,yq;ifapy; r%fg;gzpf;fhd cs eyk; Xu; mwpKfk;

20092010 fhyg;gFjpapy; cseyj;Jf;fhd Njrpa epWtdj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w nrayku;TfSf;Fg; gpd;tUNthu; nra;j gq;fspg;Gfs; kw;Wk; fye;Jiuahly;fspd; mbg;gilapyhdJ: itj;jpaf; fyhepjp. Rkd; ngHdhd;Nlh (If;fpa ,uhr;rpak; kw;Wk; ,yq;if) itj;jpaf; fyhepjp. [];te;j; $];lu; (fdlh) Ms. Ryhdp N`uj; (,yq;if) itj;jpaf; fyhepjp. Y~hd; n`l;bahuhr;rp (,yq;if) itj;jpaf; fyhepjp. lq;fd; nglu;rd; (fdlh) jpU. M.U. gPup]; (,yq;if) jpUkjp. fhe;jp ngNuuh (,yq;if) itj;jpaf; fyhepjp. urpj;j ngNuuh (,yq;if) jpU. rkpe;j uh[fUzh (,yq;if) jpU. J~hu Nrdhuj;d (,yq;if) itj;jpaf; fyhepjp. u[dp nrdtpuj;d (,yq;if) tz. Xky;Ng Nrhkhde;j (,yq;if) itj;jpaf; fyhepjp.rptRg;gpukzpak; rptjh]; (,yq;if) itj;jpaf; fyhepjp. rptQhdk; Rjhfud; (,yq;if) jpU. [pk; irkpq;ld; (If;fpa ,uhr;rpak;) jpU. ];Bt; Nuhy; (If;fpa ,uhr;rpak;) jpU. rkpe;jpu tPuf;nfhb (,yq;if) jpU. Fryh ntj;jrpq;f (,yq;if)

,yq;ifapy; r%fg;gzpf;fhd cs eyk; Xu; mwpKfk;

njhFg;G kw;Wk; gjpg;G:

rkpe;jpu tPuf;nfhb kw;Wk; Rkd; ngu;;dhd;Nlh

ntspaPL:
kf;fSf;fhd fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk;> nfhOk;G [Peoples Rural Development Association (PRDA), Colombo)] (http://www.prdasrilanka.org)

2011

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Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2011 ISBN 978-955-0793-07-5 KOg;gjpg;GupikAilaJ. ,g; Gj;jfj;jpy; ve;jg; gFjpiaAk; Mrpupau;fsplk; vOj;J %yk; ngw;w mDkjp ,d;wp mr;rpLtNjh kWgpuRuk; nra;tNjh jtpu;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gjpg;Gupik rkpe;jpu tPuf;nfhb kw;Wk; Rkd; ngu;;dhd;Nlh Kjy; ntspaPL: 2011 kf;fSf;fhd fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk; [Peoples Rural Development Association - (PRDA)] 64 n`hu;ud; ,lk; nfhOk;G 7 Printed by: Printed with VOC free, non toxic vegetable oil-based environmentallyfriendly ink, on FSC certified paper from well-managed forests and other controlled sources. Printed by Karunaratne & Sons (Pvt) Ltd. (info@karusons.com).

cs;slf;fk;
Vw;Giu Kd;Diu ml;ltizfspd; epuy;
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vii ix xi
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Vw;Giu
,e;j Ntiyj;jpl;lkhdJ> fNdba Rfhjhu Muha;r;rpf;fhd epWtdq;fshd (Canadian Institutes of Health Research)> fNdba ru;tNjr mgptpUj;jp Kftu; (Canadian International Development Agency)> fNdba Rfhjhu mikg;G (Health Canada)> ru;tNjr mgptpUj;jp Muha;r;rp kj;jpa epiyak; (International Development Research Centre) kw;Wk; fNdba nghJr; Rfhjhu Kftu; (the Public Health Agency of Canada) Mfpamikg;Gf;fspd; xd;wpize;j epjpAjtpADk; cyfshtpa Rfhjhu Muha;r;rp Kd;ndLg;ghsupd; [Global Health Research Initiative (GHRI)] MjuTlDk; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ. Fwpj;j ,e;jr; nrayku;thdJ kdtL kw;Wk; midj;Jyf Rfhjhu mikg;gpdhy; [Trauma and Global Health (TGH)] xOq;F nra;ag;gl;L ,yq;ifapy; kf;fSf;fhd fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jp mikg;gpdhy;; [Peoples Rural Development Association (PRDA)] eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l jpl;lj;ij ,e;j Gj;jfj;jpDhlhf ntspg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j nrayku;tpy; gq;nfLj;j> fdlh kw;Wk; ,q;fpyhe;J ehLfspd;; fdlhtpd;> nkhd;l;upaypYs;s kf;fpy; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; lf;s]; kdeyg; gy;fiyf;fof epWtdj;jpdJ r%f kw;Wk; gy;fyhrhu cstpay; gphptpdJk; (Douglas Mental Health University Institute and Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry , McGill University Montreal, Canada)> ghHndl;> vd;gPy;l; kw;Wk; `hpq;Nf (BEH) NHS kdey ek;gpf;if epjpak; [Barnet, Enfield and Haringey (BEH) NHS Mental Health Trust] vd;gdtw;wpdJk; tsthsu;fs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jdu;. Njrpa kdey epWtdj;jpd; [National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)] gzpg;ghsH> Dr.[ahd; nkd;b];> Njrpa r%f mgptpUj;jp epWtdj;jpd; [National Institute of Social Development (NISD)] gzpg;ghsu; jpU.A. uztPu kw;Wk; NIMH ,dJk; NISD ,dJk; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; Njrpa kdey epWtdj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w nraykHTfSf;F MjuT toq;fpdH. Njrpa csey epWtdk; (NIMH) kw;Wk; Njrpa r%f mgptpUj;jp epWtdk; (NISD) Nghd;wtw;wpd; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSk;> ,yq;if

viii

njhopy;rhu; epGzj;Jt r%f Nritahsu; rq;fj;jpd; mq;fj;jtu;fSk; (SLAPSW)> tpNrlkhf jpUkjp. fhe;jp ngNuuh mtu;fSk; Njrpa csey epWtdj;jpy; (NIMH) eilngw;w rfy nrayku;TfisAk; xOq;fikg;gjpy; MjuTk;> cjtpAk; toq;fpdhu;fs;. Dr. ty;ypGuk; metujd; mtu;fspd; gq;fspg;Gld; ,e;j Ehypd; jkpo; nkhopngau;g;gpd; kPs;khw;wpaikg;Gk;> mr;Rg;gjpg;G xg;GNehf;fYk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

ix

Kd;Diu
cseyj;ij Kd;Ndw;WtJk;> r%f guhkupg;ig toq;FtJk; neUf;fkhf ,ize;Js;sNjhL> mit r%fg; gzpahsu;fspd; gzpapy; gpupf;fKbahj gFjpfshfTk; cs;sd. 2005,y; cseyg; gzpg;gfj;jpdhy; tpLf;fg;gl;l ,yq;iff;fhd cseyf; nfhs;ifahdJ Nritfs; ehL KOtJk; fpl;lf;$ba tifapYk;> mit epWtd mbg;gilapyd;wp r%f mbg;gilapyhditahf khWk; tifapYk; cseyg; gpur;rpidfisf; nfhz;ltu;fSf;fhd Nritfis gue;Jgl;l Kiwapy; kPs;tbtikg;G nra;tjw;fhd Kd;nkhopTfisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. r%fg; gzpahsu;fs; r%fj;jpy; r%ff; guhkupg;G kw;Wk; csey Nritfspd; KJnfYk;ghf tpsq;Fk; tifapy; mgptpUj;jpailAk; mNjNtisapy; (kdNeha; rpfpr;irf;fhd r%fg; gzpahsu;fs;) vd;wtifapy; itj;jparhiyfspYk;> rpfpr;ir epiyaq;fspYk; gy;Jiwrhu; mzp NtiyfspYk; FOg; gq;fspg;Gr;nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. MfNt> fle;j rpy tUl fhykhf Njrpa r%f mgptpUj;jp epWtdKk; [National Institute of Social Development (NISD)], ,yq;ifj; njhopy;rhu; r%fg; gzpahsu;fs; rq;fKk; [Sri Lanka Association of Professional Social Workers (SLAPSW)] r%fg; gzpahsu;fs; khw;wq;fSf;Fj; jahuhFk;tifapy; r%fg; gzpahsu;fspd; gapw;rpia tp];jupg;gjw;fhd NjitFwpj;Jr; rpe;jpj;JtUfpd;wdu;. ,J cseyg; gapw;rpapy; ftdk;nrYj;Jtijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,yq;ifapy; rkpe;jpu tPuf;nfhb jiyikapyhd kf;fSf;fhd fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jp mikg;gpid (PRDA)> jskhff; nfhz;l kdtL kw;Wk; midj;Jyf Rfhjhu (TGH) (http://www.mcgill. ca/trauma-globalhealth) epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpl;lj;jpy; gzpahw;Wk; tha;g;Gk;> nfsutKk; vdf;Ff; fpl;bd. ,e;j epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; 2009 kw;Wk; 2010f;F ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; cseyk; rk;ge;jkhfr; r%fg; gzpahsu;fis Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F gy nrayku;Tfis xOq;Fnra;jJ. ,r; nrayku;TfSf;fhd tsthsu;fs; nkhd;l;upay; kf;fpy; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpypUe;Jk; (McGill University Montreal, Canada)> ghHndl;> vd;gPy;l; kw;Wk; `hpq;Nf (Barnet, Enfield, Haringey (BEH), NHS kdey ek;gpf;if epjpaj;jpypUe;Jk; (UK), Njrpa

