the requirement of heavy-duty electric and hybrid-electric vehicles (EHs) of large electric drives (>250KW) [1]. When we increases the level of inverter then we gets the high output voltage and the stress of each switch is also reduces means each switches faces low value of dv/dt. The output waveform of multilevel inverter follows the sinusoidal waveform hence the harmonic contents are less. In this work a study of 11-level inverter using less number of switches as compare to the technologies previously developed. MATLAB software is used for simulate the 11-level inverter
162
146. A 28-PULSE AC-DC CONVERTER BASED SMPS FOR TELECOM POWER SUPPLY
ABSTRACT
Power Supplies of medium capacity using isolated full bridge dc-dc converter are widely employed in industrial applications such as in welding, induction heating, etc. and also in telecom power supplies. They are generally fed from six-pulse three phase ac-dc uncontrolled converter at the front-end that are rugged and reliable; however, the line current drawn from the utility by these converters presents high total harmonic distortion (THD) and poor power factor. These harmonics can be largely reduced by using multi pulse ac-dc converters. Designing adequate phase-shifts among the windings of the front-end auto connected transformer results in cancellation of the harmonics generated by one diode rectifier, by the harmonics produced by the others rectifiers. Many researchers have been focusing to improve the power quality of the converters to replace the conventional ac-dc converters by improved power quality ac-dc converters that draw a nearly sinusoidal input ac mains current with unity power factor. Multipulse ac-dc converters with phase shifting technique are one of the popular approaches to reduce the harmonics in medium and high power rectifier type of loads. This rectification approach has gained popularity due to its robust, rugged nature, reliability and simplicity in control. These converter transformer configurations have an advantage of less number of windings to achieve step-up/down voltage thereby simplifying the structure of the auto connected transformer. However, the magnetic rating of the auto connected transformer is only a fraction of the load rating. Hammond has proposed an auto connected transformer configuration which produces multiphase output phase voltages which is not a multiple of three. It is observed that an ac-dc converter with number of phases which is not multiple of three is effective in reducing the line current harmonics. This paper presents a new 28-pulse ac-dc converter for enhancing the power quality at the point of common coupling, while feeding a medium capacity switched mode power supply (SMPS). It consists of two series connected 14-pulse ac-dc uncontrolled converters fed by seven phase-shifted ac voltages. A new auto connected transformer based 28-pulse ac-dc converter has been presented for a 12kW SMPS. A complete analysis and design methodology of the proposed ac-dc converter is also presented. Head office: 2nd floor, Solitaire plaza, beside Image Hospital, Ameerpet, Hyderabad
163
The proposed converter is found capable of suppressing up to 27 harmonic currents in the ac mains. The power factor is also improved to near unity over a wide operating range of the SMPS. The design and analysis of the proposed ac-dc converter is carried out in detail. Several experimental results are also included to show the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed converter.
164
147. A FUZZY RULE-BASED APPROACH FOR ISLANDING DETECTION IN DISTRIBUTED GENERATION

ABSTRACT
Integrations of distributed generations (DGs) in the distribution network is expected to play an increasingly important role in the electric power system infrastructure and market. Islanding is a condition where the DG supplies power and is not under the direct control of the utility. The initial classification boundaries are found out by using the decision tree (DT). From the DT classification boundaries, the fuzzy membership functions (MFs) are developed and the corresponding rule base is formulated for islanding detection. The proposed approach is based on the passive method of islanding detection considering the data mining approach. The method includes building a simplified and robust fuzzy classifier initialized by the decision tree (DT) for islanding detection. In the proposed approach, two major steps are involved. In the first step, features are extracted and in the second step, classification task is performed for islanding detection. DT is a classifier in high dimensions. Each internal node in the tree tests the value of a predictor while each branch -of the tree represents the outcome of a test. Associated with each decision (leaf) of the tree is the confidence of the decision. The DT analysis is carried out with mostsplitting setting taking all the extracted features and provides the most significant features which take part in the decision-making process. The DT is transformed to a fuzzy rule base by developing the fuzzy membership functions from the partition boundaries of the DT. From the DT boundaries, rectangular MFs are developed for each independent variable. DT-fuzzy transformation technique, the resulting DT output (Fig. 2) is converted to the corresponding fuzzy rule base. The fuzzy MFs generated from the DT classification boundaries are rectangular in nature .The coordinates of the trapezoidal fuzzy MFs are decided after testing on several values around the initial values resulting from DT. The fuzzy MFs reduction and rule base simplification are performed using similarity measure. .
165
148. A HIGH PERFORMANCE INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE SYSTEM USING FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER
ABSTRACT
Although induction motors have many advantageous characteristics, they also posse's nonlinear and time-varying dynamic interactions, Using conventional PI controller, it is very difficult and complex to design a high performance induction motor drive system. The fuzzy logic control (FLC) is attractive approach, which can accommodate motor parametric variations and difficulty in obtaining an accurate mathematical model of induction motor due to rotor parametric and load time constant variations. Basically, the motor drive system comprises a voltage source inverter-fed induction motor (VSIM): namely a three-phase voltage source inverter and the induction motor. The squirrel-cage induction motor voltage equations are based on an orthogonal d-q reference-rotating frame where the coordinates rotate with the controlled source frequency. This paper presents a novel fuzzy logic controller for high performance induction motor drive system. The inputs of a squirrel cage induction machine are the three-phase voltages, their fundamental frequency, and the load torque. The outputs, on the other hand, are the three phase currents, the electrical torque, and the rotor speed. The d-q model requires that all the three-phase variables have to be transformed to the two-phase synchronously rotating frame. Consequently, the induction machine model will have blocks transforming the three-phase voltages to the d-q frame and the d-q currents back to three-phase. The inputs to the fuzzy logic controller are the linguistic variables of speed error and change of speed error, while the output is change in switching control frequency of the voltage source inverter. In this paper a comparison between fuzzy logic controller and traditional PI controllers are presented. The FLC does not need exact knowledge of induction motor and tolerate range load excursions and parametric variations. The control assignment rules are obtained using heuristic trial and error and human expertise. Simulink software that comes along with MATLAB was used to simulate the proposed model.
166
149. A HIGH PERFORMANCE INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE SYSTEM USING FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER
ABSTRACT
Although induction motors have many advantageous characteristics, they also posse's nonlinear and time-varying dynamic interactions, Using conventional PI controller, it is very difficult and complex to design a high performance induction motor drive system. The fuzzy logic control (FLC) is attractive approach, which can accommodate motor parametric variations and difficulty in obtaining an accurate mathematical model of induction motor due to rotor parametric and load time constant variations. Basically, the motor drive system comprises a voltage source inverter-fed induction motor (VSIM): namely a three-phase voltage source inverter and the induction motor. The squirrel-cage induction motor voltage equations are based on an orthogonal d-q reference-rotating frame where the coordinates rotate with the controlled source frequency. This paper presents a novel fuzzy logic controller for high performance induction motor drive system. The inputs of a squirrel cage induction machine are the three-phase voltages, their fundamental frequency, and the load torque. The outputs, on the other hand, are the three phase currents, the electrical torque, and the rotor speed. The d-q model requires that all the three-phase variables have to be transformed to the two-phase synchronously rotating frame. Consequently, the induction machine model will have blocks transforming the three-phase voltages to the d-q frame and the d-q currents back to three-phase. The inputs to the fuzzy logic controller are the linguistic variables of speed error and change of speed error, while the output is change in switching control frequency of the voltage source inverter. In this paper a comparison between fuzzy logic controller and traditional PI controllers are presented. The FLC does not need exact knowledge of induction motor and tolerate range load excursions and parametric variations. The control assignment rules are obtained using heuristic trial and error and human expertise. Simulink software that comes along with MATLAB was used to simulate the proposed model.
167
150. A HYBRID SYSTEM BASED APPROACH TO DIRECT TORQUE CONTROL (DTC) OFINDUCTION MOTORS
ABSTRACT
In this paper, we study the Direct Torque Control (DTC) of an Induction Motor coupled to an Inverter (Inv- IM). DTC permits to control directly the stator flux and the torque by selecting the appropriate inverter state. DTC has been introduced because it presents several advantages in comparison to other techniques such as voltage/frequency control, vector control and field control. In this paper, we first model the DTC of Inv-IM as a hybrid system (HS). Then, we abstract the continuous dynamics of the HS in terms of discrete events. We thus obtain a discrete event model of the HS. And finally, we use Supervisory Control Theory of DES to drive Inv-IM to a desired working point. The technique of Direct Torque Control (DTC), permits to control directly the stator flux and the torque by using an appropriate voltage vector selected in a look-up table. The main advantages of DTC are a minimal torque response time and the absence of: coordinate-transform, voltage modulator block, controllers such as PID for flux and torque. For these advantages, DTC is the control method adopted in this paper. The induction motor is a continuous system because its behavior is modeled by algebraic and differential equations on two continuous variables: the stator flux and the electromagnetic torque. For conciseness, by flux we mean stator flux, and by torque we mean electromagnetic torque. With DTC, the voltage vector generated by the inverter is applied to the IM to control the flux and the torque. We propose two approaches to solve the no determinism of the 6-zone division. The first approach is based on the observation that the no determinism occurs when is in a zone while one of the control vector is applied. we consider uniquely the 6- state automaton because it reduces the state space explosion which is inherent to the use of automata. An important study in SCT is to synthesize a supervisor Sup when the plant and the specification are given and defined by two FSA P and S, respectively. Sup observes the evolution of P (i.e., the events executed by the plant) and permits only the event sequences accepted by S. We have applied the synthesis procedure of the software tool TTCT.
168
With TTCT, forcible events can be forced to occur before an event tick that models the passing of one Time unit. To be able to use TTCT, we have adapted P and S by preceding every UN forcible event by the event tick. The solution synthesized provides several possible scenarios of control. The objective of the control is to drive Inv-IM into the set of regions and then to force it to remain in this set. Here, we have performed three major tasks. The HS is thus modeled as a DES. The advantage of this abstraction is that all the rigorous analysis and design methods for DES can be applied for studying DTC and finally the use of Supervisory Control Theory (SCT) of DES to drive Inv-IM to a desired working point.
169
151. A NEW 84-PULSE VSC CONFIGURATION USING MULTILEVEL DC VOLTAGE REINJECTION FOR ESPECIAL APPLICATIONS
ABSTRACT
The Static Synchronous Compensator (StatCom) is one of the most useful FACTS devices, since it can synthesize the reactive power from small storing elements. When it is operated within the linear region, it is seen by the system as a synchronous voltage source. By regulation of the StatComs output voltage magnitude, the reactive power exchange between the device and the transmission system may be controlled to improve the power system voltage profile. Since the StatCom may cause interference on the systems fundamental sine wave at frequencies that are multiples of the fundamental one, especial care should be taken to ensure not to pollute the system to prevent further harmonic issues. In general, there are three feasible strategies to assemble a VSC: (i) the multi-pulse; (ii) the multi-level; (iii) and the pulse width modulation. Strong efforts have been made in order to reach minimum harmonic distortion in the VSCs output voltage. This paper analyzes the structure of an 84-pulse voltage source converter (VSC), assembled by combining one twelve-pulse VSC, in conjunction with an asymmetric single phase seven-level converter plus an injection transformer. The extra components are: 8 switches, 4 DC voltage sources, and 4 diodes for the seven-level converter. A reinjection transformer is needed, which is able to work properly within a wide range of its turn ratio. This constitutes an attractive array in terms of costs. With this arrangement, the VSC output's total harmonic distortion in voltages is reduced, allowing it to be used in especial applications or as the basement of flexible A.C. transmission systems (FACTS) devices. The proposed strategy allows savings in the number of employed switches.
170
152. A NEW ADAPTIVE FUZZY VECTOR CONTROL FOR PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR DRIVE
ABSTRACT
The control of a permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is a nontrivial issue in AC drives, because of its nonlinear dynamics and time-varying parameters. Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives are widely used for high-performance industrial servo applications like robotics and aerospace actuators. This popularity is justified by numerous advantages over commonly used motors. The absence of the external rotor excitation eliminates losses on the rotor and makes PMSM highly efficient. In addition, the absence of the rotor winding renders slip rings on the rotor and brushes obsolete, and thus reduces the maintenance cost. New magnetic materials are capable of creating high magnetic fields which yield high power density. This in turn implies rapid dynamic response due to high torque inertia ratio. In many applications, PMSM drives are preferred because the control system is usually less complex than that of field oriented induction motor drives. This paper investigates the application of a new adaptive logic fuzzy controller (FLC) for the speed control of field oriented PMSM fed by voltage source inverter. A model-reference adaptive scheme is proposed in which the adaptation mechanism is executed by fuzzy logic based on the error and changes of error measured between the motor speed and the output of a reference model. To make the controller less dependent on the quality of the expert knowledge, the fuzzy speed controller is augmented by the model following error driven fuzzy adaptive mechanism to provide fast and robust control for various operating conditions. The effectiveness of the proposed control is illustrated by numerical simulation results.
171
153. A NOVEL THREE-PHASE TO FIVE-PHASE TRANSFORMATION USING A SPECIAL TRANSFORMER CONNECTION

