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"i1h '€9f~ ~?:~ '~\!i/~ ~ ~"<fS ~C~ C'l'f., I

C
~ <5{lfJtt~~c«"1 <l'C~ I \!I~ -r.\!i"l '!\fo11~<1' 9ffil <l~cO\'~ <i'?;a;"l:.\!i0\'9f~(~~<.\'

~~, ~~, ~~-rf/9fC<li~ ~{ C"ii~~tC<fS ~1)~~tC"<l "<lt~ <liC~ ~ft<fStf.! ~~ ~ ~ ~ ; @~ 'l~lftc~~ ~CIfJ ~iSft~1, 15(~~ ~IfJf<I\ij ci!t9t~ ~If~ ~~ I ~~Q' ~IfJ

<litf-! I "''9J::~t?:~~'ltc~ ~;:;K<fS-'€~ ~C~~ c~t9f I ~sfr~, l)t~1'5'f~ ~t'l '5'f~1"<l~I1Jf~ ci!t9tg: ( C9f~ ~~t~) @~"<lf<lC"I~ iStc« ~1%-

f<li~ I5(mJ! I.!l\!i~~ 15("<l'lt"iiC"<lt'f<fS~~ ~ W)9f<fSC'lO\'-'lc'Wt~ ~~J9f~~ I ~t~ ~~ I ' ~~ \!l~ ci!t9t~ 'l~~Jl <5{f'\!i'It"1{t~ ~., f<i;~ "<l~1{t"l 'l~'\!ii~ "<It\!it"<lg:cCj

\!i"l3f\!i1'W I5(t<fSt~ f<I~g 1)~C<fS~ ~c\!il c~c'l'f ~~c.,1

1!l<1'G'1 \!it~ ~~. ~~~C9f: on, @Db ~ f~~~ ~ci9f~ (fon! "1{IfJf~) c~9tg: ~~"<l ~t~C\!ig: ~~~tC'l \!l<l5ffl

~1,~-f<1'~C\!i~ ~~C\!i 9ft?:~ 0\'1C'I I C'I ~f)C"<l~ I ~tf)"c\!)~ ~C"<l \!itC<fSI I5($T~f~11I ~ <l~ ( ClfC"ltPl"lto{ ) I \!l~ f<l«~ ~~C"1{ "<lt~.,t~ I5(t~'& ~~ ; \!I'lli?:'! 'l<\l'.,

~~c~tcfl1t~t~ <fSC~ C'l C"ii~C"<l I ~c~t~O\' ~raoTTII"<l'\."<If'lC~<fS~C"<l c:~~t"C<fSt~~ I ~"I ~ ~~lftc~~ ~ClfJ ~~1 ~~'it<fSt~ 'ft~~ <l5~~t~~ I I5(Qfo11~<liC'lliCiJl~~C"iig:

C<! c<1'tc"l1 ~'1tc~ ~t1)C"<l~ C'I I ~c~ti!lfo{ I5(W~: \!it~-I5(\!)J~ I5(t~ ~~t~"' I 9ft~"'9jftl<li'l~~C<li I5ltiS!'lt~lft~<1' ~1 "ltc~ I5(Fs~\!i <fS~1 ~~ ; f<ls~ ~~1 '!\i~c.,

<rt~'1t~ I!l~ C<! ~til?O\', ~f\!i?:~t'f <fS~C\!i ~C"<l \!itC<fSI ~~t~ I5(fit~:~t~ ~ ~ C!t~'1~'<PfI lfC~~ O\'tc~ 'Mf"f~ 'l~lft~ i'r~
~fftc~~ 'l'fCj'l~c~g: ~9f~, "rt'l<1'~9f

c'l'f., c<!o{ ~tSl f~t~ ~9ff"t~~ I C'<It.,tcG' c~~ ~CG'tC~ \!it~ ~"C'l. @~cat1 I5li~O{: !t~lh ~~~1C"tt<!'l 9fiijif\!i ~t9fO{ <{s~"<ltst cbetC<fS '~t~lft~<i' 'It"1{~1' "5!t~Jl ~"iitOf

~Jtst~~ ~9f "<llfC., c'l'f"C~ 1 'ltm~J"<ltrf/-<.1t'lli'l 'l~~ <{S~t.,~\!)~ C"ii~1flmI~ <lifi:c~c~ I \!I~ Cl)~t~ ~ciSft~t~i!t9t ~Slt~O{ "<lfo\~tift -m{st 'lf~ \!I<fS"1{'\!i
'€ \!I<fS