kdey epWtfj;jpypUe;Jk;> NISD kw;Wk; SLAPSW ,ypUe;Jk;> gy cs;@u; tsthsu;fspypUe;Jk;> ,yq;if TGH mikg;gpypUe;Jk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ldH. ,e;j E}y; ,r;nrayku;Tfspy; ,lk;ngw;w rku;g;gzq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhFk;. ,J tpNrlkhfr; r%fg; gzpahsu;fis ,yf;F itg;gjhftpUe;jNghjpYk;> ,ij cseyj;Jiwapy; gzpahw;Wk; xt;nthUtUk; thrpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. TGH epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; 2009 kw;Wk; 2010Mk; Mz;Lfspy; ,lk;ngw;w (jhjpkhUf;fhd) nrayku;Tfspdbg;gilapy; cseyj; jhjpkhiu ,yf;Fitf;Fk; ,Njtpjkhd E}nyhd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;F vz;Ztjhf ehd; mwpfpd;Nwd;. ,e;j ntspaPl;il tuNtw;gjpYk;> ,ijr; r%fg;gzpahsu;fSf;fhd xU ngWkjpkpf;f %ytsnkd;Wk;> ,yq;ifapy; csey tplatpjhdj;Jf;fhd xU Kf;fpakhd gq;fspg;ngd;Wk; tpje;Jiug;gjpYk; ngUkfpo;r;rpailfpd;Nwd;.

A. uztPu gzpg;ghsu;> ,yq;if r%fg;gzpfs; ghlrhiy Njrpa r%f mgptpUj;jp epWtdk; (NISD) kw;Wk; jiytu;> ,yq;if njhopy;rhu; r%fg;gzpahsHfs; rq;fk; (SLAPSW)

xi

ml;ltizfspd; epuy;
1.1: cyf Rfhjhu ];jhgdj;jpd; tiutpyf;fzq;fs; (WHO 2008) 1.2: csey ,yl;rpaq;fs; (ngHdhz;Nlh> 2009) 1.3: tpLjiy (Liberation) / rpfpr;irKiw> fpof;Fk; Nkw;Fk; (ngHdhz;Nlh> 2009a) 1.4: fyhr;rhuuPjpahfg; gpur;rpidfs; vt;thW vz;zf;fUthf;fk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd? 1.5: kUj;Jt kw;Wk; r%f khjpupfs; (ngHdhd;Nlh 2009b) 2.1: cseyg; gpur;rpidfSf;fhd NtWgl;l mZFKiwfs; 2.2: ,yq;ifapy; kf;fSf;Ff; fpilf;ff;$ba Fzg;gLj;jy; Kiwfs; (Vogt, 1999) 2.3: kdNeha;f;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nrhw;gjq;fs; (kdNeha;) (n`l;bahuhr;rp kw;Wk; ngNuuh> 2009) 2.4: cseyg; gpur;rpidfSf;F ehlg;gLk; jiyaPLfs; (n`l;bahuhr;rp kw;Wk; ngNuuh> 2009) 2.5: cjtpehLtjpy; tpUg;Gj;njupTj; njhlu;epiy (n`l;bahuhr;rp kw;Wk; ngNuuh 2009) 2.6: ,yq;ifapy; csey Nritfs; (ngHdhd;Nlh 2009) 3.1: ru;Nthjamikg;gpdhy; ,dq;fhzg;gl;l mbg;gilj; Njitfs; (uh[fUzh 2010) 3.2: BasicNeeds epWtdj;jpdJ Ra cjtpf; FOf;fspd; Nehf;fq;fs; (Nrdhuj;d 2010) 3.3: Ra cjtpFwpj;j r%ff; fl;likg;G (Nrdhuj;d 2010) 3.4: cseyj;jpy; r%fg;gzp eilKiwapd; ngWkjpfs; (Tall and Symington 2010) 3.5: cseyg;gzpapy; Njrpa njhopy;-juepakq;fs; (Tall and Symington 2010)

xii

3.6: gj;J ,d;wpaikahj gfpug;gLk; Mw;wy;fs; (NIMHE, SCMH, NHSO, 2004) 3.7: cseyg; gzpapy; <LgLk; r%fg; gzpahsu;fspd; Nju;r;rpfs; (GSCC, 2010) 3.8: If;fpa uhr;rpaj;jpy; (UK) AMHP fy;tpnewpfSf;fhd fw;wy; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; 4.1: rpWtu; J~;gpuNahfj;jpd; tiffs; (ngNuuh 2010) 4.2: r%fg;gzpj; jiyaPLfs; Fwpj;j tpUg;Gj;njupTfs; (ngNuuh 2010) 4.3: rpWtu;fisg; ghJfhj;jy; (Tall and Symington 2010) 4.4: r%fg; gzpahsu;fspd; gfpug;gLk; nghWg;Gfs; (Tall and Symington 2010) 4.5: FLk;gq;fspYs;s gpur;rpidfs; (nrdtpuj;d 2010) 4.6: FLk;gq;fSf;F MjuT toq;Fk; tifapy; ePq;fs; vd;d nra;ayhk;? (nrdtpuj;d 2010) 4.7: FLk;g rpfpr;irKiwf; fzpg;gPLfs; (Guzder 2010) 4.8: r%ff;fsq;fk; / ghugl;rj;jpd; tpisT (Tall and Symington 2010) 4.9: r%ff;fsq;fk; Fwpj;j Ma;T 5.1: Kuz;ghl;Lg; gpuNjrq;fspy; kpfr;rpwg;ghd jiyaPLfs; (Hobfoll 2007) 5.2: tuyhw;wpd; ghlq;fs; (Pedersen 2010) 5.3: tTdpahtpy; IDP (cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngau;e;j kf;fs;) neUf;fbia Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy; (Rjhfud; 2010) 5.4: cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngau;e;j kf;fspd; gpur;rpidfs; (Rjhfud; 2010) 5.5: tTdpahtpy; ,dq;fhzg;gl;l ,yFtpy; ghjpg;Gwf;$ba FOf;fs; (rptjh]; 2010) 5.6: Kuz;ghl;bd; jdpegu;rhu; tpisTfs; (rptjh]; 2010)

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5.7: Kuz;ghL fhuzkhd r%fr; rPu;FiyT (rptjh]; 2010) 6.1: cseyj;ij Kd;Ndw;Wjy;; 6.2: epWtdk; vjpu; r%f mbg;gilapyhd Nritfs; (ngHdhd;Nlh 2009b) 6.3: UK apy; epWtdj;jpypUe;J r%fj;Jf;fhd efu;T (ngHdhd;Nlh 2009b) 6.4: UK apy; jw;NghJs;s eilKiw (ngHdhd;Nlh 2009b) 6.5: ,yq;if vjpu;Nehf;Fk; rthy;fs; (ngHdhd;Nlh 2009b) 6.6: cs;Nehahsu; guhkupg;Gf;fhd eyd;gpujpepjpfs; (stakeholders) (N`uj;> gPup]; kw;Wk; Nrhkhde;j 2010) 6.7: r%fg; guhkupg;gpd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd eyd;gpujpepjpfs; (stakeholders) 6.8: r%f mbg;gilapyhd jiyaPLfSf;fhd nray;Kiwf; iff;fUtpj; njhFjp (Process Toolkit) (ntj;jrpq;f 2009) 6.9: r%fq;fSld; Nru;e;J jpl;lkpLjy; (tPuf;nfhb 2010) 6.10: ahiuf; fye;jhNyhrpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;? (tPuf;nfhb 2010) 6.11: fye;jhNyhridr; nray;Kiw (tPuf;nfhb 2010)