ABSTRACT
The first five-phase induction motor drive system was proposed in the late 1970s for adjustable speed drive applications. Since then, a considerable research effort has been in place to develop commercially feasible multiphase drive Systems .Multiphase (more than three phase) systems are the focus of research recently due to their inherent advantages compared to their three-phase counterparts. The multiphase motors are invariably supplied by ac/dc/ac converters. This is a special transformer connection scheme to obtain a balanced five-phase supply with the input as balanced three phase. The fixed voltage and fixed frequency available grid supply can be transformed to the fixed voltage and fixed frequency five-phase output supply. Since input is a three-phase system, the windings are connected in an usual fashion. Three separate cores are designed with each carrying one primary and three secondary coils, except in one core where only two secondary coils are used. Six terminals of primaries are connected in an appropriate manner resulting in star and/or delta connections and the 16 terminals of secondaries are connected in a different fashion resulting in star or polygon output. The connection scheme of secondary windings to obtain a star output. The turn ratios are different in each phase. The choice of turn ratio is the key in creating the requisite phase displacement in the output phases. The construction of output phases with requisite phase angles of 72 between each phase is obtained using appropriate turn ratios. The designed transformation turns ratio can be achieved by simply multiplying the gain factor in the turn ratios. A five-phase induction motor under a loaded condition is used to prove the viability of the transformation system. It is expected that the proposed connection scheme can be used in drives applications and may also be further explored to be utilized in multiphase power transmission systems.
172
154. A REAL TIME POWER SYSTEM HARMONIC ESTIMATOR CONSIDERING FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY VARIATIONS
ABSTRACT
The amount of harmonic distortion in power system voltage and current waveforms have been increased in present-day power systems by extensive applications of power electronic devices, In high voltage networks, there are many possibilities that transient harmonics are generated during faults and disturbances, The paper objective is to develop a technique for realtime estimation of power system harmonics considering fixed sampling rate and low computation burden and to implement and test it using real-time DSP data acquisition system. The technique should provide accurate estimations for distorted waveforms and frequency drifts normally encountered in power systems A new technique for harmonic estimation is developed and the technique of implementation and test set-up are presented. Prototype harmonic estimator is tested using the voltage and current waveforms obtained from simulations in which various power system conditions are considered. Results for various case studies are illustrated and discussed in this section. A new technique based on orthogonal filters and iterative frequency tracking is proposed to estimate harmonic components in power systems for real time applications. Frequency interpolation is used to estimate fundamental frequency and harmonics when the nominal frequency of the signal is a non-integer value. Fixed data window size and fixed sampling rate are the two advantageous features of the proposed technique. An off-line computation method with linear interpolation is proposed to reduce the number of computations involved during the generation of filter coefficients. A FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) based technique was also used to estimate harmonic components for comparison. It has been shown that the accurate fundamental frequency is computed using iterative technique, and then accurate harmonic components are estimated when the fundamental frequency is not equal to the power system nominal frequency. Here we use MATLAB/simulink for simulation purpose, Results for various case studies are illustrated and discussed
173
155. A NEW THREE-PHASE INTERLEAVED ISOLATED BOOST CONVERTER WITH ACTIVE CLAMP FOR FUEL CELLS
ABSTRACT
Fuel cells are identified as a future energy source due to their efficient and clean energy characteristics; furthermore, they produce low varying dc voltage in the range of 26 ~ 42 V for residential power application. Power conditioning system in the residential use usually consists of a low-voltage fuel cell as the primary source, a dc to dc converter to obtain isolated high voltage, and a dc to ac inverter to connect commercial ac voltage. Since a dc to ac inverter supplies power into a 220V ac utility, an isolated dc to dc converter has to convert low varying dc voltage to high constant dc voltage at around 370 V. Therefore, a high power dc to dc converter with a high voltage ratio is needed, and a transformer is usually employed for boosting voltage as well as for isolation. A three-phase current-fed dc/dc converter has been found out but it operates in the discontinuous conduction mode in spite of several advantages. In this paper, development of a three-phase interleaved isolated boost converter with active clamp is proposed. The converter is capable of increased power transfer due to its threephase power configuration, and it reduces the rms current per phase, thus reducing conduction losses. It clamps voltage across the switches and thus, no ancillary snubber is required in either the primary or secondary sides. The interleaved operation of three-phase boost converter reduces overall ripple current, which is imposed into fuel cells and realizes smaller sized filter components, increasing effective operating frequency and leading to higher power density. In addition, the proposed three phase PWM strategy transfers energy in the continuous conduction mode and three-phase paths. Further, three-phase clamp branch mitigates not only switching losses by zero voltage switching but also electromagnetic noises caused by hard-switched voltage spikes. These characteristics of the proposed converter reduce operating losses significantly and result in the whole converter efficiency above 96%. Inherent voltage boost characteristics of the boost converter increase the voltage transfer ratio in addition to the transformer turns ratio.
174
These advantages make this converter suitable for low dc voltage renewable energy sources such as fuel cells and photovoltaic. The proposed converter and three-phase PWM strategy are analyzed simulated and can be implemented in hardware.
175
156. A VOLTAGE CONTROLLED ADJUSTABLE SPEED PMBLDCM DRIVE USING A SINGLE-STAGE PFC HALFBRIDGE CONVERTER
ABSTRACT
In this paper, a buck half-bridge DC-DC converter is used as a single-stage power factor correction (PFC) converter for feeding a voltage source inverter (VSI) based permanent magnet brushless DC motor (PMBLDCM) drive. The front end of this PFC converter is a diode bridge rectifier (DBR) fed from single-phase AC mains. The PMBLDCM is used to drive a compressor load of an air conditioner through a three-phase VSI fed from a controlled DC link voltage. The speed of the compressor is controlled to achieve energy conservation using a concept of the voltage control at DC link proportional to the desired speed of the PMBLDCM. Therefore the VSI is operated only as an electronic Commutator of the PMBLDCM. The stator current of the PMBLDCM during step change of reference speed is controlled by a rate limiter for the reference voltage at DC link. The proposed PMBLDCM drive with voltage control based PFC converter is designed, modeled and its performance is simulated in MATLAB-Simulink environment for an air conditioner compressor driven through a 1.5 kW, 1500 rpm PMBLDC motor. The evaluation results of the proposed speed control scheme are presented to demonstrate an improved efficiency of the proposed drive system with PFC feature in wide range of the speed and an input AC voltage.
176
157. AN EFFICIENT ACDC STEP-UP CONVERTER FOR LOWVOLTAGE ENERGY HARVESTING

ABSTRACT
The conventional two-stage power converters with bridge rectifiers are inefficient and may not be practical for the low-voltage micro generators. This paper presents an efficient ac to dc power converter that avoids the bridge rectification and directly converts the low ac input voltage to the required high dc output voltage at a higher efficiency. The proposed converter consists of a boost converter in parallel with a buckboost converter, which are operated in the positive half cycle and negative half cycle, respectively. Detailed analysis of the converter is carried out to obtain relations between the power, circuit parameters, and duty cycle of the converter. Based on the analysis, control schemes are proposed to operate the converter. Design guidelines are presented for selecting the converter component and control parameters. A self-starting circuit is proposed for independent operation of the converter. Detailed loss calculation of the converter is carried out. Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the proposed converter topology and control schemes.
177
158. AN INRUSH MITIGATION TECHNIQUE OF LOAD TRANSFORMERS FOR THE SERIES VOLTAGE SAG COMPENSATOR
ABSTRACT
Power quality issues have received much attention in recent years. In many countries, high-tech manufacturers concentrate in industry parks. Therefore, any power quality events in the utility grid can affect a large number of manufacturers. Survey results suggest that 92% of interruption at industrial facilities is voltage sag related. In this paper, the inrush issue of load transformers under the operation of the sag compensator is presented. An inrush mitigation technique is proposed and implemented in a synchronous reference frame sag compensator controller. The voltage sag compensator consists of a three phase voltage source inverter (VSI) and a coupling transformer for serial connection. The voltage sag compensator, based on a transformer-coupled series connected voltage source inverter, is among the most cost effective solution against voltage sags. Transformers are often installed in front of critical loads for electrical isolation purposes. When voltage sags happen, the transformers are exposed to the disfigured voltages and a DC offset will occur in its flux linkage. When the compensator restores the load voltage, the flux linkage will be driven to the level of magnetic saturation and severe inrush current occurs. The flux linkage is estimated by the measured line voltage. And this technique can be seamlessly integrated with the state feedback controller of the compensator. The controller includes a voltage control, a current control and a flux linkage control. This control method is also based on the synchronous reference frame which enables voltage sag compensator to achieve fast voltage injection and prevent the inrush current. The synchronous reference frame implementation of the proposed state feedback controller can effectively enhance the disturbance rejection capability compared to the stationary frame feedback controller design. When voltage sag occurs, the controller can track the transient flux linkage and calculate a required compensation voltage in real-time for fast compensation and elimination of flux linkage DC offset caused by voltage sags. The proposed method can be easily integrated with the existing voltage sag compensation control system without using any extra sensors.
178
159. AN ONLINE SIMPLIFIED ROTOR RESISTANCE ESTIMATOR FOR INDUCTION MOTORS

ABSTRACT
The induction motor (IM) is a multivariable, nonlinear and highly coupled process with time varying parameters, has motivated a lot of work in the control community during the last decade. The popular alternative method in many drive applications is the field-oriented control (F.O.C.) which provides a means to obtain high-performance control of an IM. But this F.O.C. methodology requires knowledge of the rotor fluxes which are not usually measured. It is well known that the rotor resistance and the stator resistance may vary up to 100% and 50% of their nominal values, respectively, during operation of the IM due to rotor heating. Standard methods for the estimation of IM parameters include the blocked rotor test, the no-load test and the standstill frequency response test. But, these methods cannot be used online during normal operation of the machine. This paper presents an adaptive variable structure identifier that provides finite time convergent estimate of the induction motor rotor resistance under feasible persistent of excitation condition. In this paper, a simple structure has been designed to estimate the rotor resistance of induction motors. The proposed rotor resistance scheme is based on the standard dynamic model of induction motor expressed in a fixed reference frame attached to the stator. The available variables are the rotor speed, the stator currents and voltages. . The proposed method has been tested in closed-loop configuration by using a nonlinear controller which has been made adaptive with respect to the rotor resistance. The finite time convergence of the rotor resistance estimate to its nominal value has been achieved under mild P.E. requirements which can be fulfilled easily during normal operating conditions of the IM. The proposed online simplified rotor resistance estimator has also presented very interesting robustness properties with respect to the variation of the stator resistance, measurement noise, modeling errors, discretization effects and parameter uncertainties. Important advantages of the proposed algorithm include that it is an online method and it is very simple to implement in real-time.
179
160. ANN BASED SVC SWITCHING AT DISTRIBUTION LEVELFOR MINIMAL INJECTED HARMONICS
ABSTRACT
Electrical distribution system suffers from various problems like reactive power burden, unbalanced loading, voltage regulation and harmonic distortion. Though DSTATCOMS are ideal solutions for such systems, they are not popular because of the cost and complexity of control involved. Phase wise balanced reactive power compensations are required for fast changing loads needing dynamic power factor correcting devices leading to terminal voltage stabilization. Static Var Compensators (SVCs) remain ideal choice for such loads in practice due to low cost and simple control strategy. These SVCs, while correcting power factor, inject harmonics into the lines causing serious concerns about quality of the distribution line supplies at PCC. This paper proposes to minimize the harmonics injected into the distribution systems by the operation of TSC-TCR type SVC used in conjunction with fast changing loads at LV distribution level. Fuzzy logic system and ANN is used to solve this nonlinear problem, giving optimum triggering delay angles used to trigger switches in TCR. The scheme with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is attractive and can be used at distribution level where load harmonics are within limits. Simulation has been done by using MATLAB/simulink software in the computer.
180
161. APF FOR HARMONIC VOLTAGE RESONANCE SUPPRESSION IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