~~O{ <fSC<.\'I
I5(t~ I Di<.1fwc<1'\!itc"ii~ ~~t"-C~~11 \!itc~ f.!~~l"II5(\!iJtstc~ C'lt<m1 ClrI

~~~tSl. ~C~ l)"c""C~-"J!"ItO\' ~ 9f~~' I f<1'~ 15l~ 0\'1I c<lit~ "ii~roSl ~C~ c~ ~~t~~tt,9ff\ij~ \!l~ I5(tta;ts"l~ Ci!t9t 'l~~~ <fS'<I1 ~"l: ~"l: "<l"'1~~~tc~ I l{~"l

"<l~ "1{~:~ C<fStcSlfoM "l:.~0\' I5lC'Ia "l:.\!i0{f<I~« %ftO{"C\!i~« I!l~"<l~ I,ffilf ~~ffl fo\r~~ c..,t<1'-'l1{tc~~ "{fCfSl ~c'fJ 'l~ '<I~~9f~~ ~~ \!)~"l 'l~t~~~f<I"ii'l'f'! ~~tC<fS

<fSSlC~ ~C"<ll!l~ \Stil?O\'t f;{1{/~\StC"<l~~9ft~\!i <fSSlC\!)~C"<lI5(~Jil)t~~ l~f~ <!\!) ~1t. Ci!l'lt'l~'<l~. ( ~t"l <fS"lij;-~~ ) "<!c""l I ci!t9t,~~ '''\!i: "5!fo11f~<fS1%fe~ ~9fSl ~f9t~

fTt~ I ~"l'l'f"C~~ C"ii"tf'l'~c~ ~C\!) ~C"<l~"l'l'fC~Sl~tc~ I······ ~Ol, C<li~ ~~"iit~, C<li~~~, c<{S~<l5c.,~ "1{tM<fS,C'li~ <l5C"~ ~Pl<li ; ~9t 'l~~~
{

..• ~C"l 9f~c~, ~C"l '1~C~ ~9fC<{sSl C'l~ ~"l~Sl <{S~1I 1!l<fS<{S"5!'i!iJ~1t \!it~ ~"'\!i: l5(~o11~<li 1%fe~ .~9f~ ~tf9f'\!i I ~C"<l 'l<lifiJl\!l~ 'l~'<l~ C<\I''«.,~ "f17!<fS

f<lil'~ c<!fw"l I5(fit-f<l~C"<l~itf9fC~ 9fC~f~..,. C'l 15(f.!~t'l c"ii"t-C~C"1{Sl rf/>;f1 .~ I ~ "\$j\!), c"It~<{S '€ c"Itf<!C~~ ~9f ~'l <fSC~"l1 I \!l<fS~ l5({o11f'\!i<li ci!t9t~ "1{ClfJ

"1{CO\'~C~, '!\~J~ "'9f~~"<l~ ~C"l 9f~C~, f<llft~<fS1c.,m~Sl C~~<lit~~ '!\tiltm· •• C"I'IlIC'l~"<l1~~~ .rtf\!i~ '!\i"ii{ "I~~l f<lr~:1 ~~oltf'\!i<l' If'c.,~ I5(~J"ii~~~ \!l<1:~"iii:'[-

.. ~~~/<.\' ~~ ~nr Cl)tc~<.\' '€9f<.\' f"ii"C~~f~r.~ c~ ~tt~ <rt~~ ~~<.\'~1 ~ AA{~ '1tf'liJ ~"t'\!i: ~C"ii~ ~'fJ ~t~o11f\!i<fS~~~ ~9f~~ ~~ I ~fu~tc'l ~~t<.\'
~~~ t -
9ffj1 c~~ C'l~ <li\!)~"l I5(tc'l'f ~."C~ C'l'C., C"ii'€~1~~~C<fS ftI~.,\StSl~ I 15{c~ I \!lC~~ ( Engels ~)1781r~: ~m'ij~ \!l«~<1'tcSl~ 15("<l~1
"<l9"l1~IfC~

vft9f"C<fS<.\'
f<I-ft{ ~O\' ~~~t"ll ~?:~ ~C~ ~"<liiji ~~ ~~c~~ "1{c\!i1<li~0{~ ~~: A bourgeoisie split into two monarchist sections adhering
~t Wodynasties. () 0 ) .
'
~11
~ -
~ <!J«~\!lC~OL'l, Jrtc~ \!I<fS~ 1C~~1 ci!t9tC'li ~~ 15(trfc>cfg:~~ ~~~ '1~'li
~ ~~~ "'~It -- tn;:
~ '€ "<lTi:'[~I~'«O\':
.••• "
Repu 'b hcan
. .
factIOn of the bourgeoisie
and M .
onarchist bourgeoisie" ( :>:> ) I ~ec~t'1 '€ "5!tC"1{ft1<{Shl~:{\!i\!jSl C\f"l~~c~