mwpKfk;
kf;fSf;fhd fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk; (Peoples Rural Development Association) PRDA nkhd;l;upay; kf;fpy; gy;fiyf;fofj;Jld; (McGill University in Montreal) gq;Filikahf ,yq;ifapy; eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; kdtL kw;Wk; midj;Jyf Rfhjhu epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; (Trauma and Global Health) (TGH) cseyj;Jiwapy; jfty; Nrfupj;jy;> Mw;wiyf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; kw;Wk; mwpit toq;Fjy; vd;git rk;ge;jkhd xU njhluhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis Kd;ndLj;Jte;Js;sJ. 2008 [dtupapy; ,e;j epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; fyhr;rhuq;fSf;fpilapyhd kdNeha; rpfpr;ir> juk;rhu; Ma;T Kiwapay; kw;Wk; r%f kdNeha; rpfpr;ir rk;ge;jkhd xU thufhyg; gapw;rpr; nrayku;Tfis elj;jpaJ. ,it ngUksTf;F kf;fpy; gy;fiyf;fof tsthsu;fshy; mq;Nfhil Njrpa csey epWtdj;jpy; elj;jg;gl;ld. 2009 khu;r;rpy; NIMH,y; gpujhdkhf cs;@u; tsthsu;fshy; gpd;njhlu; mku;Tfs; elj;jg;gl;ld. 2009 etk;gu; kw;Wk; 2010 xf;Nlhgu; fhyg;gFjpapy; TGH epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpy; Barnet, Enfield and Haringey (BEH), csey (Mental Health) NHS ek;gpf;if epjpak; (UK) gq;fhsuhfr; nraw;gl;L (cs;@u; gq;Nfw;NghUld;) ,yq;if csey njhopy;rhu; epGzu;fspd; Mw;wiyf; fl;bnaOg;Gtij Nehf;fkhff;nfhz;l xU njhluhd nrayku;Tfis NIMH kl;lf;fsg;G kw;Wk; fz;bapy; xOq;Fnra;jpUe;jJ. ,e;E}y; ,g;gzpapd; rpy gFjpfspypUe;J gad;ngw;Ws;sJ. ,e;E}ypd; Nehf;fk; cseyk; rk;ge;jkhd ,yq;iff;Fg; nghUj;jkhd rpy mbg;gilf; fUg;nghUl;fis thrfu;fSf;F mwpKfk;nra;tNjhL> ,J cyfk; KOtjpYk; ,j;jiyg;Gr; rk;ge;jkhf ,lk;ngWk; nghJthd fye;JiuahlypypUe;Jk; ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ. MapDk; mijtplf;$Ljyhf> ,J rpfpr;ir epiyaq;fspYk; itj;jparhiyfspYk;> murrhu;gw;w epWtdq;fspYk; (m.rh.ep.) gzpahw;wf;$ba r%fg; gzpahsu;fSf;F cseyk; rk;ge;jkhd gapw;rpia toq;Ftjpy; gq;fspg;Gr;nra;Ak; Nehf;fj;ijAk; nfhz;ljhFk;. ,Njtpjkhd E}nyhd;W gpujhdkhf cseyj; jhjpkhiu ,yf;Fitf;Fk;tifapy; jahupf;fg;gl;Lf;nfhz;bUf;fp d;wJ. ,uz;L ife;E}y;fSk; NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l nrayku;Tfspy; ,lk;ngw;w rpy rku;g;gzq;fs; rk;ge;jkhf toq;fg;gl;l ifNaLfs;>

mku;Tfspd;NghJ ,lk;ngw;w fye;Jiuahly;fs; rk;ge;jkhd mwpf;iffs;> TGH epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; mDruizapd;fPo; fdlh kw;Wk; UK apypUe;J ,yq;iff;F tUifje;j tstsu;fspd; mtjhdpg;Giufs; vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;litahFk;. ,e;E}Yf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr;nra;j midtUk; ,J ,yq;ifapy; toq;;fg;gLk; csey guhkupg;gpd; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F cjTnkd;W ek;Gfpd;wdu;. ,e;E}y; 6 mj;jpahaq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ve;jf; Fwpg;gpl;l mj;jpahaj;Jf;Fk; ngauplg;gl;l jdpeguhd Mrpupau;fs; ,y;iy. ,jd; fhuzk; rfy mj;jpahaq;fSk; gy ngau; Fwpg;gpl;l gq;fspg;ghsu;fspd; rku;g;gzq;fs; kw;Wk; fye;Jiuahly;fspd; gFjpfis cs;slf;fpAs;sd vd;gjhFk;. NtW thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhapd;> ,g;Gj;jfk; jiyg;Gg; gf;fj;jpy; gq;fspj;jtu;fshfg; ngauplg;gl;Ls;s rfyiuAk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;fpd;wJ.

1. cseyk; vd;why; vd;d?

cseyk; Fwpj;J ehk; NgRk;NghJ gyH kdNeha;fisg; gw;wpNa rpe;jpf;fpd;wdH. igj;jpak; (tpru; / pissu) my;yJ kdNeha;f;F toq;fg;gLk; gy;NtW cstpay; rpfpr;irg; ngaHfs; gw;wpr; rpe;jpf;fpd;wdH. cseyk; vd;gJ> ehk; mij vt;thW tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jpaNghjpYk;> ntWkNd kdf;Fog;g epiy> Neha; ,y;yhik vd;gjy;y. cseyk; Fwpj;j tiutpyf;fzk; Nehpilahd xd;wy;y. r%f> fyhr;rhur; #oiyg;nghWj;J mJ NtWghlhd topfspy; Nehf;fg;gLtNj ,jw;fhd fhuzkhFk;. kdepiyfs; my;yJ kdNeha;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLtd rk;ge;jkhd tpsf;fk; gjpNdohk; kw;Wk; gjpndl;lhk; w;whz;Lfspy; Nkw;F INuhg;gpa fyhr;rhug; ghuk;ghpaq;fspd; gFjpahf mgptpUj;jpAw;w xd;whFk;. ,J kdNeha; rpfpr;ir> csg;gpsit> kdr;NrhHT kw;Wk; igj;jpaepiy Nghd;w cstpay; rpfpr;irg; gjq;fspd; gad;ghl;Lf;F ,l;Lr;nrd;Ws;sJ. ,J rpy tpahjpfisf; Fwpj;Jiug;gJ> gy gpd;dzpfspy; ,it ,g;Nghijf;F kpfr;rpwe;j Fwpg;Gg; ngaHfshf tpsq;fpaNghjpYk;> kdpjHfisg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;Sk; tplaj;jpy;> Vida kuGfspd; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; mtHfspd; gpur;rpidfis Nehf;FtJ vg;nghOJNk kpfTk; gaDs;sjhf mikakhl;lhJ vd;gijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. gy ehLfspy;> kdeyj;jpypUe;J tpyfpr;nry;tJ> kw;Wk; igj;jpak; cs;spl;ltifapy; kdNeha;fnsd;W miof;fg;gLgtw;iw cs;slf;Fk;tifapy; cseyg; gpur;rpidfs; vd;gijg; gad;gLj;JtNj toikahfpAs;sJ. (ml;ltiz 1.1) ml;ltiz 1.1: cyf Rfhjhu tiutpyf;fzk;; (WHO 2008) ];jhgdj;jpd; (WHO)

MNuhf;fpak; g+uzkhd cly;> cs kw;Wk; r%f ed;dpiy cseyk; WHOtpd; Rfhjhuk;Fwpj;j tiutpyf;fzj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s csey Mf;ff;$Wld; Neubahf my;yJ kiwKfkhfj; njhlHGw;w gue;j tPr;rpyhd nraw;ghLfisf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

cs MNuhf;fpak; kw;Wk; kdNeha; vd;W ehk; Ghpe;Jnfhs;Sk; tplaq;fis kf;fs; ,aw;ifahd #o;epiy> my;yJ kdpjj;jd;ik kw;Wk; Rghtk; rk;ge;jkhd gue;j cyff; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; jkJ mDgtq;fSf;Fk;> czHTfSf;Fk; kf;fs; toq;Fk; mHj;jq;fshNyNa nghpJk; jPHkhdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. cs MNuhf;fpak; vd;gJ kdpjHfs; vd;wtifapy; vkJ tho;Tf;F Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fisAk;> Md;kPfk;> nrhj;Jfs;> cwTfs;> cs;sj;J kfpo;r;rp> rka ek;gpf;iffs; kw;Wk; Vidait Nghd;w tho;tpd; gy;NtW mk;rq;fSf;F ehk; toq;Fk; typAWj;jy; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpajhFk;. md;whlg; gpuhHj;jidfs; XH MNuhf;fpakhd kdj;Jf;F mtrpankd;W rpyH vz;zf;$Lk;. MapDk;> NtW rpyH fz;Zf;Fg; Gyg;glhj flTSf;Fr; nra;Ak; gpuhHj;jidNa cs ];jpukpd;ikapd; milahsnkd;W vz;zf;$Lk;. rpyH ngUkstpyhd nrhj;Jfs; ,y;yhtpby; mr;r czHT nfhs;Sfpd;wdH. mNjNtisapy; VidNahH jhk; nrhj;Jfspd; ngWkjpia nghpjhf kjpf;Fk;tifapy; mjpfsT gpizf;fg;gl;ltHfshfTk;> cs MNuhf;fpakw;wtHfshfTk; ,Ug;gjhf vz;Zfpd;wdH. czHr;rprhH epiyfSk;> elj;ijfSk; me;j Neuj;jpy; tof;fpypUf;Fk; r%f> fyhr;rhug; gpd;dzpfs;> re;ju;g;gq;fs;; kw;Wk; #o;epiyapy; Nehf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf> Mf;fpukpg;G elj;ijnad;gJ xU NghHr; #oypy;> giltPuHfs; kj;jpapy; toikahdjhf (MNuhf;fpakhdjhf) fUjg;glf; $Lk;. mNjtpjkhd elj;ij xU tpUe;J epfo;r;rpNghd;w rhjhuz r%f #o;epiyfspd;fPo; mrhjhuzkhdjhf (MNuhf;fpakw;wjhf) fUjg;glf;$Lk;. xU kuz tPl;by; mOifnad;gJ xU rhjhuz czHr;rp epiyahfyhk;. MapDk;> mJ eifr;Ritj; jpiug;glnkhd;iwg; ghHf;Fk;Ntisapy; xU rhjhuz epiyahfhJ. MfNt> cseyk; vd;gJ kdpjHfnsd;wtifapy; vkJ tho;Tf;F Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fis cs;slf;Fk; xd;whFk;. MfNt> kdpjHfs; vd;wtifapy; vkJ tho;f;iff;F Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fisNa cseyk; cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.