ABSTRACT
A number of electronic-based appliances such as diode/ thyristor rectifiers and industrial electric power source generate a large amount of harmonic current in power systems. Harmonic propagation resulting from harmonic resonance between line inductors and shunt capacitors for power factor correction made the harmonic voltage has become a serious problem. Regularly, shunt active filter is installed near high capacity nonlinear load to prevent harmonic current from injecting into power system. But this proposal has two problems: the first is that this proposal is only suit to high capacity nonlinear load, when there are many loads which produce a negligible amount of harmonic current, this proposal is not applicable; Secondly, load current detection APF cannot damp voltage harmonic in distribution system. Akagi proposed a shunt active power filter based on detection of harmonic voltage, the APF can damp voltage harmonic. Taking advantage that the voltage detection can damp harmonic can cover the shortage of load current detection; this paper proposes a compound control method based on detection of load current and harmonic voltage. In addition, based on the relationship between the rated volt-ampere of APF and the voltampere needed to compensate the nonlinear load, the conductance value could auto adjustment, compared with the fixed gain, the auto gain adjusting with the variation of volt-ampere has a clear advantage. There are two feasible methods to limit the volt-ampere of APF under rated volt-ampere. The first is cut-off method; the second is scaling-down method. The objective of the shunt active filter is not only to compensate the harmonic but also to damp the harmonic. When the rated volt-ampere is limit, the harmonic compensation is prior considered. There are two feasible methods to limit the volt-ampere of APF under rated volt-ampere. The first is cut-off method; the second is scaling-down method. Computer simulation and experiment result are performed to verify the validity and effectiveness of the shunt active filter equipped with the compound control.
181
162. COMPARISON OF MODULATION TECHNIQUES FOR MATRIX CONVERTER

ABSTRACT
Matrix Converters can directly convert an ac power supply of fixed voltage into an ac voltage of variable amplitude and frequency. Matrix Converter is a single stage converter. The matrix converters can contribute to the realization of low volume, sinusoidal input current, bidirectional power flow and lack of bulky reactive elements. All the reasons lead to the development of matrix converter. Based on the control techniques used in the matrix converter, the performance varies. So this paper analyses the performance of matrix converter with three different modulation techniques such as PWM, SVPWM and SVM. The basic principle and switching sequence of these modulation techniques are presented in this paper. The output voltage, output current waveforms, voltage transfer ratio and THD spectrum of switching waveforms connected to RL load are analyzed by using MATLAB/Simulink software. The simulated results are analyzed and shows that the THD is better for SVM technique.
182
163. DYNAMIC DC-BUS VOLTAGE CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR ATHREE-PHASE HIGH POWER SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTER
ABSTRACT
Shunt Active Power Filters (SAPF) have been proved to be an effective approach to eliminate harmonic current in power grids. The DC voltage control during dynamic processes is critical for the safe and performance of the SAPF. In this paper, soft startup and impact suppression techniques are proposed to guarantee no voltage overshoots or sags in DC bus during startup and other dynamic processes. Soft startup techniques to suppress voltage overshoots or sags in DC bus during startup dynamic processes and a novel controller for DC bus voltage regulation according to the small signal model based on the instantaneous power equilibrium. Subsequently, a novel controller for DC bus voltage regulation is put forward according to the small signal model based on the instantaneous power balance in AC and DC sides of threephase SAPF. With good compensation effects, the proposed voltage loop controller has improved dynamic performances greatly compared with traditional PI controllers as loads change. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that these techniques have guaranteed the DC voltage rising to the expected value smoothly and the new controller has obtained better dynamic performances compared with traditional PI controllers for DC bus voltage control.
183
164. CONTROL OF ACTIVE FILTER IN 25KV AC TRACTION SYSTEMS

ABSTRACT
Some AC railway traction systems are particularly susceptible to harmonic distortion. They are weak single-phase networks with severely distorting SCR-based locomotive drives which continually change their point of connection on the network. Active filters offer substantial potential for reducing this distortion, but because of the network topology, the only effective control strategy is to inject harmonic compensating currents derived from harmonic voltages measured at the point of filter coupling. Harmonic currents injected by locomotives can result in a range of traction system problems, including trackside over-voltages, increased voltage form factor and excessive low order harmonic currents being fed back into the HV supply. This paper shows how this may be done using synchronously rotating frames to extract individual harmonic voltages to act as current injection references. This paper highlights some of the challenges in obtaining a controller with sufficient accuracy and speed.
184
165. CONTROL OF ACTIVE FILTER IN 25KV AC TRACTION SYSTEMS

ABSTRACT
Some AC railway traction systems are particularly susceptible to harmonic distortion. They are weak single-phase networks with severely distorting SCR-based locomotive drives which continually change their point of connection on the network. Active filters offer substantial potential for reducing this distortion, but because of the network topology, the only effective control strategy is to inject harmonic compensating currents derived from harmonic voltages measured at the point of filter coupling. Harmonic currents injected by locomotives can result in a range of traction system problems, including trackside over-voltages, increased voltage form factor and excessive low order harmonic currents being fed back into the HV supply. This paper shows how this may be done using synchronously rotating frames to extract individual harmonic voltages to act as current injection references. This paper highlights some of the challenges in obtaining a controller with sufficient accuracy and speed.
185
166. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A CURRENTSOURCE CONVERTER FOR USE IN INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS OF D-STATCOM
ABSTRACT
This paper deals with the design and implementation of the power stage of a forcedcommutated current-source converter (CSC) for use in industry applications of distribution type static synchronous compensator (D-STATCOM). The power semiconductors are switched at 500 Hz according to the switching patterns generated by selective harmonic elimination method for the elimination of the most significant four low-order harmonics. The possibility of using various power semiconductors in CSC is examined both theoretically and experimentally. The requirement of bipolar voltage-blocking capability is achieved by the use of an asymmetric integrated gate commutated thyristor (IGCT) and a fast-recovery diode instead of a single symmetrical device, which maximizes the converter power rating and makes natural-air cooling realizable. Determination of optimum dc-link reactor in view of the power quality standards and design of optimum turn-ON and turn-OFF snubbers in view of the chosen power semiconductor characteristics are shown to be critical design issues in the paper. Design principles are verified by laboratory tests.
186
167. DESIGN OF A 28 V-TO-300 V/12 KW MULTICELLINTERLEAVED FLY BACK CONVERTER USINGINTERCELL TRANSFORMERS
ABSTRACT
The aim of this paper is to present the design and implementation of a converter with a high power density; the main function is to feed a 12 kW/300 V load from the 28 Vdc of an embedded network with galvanic insulation, A low-input voltage high-power realization is presented the interest of topologies using Inter cell transformer. They constitute a promising option to interleave converter stages, and therefore, can answer to the specifications considered in this paper. These specifications require a galvanic insulation and the chosen topology is the Inter cell Transformer (ICT) fly back converter. In a first part, the operating principle of the ICT fly back converter is recalled. It has been shown that ICTs can be implemented either as monolithic devices or as separate devices, ICT. In this configuration, the storage inductance required for the fly back operation is the leakage inductance between the two primary windings. The second part presents briefly the main features of the Inter cell transformer design, more precisely described in a previous paper. This part includes a discussion about the choice of the cell number. The last part presents the design and the implementation of the complete fly back converter using eight cells. The evolution of the current ripple versus the duty cycle which still relates to an eight-cell design they demonstrate the potential of this original topology that needs only one level of magnetic components. Interleaving the control signal of the switches produces the waveforms. The evolution of the current ripple versus the duty cycle which still relates to an eight-cell design The interval allows choosing the coupling between phases and thus the ICT common-mode inductance (the storage inductance). The ac ampere turns can be split in two components: the differential-mode and common-mode components. The two halves of secondary windings are made using a PCB technology. The aim is not only to minimize the turn-off losses, but also to recover the energy stored in the leakage inductance of winding secondary windings have been made using a multilayer PCB with a Kapton base The aim is not only to minimize the turn-off losses, but also to recover the energy stored in the leakage inductance of the ICT and in the conations stray inductance.
187
The mechanical and thermal assembly has been designed in the aim to maximize the power density, mainly by optimizing the positioning of discrete and standard devices Different digital solutions can be used to realize a multi cell control The present one is made using a fieldprogrammable gate array (FPGA) that precisely tunes the duty cycles of the different cells. A closed-loop configuration is currently in progress using the same control system. A preliminary work concerns the choice, the design, and the test of each cell elements, mainly the transformer and the primary switching stage. In the end, the experimental results are presented and discussed; here we use Matlab/Simulink for designing of Simulink system.
188
168. DESIGN OF A HYBRID PID PLUS FUZZY CONTROLLER FOR SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTORS
ABSTRACT
In this paper, a Ziegler-Nichols (Z-N) based PID plus fuzzy logic control (FLC) scheme is proposed for speed control of a direct field-oriented induction motor (DFOIM). The Z-N PID is adopted because its parameter values can be chosen using a simple and useful rule of thumb. The FLC is connected to the PID controller for enhancing robust performance in both dynamic transient and steady-state periods. The FLC is developed based on the output of the PID controller, and the output of the FLC is the torque command of the DFCIM. The complete closed-loop speed control scheme is implemented for the laboratory 0.14-hp squirrel-cage induction motor. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed Z-N PID+FLC scheme can lead to desirable robust speed tracking performance under load torque disturbances. Ziegler-Nichols(Z-N)) method is adopted for designing a PID controller (denoted as the Z-N PID) because its design rule is simple and systematic. We design a FLC carrying out fuzzy tuning of the output of the Z-N PID controller to issue adequate torque commands. Based on a simulation model of the DFOIM drives incorporating the proposed controller, experiments are set up in an Matlab/Simulink environment and implemented in real time using the MRC-6810 analog-to-digital (AD)/ digital-to-analog (D/A)servo control card together with a DSP electronic controller. The results show that the incorporation of the proposed controller into the DFOIM drives can yield superior and robust variable-speed tracking performance. The fuzzy inference engine, based on the input fuzzy sets in combination with the experts experience, uses adequate IF-THEN rules in the knowledge base to make decisions and produces an implied output fuzzy set u. A computer simulation model is developed using the Matlab/Simulink software. A computer simulation model is developed using the
Matlab/Simulink software. The control system is implemented in real time using the MRC-6810 AD/DA servo control card as the interface between software and hardware. No torque disturbance is applied to the shaft. It is noted that the proposed controller yields much smaller tracking errors than the FLC and NFC. In addition, the proposed controller takes shorter time to resume the command speed following than the FLC and the NFC when the load disturbance takes place. Head office: 2nd floor, Solitaire plaza, beside Image Hospital, Ameerpet, Hyderabad
189
Accordingly, it is suggested that the proposed controller has a robust performance. The proposed controller has exhibited the combined advantages of a PID controller and a FLC. Specifically, it can improve the stability, the transient response and load disturbance rejection of speed control of a DFOIM. The fuzzy logic and only with three membership functions are used for each input and output for low computational burden, which can achieve satisfactory results. Simulation and experiment results have illustrated that the proposed controller scheme has a good and robust tracking performance.
190
169. DESIGN OF A MODE DECOUPLING STATCOM FOR VOLTAGE CONTROL OF WIND-DRIVEN INDUCTION GENERATOR SYSTEMS
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a systematic approach based on EIGEN structure assignment to determine the mode shape and transient response of a STATCOM utilized as an exciter for induction generators (IG). A physical control scheme, including four control loops: ac voltage, dc voltage, ac active current and ac reactive current controllers, is pre-specified for the STATCOM. A synthetic algorithm is proposed to embed these physical control loops in the output feedback path. With appropriate oscillation mode design (EIGEN structure) in each state variable, the STATCOM active current and reactive current will no longer be governed by the same mode but driven by new respective modes. The simulation and experimental results demonstrated that under various system disturbances, the proposed mode decoupling STATCOM is effective in regulating IG terminal voltage. The impact of ever-changing wind speed on power quality coupled with the need for an excitation current make the voltage regulation difficult, especially when the IG is connected to a weak ac system. An alternative approach using a linearized state-space model in the STATCOM control design was proposed. A STATCOM composed of a three phase IGBT-based VSI, a coupling transformer, a filter and a dc capacitor, is employed. The basic STATCOM active and reactive current control can be derived from the STATCOM model. the STATCOM-compensated IG system. The experimental IG is driven by a torque-controlled servomotor which emulates a wind turbine. The torque command of the servomotor driver is calculated based on the rotor speed and the mechanical power that emulates the wind power at various wind speed. To avoid ac harmonic current distortion and high-frequency noise interference stemmed from VSI voltage modulation, care must be taken when designing the low-pass filter prior to the collection of the analog signals. To further reduce the effect of harmonic distortion on the digital control system, a harmonic elimination pulse-width-modulation (HEPWM) technique can be used. The major feature of the proposed controller is that for a given feedback framework, the control gains can be systematically synthesized through then pre-specified shape of the closedHead office: 2nd floor, Solitaire plaza, beside Image Hospital, Ameerpet, Hyderabad
191
loop response. In this work, the mode shape was determined using EIGEN structure assignment which suppresses the STATCOM ac current mode activities in the reactive current and active current; thereby reinforcing the reactive current activities on the load bus voltage regulation. Note that the electromechanical mode damping can also be improved while determining the mode shape of the closed-loop responses. The simulation and experimental results demonstrated excellent performance with the proposed mode decoupling STATCOM, which is suitable to compensate for various disturbances occurring in the wind-driven IG systems.
192
170. DESIGN OF CONTROLLER FOR PMSM