~. I 1\
arl Marx-"Class ~truggles in France" ; translated by F. Engels p 12.
~~I M
, arx and Engels-"Revolution and Counter-Revolution, p 44
 ~)"l

'fi.'j~~ .~t9jO{'tf5<;('l':.'<l~( party politics ) l!l~ ~t"1~cr~ ~~~l ~t~~ I l!l .'PINl~ccr~ ~?:'1T<{t~ClfQ ~Oft~ C<11<\"'I <t?:'1l'S(c~ml1~~ lfilf10\~~l ~~~
~~~ '(gnl '5:«r~~ 'lt~tf'Sl~ c\!t9t ~tf Pr~~ <>t'{j'5:(~'l~~'1f<l1%:1~~<l'l~ ~~tclfS( <>tC'1l'
l!l1ilJl ~'$ '5ltl:ilft"lOf~fit<\t"1 '!;j'1JlfC~~ C<ll:"t~t~Clf~ ~tc'<fS(
9f~~~ 'l':.,«C~M~ ~sr; ~Clif'$ <Sj~ <>t'{j~~1 ~<>t~J f<{'(gt~<tIBlsr1C~"1~ '"""C<.lt'!;fOl
~ot~"l-l!lC~1:'\?:'lQ" <.!I~f<1?:~~'l
\St~c~~ l5{~lc~<.\'5lt?:ilft"fo{
C9f"t<(l"I '<4
~((,<>tt'fo{ ~tO{~f"f ~tsr~t~O{ <tIQ'/; <tIt~'1~~R~ l:KO{t~<>tt'fO\<11ttr
'oS <l~CO{<;{ -"=<>t~?:llT'!;fJI ~~ fl>f~~"i "ftc~€ ~~O{ lf~~t'Sf~ C\!t9t~ ~t<ltc~Q
~~ '1"1,'"' \<110
C\!t9t'l~~ ~mC'f~ <l~~~ ~~Sf1 ~tf~~<l I <>t~t~l!l~ '5:(t<>tt~: f<l~:!~ ~ "'1:~~~ ~S(iOf~~1,{t~1:'\~~O{~iStWj:~ 'l'lfSf.c\!t9'i~~ I5{tCilft"lo{
<rc~~~<>t <>tfl~~
f<l~:1 ~~mc\!t9t ~:{r:\!t9t~MC1i C"tt<l'1mCSf l!l1i~~ J ~T*'fQ" f<l9\r•• ~ .rrr <!tlfJI <.!l~C"l~~i ~falr."l-e sfalC<{O{lC~, "~f~~tc~ \St<{<\t~ <Ut~m
'(g~~Q"
'f"l~M l!l<11~!ltts~~srl ~tc~ I ~t~c~ ~'tci!j"9tQ"
~tf 'l"9\"C~ <lRsrti(r .tfc~l 'en 1 Interpretation of, History) <>t"Dtc~~?:<fi ~t<l~<{'t~1 (Feeling)
(Ideo Ogl '" r-_
'l1i"f 'f"f 'oS 'l~'ftCSl~ ~O\tiSt<l l!l<tl~~<tItc~Q"I ~~Hl '\!t9t~N fucSl 'I ,-rl t'" 9f"Dtc~ ~tc~ >5It'<f( Interest), '5(Hl ~f~~t?:'lS\ 15{~~f~<fi<\Jt~Jt~
.JI~':. ~,~ " """
'lcs~O{; C'l~ f<i~CSf~rf~'fi~<tI 'l~'$j~ ~~<l ~ OIlI l!l~ 'Sl~ f<lc~<{'1 ~fip.11~ .t
(RIS orl
'cal or Economic InterpretatIOn of HIstory)
_
<>t"6tc~ ~tt~
,/
<!<8'
l!l~ 'l~'lJ1 ~ 'l~iftcSl~ "ltc~ <>tBlS~ ~~C"f'oS15{~'iiC'l~ O{tt~ ,\!t9t~t~ 'l~~ f.l~, ~t~'8 <>t"5tc~~C<fi-~t~ I <.!I~~tc<\CI'f~1 ~tSf,~ @~Sf<ut~JT~'l<\<lC"'rl
<.!I~~
cl>~l ~~C"f'oS~"l~: c\!t~~~ 'l~'«~ I
~1\~ PlM~ ~~ (~8) I .
'5:(~')c~ iSt~~<lC'lfl!l~ 'l~'lJll:K~~ ~<>t'lt~'t <tIfitSft~"l I c"ttPl~ ~ f.! • iSt~~S( ~<I~C~Q C"lt~ C<lN,C<\ll3<l,
~"'ij~to\ <\1 ~~to\ <r41t<{"l~~~1,{t,~..!l<!~
~'1'l~~ <rfi <>tfil<\~O{