cseyk; kw;Wk; Neha; rk;ge;jkhd tpsf;fk; fyhr;rhug; gpd;dzpahNyNa ngUksTf;Fj; jPHkhdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. jdf;Fs;Sk;> FLk;gk; kw;Wk; r%fj;jpDs;Sk; cs rkepiy kw;Wk; xj;jpirTj; jd;ikapy; gpur;rpidfisf;nfhz;l kdpju;fspd; mDgtq;fisf; ftdpf;Fk;NghJ> cseyq;Fwpj;j fPioj;Nja kuGtopr; rpe;jidfspd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fisf; fhzyhk;. Nkw;fj;jpa topKiwapy; Ra-g+uzj;Jtk;> tpidj;jpwd; kw;Wk; jdpegH RahjPdk; vd;git kpfTk; Kf;fpakhditahf tpsq;FtNjhL> gpur;rpidfs; Fwpg;gpl;l ,lq;fspy; (clypypy; my;yJ kdjpy;) ,Ug;gitahfNt Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk; csneUf;fPLfSf;fhd my;yJ mjpypUe;J tpLgLtjw;fhd rpfpr;irapd; mHj;jk;Fwpj;J ehk; rpe;jpf;Fk;NghJ fPioj;Nja kw;Wk; Nkiyj;Nja kuGfs; kpfTk; tpj;jpahrkhd typAWj;jy;fisNa fhz;gpj;Jepw;fpd;wd. mj;NjhL> ehk; rpfpr;irapd; mu;j;jk;Fwpj;J my;yJ gpur;rpidfspypUe;J tpLgLk; topKiwfs;Fwpj;Jr; rpe;jpf;Fk;NghJ fPioj;Nja kw;Wk; Nkiyj;Nja kuGfs; kpfTk; tpj;jpahrkhd typAWj;jy;fisNa fhz;gpj;Jepw;fpd;wd. NtW thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhapd;> cseyj;jpd; ,yl;rpaq;fs; kw;Wk; kdk; rk;ge;jkhd gpur;rpidfisf; ifahSk; mZFKiwfs; kpf Kf;fpakhd fyhr;rhur; nry;thf;Ffspd; gpufhuk; NtWgLfpd;wd. (ml;ltizfs; 1.2 kw;Wk; 1.3)

ml;ltiz 1.2: cseyk;Fwpj;j ,yl;rpaq;fs; (ngHdhz;Nlh> 2009)

fPioj;Nja kuG xd;wpize;j jd;ik kw;Wk; xj;jpirT egUf;Fk;> #oYf;Fkpilapy; FLk;gq;fSf;fpilapy; r%fq;fspw;fpilapy; jhHkPf tpOkpaq;fs; njhlHgpy; r%f xUq;fpizT rkepiyahd nraw;ghL ghJfhg;Gk;> guhkhpg;Gk; Ra-epiwT jdpg;gl;l RahjPdk; tpidj;jpwd; Ra-kjpg;G Nkiyj;Nja kuG

ml;ltiz 1.3: tpLjiy (Liberation)/rpfpr;ir fpof;Fk; Nkw;Fk; (ngHdhz;Nlh> 2009)

fPioj;Nja kuG Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; cly;-kdk;-Mj;kh xd;wpizT jpahdk; xj;jpriTj;jd;ik tpopg;GzHT%yk; tpsf;fk; Nkiyj;Nja kuG fl;Lg;ghL cly;-kdk; ntt;Ntwhdit gpur;rpid jPHj;jy; jdpg;gl;l RahjPdk; gFg;gha;T%yk; tpsf;fk;

gy Nkiyj;Nja r%fq;fspy; kf;fs;; tho;f;ifg; gpur;rpidfis jdpegH Nehapay; rk;ge;jKw;w xd;whfNt Nehf;fj; jiyg;gLfpd;wdH. mjhtJ kdjpy; my;yJ %isapy; cs;s VjhtJ FiwghL vd;W $WtNjhL> mJFwpj;j xU Nehia my;yJ Nfhshiw mwpe;Jnfhs;sTk; Kaw;rpnra;fpd;wdH. ehk; ,ij gpur;rpidfSf;F xU kUj;Jtj; jd;ikia toq;Fk; toik vd;W miof;fpd;Nwhk;. gy fPioj;Nja r%fq;fspy; gpur;rpidfs; r%f my;yJ FLk;g cwTfspy; cs;s FiwghLfshf my;yJ r%f xj;jpirtpd;ikahf Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wd. MfNt ,q;F gpur;rpidfs; r%fkag;gLj;jg;gLtjhf $wyhk;. cz;ikapy; kUj;Jtkag;gLj;jy;> r%fkag;gLj;jy; Mfpa

,uz;LNk gaDs;sitahf ,Uf;fyhk;. jdpeghpd; gpur;rpidia tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;F ,J ve;j khjphp kUj;Jt khjphpah my;yJ r%f khjphpah vd;gijg;nghWj;j tplakhFk;. mj;NjhL NkYk; Kf;fpakhf> vj;jifa cjtp mtHfSf;F mtrpankd;gijj; jPHkhdpg;gjw;Fk; ,J cjTk;. (kUj;Jt kw;Wk; r%f khjphpfs; ml;ltiz 1.4 kw;Wk; 1.5,y; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.) ml;ltiz 1.4: fyhr;rhuuPjpahf vz;zf;fUthf;fk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd? gpur;rpidfs; vt;thW

kUj;Jtkag;gLj;jy;: mwpFwpfs;> tpahjp> rpfpr;ir> jdpeghpy; mike;Js;s Fzg;gLj;jy; topKiwfs; r%fkag;gLj;jy;: r%fr; #o;epiyfs;> FLk;g cwTfs; vd;gtw;wpy; mike;Js;s FiwghLfSk;> ghpfhuq;fSk;. ml;ltiz 1.5: kUj;Jt kw;Wk; r%f khjpupfs; (ngHdhd;Nlh 2009b)
kUj;Jt khjphp jdpeghpy; Neha; mwpFwpfshf ,dq; fhzg;gLk; gpur;rpidfs; r%f khjphp mbg;gilapy; mDgthPjpahdJk;> r%f hPjpahdJk; vd Nehf;fg;gLk; gpur;rpidfs; tpahjp r%fhPjpapy; epHkhzpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. FLk;g my;yJ r%f <LghL vd;gtw;wpd;%yk; murpay; / r%f khw;wq;fs;%yk; tho;f;if mDgtq;fis kPs;epHkhzk; nra;tJ Nghd;w jiyaPLfs; Clhf cjtp toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

tpahjp caphpay; kUj;Jt Nehapaiyg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;fpd;wJ. caphpay; rpfpr;irfs; (c-k;: kUe;Jfs;> ECT) kw;Wk; cstpay; (c-k;) cstsj;Jiz> FOr; rpfpr;ir) vd;git %yk; cjtp toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