ABSTRACT
Based on Lyaponov stability theorem, an adaptive controller is proposed for speed tracking control of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM).The control of PMSM suffers highly nonlinearities and the mismatched disturbances. The Nonlinearities of the coupling between the motor speed and electrical quantities, such as d-q axis currents. Load torque disturbance is not in the range space of the control inputs. In this paper, we present an adaptive controller for solving the speed tracking in a PMSM system. In order to track the reference motor speed the virtual input can be designed. The tracking problem of PMSM, if the virtual input is designed as, the adaptive rule is given and the controller is proposed, the tracking error e will reach zero asymptotically and the adaptive gain will be bounded. The virtual input can stabilize the dynamic of e, tracking error the tracking error e will approach zero. The time derivative of indicates that and e will approach zero To avoid undesirable chattering, the discontinuous function can be replaced by a saturation function However, it will lose the property of the asymptotically stability.An adaptive controller based on Lyapunov stability theorem is successfully applied for the speed tracking control of a PMSM system. The proposed scheme can achieve the property of symptotically stability even under the mismatched disturbance existed in the plant.
193
171. DESIGN ON VECTOR CONTROL SYSTEM OF AC MOTOR FOR HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES
ABSTRACT
The drive system of induction motors is designed according to the design requirements of electric motor drive system for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). In the system, the field orientated vector control theory of rotor flux is adopted and the DSP TMS320LF2407A is used as the core control chip. Emphasis is mainly laid on designing the software and hardware of induction motor drive system. The induction motor has poor linearity degree for vector control and low efficiency under light load conditions. By adopting the field orientated control (FOC) Algorithm for rotor flux vectors, it can effectively overcome the shortcoming of nonlinear and realize decoupling control in the induction motor drive system. On the same time, by adopting the real-time efficiency optimization control project, it can overcome the shortcoming that the induction motor works with low efficient under light load and constant power conditions. The TMS320LF2407A DSP has perfect digital signal processing ability. Its integrated high speed 16 channel A/D converter is specifically designed for the event manager of motor control and the internal peripherals. It is more suitable for developing the digital control systems of electrical motors. A three-phase AC motor can be equivalently controlled as a direct current motor, because it shows the same better static and dynamic performance as the direct current governor system. In the mode, the speed is used as the external loop and the current as the inner loop. The constant torque control is realized in the base speed and the field-weakening control is realized to keep constant power output above the base speed. The position of rotor flux can be calculated by the corresponding calculating model in the control system. By detecting the stator current, the exciting current component and the torque current component of motor stator current can be obtained in the d-q coordinate system through the coordinate transform from the three-phase coordinate system to the two-phase synchronous rotating coordinate system with rotor field orientation.
194
172. DYNAMIC DC-BUS VOLTAGE CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR ATHREE-PHASE HIGH POWER SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTER
ABSTRACT
Shunt Active Power Filters (SAPF) have been proved to be an effective approach to eliminate harmonic current in power grids. The DC voltage control during dynamic processes is critical for the safe and performance of the SAPF. In this paper, soft startup and impact suppression techniques are proposed to guarantee no voltage overshoots or sags in DC bus during startup and other dynamic processes. Soft startup techniques to suppress voltage overshoots or sags in DC bus during startup dynamic processes and a novel controller for DC bus voltage regulation according to the small signal model based on the instantaneous power equilibrium. Subsequently, a novel controller for DC bus voltage regulation is put forward according to the small signal model based on the instantaneous power balance in AC and DC sides of threephase SAPF. With good compensation effects, the proposed voltage loop controller has improved dynamic performances greatly compared with traditional PI controllers as loads change. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that these techniques have guaranteed the DC voltage rising to the expected value smoothly and the new controller has obtained better dynamic performances compared with traditional PI controllers for DC bus voltage control.
195
173.DYNAMIC HYSTERESIS CURRENT CONTROL TO MINIMIZE SWITCHING FOR THREE-PHASE FOUR-LEG VSI TOPOLOGY TO COMPENSATE NONLINEAR LOAD
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a dynamic hysteresis current control algorithm for a three-phase fourleg voltage-source inverter (VSI) topology. In order to improve the performance and life of the power switches of VSI, we require an optimized control technique that reduces its switching frequency. Proposed hysteresis current control method is a generalized control method that minimizes switching operations to compensate nonlinear load under both balanced and unbalanced supply voltages. It is shown that this control scheme is able to reduce the switching frequency by more than 50% compared to conventional hysteresis current control method and retain the quality of load compensation. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is illustrated through simulations. The control scheme was compared to simple hysteresis control scheme, and it was found that the proposed control scheme reduces the switching operations significantly and retains the quality of load compensation. It also was shown that this algorithm is generalized in nature and able to compensate the unbalanced and nonlinear load under any kind of unbalanced supply voltages.
196
174. EFFECTS OF SWITCHING ASYMMETRY ON AN ISOLATED FULL-BRIDGE BOOST CONVERTER

ABSTRACT
The effects of switching asymmetry and flux walking on an isolated current-fed fullbridge boost converter are presented with two different secondary configurations: a voltage doubler (VD) and a diode bridge (DB). The results show that a drop in the converter efficiency is clearly visible when there are switching asymmetries in the DB configuration, whereas the VD configuration is more tolerant of switching asymmetries because of its inherent capability to oppose flux walking. The purpose of this study is to investigate the converters tolerance of switching asymmetry in two different secondary configurations. In this paper, we demonstrate that the VD configuration is far more robust and tolerant of the switching asymmetry. Further, the efficiency diagrams of both configurations over input power sweep are presented in both symmetrical and various asymmetrical situations. The converter modulation asymmetry was investigated by simulating the VD and DB circuitry in the secondary side of the converter, while varying the asymmetry of the switching scheme. First, the simulation models were developed and run, and when the simulation results had been evaluated, a measurement plan was drawn up. The input current ripple, efficiency (), primary current, and output voltage were chosen for further investigation. The reason for choosing these parameters was the SOFCs lack of tolerance of the input current ripple and the target of attaining high efficiency. After the measurements were made, the data were evaluated and compared with the simulation results. The data from the simulation models and measurements were evaluated with respect to the converter efficiency and stability. The switching asymmetry has a stronger effect on the DB configuration than on the VD configuration. The phenomenon is seen both in the small-scale prototype and in the 10-kW simulation model, despite the fact that the tolerance of asymmetrical switching reduces in the VD configuration, while the rated input power is increasing. It temperature coefficient such as MOSFETs. If the main goal is to maximize the overall efficiency, the DB configuration with carefully trimmed symmetrical switching is the best solution. The phenomena described in this paper also exist when having a single switch asymmetry.
197
175. ENHANCEMENT OF POWER QUALITY IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM USING D-STATCOM

ABSTRACT
This paper presents the enhancement of voltage sags, harmonic distortion and low power factor using Distribution Static Compensator (D-STATCOM) with LCL Passive Filter in distribution system. The model is based on the Voltage Source Converter (VSC) principle. The D-STATCOM injects a current into the system to mitigate the voltage sags.LCL Passive Filter was then added to D-STATCOM to improve harmonic distortion and low power factor. The simulations were performed using MATLAB SIMULINK version R2007b. A new PWM-based control scheme has been implemented to control the electronic valves in the DSTATCOM. The D-STATCOM has an additional capability to sustain reactive current at low voltage, and can be developed as a voltage and frequency support by replacing capacitors. Voltage sag is a short time event during which a reduction in R.M.S voltage magnitude occurs. Voltage sags are improved with insertion of D-STATCOM. When the value of fault resistance is increased, the voltage sags will also increase for different types of fault. Suitable adjustment of the phase and magnitude of the DSTATCOM output voltages allows effective control of active and reactive power exchanges between D-STATCOM and AC system. The PI controller will process the error signal to zero. The load R.M.S voltage is brought back to the reference voltage by comparing the reference voltage with the R.M.S voltages that had been measured at the load point. It also is used to control the flow of reactive power from the DC capacitor storage circuit. The PWM generator can produce the desired synchronizing signal that is required. PWM generator also receives the error signal angle from PI controller. The modulated signal is compared against a triangle signal in order to generate the switching signals for VSC valves. To enhance the performance of distribution system, DSTATCOM was connected to the distribution system. DSTATCOM was designed using MATLAB simulink version R2007b.
198
176. ESTIMATION AND MITIGATION OF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT HARMONICS IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
ABSTRACT
The widespread application of power electronics is introducing non-linear loads in the distribution system resulting in the distortion of current and voltage waveforms. Electronic adjustable speed drive (ASD) has attracted the attention recently for the high reliability and efficiency encountered in its performance. The ASD is becoming a significant load component for different applications in distribution systems; yet, it is considered as a major contributor to the system harmonic distortion due to the inherent non-linearity associated with its switching operation In this paper, IEEE 13-bus distribution system is considered for analysis of harmonics. The distribution system model is simulated in MATLAB software with static and adjustable speed drives as loads. Harmonic analysis of the system gives the harmonic spectrum and THD of currents and voltages at various buses. Mitigation of harmonics is performed by simulation using single tuned, double tuned, reactance one-port filters. Comparative analysis of filter performance is presented. The simulation study show that the best performance of the filter is obtained when positioned at/near the nonlinear load buses.
199
177. A FACTS DEVICE DISTRIBUTED POWER-FLOW CONTROLLER (DPFC)

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a new component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC). The DPFC can be considered as a UPFC with an eliminated common dc link. The active power exchange between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. The DPFC employs the distributed FACTS (D-FACTS) concept, which is to use multiple small-size single-phase converters instead of the one large-size threephase series converter in the UPFC. The large number of series converters provides redundancy, thereby increasing the system reliability. As the D-FACTS converters are single-phase and floating with respect to the ground, there is no high-voltage isolation required between the phases. Accordingly, the cost of the DPFC system is lower than the UPFC. The DPFC has the same control capability as the UPFC, which comprises the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding experimental results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
200
178. FAULT-LOCATION SYSTEM FOR MULTITERMINAL TRANSMISSION LINES