'l'BlSll O{tO{l
~~~ ,"tt<lC'1~~t~ ~~c~f.lwf~ <>tt~<lt~ ~~r.~c~ <.!I~~'<lJ~ f~ ~O{'(g~<:1~1,{t'C~
l!l<!~ \!j~ ~O{~C'Qs\9\"5tc~ f~ ~~i<!
<fifil~tf~ I 15{~~~ 'l~l'ftc~Q"f<l'1."f I5{~J~o{~ ~'l"f~jO{ ~c~ 'R.~
C<t1".li ( Dialectics) f<1~~to{ ~t~i ~~A~ ~'oS~l If<:1<t'~I ~~, <.!I~".j~iSt?:~ ~f~
'o{<l-C<lll3<!'
'f"l2l~f~~ '5(~~t~O{~ ~C"f l!l~ ~~J I5{tc~I ~~Sf w~sr "t~ ~~~-~~I
C'fi0{ ~t"lc<!~W<{c~Q"j
c<\t".lilf~ ~~'1 <fiC~ (~~)? C<tIO{
~<tI ~"f (ft"t ) 'l~\; <II I!j<tl~ 'l\!:J ,~ <\~~to{ ~t~~~ <.\t'Sl;{tf~<11
'5:(lc~t<1lO\
'l'~ ~"l~: c\!t~~~
C<lc'$~ ~t~o{1itCii'f C<IT".li '8 ~O{ lf~t<{ii'ffl ~'ll? l!l<!':.~lfPI,~ ~~C\! ~rt{Olft"lO\
<l1 c\!t9t-'l':.~t~ I ~~TQ"I5{t'l"f ~<>t <>ttf<;\<>tlf-.t~
'5:(<\~t~~iStC<!"l..~t~~
<>t~J~ <lJ<{'lt~ '8 wfil~~ fi.~ 'Sit~~M c<!~Q" ~t~ C<{lp<!? ~~~ ~ftl.ltC1ilI ~i~l1,{ 'If'&~ ~s~1 ~~tC<fi <\Jt~~ <t-fic~?:~; <£i~'8i'1J~'5lt'l"l ~<>t
l!l~ C<l, lfC~~ I5{t<\~'1 c\!t9t 'l~~t~~ f;{~~ '5(tc~ I I5{t<\tQ"~<tI ~"f ~ f'l~~tc" '''lt~ ~C<tJ~~r.t. <>tt~c~c~ I Diale ctical Materialism-<.!I~ <\Jt~J1-
'S?tl% 'l~~~ ~ClfJ <l{t\!tc~~ <!t~c~~ M~tCSl~, 'l~ O{toTt,N~,'Sit~ c<\ll3<l,iSt <lite"! l!l~<tItc~~ <lJt<>ttc~ l!lC~"l't <!f<1l{~?:~O{:"In Modern History,
C<lt5il,<tIt<>ttM~, <fi~Q" <>t~, Q"t~-'lcO{~ 21~f~ 15{'l~~J 'l~'ftSl f<l~t'Sl <l5~ atleast, it is therefore proved that all political struggles are
~~1 @~ <ut~J1 'qt~t~ c<!t'f~~J~'ll I l!l~ 'l':.'<\sO{
~SfC<tIO{,
~t~ ~t~~l C<!"! 'Iliff,{ class-struggles, and all class-struggles for emancipation in the last
<!Jt~rt'oS~l~
l!l~"'l»>tr<fi~ c~i5fil~ <.!IC~'1.C'lQ" ~Q"1 m~c~<>ttc~I f~f;r~ resort, despite their. necessarily political form~ .. turn ultimately
~'oSr.~tc<>t~
<.!I<{~ : "The Middle Ages had at
<fitc~r~~<(~tQ"f<i~C'll<lMC~C~O{ on the question of economic emancipation. Therefore here a~
ched to theology all the other forms of ideology, philosophy, politic least the state-the political order is the subordinate and civil society
jurisprudence and made them sub-divisions of theology. It thereb -the realm of economic relations-the decisive element"(~~) ~~C~~