ed;dpiy (Wellbeing)
ed;dpiy vd;gJ fle;j jrhg;jq;fspy; cseyj;ijf; Fwpg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. (gy Nkw;fj;ija fyhr;rhuq;fspy; cs;sJNghd;W) jdpg;gl;ltu; ed;dpiy [Subjective Wellbeing (SWB)] vd;gJ xU jdpegUila fyhr;rhur; #oYf;F Vw;g mtuJ jdpg;gl;l> cwTfs; kw;Wk; Vida Njitfspd; jpUg;jpahd epiy vd;gjhNyNa czug;gl;Lte;jJ. Vnddpy; Nkw;$wg;gl;lit jdpegupy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jf;$baitahf ,Ue;jikapdhyhFk;.) gy Mrpa fyhr;rhuq;fspy; ed;dpiy Fwpj;j r%f mwpthw;wyhdJ jdpegH mwpthw;wy;fistplf; $Ljyhd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jitahFk;. ed;dpiy vd;gJ ngUk;ghYk; xU r%fk;rhHe;j tplakhFk;. ,q;F jdpegH kfpo;r;rp vd;gJ gpd;js;sg;gLk; tplakhfTs;sJ. ,yq;ifapy; ed;dpiy vd;gJ FLk;g tho;tpy; jpUg;jp> gps;isfspd; fy;tpapy; jpUg;jp> ghJfhg;G czHtpy; jpUg;jp (tPuf;nfhb kw;Wk; ngHdhz;Nlh> 2009Ig; ghHf;fTk;) Nghd;w xU gue;j tPr;rpyhd #o;epiyfs; kw;Wk; czHTfisf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. ed;dpiy vd;gJ xU gue;j tplag;gug;ghf Nehf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. vdNtjhd; ,J r%f> fyhr;rhur; #oypy; kf;fshy; ed;dpiy vd fUjg;gLtijAk; Fwpg;gjhf mikfpwJ. ed;dpiy vd;gJ kf;fshNyNa tiutpyf;fzk; nra;ag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. vdNt ed;dpiy vd;gJ ve;jnthU r%fj;jpdhYk; cseyk; vdf; fUjg;gLtij Fwpg;gjhf mikAk;. ehk; cseyKk;> ed;dpiyAk; [Mental Health and Wellbeing (MHW)] vd;gljDhlhf midj;ijAk; nfhz;Ls;s xU tplakhf fUjKbAk;. ,jw;F ,yq;ifapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; %d;W nkhopfspYk; Nenuhj;j nrhw;fshd (rpq;fsj;jpy;) a` [Ptda> (jkpopy;) ed;dpiy kw;Wk; (Mq;fpyj;jpy;) Wellbeing vd;git cs;sd.

jhq;Fjpwd; (Resilience)
jdpegu; jhq;Fjpwd; fUj;jpayhdJ mNdfkhd kdpju;fs; mdu;j;jj;jpw;F Kfk;nfhLf;Fk; NghJ tYg;ngw;wtu;fshfTk;> kdtsk; epiwe;jtu;fshfTk; kPz;nlOtjhf njuptpf;fpd;wJ. jhq;Fjpwd; Mw;wy; jdpg;gl;l MSikg; gz;Gfs;> FLk;gq;fSk;> r%fq;fSk; ,ize;J nrayhw;Wk; tpjk;> ,irthf;fk;>

njhlu;ghly;fs; kw;Wk; FOthfr; nraw;gLjy; vd;gtw;wpypUe;J fpl;LtjhFk;. jhq;Fjpwd; Mw;wy; kjq;fNshL ,izg;Gw;wtifapy;> r%f eltbf;iffspD}lhf Nkk;gLj;jg;glyhk;. MfNt> xU FOtpd; ek;gpf;if Kiwikfs; kf;fs; ,d;dy;fis vjpu;nfhs;Sk;NghJ vt;thW gjpy; eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;Sfpd;wdu; vd;gjpYk;;> kf;fSf;F Vw;gLk; mDgtq;fSf;F mu;j;jk; toq;FtjpYk; xU Kf;fpa ghj;jpuj;ij tfpf;fpd;wd. cjhuzkhf> kjek;gpf;if cs;stu;fs; Nfhtpy;fs;> Njthyaq;fs; kw;Wk; gs;spthry;fspYs;s kjFUkhuplk; cjtpia ehlyhk;> my;yJ kjf; fpupiafspy; <Lglyhk;. vt;thwhapDk;> ,yq;ifapy; ahj;jpiuj; jyq;fSf;Fr; nry;Nthupd; vz;zpf;ifia Nehf;Fk;NghJ> Fwpg;ghf kjek;gpf;ifaw;wtu;fs;$l> neUf;fPL my;yJ NtW ,d;dy;fis vjpu;nfhs;Sk;NghJ> gy;NtW kj Kftu; epiyaq;fis mZFfpd;wdnud;W $wyhk;. cz;ikapy;> gy ,yq;ifau;fs; mtu;fs; mDgtpj;j rkPgj;jpa ,d;dy;fSf;F kpfTk; cau;e;j kl;lj;jpyhd jhq;Fjpwd; Mw;wiyf; fhz;gpj;Js;sdnud;W gy fUj;Jiuahsu;fs; njuptpj;Js;sdu;.

10

2. csey Nritfs;> epWtd uPjpahdit r%f mbg;gilapyhdit

vkJ cseyj;jpd; epiy vk; xt;nthUtHkPJk; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. Nkw;fj;jpa fyhr;rhu kuGfspy; ngwg;gLk; csNeha; rpfpr;ir Kiwfspy; Neha;fSf;fhd Fzq;Fwpfs; kdjpy; Nehapay; rk;ge;jkhd caphpay; khw;wq;fisg; gpujpgypg;gjhf fUjg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j mwpFwpfs; FOf;fshf tifg;gLj;jg;gl;L Neha;fis ,dq;fhZk;tifapy; csg;gpsit (Schizophrenia)> ,UJUtf; NfhshW [Bipolar Disorder (BD)]> fz;bj Neha; [Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)], gjfspg;G (neurosis), neUf;fPl;Lf;Fg; gpw;gl;l kdtL [Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)] vdg; gy;NtW ngaHfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. Nkw;fj;jpa kdNeha; rpfpr;irapd; Nehf;fk; Neha;f;F my;yJ Neha;fSf;F kUe;Jfs;%yk; my;yJ NehiaFzg;gLj;Jk; Vida rpfpr;ir Kiwfs;%yk; rpfpr;ir toq;FtjhFk;. jPtpu cskhia Neha;fs; vd milahsk; fhzg;gLfpd;w gpujhdkhf csg;gpsit my;yJ ,UJUtf; NfhshWfSf;F (BD) kUe;Jfs; my;yJ NtW ngsjPfj; jiyaPLfs; {kpd;typg;Gr; rpfpr;ir [Electrical Convulsive Treatment (ECT)] Nghd;wd mtrpakhdit. mj;Jld; ,tw;Wldpize;J cstpay; rpfpr;ir KiwfSk; [csey rpfpr;ir kw;Wk; cstsj;Jiz (psychotherapy and counselling)] Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jitahfNt fUjg;gLfpd;wd. MAHNtj> rpj;j kw;Wk; A+dhdp (Mrpa) itj;jpa Kiwfsp Nehnad;W ngaH Fwpg;gplg;gLk; gpur;rpidfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;F kpfTk; tpj;jpahrkhd Kiwnahd;W gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,dq;fhzg;gl;L> rpfpr;iraspf;fg;gLtJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l Nehapay my;y; khwhf> mJ xU eghpDs; ,lk;ngWk; rkepiyapd;ik my;yJ xj;jpirtpd;ikahFk;. cjhuzkhf> MAu;Ntjj;jpy; Neha;Fwpj;j mZFKiw (Nkw;fj;jpa mNyhgjp itj;jpaj;jpy; fhzg;gLtJ Nghd;W) ntWkNd xU FWfpa capupay;rhu; tplaky;y khwhf mJ xUtiug; G+uzkhdtpjj;jpy; ghjpf;Fk; xd;whfNt Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. rpfpr;irfs; tho;f;ifg; ghzpfs;Fwpj;j mwpTiu> %ypif kUe;Jfs;> Mj;kPf gapw;rpfs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; xU fyitahFk;. mJ ntWkNd kUe;Jfs; kw;Wk;

11

cly;hPjpahd jiyaPLfSf;F khj;jpuk; kl;Lg;gl;l xU tplaky;y. MAHNtjj;jpy; cd;kj;jk; (my;yJ igj;jpak;) ed;F mwpag;gl;l xU tplakhftpUe;jNghjpYk;> gy gpur;rpidfs; (cstpay; rpfpr;irapy; kdNeha; vd;W $wg;gLgit) mq;F Fwpg;gpl;l xU NehapaYf;Fl;gl;l xU Nehahf Nehf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. MfNt> mit fz;bg;ghd FWfpa kUj;Jt tiuaiwf;F ntspNa Mj;kPf rpfpr;ir KiwfSld; (cjhuzkhf> ke;jpu cr;rhldq;fSlDk;> jhaj;Jfis mzptJlDk;) ifahsg;gLfpd;wd. mj;NjhL kjuPjpahd nraw;ghLfSk; (Ntj newpfis mDrhpj;jy; kw;Wk; jpUg;gjpfq;fis XJjy; Nghd;wit) tho;f;ifg; ghzpia Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tjw;fhd mwpTiufSk; (c-k;: kdijf; Fwpg;gpl;l eltbf;iffspy; xUKfg;gLj;Jjy;) midj;Jk; kUe;JfSlDk;> cliyg; gpbj;JtpLjy; Nghd;w cly;uPjpahd gpuNahfq;fSlDk; ,ize;jtifapy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. (ml;ltiz 2.1).

ml;ltiz
mZFKiwfs;
Kiwik

2.1:

cseyg;

gpur;rpidfSf;fhd

NtWgl;l

gpujhd fhuzq;fs;

gupfhuq;fs; clypay; jiyaPLfs; KOikahd mZFKiw kUe;Jfs;> Mj;kPfuPjpapy; Fzkhf;Fjy;.