ABSTRACT
This paper presents the development and implementation in a computational routine of algorithm for fault location in multi terminal transmission lines. These algorithms are part of a fault-location system, which is capable of correctly identifying the fault point based on voltage and current phasor quantities, calculated by using measurements of voltage and current signals from intelligent electronic devices, located on the transmission-line terminals. The fault-location method proposed develop precise mathematical models for transmission lines, loads, and transformers .In this the three-phase pi-model of a single-circuit transmission line mathematical developed. The load model, in phase components, considers that the load is balanced and can be represented by constant delta-connected impedances. It is important to point out that the proposed fault-location system may use any other type of load connection. The transformers models, in phase components, depend on the windings connection schemes and may derive from their zero-, positive-, and negative-sequence network diagrams proposed system uses an equivalent matrix that represents the combination of the load, transformer, and line section. The fault models, in phase components, depend on the fault type and on the phases involved. Identification of the fault point is based on four stages, Digital Signal Processing, prefault processing, post fault processing, Fault-Location Algorithm. The pre fault processing stage is a recursive algorithm that consists of synchronizing voltage and current phasor quantities at one terminals and estimating the load impedances at the remaining terminals. Fault- Located by Voltage and Current at Both Ends and voltage and Current at One End. This also presents the development of phase component models for the power system elements used by the faultlocation algorithms.
201
179. FEASIBILITY STUDY ON APPLICATION OF VOLTAGE SOURCE INDUCTIVE FILTERING CONVERTER IN HVDC-LIGHT SYSTEMS
ABSTRACT
In recent years, with the technical development of self-commutated power electronic devices, voltage source converter (VSC)-based HVDC systems arouse more and more attention. Due to the application of pulse width modulation (PWM) technology in the control system for the self-commutated converter valve set, the VSC represents good P&Q operating characteristics, and it can independently control the active and the reactive power, which makes VSC-based HVDC system advantages to the fields of interconnected power systems, wind power integration, industrial plants, etc. This paper presents a new voltage source inductive filtering converter (VSIFC) for HVDC-Light transmission system, which is mainly composed of the inductive filtering (IF) transformer and the related full-tuned (FT) branches with the commutating function for the selfcommutated converter. This paper concerns on the technical feasibility on the application of VSIFC in HVDC-Light systems. Firstly, two kinds of main circuit topologies of VSIFCs are proposed, and based on this, a typical test system for the proposed VSIFC-based HVDC-Light transmission is established. In the first circuit a coupling transformer is used to connect selfcommutated converter with power system, and there are harmonic filters installed on the PCC. The coupling transformer not only provides the suitable line-voltage for self-commutated converter, but also utilizes its leakage reactance efficiently to exchange active and reactive power between VSC and power system. Then the second circuit is similar to the commutating reactor. It is worth to remark that although there is a special commutating reactor for VSC station, with the consideration that provide the suitable line-voltage for the operation of VSC station and prevent the 3-time harmonic currents from flowing into PCC, the coupling transformer is necessary to be installed. Then, the study on the unique inductive filtering characteristic and the transient stability that VSIFC-based HVDC transmission system has are performed in the PSCAD/EMTDC environment. Through the comparison with the classic VSC-based HVDC system, this paper verifies the technical feasibility on the application of VSIFC in HVDC-Light systems, and Head office: 2nd floor, Solitaire plaza, beside Image Hospital, Ameerpet, Hyderabad
202
further reveals a series of technical characteristics and superiorities that VSIFC-based HVDCLight system has. The results obtained from the proposed VSIFC-HVDC system can suppress the high order harmonic not to flow into the grid winding of the transformer, and meanwhile, it can implement the bi-direction power flow control with the high transmitted power.
203
180. FLEXIBLE POWER ELECTRONIC TRANSFORMER

ABSTRACT
The topology of PET can be developed in such a way to achieve multiport electrical system that converts variable input waveform to the desired output waveform; This paper proposes a new modular flexible power electronic transformer (FPET). it is constructed based on modules and a common dc link, Each module consists of three main parts, including modulator, demodulator, and high frequency isolation transformer (HFIT),here proposed topology can be expanded by connecting modules in series or parallel to obtain higher voltage or current ratings, and to form star/delta connections for three phase applications. Here each port is composed of a full bridge dc-link inverter (FBDCI), HFIT, and a Cycloconverters. The proposed FPET is flexible enough to meet future needs of power electronic centralized systems. The main feature of the FPET is the independent operation of modules each of which contains one port. Each port can be considered as input or output, because bidirectional power flow is provided. The voltage regulation is performed by the FBDCI using PSM method. The Cycloconverters chooses the PSM pulses in such a way to provide positive or negative voltage polarity at the output. The algorithm for regulation of dc-link voltage is proposed, some ports are considered as balancing ports that provide energy to balance dc-link voltage in FPET. Here, the decrease of the dc-link voltage increases the current of dc link switches The modules are connected to a common dc link that facilitates energy transfer among modules as well as ports. Therefore, a multiport system is developed, which the ports can operate independently. This merit is important for applications, where input and output voltages are different in many parameters. A measurement results of a laboratory prototype are presented to verify the capabilities of FPET in providing different output waveforms and controlling load side reactive power FPET can satisfy almost any kind of application, which are desired in power electronic conversion systems and meet future needs of electricity networks. The simulation results of high-voltage application are given to clarify the advantages of the proposed FPET over the recently developed PETs. To show the flexibility of the proposed PET.
204
181. HARMONIC ELIMINATION IN SINGLE PHASE SYSTEMS BY MEANS OF A HYBRID SERIES ACTIVE FILTER (HSAF)
ABSTRACT
In this paper, a fully-digital-controlled hybrid series active filter (HSAF) for harmonic elimination and reactive power compensation in single phase systems is presented. Here we use shunt active filters consisting of voltage-fed pulse width modulated (PWM) inverters using IGBT or GTO. These filters have provided the required harmonic filtering, reactive power compensation, and etc, An important technology on active filters is the detecting method of harmonics to reduce the capacity of the energy storage components. The control strategy presented is based on the calculation of the real part of the fundamental load current while this is useful in some configurations such as hybrid series active filter. The active power Filter proposed uses a dc capacitor voltage closed loop control, The least compensation current control method presented in is based on detection of the harmonics and reactive current of the active power filter This paper uses a Discrete Fourier transform for single phase active power filters (APF). The HSAF is composed of two single tuned LC filters and a small-rated active filter. The HSAF consists of a series active filter and two parallel single tuned passive filters in series with the active filter. Two passive filters are tuned in dominants harmonic frequencies of 3rd and 5th. One of the key points for proper implementation of an APF is to use a reliable method for current/voltage reference generation. The voltage source harmonics are modeled. Harmonic equivalent circuit of single phase system. is in series with the Thevenins impedance (Zs) of the power system. Also, nonlinear load is a diode rectifier by a resistive capacitive load on its output. Here series active filter behaves as a damping resistor which can eliminate resonance between the parallel passive filter and the source impedance. The main advantage of the presented series active filter is that its filters power rating is 10% of the load making it a costeffective solution for high power applications. Simulation results using MATLAB program shows the effectiveness of the control method. In this simulation two single tuned passive filters were used with the parameters mentioned in the paper.
205
182. HIGH-EFFICIENCY VOLTAGE REGULATOR FOR RURAL NETWORKS ABSTRACT