constrained every . social and political ~ movement to take od' ~to\ ~t~;{t~'fi '5(tr.ilft"lO{~M ,l!t9t-'l~.m~ Q"'r~,'5(fr~ elf"! Pf Q"t'Sl~f~~
theological form. To the masses whose minds were fed wi 9\,f~ ~l '10{-;f~~ ~~?:<\, <.!I~.~~ '5:(c<>t'1l'l
'l'llt'Sl, ~{j~ l5{~l~<tI ~~WO{~
religion to the exclusion of all else, it was necessary to put forw ,~ 'f~c","S\<\n<>tH~ <!~ .~~ ~~~l I1t~t~~rc~ I <.!I~lf~ii'f.<\Jt<>t~~ ''!;ft~~
their own interests in a religious guise in order to produce a gr 'fltcOlit"!Oj'<l1 ''li~'fiftl<11 I5{t?:O\ft"lO{'
~<>t f<1fiS:I~ Ilt<;\<1<l5fi1,{tc~I 'tit~~l
agitation" ()-:l), ~~~ ~'fl<ic~'fxfO{"tt~, m~f<t'!jjjO{,I5{t~O{
"!t~ ~~~C<{l'8 \!l~~ f~ ~9fIDI l:frO\t~<>tt'f~o{Q"
C~~ 'l'~ ~tQj1,{~ ~~C<{-~~ ~~~~ ~Sl
"tt?:~~ 'l~~ Jr ~MC<tIlf~"ttc~~ "tt~i ~~1 ~'
'l':.c<{t~~ ~Q1 ~i1tc~, <.!I<l':. f<lf\5l\ ~t'Sl~f~~ I5{tcilft"l~O{~
~"I, 'l»>tfs"1t"ll c\!t9t~M <.!I~t!i~tC<{ ~-~ 'ft~