mNyhgjp kUj;Jtk; capupay; khw;wq;fshy; (cskUj;Jt rpfpr;ir) cUthFk; Neha;fs; MAu;Ntjk; tho;f;ifg;ghzp> rpj;j Adhdp kdjpYk;> clypYk; rkepiyapd;ik

Mj;kPf uPjpapy; Fzg;gLj;Jjy; Fzg;gLj;jy; rlq;Ffs; Mrpa ehLfspy; kUj;JtKiwfisj;; jtpu NtW gy Fzkhf;fy; kuGfs; nraw;wpwd; kpf;fjhf toq;fp tUfpd;wd. cz;ikapy;> ,yq;ifapy; cskUj;Jt rpfpr;ir Kiwahy; csNeha;fnsd ngauplg;gLk; gy epiyikfSf;fhd gpujhd mZFKiw kjeilKiwfNshL ,izg;Gw;w Mj;kPf topKiwf@lhf Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; Fzkhf;fNyahFk;. cz;ikapy;> ,j;jifa khw;Wg; ghuk;gupaq;fs; cynfq;Fk; fhzg;gl;lNghjpYk;> (Mrpa

12

ehLfSld; xg;gPl;LuPjpapy;) ,g;nghOJ INuhg;ghtpYk;> tlmnkupf;fhtpYk; Kf;fpak; Fiwe;jitahfTs;sd. rkPgj;jpy;> Nkw;F ehLfspy;> Nkw;fj;jpa kw;Wk; fPioj;Nja tiffspyhd cseyg; gpur;rpidfisf; ifahSk; ghuk;gupa topKiwfs;Fwpj;j Mu;tk; tsu;r;rpfz;Ls;sJ. Nfushtpy; ,lk;ngw;w rkPgj;jpa Ma;nthd;W (Haliburton, 2004) %d;W tpjkhd rpfpr;ir tbtq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l ghuJ}ukhd cseyg; gpur;rpidfisf;nfhz;l egu;fspd; mDgtq;fis Nehf;fpaJ. ,it MAu;Ntj> (Nkw;fj;jpa) mNyhgjp cskUj;Jt rpfpr;ir kw;Wk; kjuPjpahd Fzg;gLj;jy; vd;gitahFk;. midj;Jklq;Fk; tifapy;; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ> %d;W mZFKiwfSNk rkkhd mstpy; gad; tha;e;jitahfj; Njhw;wkspj;jd. xU KiwapypUe;J gad;ngw;Wf;nfhz;ltu;fs; NtnwhU KiwapypUe;J gad;ngwtpy;iy. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ,lk;ngw;w NtNwhu; Ma;T (Raguram et al. 2002) csg;gpsit(Schizophrenia)> kw;Wk; ,UJUtf;NfhshW Bipolar Disorder Nghd;w cskUj;Jt rpfpr;ir tifg;;gLj;jiyr; Nru;e;j Neha;fshy; ghjpg;Gw;Nwhu; tplaj;jpy; Nfhtpy; Rfg;gLj;jy; Kiwfs; kuGrhu; cstpay; rpfpr;ir Kiwfisg;Nghd;W gaDs;sit vd;gijf; fhl;bAs;sd. kjeilKiwfSld; ,izf;fg;glf;$baitahd Mj;kPf topKiwfs; %yk; Fzkhf;Fjy; ,yq;ifapy; cseyg;; gpur;rpidfs; my;yJ kd Neha;fs; Nghd;w epiyikfSf;fhd gpujhd mZFKiwahf ,Ue;JtUfpd;wJ. xy;yhe;J cstpay; rpfpr;irahsuhfpa Beatrice Vogt (1999) rkPgj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; gzpahw;wpdhu;. mtu; fz;bg; gpuNjrj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; %d;W tbtq;fspyhd Fzkhf;fy; rlq;Ffis ,dq;fhZfpd;whu;: ngsj;j nra;As;fis cr;rhldk; nra;Ak; kjFUkhupd; rlq;fhfpa gpupj;;- ,J rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Kf;fpa epfo;Tfspd;NghJk;> tpahjpfspd;NghJk; nghJ epiyahsu;fshYk; elj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. xU kjFUkhu; r%fj;Jf;F my;yJ flTs;fSf;Fj; jhdk; toq;fg;gLk; G+i[ kw;Wk; Neha;f;Ff; fhuzkhd jPa Mtpfis tpul;Lk; tifapyhd eldk; kw;Wk; Nkskbj;jy; vd;git rk;ge;jKWk; gfpuq;f Fzkhf;fy; rlq;fhfpa njhtpy; (ml;ltiz 2.2). gyu; gpur;rpidfis vjpu;nfhs;Sk;Ntisfspy; Nrhjplu;fisf; fye;jhNyhrid nra;fpd;wdu;. fyhr;rhu uPjpahf tiutpyf;fzk; nra;ag;gLk; Fzkhf;fy; kugpDs; Nrhjplu;fis

13

[hjf uPjpapyhd cstsj;Jizia eilKiwg;gLj;JNthuhfr; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. (Pugh, 1983). ghuJ}ukhd kdNeha;fs; (vdf; $wg;gLgit) Fwpj;j itj;jpau;fs; mNdfkhfg; Nga; tpul;Ltjpy; ifNju;e;jtu;fshtu; (mj;Juh my;yJ fl;lhbah). N`hkhfk mUfpy; xU fpuhkj;jpy; trpf;Fk; fl;lhb xUtu; %d;W khj fhyg;gFjpapDs; gy;NtW tiffspyhd njhtpy; rlq;Ffisg; gad;gLj;jp> 25 gpy;yp #dpak;> 50 Nga; gpbj;jy; kw;Wk; 60 FLk;gg; gpzf;F tpla epfo;TfSf;Fj; jPu;Tfz;Ls;sjhfr; rkPgj;jpa mwpf;ifnahd;W njuptpf;fpd;wJ. (FRkhuj;d> 2005). rpyupd; tho;f;if epfo;Tr; rhd;Wfs; (Nkw;fj;jpa) csNeha; rpfpr;irf;F epfuhd tifapyhd cau;e;j mstpyhd ntw;wpepiyiaf; fhl;baNghjpYk;> ,r;RNjr itj;jpau;fspd; cz;ikahd ntw;wpapd; kl;lk; mwpag;glhj xd;whfNtAs;sJ. ml;ltiz 2.2: ,yq;if kf;fs; ehLk; Fzkhf;fy; Kiwikfs; (Vogt, 1999) Nkw;fj;ija (mNyhgjp) kUj;Jtk;. MAu;Ntj kUj;Jtk;. Fzkhf;fy; rlq;Ffs;: njhtpy;> G+i[ Kjypad. [hjfk; ghu;f;Fk; Nrhjplu;fSld; fye;jhNyhrid. ngsj;j ju;kk;> gpupj; rlq;Ffs; kw;Wk; jpahdj;jpd; mbg;gilapyhd eilKiw mwpTiu. TGH epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; mDruizapd;fPo;> njw;fpy; ,U ngsj;j rpq;fsf; fpuhkq;fspy; rkPgj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w r%fg; Gydwpiffs; rk;ge;jkhd Ma;nthd;W jw;NghJ kdNeha;fs; vt;thW Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wd> kw;Wk; cseyg; gpur;rpidfs; rk;ge;jkhf cjtpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F kf;fs; vj;jifa Kftu; epiyaq;fSf;Fr; nry;Yfpd;wdu; vd;git rk;ge;jkhf kpfTk; Rthurpakhd rpy epfo;Tz;ikfis ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sd. n`l;bahur;rp kw;Wk; ngNuuh (2009) mtu;fs; Ma;T elj;jpa rpq;fs nkhop NgRk; fpuhkq;fspy; Neha;fis ,dq;fhZtjw;F rpq;fs> jkpo;> Mq;fpy kw;Wk; Nghj;Jf;Nfa nkhopr; nrhw;gjq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLtijf; fz;lwpe;jdu;. (ml;ltiz 2.3).