This paper presents a high-efficiency voltage regulator, which combines robustness, low costs and easy maintenance without power electronics components. Power quality is the combination of voltage quality and current quality. Quality of supply is a combination of voltage quality and the non-technical aspects of the interaction from the power network to its customers. These characteristics make it suitable for rural networks, where investments and operational cost in power quality improvement are limited. The regulator consists of a multi winding reducedpower transformer, and provides serial voltage compensation. This paper presents a new voltage regulator that fulfills the rural networks needs: high efficiency, robustness, easy maintenance and low cost. Section II presents the design of the voltage regulator, describing its power circuit and control system. Some practical considerations regarding the design of the voltage regulator are presented in Section III. And finally, Section IV presents the operation experience data of voltage regulators installed in the distribution network. Different voltage compensation steps are obtained by modifying the connection and the polarity between the primary and secondary windings. The transformer design has been optimized to obtain a high-efficiency and low-cost regulator. An automatic controller monitors the output voltage and sets the optimal compensation step. At present more than 400 units of the voltage regulator are in operation. Experimental records for the operation of installed voltage regulators have shown their reliability, high efficiency, and their capacity to improve power quality in rural networks.
206
183. IMPLEMENTATION AND CONTROL OF AN HYBRIDMULTILEVEL CONVERTER WITH FLOATING DCLINKS FORCURRENT WAVEFORM IMPROVEMENT
ABSTRACT
Multilevel converters offer advantages in terms of the output waveform quality due to the increased number of levels used in the output voltage modulation. This advantage is particularly true for cascaded H-bridge converters that can be built to produce a large number of levels thanks to their modular structure, An hybrid converter formed by the series connection of a main three-level NPC converter and auxiliary floating H-Bridges (NPC-HBs) the NPC is used to supply the active power while the HBs operate as series active filters, improving the voltage waveform quality by only handling reactive power. The considered hybrid topology is composed by a traditional three-phase, three-level NPC inverter, connected with a single phase H-bridge inverter in series with each output phase In the hybrid topology considered, the NPC inverter provides the total active power flow. Considering a 5-angle realization, so five degrees of freedom are available. This enables the amplitude of the fundamental component to be controlled and four harmonics to be eliminated The addition of the series H-bridge results in more levels being added on the output voltage waveform of the converter For good dynamic performance, an outer load current loop can be implement, Series H-bridge filter control scheme can be used either as a grid or load interface, depending on whether the NPC converter is used as an AFE or inverter H-bride DC-link voltage control under regenerative operation. In regenerative operation, such as active front end applications for regenerative drives, the power flow needs to be controlled bidirectional. The proposed floating dc-link voltage control scheme can be adapted to other hybrid topologies or cascaded H-bridge converters with the advantage that isolated input transformers can be avoided. The analogy between the floating H-bridges and series active filters is used to develop a strategy for harmonic compensation of the NPC output voltage and the control of the floating dc-link voltages.
207
184. IMPLEMENTATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A FAST DYNAMIC CONTROL SCHEME FOR CAPACITOR-SUPPORTED INTERLINE DVR
ABSTRACT
Electronic systems operate properly as long as the supply voltage stays within a consistent range. There are several types of voltage fluctuations that can cause the systems to malfunction, including surges and spikes, sags, harmonic distortions, and momentary disruptions. Among them, voltage sag is the major power-quality problem. Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is presently one of the most cost-effective and thorough solutions to mitigate voltage sags by establishing proper quality voltage level for utility customers. Its function is to inject a voltage in series with the supply and compensate for the difference between the nominal and sagged supply voltage. The injected voltage is typically provided by an inverter, which is powered by a dc source, such as batteries, flywheels, externally powered rectifiers, and capacitors. The implementation of a fast dynamic control scheme for capacitor supported interline dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is presented in this paper. The power stage of the DVR consists of three inverters sharing the same dc link via a capacitor bank. Each inverter has an individual inner control loop for generating the gate signals for the switches. The inner loop is formed by a boundary controller with second-order switching surface, which can make the load voltage ideally revert to the steady state in two switching actions after supply voltage sags, and also gives output of low harmonic distortion. The load-voltage phase reference is common to all three inner loops and is generated by an outer control loop for regulating the dc-link capacitor voltage. Such structure can make the unsagged phase(s) and the dc-link capacitor to restore the sagged phase(s). The rectifier-based source requires a separate service supply, while the battery-based source requires regular maintenance and is not environment friendly. No external source is required in the DVR. The computation method is purely based on sinusoidal waveforms; the implementation is complicated in distribution network with nonlinear load. Based on the steady-state and smallsignal characteristics of the control loops, a set of design procedures are provided. By integrating a recently proposed boundary-control method with second-order switching surface (inner loop), the dynamic response has been minimized to two switching actions. LongHead office: 2nd floor, Solitaire plaza, beside Image Hospital, Ameerpet, Hyderabad
208
duration voltage sags swell, and three-phase voltage unbalance could be overcome by the proposed power-flow controller (outer loop). The quality of the load voltage under unbalanced and distorted phase voltages, and nonlinear inductive loads will be studied.
209
185. INPUT-OUTPUT LINEARIZATION AND ROBUST SLIDING-MODE CONTROLLER FOR THE VSC-HVDC TRANSMISSION LINK
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a robust nonlinear controller for VSC-HVDC transmission link using inputoutput linearization and sliding mode-control strategy. The feedback linearization is used to cancel nonlinearities and the sliding mode control offers invariant stability to modeling uncertainties due to converter parameter changes, changes in system frequency, and exogenous inputs. Comprehensive computer simulations are carried out to verify the proposed control scheme under several system disturbances, such as changes in short-circuit ratio, converter parametric changes, and faults on the converter and inverter buses. Based upon the time-domain simulations in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment, the proposed controller is tested. The input-output linearization cancels the non linearities, and the sliding mode control takes into account the parametric uncertainties and exogenous inputs to the dc-link converter model. The proposed controller is found to be robust, producing significant damping and a reduction of overshoots for a variety of operating conditions that include short circuits at the converter buses, power reference changes for the rectifier and inverter, power reversal, low short-circuit ratio on the ac side, etc. In this paper, several computer simulations are carried out in different operating conditions of the two-area power system and results are presented to commemorate the robustness of the designed controller.
210
186. INSTANTANEOUS POWER CONTROL OF D-STATCOM WITH CONSIDERATION OF POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
ABSTRACT
Electric power distribution network have become more increasingly important and plays an essential role in power system planning. This type of power systems has a major function to serve distributed customer loads along a feeder line; therefore under competitive environment of electricity market service of electric energy transfer must not be interrupted and at the same time there must provide reliable, stable and high quality of electric power. To complete this challenge, it requires careful design for power network planning. There exist many different ways to do so. However, one might consider an additional device to be installed somewhere in the network. Such devices are one of capacitor bank, shunt reactor, series reactors, automatic voltage regulators and recently developed dynamic voltage restorers, distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM), or combination of them. This paper presents a modified instantaneous power control scheme of D-STATCOM for power factor and harmonic compensation. The D-STATCOM is a solid state DC/AC power switching converter that consists mainly of a three-phase PWM voltage source converter (VSC) bridge having six IGBTs with associated anti-parallel diodes. It is connected to the distribution network via the impedance of the coupling transformer. A DC-link capacitor provides constant DC link voltage. The proposed control strategy has been introduced in order to enhance some steady-state performances besides its functional elimination of power quality disturbances. Power factor and harmonic current of a controlled feeder section are two vital roles in steadystate power distribution system operation. Utilizing an already installed D-STATCOM to achieve these additional control objectives can help system operators maximize overall system performances. In this paper, a control scheme with constant power and sinusoidal current compensation is exploited. In order to correct the power factor, a power factor control loop is required and therefore included in the control block. Results showed that integration of the proposed reactive power control loop can correct the power factor of the controlled feeder to be unity power factor.
211
187. MODELING AND SIMULATION OF AN ASYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR WITH ACDCAC CONVERTER FED RLC SERIES CIRCUIT IN AN ISOLATED POWER GENERATION SYSTEM
ABSTRACT
This paper expounds a simulation model of a self-excited asynchronous generator (SEASG) feeding R L load in conjunction with an AC/DC/AC converter fed RLC series circuit connected at the point of common coupling (PCC). Self-excited asynchronous generator has emerged as a possible alternative for isolated power generation from renewable energy sources because of its low cost, less maintenance and rugged construction. However, it requires a suitable controller to regulate the voltage due to variation of consumer loads. From the characteristics of voltage generation in a SEASG, it is essential to have a variable capacitance at the machine terminals to maintain constant voltage with variable load. Simulation model of the proposed system have been developed by using Matlab/Simulink. The result shows that the effect of RLC series circuit when operated at variable frequency affects the generation voltage profile. This reflects that an additional capacitance or inductance effect is possible to inject when the RLC is operated at frequency lower than the resonance frequency or the higher than the resonance frequency. This simulation model validates the injections of capacitance in a SEASG is possible to match the lagging reactive power of the RL load to maintain a constant voltage at the load bus.
212
188. MULTIBAND HYSTERESIS MODULATION AND SWITCHING CHARACTERIZATION FOR SLIDING-MODECONTROLLED CASCADED MULTILEVEL INVERTER
ABSTRACT
The basic motivations for the use of multilevel inverters are the reduction of voltage stress on power electronic devices and the reduction in the switching harmonic content of the voltage delivered by the voltage-source inverter (VSI). The cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter (CHBMLI) configuration has the advantage of its simplicity and modularity over a diode-clamped multilevel inverter or a flying-capacitor multilevel inverter. Various improved modulation schemes have been proposed for CHBMLI in the recent years. The switching frequencies of high-power converters are limited by the switching losses. The VSI needs to operate at finite maximum switching frequency in these high-power converters. A smaller hysteresis band gives fast dynamic performance and accurate tracking characteristics. However, a smaller hysteresis band also leads to a high switching frequency. The correct choice of hysteresis band for the desired maximum switching frequency in sliding-modecontrol applications has been recently obtained for two-level inverters by using a frequencydomain method. The switching characterization of VSI is an important requirement for the suitable design of power circuit and thermal management. In this paper, a generalized multiband hysteresis modulation and its characterization have been proposed for the sliding-mode control of cascaded H-bridge multilevel-inverter (CHBMLI)controlled systems. A frequency-domain method is proposed for the determination of net hysteresis bandwidth for a given desired maximum switching frequency of the inverter. The switching transition concept of Tsypkins method and the describing function of nonlinear relay have been used for the derivation of results. A hierarchical switching algorithm has been suggested for the modular cells of the cascaded multilevel inverter. The hierarchy of each cell is swapped sequentially to provide the self-balancing capability in case the dc-link voltage is supported by the capacitors. The multiband hysteresis modulation proposed in this paper will shift the switching components toward higher frequencies and will reduce the switching ripple content in the output controlled voltage.
213
The use of hierarchical switching algorithm for different cells of the cascaded multilevel inverter will make the implementation easier. The simulation and experimental verification of the derived results are provided through a single-phase distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) model. Verification on both single- and three phase systems is obtained using a five-level cascaded-multilevel-inverter topology.
214
189. NON LINEAR CONTROL OF STATCOM

ABSRACT
This paper is based on FACTS controllers, how the FACTS controllers can be used to control power flow in ac transmission line. Synchronous machines are principally used as alternating current (AC) generators. Synchronous generators usually operate together (or in parallel), forming a large power system supplying electrical energy to the loads or consumers. The Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is a shunt connected reactive compensation equipment which is capable of generating and/or absorbing reactive power whose output can be varied so as to maintain control of specific parameters of the electric power system. The STATCOM basically consists of a step-down transformer with a leakage reactance, a three-phase GTO or IGBT voltage source inverter (VSI), and a DC capacitor.. The hysteresis control scheme provides excellent dynamic performance because it acts quickly. Also, an inherent peak current limiting capability is provided. Park transformation is commonly used, in three-phase electric machine models, to eliminate time-varying inductances by referring the stator and rotor quantities to a fixed or rotating reference frame. The dc source is connected on dc terminal side of STATCOM and ac terminals to lines with the help of single phase transformers. When thyristors are fired in proper sequence STATCOM generates compensating current which induces into transmission lines through shunt connected single phase transformers. STATCOM has a voltage source converter which is connected in parallel to transmission lines through shunt connected transformer and dc source on dc terminal side to provide dc current to voltage source converter. Generation circuit employs mainly consists of two generating units. Each unit consists of a synchronous machines attached to prime mover circuit. The two generating units connected. Prime mover is connected in order to supply positive mechanical power to make synchronous machine acts as generator. Star connected capacitors are connected to lines the common point of star connected capacitors is connected to develop a neutral line so as to make system as three phase four wire system.
215
190. NOVEL DIRECT TORQUE CONTROL BASED ON SPACE VECTOR MODULATION WITH ADAPTIVE STATOR FLUX OBSERVER FOR INDUCTION MOTORS
ABSTRACT
This paper describes a combination of direct torque control (DTC) and space vector modulation (SVM) for an adjustable speed sensor less induction motor (IM) drive. The motor drive is supplied by a two-level SVPWM inverter. The inverter reference voltage is obtained based on input-output feedback linearization control, using the IM model in the stator DQ axes reference frame with stator current and flux vectors components as state variables. Moreover, a robust full-order adaptive stator flux observer is designed for a speed sensor less DTC-SVM system and a new speed-adaptive law is given. By designing the observer gain matrix based on state feedback control theory, the stability and robustness of the observer
systems is ensured. The stability of the speed adaptive stator flux observer is also guaranteed by the gain matrix in very low speed finally, the effectiveness and validity of the proposed control approach is verified by simulation results. Here we use MATLAB/simulink for the simulation purpose. The proposed control algorithms are verified by extensive simulation results.
216
191. OPTIMIZED MODULATION FOR ACDC HARMONIC IMMUNITY IN VSC HVDC TRANSMISSION
ABSTRACT
Control methods based on selective harmonic elimination pulse-width modulation (SHEPWM) techniques offer the lowest possible number of switching transitions. Amplitude
modulation (AM) is a method of impressing data onto an alternating-current (AC) carrier waveform. The highest frequency of the modulating data is normally less than 10 percent of the carrier frequency. The instantaneous amplitude (overall signal power) varies depending on the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating data. The conventional Regular Sampled PWM technique can be simply extended to allow Harmonic Minimization and also Harmonic Elimination PWM to be closely reproduced using simple algebraic equations. Voltage Source Converter (VSC) based HVDC transmission technology has been selected as the basis for several recent projects due to its controllability, compact modular design, ease of system interface, and low environmental impact. This feature also results in the lowest possible level of converter switching losses. For this reason, they are very attractive techniques for the voltage-source-converter-(VSC) based high-voltage dc (HVDC) power transmission systems. The paper discusses optimized modulation patterns which offer controlled harmonic immunity between the ac and dc side. The application focuses on the conventional two-level converter when its dc-link voltage contains a mix of low-frequency harmonic components. Simulation and experimental results are presented to confirm the validity of the proposed switching patterns.
217
192. PERFORMANCE INVESTIGATION OF NEURALNETWORK-BASED UNIFIED POWER-QUALITY CONDITIONER

ABSTRACT
The application of artificial intelligence is growing fast in the area of power electronics and drives. The artificial neural network (ANN) is considered as a new tool to design control circuitry for power-quality (PQ) devices. A new tool to design control circuits for PQ devices. Over the last few years, major research works have been carried out on control circuit design for UPQCs with the objective of obtaining reliable control algorithms and fast response procedures to obtain the switch control signals. In this paper, for improving the performance of a UPQC, a multilayer feed forward-type ANN-based controller is designed for the current control of the shunt active filter instead of the conventional PI controller. In this paper, the ANN-based controller is designed for the current control of the shunt active power filter and trained offline using data from the conventional proportional-integral controller. A digital-signal-processor-based microcontroller is used for the real-time simulation and implementation of the control algorithm. An exhaustive simulation study is carried out to investigate the performance of the ANN controller and compare its performance with the conventional PI controller results. The system performance is also verified experimentally on a prototype model developed in the laboratory.
218
193. POWER-MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR A GRID-CONNECTED PV-FC HYBRID SYSTEM