<.!I~'Sl~
~C~J~ 'lt~t~~ 'oS ~tSf~f~~ l5{Vilftii'fo{
'f~-'5{tcoIft"lcO{~
~<>t$~'1 '9\"t 'fiBlCii'f~t~ "~t~l~" ·~c~ <.!Iq~ ~f~:I~tt<\
~<>t <rt<.\<1 ~t~i ~ficaj ~~
~fi<tl ~<>t <>tRut~ 'tiCQ"(~f~~<tii~ .~~ ~~1,{tc~ ~~~tC'l <>t'{l"l~ l!l<l5~
( )~ I Eptgraphica Indica-Vol II. No. Va
)0:> I F. Engels-Ludwig Feuerbach, p 19, )a I "I~ ~l\~ L. F. Ward-Adpplied Sociology Jl'1~Boudin-Marxism <:liZ'll
I
 'iSt~~')~ ,,~t~ 9\~1 ~"9jN '@ M,\~c.,l ~f~t'l ~S ••

'\5{~;fI~~ Ci!t9tf<l"f?s:lifr;~ ~~~~ ~ )\ <!l~ci!!(9t~~ ~~~t~ ~~ ',~ 9~ ~t~ \!j')~ ~iSft~1 ci!!(9t <!l~0I'(3<!l~S1 ~tjU i!!('l1fitC$l~lI"'lIo1'ter!\9t~C9f
"1tr:~ '\5{fi5f~\!j~t~ll ~9f ~~tCOJ ~~t~ ~t~~ .,1 C<fO{,C"t~9fiiJ~ <!l~ '&{ ~ O\~ I ~~., -r;t~"lt"I") ci!!(91c~<!l~ ~ott~ '~~1' ~~1 ~~ I ~~c~
'\5{~;\1f~~ <fliC~ ~9foft~ ~~ ~~C~ I ~~OJ I!~ ~c~t"l"~ ~crr;i!!(9te\f~
~ 111?t ~~ ~f~lI ~\!it'l~ccr f~fs\!i ~~mc~, <!l~'!li"lJ~~C"l~ ~C'IJ :Ij'l1ci!!(9t-'iSt~
W~H ~~~J1 ~~NtOJ ~fu~ ~~C~ \!~OJ ~~TIrI-ci!!(9t~\!j ,fui (~~tt ~
~6"'''i..~''''1
7rn O{t~I ~tc~ <!l~f<!~1\~C~ m'e2t\ftfil~ I5{t<1~'1
~~t~ ~<\IS ~~1
~\ftfil~ ~ ~"f1~ ~~1) ~~~ ~~C~ I <!l~ ~r;"I <!l~~~ '\5{~~ ~~ fO{C~\f~~tc~~ ~O{t~~ ~~~1 foI'I/o{~cr~~c~ ~t~;\1f~C'lf'Cijj stf.l~1
~I 1"1'
i5tt~ ~'1t~ ~"lJ ~~'l ~ <!lr;~,,'f.Communist Manifesto-C\!j f~ '1fi1r: '8{ff.lt~~; c~~ ~t~~~t<1ttif~ O{tc~, C<f~ ~~iftRl<i'~t~ .\tel( I ~~ ~cr~~~
.' ~t~
between
e~'1~~ ~~1 ~~t~OJ I
the classes
~~~ ~'Mr;~c~OJ, «Altogether,
of the old society further ('
in many ways the co
co1lisi ~O! ~9l-es~O{1 9ft~m ~~lit~
~ ~~ f<!9fC'lf'
~C'llt~ ~fiC<1 I
fo1~C"1C~ '1~'lft~ ~C~
'1t~litRl~
9ftfi!C<l, ~~O{ ~~l,\tCif~~
~'l1~1 \!i~0{15{~~\!j ~~C<1 I <i'n1'1
of development of the proletariate. The bourgeoisie finds i .~~<i' I5{tCi\ft"lo{~~,~~~J1-"I~BCif~I5{tc~"fo{f<l'"fI \!it~tCifQ ~tc~ 9ffilDtM\!i
involved in a constant battle. At fIrst with the aristocracy, Ia ~ I ~C<1~t1f!~15{~~0I C<!i<1"!
I5{t~'!iitOJ'1"Pf:{~t~O{ '5{t~t"lOl ~~ ~~~Jt~fil~-
on with thOSe portions of the bourgeoisie itself, whose interests ha ~~ '!ftr;0lft"f0{
l!\~~~t~tCif9 ~tc~ 9ffist~\!i ~'ll" (~~) I \!i~9f 'iSt~C\!i~~t~;ftf~~
become antagonistic to the progress of industry; at all times wi ~t"IO{~'M '1~~"f~ C~9tCifQ'lftc~ foI~t~~ I5{tt~"'O{ I f<\i~ '1~~Jt~fil~ ci!!(9t
the bourgeoisie of foreign countries. In all these battles, it s 'II.(t~~'l-Ci!f9t~I5{t~OJ lj1~1 \!jt~ttif~ ~tt~ 9ffill)t~\!i ~~<1 \!it~ ~~s ~~C'"
compelled to appeal to the proietariate.···The bourgeoisie itself .. ·furni ~~~ <!l~".!t~~Wl~ ~~t"fo{" i5t~c~ I
shes the proletariate with weapons for fighting the bourgeoisie" '!{ l!\~ ~'lC~ ~t~OI~t"f ~~C\!j ~~O{~t"! 9f~J~ i5~\!')~ '1~tc~~ ~~tC<1~ ~f~~
'1,~t~O{~~W~ c~9t ~~r~~ ~~'l~ I5{CO{<{I"
f<l~~ ~"Istfil~c~~ ~1\~~ ~~~~ ~ ~~t~'IJ '\5{~'l~'l~~1 ~~""I <!l~'5{~~~0{ 9ff~~tf~~t"f C~~~ ~t~~ 15{t1l~1~~
~~m~9t ~~t~\!j ~~~t~~~ ~C~ I \2t~c~ e~ ~~m~sr;"f 15{N;~~C~ ~C'f • -1l~0{ ~~e~ (anti-thesis) I5{tc~ \!j~ ~~t~ f.l~~~'l ~~C"I '9J:.0IP\"I0{
~~9f~ ~~.m~
l)C"f ~~~1 c~9t~~ eli ~~ 15{~"t~llf-tC$I~ 15{~~~~ "R9f>if'~l)~'l m ( Synthesis ) ~~C<1 I