14

ml;ltiz 2.3: (manasika roga)

kdNeha;f;Fg;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

nrhw;gjq;fs;

(n`l;bahur;rp kw;Wk; ngNuuh> 2009) rpq;fsk; gp];]{> nkhNo mTy;> xy;khj> tpfhu jkpo; Nfhyk;> fhy;y> fhr;ry;> igj;jpak; Mq;fpyk; Y}];> nkd;ly;> nkhq;nfhy;> ig-Nghu;];> gp];]{-lgps; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa nkhop kf;ehd; ,f;fpuhkq;fspYs;s kf;fs; cseyg; gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPu;T Njbg; gy;NtW jiylaPLfis ehLfpd;wdu;. ,it ghyp njhtpy;> jPa Mtpfisj; Juj;Jk; rlq;Ffs;> nrj; rhe;jp> gpupj; XJk; rlq;Ffs; (NkNy ghu;f;fTk;)> tpNrl MrPu;thj GdpjePu; njspj;jy;> Njrpf;fha;; ntl;Ljy; Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;FtjhFk;. (Kapferer, 1991, Vogt. 1999, Wijesekara, 1987 vd;gtw;iwg; ghu;f;fTk;) (ml;ltizfs; 2.4 kw;Wk; 2.5) ml;ltiz jiyaPLfs; ghyp njhtpy; nrj; rhe;jp kjFUkhUf;Fj; jhdk; toq;Fjy; kw;Wk; Nghjp G+i[fs; Nghd;w kj eltbf;iffs; MAu;Ntj kUe;Jfs; Nkw;fj;jpa (mNyhgjp) kUe;Jfs; 2.4: cseyg; gpur;rpidfSf;F ehlg;gLk;

15

ml;ltiz 2.5: cjtp ehLtjpy; tpUg;Gj; njupT XOq;Fepiy (n`l;bahur;rp kw;Wk; ngNuuh> 2009) 1. kjr; nraw;ghLfs; 2. Nrhjplk; rhjfk; ghu;j;jy; 3. Njrpf;fha; ntl;Ljy; my;yJ kQ;rs; E}y;fisf; fl;Ljy; 4. njhtpy; 5. (mNyhgjp) jdpahu; itj;jpau; 6. murhq;f itj;jparhiy (,Wjp Kaw;rp)

r%fr; rPu;FiyTfs; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;

,yq;ifapd; gy gFjpfisg; ghjpj;j rkPgj;jpa murpay; td;nray;fs; kw;Wk; ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; Nghd;w rPu;FiyTfshy; mjpfk; ghjpg;Gw;w gpuNjrq;fspYs;s kf;fs; fhz;gpj;j jhq;Fjpwd; kw;Wk; Vw;Wr; rkhspf;Fk; topKiwfs; Fwpj;j Mu;tq;fSf;F toprikj;Js;sd. nfhk;gpupr; kw;Wk; xNgNrfu (1988) vd;gtu;fs; $Wtjd; gpufhuk;> ngsj;j ghuk;gupaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; mfKuz;ghLfs; kw;Wk; r%f neUf;fPLfis ifahSk; xU top ntspepiy cyfj;jpypUe;J xUtupd; ftdj;ijj; jpirjpUg;gp> jpahdk; nra;tjhFk;. md;whl tho;tpy; fhzg;gLk; nfh^ukhd ajhu;j;jq;fisj; jtpu;j;Jf;nfhs;Sk; NtnwhU top flTs;kPJ fhz;gpf;Fk; Ngud;gpdhy; vOk; gf;jpg; gutr epiyahFk;. (1988:1415). fhf;fu; (1984) flTs;fSlDk;> ngz; nja;tq;fSlDk; jd;id ,dq;fhZjYk; jd;dpiy czu;Tfs;Fwpj;j mDgtq;fis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wdntd;W njuptpf;fpd;whu; - ,J Nkw;fj;jpa kuG tof;fpyhd xU rpfpr;ir tbtkhf ,Uf;ff;$Lk;. ,d;dy;fis vjpu;Nehf;Fk;Ntisfspy; - tpNrlkhf neUf;fb Neuq;fspy; kf;fs; mZFk; vz;zpwe;j nja;tq;fs;> khwf;$baitahFk;; cjhuzkhf> ,yq;ifapy; Jupjkhf r%f khw;wq;fs;> r%f ];jpukpd;ik kw;Wk; Kuz;ghLfs; fhuzkhf fjpu;fhkf; flTSk;> fhspAk;> `{dpak; flTSk; gpugy;akhfpAs;sdu; (nfhk;gpupr; kw;Wk; xNgNrfu> 1988). gl;uPrpah Nyhud;]; (2000> 2003) fpof;fpyq;ifapy; murpay; td;nray;fs; fhuzkhf vOe;j Jauq;fspd; Kd;dpiyapy; kdtLtpdhy; ghjpg;Gw;w kf;fs; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Fzkiljiy

16

Ntz;bAk;> jdpg;gl;l mtyk; kw;Wk; Fog;gepiyia Vw;Wr; rkhspg;gjpy; cjtp ehbAk; ,e;Jg; ngz; nja;t topghL kw;Wk; cs;@u; nja;t thf;Fr;nrhy;Nthiu ehbr; nrd;Ws;sdnud;W njuptpf;fpd;whu;.

guhkupg;G Kiwfs;
Mrpahtpy; gy Njrq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;wJ NghyNt epWtdq;fspd; mbg;gilapyhd xU csey Kiwik - ,jw;F Kd;du; Gfyplq;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l> kdNeha; itj;jparhiyfs; - ,yq;ifapy; gpupj;jhdpa FbNaw;wthj murhq;fj;jpdhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhd fhuzk; mf;fhyj;jpy; Nkw;F ehLfspy; eilKiwapypUe;j Kiwik mJNtahFk;. ,t;thwhf nghuisapypUe;j xU rpwpa itj;jparhiy 1847,y; xU kdNehahsu; Gfyplkhf khw;wg;gl;lJ. gpd;du; FWfpa fhyg;gFjpfSf;F kdf;Fog;gKw;w Ml;fis itj;jpUg;gjw;fhf tbtikf;fg;gl;l mtjhdpg;G myFfs; gpujhd efuq;fspy; epWtg;gl;ld. 1926Mk; Mz;L 1830 NehahspfSf;F ,lkspf;Fk;tifapy; mq;Nfhil kdNehahsu; Gfyplk; jpwe;Jitf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Gfyplk; FbNaw;wthj murhq;fj;jpdhy; mikf;fg;gl;lNjhL> mJ cwtpdu;fs; rfy Kaw;rpfisAk; Nkw;nfhz;L filrpahf nfhz;Lte;J Nru;f;Fk; Xu; ,lkhf my;yJ nghyprhu; kdNehAs;stu; vd;W ,dq;fz;L Xu; cwtpdNuh my;yJ ez;gNuh te;J mtiu tPl;Lf;F mioj;Jr; nry;Yk;tiu mtiu milj;Jitf;Fk; ,lkhf tpsq;fpaJ. mj;NjhL> ,e;j Gfyplk; VNjhnthU fhuzj;jpd; epkpj;jk; cwtpdu;fs; my;yJ VidNahu; xUtiu r%fj;jpypUe;J tpyf;fpitf;fNtz;Lnkd;w Nehf;fpy; mtiuf; nfhz;Lte;J itf;Fk; ,lkhf ,Ue;jJ. jLf;f KbahjthW mq;Nfhilapy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; gyu; jkJ cwtpdu;fshy; iftplg;gl;lNjhL jkJ Fbapay; cupikfisAk; ,oe;jdu;. 1948,y; murpay; Rje;jpuk; fpl;Lk;tiuapy; ,e;j Kiwik ngupa khw;wk; vJTkpd;wpj; njhlu;e;Jk; ,Ue;Jte;jJ. 1960fspd; Kw;gFjpapy; Ky;Nyupahtpy; xU Gdu;tho;T epiyakhfg; Gjpa itj;jparhiy xd;W mikf;fg;gl;lJ. vt;thwhapDk; Nehahspfis r%fj;jpDs; tpLtpj;J mDg;Gk; jpl;lq;fs; fhuzkhf> mq;NfhilapypUe;J mDg;gpitf;fg;gLk; ngz;fSf;fhd ePz;lehs; jq;Fk; itj;jparhiyahf Ky;Nyupah gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,NjNtisapy; (mq;Nfhilapy;

17

,Ue;j) rpy Mz;fs; gioa n`e;jis njhONehahsu; tpLjpapd; gad;gLj;jg;glhj tpLjpfSf;F mDg;gpitf;fg;gl;ldu;. md;wpypUe;J NkYk; khw;wq;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. (fPNo ghu;f;fTk;ml;ltiz 2.6) ml;ltiz 2.6: ,yq;ifapy; csey Nritfs; (ngu;dhz;Nlh> 2009) ghuk;gupa MAu;Ntj> rpj;j kw;Wk; Adhdp (kUj;Jt) jiyaPLfs; Mj;kPf rpfpr;irfs; Nfhtpy;fs;> Njthyaq;fs; kw;Wk; gs;spthry;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; Fzg;gLj;jy;fs; epWtd mbg;gilapyhd mNyhgjp (gpupj;jhdpa FbNaw;wthj Ml;rpapy; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ) 1926: mq;Nfhil kdNehahsu; Gfyplk; 1902 njhlu;r;rpahf: gpujhd efuq;fspy; mtjhdpg;G myFfs; Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; 1957: Ky;Nyupah itj;jparhiy 1966 njhlu;r;rpahf: nghJ itj;jparhiy cskUj;Jt rpfpr;ir myFfs;> ntspNehahsu; rpfpr;ir epiyaq;fs; 2007: mq;Nfhil cseyj; Njrpa epWtdk;. 2005: cseyf; nfhs;if> Gdu;tho;T myFfs;. ,g;nghOJ> mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs; (m.rh.epfs;) (cstpay; r%f kw;Wk; epajpr; rl;lj;JiwapDs; cs;sPLfs;) rpy gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; r%f mbg;gilapyhd Nritfs; (c-k;: kl;lf;fsg;G> cs;slf;FtjhFk;. mk;ghe;Njhl;il) vd;gtw;iwAk;