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a method to operate a grid connected hybrid system. The hybrid system composed of a Photovoltaic (PV) array and a Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is considered. Two operation modes, the unit-power control (UPC) mode and the feeder-flow control (FFC) mode, can be applied to the hybrid system. In the UPC mode, variations of load demand are compensated by the main grid because the hybrid source output is regulated to reference power. Renewable energy is currently widely used. One of these resources is solar energy. The photovoltaic (PV) array normally uses a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique to continuously deliver the highest power to the load when there are variations in irradiation and temperature. The disadvantage of PV energy is that the PV output power depends on weather conditions and cell temperature, making it an uncontrollable source. Furthermore, it is not available during the night. In order to overcome these inherent drawbacks, alternative sources, such as PEMFC, should be installed in the hybrid system. By changing the FC output power, the hybrid source output becomes controllable. Therefore, the reference value of the hybrid source output must be determined. In the FFC mode, the feeder flow is regulated to a constant, the extra load demand is picked up by the hybrid source, and, hence, the feeder reference power must be known. he system can maximize the generated power when load is heavy and minimizes the load shedding area. When load is light, the UPC mode is selected and, thus, the hybrid source works more stably. The changes in operating mode only occur when the load demand is at the boundary of mode change; otherwise, the operating mode is either UPC mode or FFC mode. Besides, the variation of hybrid source reference power is eliminated by means of hysteresis. The proposed operating strategy with a flexible operation mode change always operates the PV array at maximum output power and the PEMFC in its high efficiency performance band, thus improving the performance of system operation, enhancing system stability, and decreasing the number of operating mode changes.
219
194. REFERENCE CURRENT COMPUTATION FOR ACTIVE POWER FILTERS BY RUNNING DFT TECHNIQUES
ABSTRACT
This paper analyzes the feasibility and convenience of applying the efficient discrete Fourier transform (DFT) techniques for the computation of reference currents in active power filters. Existing methods designed for this purpose rely on a high-pass filter in order to obtain the harmonic components of the load current to be filtered. Among these methods, the stationary reference frame (SRF) method reveals itself as the most accurate one because of its inherent immunity to distorted voltage conditions. In this paper, two different implementations of the running DFT, including their recursive and non-recursive versions, are compared to the SRF approach in terms of steady-state performance, adequacy of transient response, and computational effort. In addition to simulation results, an experimental setup is designed to prove the advantages of resorting to the DFT. Conceptual similarities between both schemes are also stressed in this paper. The proposed method, formulated in the Park domain, is based on the computation of the positive sequence of the fundamental harmonic through a sliding-window DFT scheme. Two algorithms have been considered to efficiently compute this harmonic component, either in a
recursive or non recursive manner. The no recursive implementation of Algorithm 2 is equivalent to calculating a moving average in a synchronous reference frame. Hence, it is possible to establish a comparison between the proposed DFT method and the SRF technique based on a high-pass filter. A comprehensive comparative study of both reference current computation methods, regarding the steady-state performance, transient response, and effect of the frequency drift and computational cost, has been performed.
220
195. RESEARCH ON THREE-LEVEL STATIC SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR

ABSTRACT
In electric power system, the harmfulness to system because of lack of reactive power cannot be ignored. Reactive power compensator starts from the earliest capacitor to today, has had been through the synchronous condenser, the shunted capacitor, Static Var Compensator (SVC), until Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) several different periods. STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) is an important member of Flexible AC Transmission System, comparing with traditional reactive power compensation device, it not only decrease the volume and cost of the device, but also has faster response speed and more smooth regulating property. On the basis of thorough analysis on reactive power compensation device in existence, this paper study on three-level STATCOM. The device is mainly comprised of voltage signal condition, current signal condition, controller, and impulsator and three-level main circuit. Comparing with two-level inverter, the device with three-level inverter has smaller harmonic wave and higher reliability. The device uses neutral-point clamping method to divide the inverter circuit into positive, negative and zero three levels, so that each component subject to the maximum voltage reduced to half of the traditional inverter circuit. STATCOM produces a three phase voltage source which has internal reactance, and its amplitude and phase angle controlled. When output alternating voltage of inverter is higher than (lower than) the bus voltage, the inverter will generate leading (lag) current, the difference of the two voltage amplitude had decided the magnitude of current, so it can control the reactive power from this. Finally this paper proposes an effective measure to enhance the stability of power system, the power factor, and improve the quality of electrical energy.
221
196. RIPPLE CURRENT REDUCTION OF A FUEL CELL FOR A SINGLE-PHASE ISOLATED CONVERTER USING A DC ACTIVE FILTER WITH A CENTER TAP
ABSTRACT
A ripple current reduction method is proposed that does not require additional switching devices. A current ripple that has twice the frequency component of the power supply is generated in the dc part when a single-phase pulse width-modulated inverter is used for a grid connection. The current ripple causes shortening of the lifetime of electrolytic capacitors, batteries, and fuel cells. This paper proposes a new circuit topology including a dc active filter function without extra switching devices. The proposed circuit consists of an isolated dc/dc converter and interconnection inverter, and achieves the dc active filter function using the center tap of the isolation transformer. One feature of the proposed converter is that the primary-side inverter in the dc/dc converter is individually controlled by the common-mode voltage and the differential voltage. The ripple current is suppressed by the common-mode voltage control of the dc/dc converter, and the main power flow is controlled by the differential-mode voltage. The proposed circuit realizes a dc active filter function without increasing the number of switching devices, because the energy buffer capacitor is connected to the center tap of the isolation transformer. In addition, the buffer capacitor voltage is controlled by the commonmode voltage of the inverter. The features of the proposed circuit, control strategy, and experimental results are described, including the result of ripple reduction, to approximately 20% that of the conventional circuit.
222
197. SIMULATION OF FOUR QUADRANT OPERATION & SPEED CONTROL OF BLDC MOTOR ON MATLAB-SIMULINK
ABSTRACT
BLDC motors have been gaining attention from various Industrial and household appliance manufacturers, because of its high efficiency, high power density and low maintenance cost. After many research and developments in the fields of magnetic materials and power electronics, their applications to electric drives have increased to a significant extent. This paper deals with simulation models of PWM inverter and the controllers for the BLDC motor. The performance of this simulation is examined under no-load, variable load at variable speeds, blocked rotor and intermittent loads. In addition, four quadrant operation of BLDC motor is also carried out. In this paper, the modeling of Brushless DC motor drive system along with control system for speed and current has been presented using MATLAB / SIMULINK. In order to evaluate the model, various cases of simulation studies are carried out. Test results thus obtained show that, the model performance is satisfactory.
223
198. SINGLE-PHASE AC/AC CONVERTER BASED ON QUASIZ-SOURCE TOPOLOGY

ABSTRACT
This paper deals with a new family of quasi-Z-source converters applying to AC/AC power conversion called single phase quasi-Z-source AC/AC converter (qZSAC). The proposed qZSAC inherits all the advantages of the traditional single-phase Z-source AC/AC converter (ZSAC), which can realize buck-boost, reversing or maintaining phase angle. In addition, the proposed qZSAC has the unique features; namely that the input voltage and output voltage is sharing the same ground; the operation is in continuous current mode (CCM). Compared to the conventional ZSAC, the proposed qZSAC has a lower harmonic distortion input current and a higher efficiency. The proposed qZSAC can control to shape the input current to be sinusoidal and in phase with the input voltage. In this paper, a new family of quasi-Z-source converters applying to AC/AC power conversion is presented. The proposed converter called single-phase quasi-Z-source AC/AC converter (qZSAC) inherits all the advantages of the traditional ZSAC, which can realize buckboost, reversing or maintaining phase angle. In addition, the proposed qZSAC has the unique features; namely that the input voltage and output voltage is sharing the same ground; that the operation in continuous current mode (CCM). In general, the peak of input current in DCM which gives rise to the device stress is higher than that in CCM. Moreover, the waveform of input current in CCM is more sinusoidal than that in DCM. Is in continuous current mode (CCM) is more sinusoidal than that in DCM. For advantages of CCM operation, the simulation results of proposed qZSAC are compared to those of conventional SZAC with the same condition. The waveform of in we can observe that the proposed qZSAC inherits all the advantages of the conventional ZSAC in which the output voltage is bucked boosted and in-phase or out-of-phase with the input voltage. Current in the proposed qZSAC is more sinusoidal than that in the conventional ZSAC. The proposed qZSAC has a higher efficiency than the conventional ZSAC. Simulation results are shown in comparison to that of the conventional SZAC. Experimentation is implemented to verify the operational concept.
224
199. SINGLE-PHASE HYBRID ACTIVE POWER FILTER USING SINGLE SWITCH PARALLEL ACTIVE FILTER AND SIMPLE PASSIVE FILTER
ABSTRACT
This paper presents an implementation of hybrid active power filter for minimizing the input current distortion in a single-phase system feeding a non-linear load. In this method for the harmonic and the reactive power compensation with an adaptive hysteresis band current controller and a control algorithm for hybrid shunt active power filter to eliminate the harmonic and compensate the reactive power in three phase thyristor bridge rectifier. The recent wide spread of power electronic equipment has caused an increase of the harmonic disturbances in the power Systems. The active power filter (APF) can solve the problems of harmonic and reactive power simultaneously the system employs only one control loop to generate appropriate active PWM switching signal, thus minimized the control requirement and reduce switching stress and losses. In this method, the active power filter is injecting equal but opposite current to mitigate the distortion current shape the supply current to a sinusoidal form and in phase with the supply voltage. In this work, the single-switch parallel active power filter is used to reduce switching stress, losses and also the cost. Studies are performed to evaluate the performance of this topology in conjunction with a simple passive filter in a hybrid arrangement using two components; a parallel active power filter and a passive filter for removing both high order and low order harmonics. The passive filter uses simple LC configuration; whilst the parallel active filter uses a single-switch topology typically used in boost rectifier circuit. Theoretical, simulation and experimental result are presented to prove the validity of this arrangement.
225
200. SINGLE-PHASE TO THREE-PHASE DRIVE SYSTEM USING TWO PARALLEL SINGLE-PHASE RECTIFIERS
ABSTRACT
This paper proposes a single-phase to three-phase drive system composed of two parallel single-phase rectifiers, a three-phase inverter, and an induction motor. Parallel converters have been used to improve the power capability, reliability, efficiency, and redundancy. Parallel converter techniques can be employed to improve the performance of active power filters, uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), fault tolerance of doubly fed induction generators, and three-phase drives. Usually the operation of converters in parallel requires a transformer for isolation. However, weight, size, and cost associated with the transformer may make such a solution undesirable. When an isolation transformer is not used, the reduction of circulating currents among different converter stages is an important objective in the system design. The proposed topology permits to reduce the rectifier switch currents, the harmonic distortion at the input converter side, and presents improvements on the fault tolerance characteristics. Even with the increase in the number of switches, the total energy loss of the proposed system may be lower than that of a conventional one. The model of the system is derived, and it is shown that the reduction of circulating current is an important objective in the system design. A suitable control strategy, including the pulse width modulation technique (PWM), is developed. Experimental results are presented as well.
226
201. SUPERCAPACITORS AND BATTERY POWER MANAGEMENT FOR HYBRID VEHICLE APPLICATIONS USING MULTI BOOST AND FULL BRIDGE CONVERTERS ABSTRACT
In the last few years the pollution problems and the increase of the cost of fossil energy (oil, gas) have become planetary problems. The car manufacturers started to react to the urban pollution problems in nineties by commercializing the electric vehicle. But the battery weight and cost problems were not solved. The batteries must provide energy and peaks power during the transient states. These conditions are severe for the batteries. To decrease these severe conditions, the super capacitors and batteries associate with a good power management present a promising solution. Hybridization using batteries and super capacitors for transport applications is needed when energy and power management are requested during the transient sates and steady states. The multi boost and multi full bridge converters will be investigated because of the high power This paper presents super capacitors and battery association methodology for ECCE Hybrid vehicle. ECCE is an experimental Hybrid Vehicle developed at L2ES Laboratory in collaboration with the Research Center in Electrical Engineering and Electronics in Belfort (CREEBEL) and other French partners. This test bench has currently lead-acid batteries with a rated voltage of 540 V, two motors each one coupled with one alternator. The alternators are feeding a DC-bus by rectifiers. The main objective of this paper is to study the management of the energy provides by two super capacitor packs. Super capacitors are storage devices which enable to supply the peaks of power to hybrid vehicle during the transient states. Each super capacitors module is made of 108 cells with a maximum voltage of 270V. The multi boost and multi full bridge converter topologies are studied to define the best topology for the embarked power management. This method achieved a good power management strategy by using the multi boost and the multi full bridge converter topologies.
227
202. TORQUE RIPPLE REDUCTION IN DIRECT TORQUE CONTROL OF INDUCTION MACHINES BY USE OF ALL VOLTAGE VECTORS OF MATRIX CONVERTERS
ABSTRACT
This paper proposes the use of all voltage vectors of matrix converters to reduce the electromagnetic torque ripple which is one of the most important drawbacks of direct torque control for induction motors using matrix converters. Major types of electric motors generally used in many industries are DC, AC asynchronous and synchronous motors. Out of these, due to various developments in the area of power electronics, asynchronous motor also names induction motor has become the most widespread electrical motor in use today. Direct torque control (DTC) is one of the most excellent control strategies of torque control in induction machine. It is considered as an alternative to the field oriented control (FOC) or vector control technique. These two control strategies are different on the operation principle but their objectives are the same. They aim to control effectively the torque and flux. Torque control of an induction machine based on DTC Torque ripple is a major difficulty in direct torque controlled induction motors. The reference value of the motor flux greatly influences the torque ripple. On the other hand, many motors work in an operating cycle, which includes load intervals of less than their nominal power. In these situations, it is not necessary to set their flux value as the nominal value. In this paper, the effect of the reference value of the motor flux on the motor torque ripple is investigated. The standard look up table for direct torque control by matrix converters is improved in order to include the small, medium and large voltage vectors of matrix converters. With the new look-up table and new hysteresis comparator with seven levels of output the system will differentiate between small, medium and large torque errors and consequently reduce the electromagnetic torque ripple and output current THD. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of this novel control strategy.
228
203. VECTOR CONTROLLED PMSM DRIVE BASED ON FUZZY SPEED CONTROLLER