~t~tC\f~ ~~ ; ~~ ~t~t~ ~<{I""I ~m~~C\f~ ~:Sf~tr;\!l9t~ ~~~~ SC"f~cr.~ l!\'lfC9 ~~\!')~ ~t~t~~ ~<1~0{~ C"l~ 9flfJtt~~ 15{~'l~to{<lS~1~~ I ~~
~~~~9t~ ~~~ I <!l~ ~i}) <!l~~~~~ ~~1 ~"fstfil~cs~ ~~t~J~t~ ~l, ~~ ~1 cw~~t~, 'iS~C\!i~ '1~~ <!l~0{'€I5{CO{~~tto{ C<\ll~<l~~ \!iltC~, ~to{ C<fto{
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C'l~'O{ CQ,(C<f'~C'l ~~t<'! 'Sit~~ "Itt"l' ~o{illfo{"Im'!~t~ \!IlU....c"I, 5ft~c~ C IAlght ~\!I~ ~~<t>~ I f<li~ -!j~ ~'fU C5'C"I 1l~1 ~~~t'll: ~Kar DCafC~
<l"fafO{IlPr~I f;r~~ ~?;~ar '<I,f~c~~t~""flfCaj I
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<.!l~~'<!~S{, f<lr"t~ ~'rSl ) ~~~ 'It~ '~r<\5 c'9fJ~t-e .,t~t"l <{~
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,~~tfrl~?;If~ If"l I R~ ~t~f\!jJ"<\I?;lfs{'Sit'1l'l"O\-
f~~l<1t "{to\1~~h2l?;5g~ ~R!i<l:t'i ~~f;l, <.!l~~f<!i<.!l~ 'I»P(c<li c~to{ f<!i'i ~':t'€ ~~fol··· <iI~\5tc<l
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'~"t~ ':5l"~~?:0{S{'C9(~'?;O{ ~ <l~~1 ~f~?;<1O{,~~O{ ~t?;~ c~~t9; ~?;~ ':5l"tO{I
~'?;"11~t.rt~ C'5f~t,?;9f1'~I!').
c,,~tfol~?:'ifs{ "{to{1~~ ~t~~~ts{ ~'?;~t'\'f~~ CII W~~ <11Qt'lt~f;{~ ~~
~<!i C~c~~ \;Ci'l~ClIi'\'fr~t~ O{~; ~~to{ ~tlfC~Sl 'I'1l't'Si-f;rM~ CO{q-f~~\!i~
~~:
"You're in the Resistence
. 1"
fuiilll ':5l"tSl'I'lt~-f;\M~ ':5l"t~~~t'l1 c~,?;<!iCll <1~~ 'It"{ft~~ ~tSl "I'm not !"
\;9\i.'jf~ '\'fC~ '€?:~,~1' <.!l~~1'I'l~ 9\S{tf~~ 'Sit!%Sl ~tOlPf<!i "ilt~J f~m A smashing blow in the face was the answer to the chained
~t"4t'l Clfll I <.!l~~<!i C~?;~'€ 'lfSli~ C<1~tf;{<t'?;'ifSl
~~<t't~ f~llt<li.,t9\ • person of an old scientist. And when the gentlemen of the Gestapo
<lit'?;~ ':5l"~J~ '~J<1to{ f;{CIf~ I A:~oTISl '5l"tnlt9\"lf~S1 '1l'm C<!itO{'ij;tf~ were in a merry mood, they simply used to apply a lighted cigarette
~~ C<ltlf ~~. 'l!it'lTO{-~~?;lltf1t~tSlIft'?;~ ':5l"~~~ :3fittiffs{<1~ ~toTI-~91cif~ ten or a dozan times upon his bare chest just to get him to talk-
c~~tf;!'?;~S{ 'I~~J1 '1<1 CK!l ~'l I 9(~t'!:lfC'Il<.f
~tR '5l"1Sl
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'IC~ J'j~filg ?
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~t~ f~c~ ~~~t'?;'1l'Sl ~~'l '5l"t~t;; ':5l"tc.'l~{tRl ~?;0I'9 '1l'tSl'lf",AA ~:s.ti.'jt<1~~~ C<1~tfol?;<!i9;
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'!:lfO{<JP~is{ ,~t?;9fts{ ~~t~111~0\ 'c~t'l c~~tt'Sl' ~t<fi~, ~~O{<.!l~~~ c<l:~lf;l~c'<fi ~~1 <1'''IC\!i
\5tc'\'f I C<1~tR~S{1 '1l''?;;;tA:7it~ 0{0I; \!i~ ~t~ 'I~'lt'ltSl'?;~Sl '1l'?;"{s{
"ilt'¥:J ~l{T ~S\'lt~ '1l'~.,?;<!~t~1 ~tQ c~t"l1 ~'?;~9; @9\~ ~"I~ Pl'5ftc~~ CS?;9f'l'Q~
~~J~ ~fil'?;'Il ':5l"tOlts{
<ftC'Si '5ft~~h' <11 ~finrtf.l'S{ '1l'~ f<l~to{-<!i~Sl1~'- If''t-~c~t~Q I" . •
C'lf?:\!i'I'lf~ ~~?:"I"{ Rit <11'It~f~J<!i ~f~'?;S{N-'l~<li~?:lfQC5?;'ll~?;O{~C<liltI 'lt~~ foi~~co{~ <.!l~~'R5)'jt'ltSl'1<lit~.rt, ~f\!i 'ltlft~'1 ClflOt\5?:~Sl9(t"tt9ftR
9(1."lts{ 3fi?;~s{f<r'jJ~S{ 9\Q C~?;~~ ~~l'll Rl9\t<!M,?;<\ISl
