Richard Fernando

Angles are usually represented in degrees or

radians.
One complete revolution comprises 360
degrees or 2 radians.
Units in degrees can be converted into
radians by using the formula:
1 radian = 57.3
o
t
u
2
360
=
o
o
radians
September 18, 2010 2 Trigonometry by Richard Fernando
Consider the triangle ABC below:
Angle B is a right angle (90
0
) and is
measured counterclockwise from A.
A B
C

u
u
u
u
u
cos
sin
tan
cos
sin
= =
=
=
AB
BC
AC
AB
AC
BC
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
sin
cos
tan
1
cot
cos
1
sec
sin
1
csc
= =
=
=
September 18, 2010 3 Trigonometry by Richard Fernando
0
o
30
o
45
o
60
o
90
o
u sin
u cos
u
u
u
cos
sin
tan =
0
0
0
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
3
2
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
3
3
1
3

September 18, 2010 4 Trigonometry by Richard Fernando
y
x
Quadrant 1 Quadrant 2
Quadrant 3 Quadrant 4
ALL + sin +
tan + cos+
2
0
90 0
t
s s
s s
x
x
o o
t
t
s s
s s
x
x
o o
2
180 90
t t
2
3
270 180
s s
s s
x
x
o o
t t s s
s s
x
x
o o
2
3
360 270
u u
u u
u u
u u
u u
u u
u u
u u
sin ) 90 cos(
cos ) 90 sin(
tan ) 180 tan(
cos ) 180 cos(
sin ) 180 sin(
tan ) tan(
cos ) cos(
sin ) sin(
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
o
o
o
o
o
September 18, 2010 5 Trigonometry by Richard Fernando
Simple trigonometric equations:
1. sin x = sin
x = + k.360
o
OR x = (180
o
) + k.360
o
2. cos x = cos
x = + k.360
o
3. tan x = tan
x = + k.18o
o
Note: k = integers, 180
o
= radian, 360
o
= 2
radian.
September 18, 2010 6 Trigonometry by Richard Fernando
Solve the trigonometric equations below:
a. sin (2x - 20) = - cos (3x + 50), 0 x 90
b. cos (3x - 60) = cos (-300), o x 180
c. tan (x + 45) = - tan 135, o x 360
Note: All units are in degrees.
September 18, 2010 7 Trigonometry by Richard Fernando
sin (2x - 20) = - cos (3x + 50)
sin (2x 20) = - sin (90 (3x +50))
sin (2x 20) = - sin (40 3x)
sin (2x 20) = sin (-(40 3x))
sin (2x 20) = sin (3x 40)
1. 2x 20 = 3x 40 + k.360
x = 20 k.360
k = 0 x = 20 (ANS) k =- 1 x = 380 (NA)
k = 1 x = -340 (NA)
September 18, 2010 8 Trigonometry by Richard Fernando
2. 2x 20 = (180 (3x 40)) + k.360
2x 20 = (220 3x) + k.360
5x = 240 + k.360
x = 48 + k.72
k = 0 x = 48 (ANS)
k = 1 x = 120 (NA)
k = -1 x = -24 (NA)
Therefore, the feasible solutions are x = 20
and x = 48 (0 x 90).
September 18, 2010 9 Trigonometry by Richard Fernando
cos (3x - 60) = cos (-300)
cos (3x 60) = cos (300)
1. 3x 60 = 300 + k.360
x = 120 + k.120
k = -1 x = 0 (ANS)
k = 0 x = 120 (ANS)
k = 1 x = 240 (NA)
2. 3x 60 = -300 + k.360
x = -80 + k.120
September 18, 2010 10 Trigonometry by Richard Fernando
k = 0 x = -80 (NA)
k = 1 x = 40 (ANS)
k = 2 x = 160 (ANS)
k = 3 x = 280 (NA)
Therefore, the feasible solutions are x = 0, x =
40, x = 120, and x = 160 (o x 180).
September 18, 2010 11 Trigonometry by Richard Fernando
tan (x + 45) = - tan 135
tan (x + 45) = tan (-135)
x + 45 = -135 + k.180
x = -180 + k.180
k = 0 x = = -180 (NA)
k = 1 x = 0 (ANS)
k = 2 x = 180 (ANS)
k = 3 x = 360 (ANS)
Therefore, the feasible solutions are x = 0, x =
180, and x = 360 (o x 360).
September 18, 2010 12 Trigonometry by Richard Fernando
Basic identities of trigonometry:
Addition and subtraction formulae:
1 cot csc
1 tan sec
1 cos sin
2 2
2 2
2 2
=
=
= +
u u
u u
u u
B A
B A
B A
B A B A B A
B A B A B A
tan tan 1
tan tan
) tan(
sin sin cos cos ) cos(
sin cos cos sin ) sin(

=
=
=
September 18, 2010 13 Trigonometry by Richard Fernando
Double-angle formulae:
Half-angle formulae:
A
A
A
A A A A A
A A A
2
2 2 2 2
tan 1
tan 2
2 tan
sin cos sin 2 1 1 cos 2 2 cos
cos sin 2 2 sin

=
= = =
=
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
cos 1
sin
sin
cos 1
cos 1
cos 1
2
1
tan
2
cos 1
2
1
cos
2
cos 1
2
1
sin
+
=

=
+

=
+
=

=
September 18, 2010 14 Trigonometry by Richard Fernando
Sum-to-product formulae:
Product-to-sum formulae:
) (
2
1
sin ) (
2
1
sin 2 cos cos
) (
2
1
cos ) (
2
1
cos 2 cos cos
) (
2
1
sin ) (
2
1
cos 2 sin sin
) (
2
1
cos ) (
2
1
sin 2 sin sin
B A B A B A
B A B A B A
B A B A B A
B A B A B A
+ =
+ = +
+ =
+ = +
) cos( ) cos( sin sin 2
) cos( ) cos( cos cos 2
) sin( ) sin( sin cos 2
) sin( ) sin( cos sin 2
B A B A B A
B A B A B A
B A B A B A
B A B A B A
+ =
+ + =
+ =
+ + =
September 18, 2010 15 Trigonometry by Richard Fernando
a. From the half angle formula, we know
that
Prove that
b. Prove that
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
cos 1
sin
sin
cos 1
cos 1
cos 1
2
1
tan
+
=

=
+

=
A
A
A
A
cos 1
sin
sin
cos 1
+
=

0
sin sin
) sin(
sin sin
) sin(
sin sin
) sin(
=

x z
x z
z y
z y
y x
y x
September 18, 2010 16 Trigonometry by Richard Fernando
) (
cos 1
sin
) cos 1 ( sin
sin
) cos 1 ( sin
cos 1
cos 1
cos 1
sin
cos 1
sin
cos 1
2
2
PROVEN RHS
A
A
A A
A
A A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
LHS
=
+
=
+
=
+

=
+
+

=
September 18, 2010 17 Trigonometry by Richard Fernando
) ( 0
) cot (cot ) cot (cot ) cot (cot
sin sin
sin cos cos sin
sin sin
sin cos cos sin
sin sin
sin cos cos sin
sin sin
) sin(
sin sin
) sin(
sin sin
) sin(
PROVEN RHS
z x y z x y
x z
x z x z
z y
z y z y
y x
y x y x
x z
x z
z y
z y
y x
y x
LHS
= =
+ + =

=
September 18, 2010 18 Trigonometry by Richard Fernando
Using trigonometric identities formulae,
determine:
a. sin 3A (in terms of sin A)
b. cos 3A (in terms of cos A)
c. tan 3A (in terms of tan A)
September 18, 2010 19 Trigonometry by Richard Fernando