ABSTRACT
To improve the dynamic performances of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) drive, a novel implementation of speed controller based on adaptive fuzzy logic is presented in this paper. Using the output of the fuzzy speed controller (FC), the quadrature axis current reference value can be obtained. At the same time, the outputs of the current controller can be corrected by the disturbance voltage observer's outputs. Results of simulation are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme under the occurrence of parameter variations and external disturbance. The fuzzy controller instead of the traditional hysteresis controller is proposed in direct torque controlled PMSM drives. In this paper, the conventional PI speed controller has been replaced by the fuzzy controller. It combines the capability of fuzzy reasoning in handling uncertain information and the ability to compensate of the disturbance voltage observer on-line. The proposed control scheme has been testified by simulation, the results indicate the PMSM drive with the adaptive fuzzy controller will have the ability of quick recovery of the speed from any disturbances and parameters variation. Accordingly, the proposed PMSM drive will have better dynamic performances and robustness. The basic principle of vector control is to decouple the stator current to get direct axis and quadrature axis components. The vector control strategy is formulated in the synchronously rotating reference frame. The steady-state response of the predictive control can be effectively improved by using a simple time delay control approach. To increase the performances of PMSM drive, an adaptive speed controller based on fuzzy logic is proposed. The availability of the PMSM parameters is confirmed by computer simulations. The results of simulation have shown that the PMSM drive with the proposed control scheme has the merits of simple structure, robustness, quick tracking performance.
229
204. VOLTAGE SECURITY ANALYSIS OF POWER SYSTEMS UNDER DEREGULATION

ABSTRACT
In this paper, the authors analyze impacts of deregulation of electrical power industry in terms of voltage security. For bilateral transactions to be physically feasible, available transfer capability and other impacts must be carefully examined by the system operator. As transmission network has to provide an open access to all eligible parties, its operation is pushed near the security limits. . Therefore, independent system operators have to ensure secure system operation and provide the participants with the information about the system transmission capabilities. Before each power transaction takes place, they have to ensure that none of the system limits will be violated: for example, wheeling power flow may overload a transmission line or cause additional costs to a transmission provider related to ancillary services, such as voltage support. In the conventional approaches, mostly based on DC power flow models, approximate power flows on transmission lines and the associated costs are made available. However, the important voltage-reactive power model is neglected. Depending on the reactive power capability of the generators in the system, voltage security in case of bilateral transactions might pose a serious problem or can be positively supported by independent generators.
230
205. WIND FARM TO WEAK-GRID CONNECTION USING UPQC CUSTOM POWER DEVICE
ABSTRACT
The location of generation facilities for wind energy is determined by wind energy resource availability, often far from high voltage (HV) power transmission grids and major consumption centers. Wind Farms (WF) employing squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG) directly connected to the grid; represent a large percentage of the wind energy conversion systems around the world. In facilities with moderated power generation, the wind farms are connected through medium voltage (MV) distribution headlines. A situation commonly found in such scheme is that the power generated is comparable to the transport capacity of the grid. This case is known as Wind Farm to Weak Grid Connection, and its main problem is the poor voltage regulation at the point of common coupling (PCC). Thus, the combination of weak grids, wind power fluctuation and system load changes produce disturbances in the PCC voltage, worsening the Power Quality and WF stability. This situation can be improved using control methods at generator level, or compensation techniques at PCC. In case of wind farms based on SCIG directly connected to the grid, is necessary to employ the last alternative. Custom power devices technology (CUPS) result very useful for this kind of application. In recent years, the technological development of high power electronics devices has led to implementation of electronic equipment suited for electric power systems, with fast response compared to the line frequency. These active compensators allow great flexibility in: a) controlling the power flow in transmission systems using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices, and b) enhancing the power quality in distribution systems employing Custom Power System (CUPS) devices ,The use of these active compensators to improve integration of wind energy in weak grids is the approach adopted in this work. In this paper a compensation strategy based on a particular CUPS device, the Unified Power Quality Compensator (UPQC) has been proposed. A customized internal control scheme of the UPQC device was developed to regulate the voltage in the WF terminals, and to mitigate voltage fluctuations at grid side. The voltage regulation at WF terminal is conducted using the UPQC series converter, by voltage injection in phase with PCC voltage. On the other hand, the shunt converter is used to filter the WF generated power to prevent voltage fluctuations, requiring active and reactive power handling capability. Head office: 2nd floor, Solitaire plaza, beside Image Hospital, Ameerpet, Hyderabad
231
The sharing of active power between converters, is managed through the common DC link. Therefore the internal control strategy is based on the management of active and reactive power in the series and shunt converters of the UPQC, and the exchange of power between converters through UPQC DCLink. This approach increases the compensation capability of the UPQC with respect to other custom strategies that use reactive power only. The proposed compensation scheme enhances the system power quality, exploiting fully DCbus energy storage and active power sharing between UPQC converters, features not present in DVR and D Statcom compensators. Simulations results show the effectiveness of the proposed compensation strategy for the enhancement of Power Quality and Wind Farm stability.
232

Abstracts Total

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Abstracts Total

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Academic Project abstracts for EEE(M.

3. ACTIVE POWER FILTER BASED ON CASCADED TRANSFORMER MULTILEVEL INVERTER

5. A DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER EQUIPPED WITH A HIGH-FREQUENCY ISOLATED DCDC CONVERTER

6. A HYBRID AC/DC MICRO GRID AND ITS COORDINATION CONTROL

13. A NOVEL APPROACH IN SOFT STARTING OF LARGE INDUCTION MOTORS

16. A NOVEL INDUCTION MOTOR SPEED ESTIMATION USING NEURO FUZZY

28. AN HYBRID MULTI LEVEL INVERTER BASED DSTATCOM CONTROL

35. ASSESSMENT OF POWER QUALITY IN WIND POWER SYSTEMS

39. COMPARISON OF 3-LEVEL AND 9-LEVEL INVERTERFED INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVES

44. CONSTANT FREQUENCY-UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER

52. DC/DC BOOST CONVERTER FUNCTIONALITY IN A THREE-PHASE INDIRECT MATRIX CONVERTER

56. DESIGN STRATAGY FOR OPTIMUM RATING SELECTION OF INTERLINE DVR

60. DIRECT POWER CONTROL OF A DUAL CONVERTER OPERATING AS A SYNCHRONOUS RECTIFIER

61. DIRECT TORQUE AND INDIRECT FLUX CONTROL OF BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR

67. ENERGY OPTIMIZATION OF FIELD ORIENTED SIXPHASE INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE

69. FAULT DETECTION AND MITIGATION IN MULTILEVEL CONVERTER STATCOMS

74. HARMONIC ORIENTATION OF PULSE WIDTH MODULATION TECHNIQUE IN MULTILEVEL INVERTERS

77. HYBRID FLYING-CAPACITOR-BASED ACTIVENEUTRAL-POINT-CLAMPED FIVE-LEVEL CONVERTER OPERATED WITH SHE-PWM

78. HYSTERESIS MODULATION OF MULTILEVEL INVERTERS

93. MODELING AND CONTROL OF VSC-HVDC LINKS CONNECTED TO ISLAND SYSTEMS

102. NINE-LEVEL INVERTER SYSTEM FOR AN OPEN-END WINDING

103. ON CHIP IMPLEMENTATION OF Z- SOURCE INVERTER FED INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE

104. ONLINE EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF A FUZZYLOGIC-CONTROLLER-BASED IPMSM DRIVE

105. ONLINE OPTIMAL REACTIVE POWER CONTROL STRATEGY OF PV INVERTERS

109. PERFORMANCE INVESTIGATION OF NEURALNETWORK-BASED UNIFIED POWER-QUALITY CONDITIONER

112. POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN DC DRIVES USING MATLAB/SIMULINK

116. POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

induced bifurcations in the algebraic manifold.

120. QUASI-Z-SOURCE-BASED ISOLATED DC/DC CONVERTERS FOR DISTRIBUTED POWER GENERATION

MATLAB/Simulink simulation development tools environment.

129. SINGLE-PHASE SEVEN-LEVEL GRID-CONNECTED INVERTER FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

130. SMART PARK AS A VIRTUAL STATCOM

136. THREE-ARM AC AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR

139. TRANSMISSION LINE STABILITY IMPROVEMENT USING TCSC

143. USING ACTIVE POWER FILTERS TO IMPROVE POWER QUALITY

144. VOLTAGE STABILITY IMPROVEMENT USING SERIES FACTS DEVICES

145.11-LEVEL INVERTER USING LESS NUMBER OF SWITCHES

147. A FUZZY RULE-BASED APPROACH FOR ISLANDING DETECTION IN DISTRIBUTED GENERATION

153. A NOVEL THREE-PHASE TO FIVE-PHASE TRANSFORMATION USING A SPECIAL TRANSFORMER CONNECTION

157. AN EFFICIENT ACDC STEP-UP CONVERTER FOR LOWVOLTAGE ENERGY HARVESTING

159. AN ONLINE SIMPLIFIED ROTOR RESISTANCE ESTIMATOR FOR INDUCTION MOTORS

161. APF FOR HARMONIC VOLTAGE RESONANCE SUPPRESSION IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

162. COMPARISON OF MODULATION TECHNIQUES FOR MATRIX CONVERTER

164. CONTROL OF ACTIVE FILTER IN 25KV AC TRACTION SYSTEMS

165. CONTROL OF ACTIVE FILTER IN 25KV AC TRACTION SYSTEMS

170. DESIGN OF CONTROLLER FOR PMSM

174. EFFECTS OF SWITCHING ASYMMETRY ON AN ISOLATED FULL-BRIDGE BOOST CONVERTER

175. ENHANCEMENT OF POWER QUALITY IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM USING D-STATCOM

177. A FACTS DEVICE DISTRIBUTED POWER-FLOW CONTROLLER (DPFC)

178. FAULT-LOCATION SYSTEM FOR MULTITERMINAL TRANSMISSION LINES

180. FLEXIBLE POWER ELECTRONIC TRANSFORMER

182. HIGH-EFFICIENCY VOLTAGE REGULATOR FOR RURAL NETWORKS ABSTRACT

189. NON LINEAR CONTROL OF STATCOM

192. PERFORMANCE INVESTIGATION OF NEURALNETWORK-BASED UNIFIED POWER-QUALITY CONDITIONER

193. POWER-MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR A GRID-CONNECTED PV-FC HYBRID SYSTEM

195. RESEARCH ON THREE-LEVEL STATIC SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR

198. SINGLE-PHASE AC/AC CONVERTER BASED ON QUASIZ-SOURCE TOPOLOGY

203. VECTOR CONTROLLED PMSM DRIVE BASED ON FUZZY SPEED CONTROLLER

204. VOLTAGE SECURITY ANALYSIS OF POWER SYSTEMS UNDER DEREGULATION

You might also like