~tc~ ~~ "i.'t ft'IRiclI <.!l~ 'I<! ':5l"~rt15tCQQ':5l"~"t $~'1 ~?;~?;~O{ 9jNcft~Jt~ ~t;l/, Rit,
~t,?;<liI 'lf~t~ ~t~oTIr\!iS{~'l'''It\5t''l ~~~ <f'flftS{?;,Q~~t"$ Olt~"" 'I'l(o{ "<\I~S{
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fD~lft~ <.!l~~'\'fti§ c<1'llrO{c~S{
C~t5t'll <.!l'?;If~?;<!i~
f;\~~ ~s{"1'!:lft'l'iO{'<1J<1~t~ •
9(~9;'1 C~~9; ~t?;'Sl I C'ifc."ts{'!:lfO{~QclfOlfOlfO{
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C~?;~ 'leS{ C~~ ~~t'(J
:3fit?;~ C"lt5~11 9(Qt'Si'C'.lSl'!:If?;~Ift~ ~Cll?;~o{,~~ .~~ '5l"t'1il))~tCi.'jt15O{t~
Pf?;'ll C'l ~~ <1J'(3'~'?;~~'?;~"{ 'lt~~rf;\, )~8~-<.!l ~ ~1.~~J~'<.!lSl ~~ C~1I1~ ~tC'lS{ c"t~~c~ <li~t~rm., Pl@~'1l' R~ Rit?;1Rf ~\!i <.!l<1~
<iI~ c'\'ft9(O{Olt~~-f~t~ J'j\5t~: " ... And while during all these years, ~f-tc~Q <.!l~~If"f;l/ ~?;'llc'\'fr~ I \!l~ ~1f{;ftQ ~cm'(3'1 R~ 'It~~J-9(Rl~1f I
apparently since 1936, our enemies were planning to welcome a. fa f-t~~1 ~c~ ~~, C9\~'" ~"I~ 111f<li'i 9ft~ O{i C<fO{
~t~ fm clf~tc"l, ~t\5tSl
dictatorship so eagerly and cleverly sought after by Petain ~, t!l~t'?;O{C'l~O{ ~~f<lfBl ~t?;~, ~tf<ti-~ ClfllI <.!l\!ittIfQ <.!l~C~~i"l <11
(Laval we did not ra.ise our voice in protest nor did we ask th (~I \!it~ ~'?;lfJart content '5ltc~ f<liCO\~~1 folr~ ~~?;'1l' C~@~· O{t~1~t~tt~
and so we remained quiet and meek and confused -all solid citize ~ ~ I ~~'l ~~t<!t~clf~ fD\!i ':5l"tf<l~tSl<.!lq~~,?;~"ttf;!~?;If~ "{<! 9\~f\!iS{'<{'~
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f<ll~ ~lJ:.f<lw~~~tcrJ '!~tif~ ~-I;~t~ llC'<l~;;~ I <!I~ '5!M~1 '€ ~f"t'lf-t~ Clft1 ~ ~mr;'i5 'clIt'lt~ffl\' ~~fol~':i <1lC~;;I .
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t~ 'f )lrO~ '1tr;a!Ci!li''t: fflC'ii9f (~Iij~<fitca; ~f;{ ~~'1'~S!'c'!t'l1~ffl~' '1"P(tliC<!5~9fCli
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If~ 'Sf~t~~~ <fi~C\!i ~C'1' I ~O(-f<lmtC01~~'ll~ e'lf-C~ ~~ ~f\!i~t;;~~ el{~ At ~llf\!i ~~lI1r;if 9fful'~1 ~~r"l'\!i ~Cii'[ ~f'\!igtcOl~ O\'tll ~r'r;\!i "<!jPllJt~~
~ C'1'M~T~~ ~wr;':i~;;'l[-~<1l'lltJr ~'C"€ '1'C~ I C'If~$ ~~ cq~O'!" "lCii'[~f9f1 ~ I c~ ;;t~ ~~\:I~ 'it., ~~ <.!l-.iJi;;1Sta;
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~~ ~f\!~tc;;if 9f~;; <1lC~'l1 ~r;~t~1 ~c"O( '5!q~ ~t~ ~~MlJt'll ei!lit'ij ; fh· l!~"'~ '1~9f~ i!;f: <fit'll/~c"!t}jt~~~ OltC'l{~
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~ '5!tC~~ i5t~C\!iit <fir;H~ ~t~O( i5tlftSl ~C5f ~H tlC'<l~9ffilSlJ '<lC~I ) '(lftljt~ffl~' ~r'\!im"!if e~t~tif fijC<!iSlTi!li~c<[~ \5lt~~O'!J ~~ ~\!J'lf- ~il'\ I
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f\!if'llfC'<l~~r;lft~ 9fto{ <.!l'1'~~t~ ll~}j~~'\!il, "l~fIla;1, Sit'\!iC~tf<lilf'€ fic'\!it ~t~~~ c~r;~ lilf'lf-'lT€ ~~ f<!i~ fll';'\!i I f<1l~ ~l~ ~~t~ '1c~ '!C5f C'1t'l/1
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~t'l{to{ ~c~ ~9ft~~ '<l~tc0(1~~'<l'llC<lootf;{<\i9f~f'\!i I!{tf<l~t~€ ~tSJf~~if ~1' 'l{1"l1<!i~1 ~~j I <fJr~~~~iC'1' c51ti¥TlJ c~ti¥t~ <f~ ~t~".l~r;~~ 'lc5f <.!l~Clf
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