18

,yq;ifapy; Kd;Ndw;wk;
1980fs; mstpy;> gy Nkw;fj;jpa ehLfs; jkJ Gfyplq;fis %btpl;L> epWtd mbg;gilapyhd ftdg;guhkupg;gpd; ,lj;jpy; r%fuPjpahd guhkupg;ig itj;Jf; nraw;glj; njhlq;fptpl;ld. cyf Rfhjhu ];jhgdKk; (WHO) kw;Wk; Vida ey;nyz;zk;nfhz;l Kftu; epiyaq;fSk; ,ijg; gpd;gw;WkhW %d;whk; cyf ehLfis tw;GWj;jpd. ,yq;ifapy; 2005 tiu ,e;j Nehf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk;tifapy; ngUkstpy; vJTNk epfotpy;iy. 2005 tiu mq;Nfhil itj;jparhiyiar; Nru;e;j cskUj;Jt rpfpr;irahsu;fs; mq;Nfhil itj;jparhiyapd; kPs; xOq;fikg;Gld; Nritfspd; etPd kakhf;fiy Muk;gpj;jdu;. 1980fspd; gpw;gFjpapypUe;J mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs; (NGOs) r%f mbg;gilapyhd cseyg; guhkupg;igAk;> epajpr; rl;lj;JiwapDs; Ntiyrhu; rpfpr;ir Nghd;w tpNrl NritfisAk; toq;Ftjpy; xU gq;if Mw;wp te;Js;sd. ,e;j m.rh.epfs;> Nest (http://www. nestsrikanka.com) kw;Wk; BasicNeeds (http://www.basicneeds.org), fhuzkhf 2005,y; xU cseyj;jpl;lk; ntspaplg;gl;L (http://www. searo.who.int/LinkFiles/ongoing-projects-mhp-slv.pdf) epajpr;rl;lj; JiwapDs; r%fj;jpyhd rpy Nritfs; mwpKfk;nra;ag;gl;ld. ,NjNtisapy;> tlf;Ffpof;fpy; jPtpukhf ,lk;ngw;w rptpy; Aj;jk; jdpegu;fSf;Fk;> r%fq;fSf;Fk; ngUkstpyhd Nrjq;fisAk;> kdtLf;;fisAk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy;> aho;g;ghzj;jpy; GjpJ Gidjyhd Nritfs; mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;ld. mjd; gpd;du; (rkhjhdk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Ntisapy;) kl;lf;fsg;igr; Rw;wp> fpof;F khfhzj;jpYk; ,J ,lk;ngw;wJ. (fy;Kidapy; fhzg;gLtJNghy) ,tw;Wl;rpy (http://www.kamha.org) ,l mikitAk;> Nritiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; egu;fisAk; nghWj;Jg; nghUj;jkhd tifapyhd r%ff; guhkupg;G khjpupfspd; mbg;gilapy; elj;jpr; nry;yg;gLfpd;wd. vt;thwhapDk;> ,g;gpuNjrj;jpd; kf;fSf;Ff; fpl;Lk; RNjr Kiwfspyhd guhkupg;G kw;Wk; cjtp vd;gtw;iw xd;wpizg;gjw;fhd Kf;;fpaj;Jtk; ve;jmsTf;Ff; ftdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ njspthfhj epiyNa cs;sJ. mj;NjhL> ,d;W (2011 Vg;upy;) ehl;lbd; gy gFjpfspy; gy ntspNehahsu; rpfpr;ir epiyaq;fSk;> xUrpy Gdu;tho;T myFfSk; cs;sd (ml;ltiz 2.6).

19

3. r%fg;gzp eilKiwAk;> cseyg; gapw;rpAk;

r%fg;gzpnad;gJ vg;nghOJk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l r%f kw;Wk; murpay; #oiktpNyNa ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapy; fpuhkpag; gpd;dzpfspy; r%f mgptpUj;jpapD}lhf r%fq;fspd; nghJthd ed;dpiyf;fhfg; gzpahw;Wk; Kf;fpa epWtdq;fSs; xd;whf tpsq;FtJ ru;Nthja rpukjhd ,af;fkhFk;. ,e;j mikg;G ,dq;fz;Ls;s fpuhkpa r%fq;fspd; ed;dpiyf;fhd gj;J mbg;gilj; Njitfs; gpd;tUkhW (ml;ltiz 3.1): ml;ltiz 3.1: ru;Nthja mikg;gpdhy; mbg;gilj; Njitfs; (uh[fUzh> 2010) ,dq;fhzg;gl;l

Rj;jkhd> mofhd #oy; Rj;jkhd FbePu; Nghjpa mstpyhd cilfs; Nghjpa mstpyhd> rkczT vspikahd tPl;L trjp mbg;gilahd Rfhjhuf; guhkupg;G mbg;gilj; njhlu;ghly; trjpfs; mjpFiwTj; Njitahd rf;jp toq;fy; G+uzkhd midj;Jklq;Fk; fy;tp Mj;kPf kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuj; Njitfs; epiwNtw;wg;gLjy; ,yq;ifapy; r%fg; gzpahsu;fspd; gpujhd Nehf;fk; r%f kl;lj;jpy; gzpahw;wf;$bajhftpUj;jy; MFk;. xU r%fg; gzpahsupd; ghj;jpuk; r%fq;fspd; mbg;gilj; Njitfisg; G+u;j;jpnra;J> mtu;fspd; eyd;fis Nkk;gLj;jf;$batifapy;> r%fg;guhkupg;Gr; NritfSf;Fg; nghWg;ghd Kftu; epiyaq;fs; gaDWjpAs;s> tpidj;jpwDs;s Nritia toq;Ftij ,yFgLj;JtijAk;> $l;bizg;Gr;nra;tijAk; cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. mur rhu;gw;w csey mikg;ghfpa BasicNeeds ,yq;ifapy; Kd;Ndhbahff; iff;nfhz;l Kf;fpakhd mZFKiw> csey Nritfisg; gad;gLj;jpatu;fisf;nfhz;l Ra-cjtpf; FOf;fis (SHGs)

20

Kd;Ndw;wpajhFk;. ,r;Ra-cjtpf; FOf;fspD}lhf Nritfisg; gad;gLj;JNthUk;> guhkupg;G toq;FNthUk;> rpfpr;ir ngWtjpYk;> gpd;njhlu; Nritfisg; ngWtjpYk; xUtUf;nfhUtu; MjuT toq;Ffpd;wdu;. mtu;fs; mDgtq;fisg; gfpu;e;Jnfhs;stNjhL> cjtp%yq;fs; Fwpj;j jfty;fisAk; gfpu;e;Jnfhs;fpd;wdu.; r%f xd;wpizg;G kw;Wk; r%f fsq;f vjpu;g;Gr; nraw;ghLfSf;F Mjutspf;Fk;tifapy; jk;ik xOq;fikf;fpd;wdu;;. Nrit toq;FNthiug; gapw;Wtpg;gjpy; cjtp mtrpag;gLk; r%fj;jpYs;s VidNahUf;F MjuT toq;Fk; tifapyhd jkJ mwpitAk;> jpwd;fisAk; (Nrdhuj;d> 2010) gfpu;e;J nfhs;Sfpd;wdu;. Racjtpf; FOf;fs; gbg;gbahf tYtspg;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tNjhL> mtu;fspd; FLk;gq;fs; / (cseyg; gpur;rpidfs; cs;stu;fSf;F) / ;guhkupg;G toq;FNthu; kw;Wk; r%fk; vd;gtw;Wf;Fk; tYtspg;G toq;fg;gl;L> Rfhjhu kw;Wk; r%fg;guhkupg;Gr; Nritfis toq;FNthu; ,tu;fspd; ed;dpiyia Nkk;gLj;jf;$batifapy; jkJ Nritfis toq;Ftjw;Fk; Cf;Ftpg;G toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhf> Ra-cjtpf; FOf;fspdJ Nritfisg; gad;gLj;JNthu;> guhkupg;G toq;FNthu;> r%fj; jd;dhu;tj; njhz;lu;fs; kw;Wk; Nrit toq;FNthu; vd;Nghiu xd;wpizg;gjD}lhf cau; kl;lj;jpyhd r%f MjuTf; fl;likg;Gfshfg; gupzkpf;fpd;wd. r%f kl;lj;jpYs;s r%fg; gzpahsu;fs; ,e;jr; Ra-cjtpf; FOf;fspd; Mw;wiyf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gq;fspg;ig toq;fyhk;. ,e;jr; Ra-cjtpf; FOf;fisAk;> Vida MjuTf; FOf;fisAk; nray;Jbg;ghd> epiyj;jpUf;ff;$ba r%fuPjpahd Kf;fpakhd mikg;Gfshf kpspur; nra;ayhk; (ml;ltizfs; 3.2 kw;Wk; 3.3). ml;ltiz 3.2: BasicNeeds Ra-cjtpf; FOf;fspd; Nehf;fq;fs; (Nrdhuj;d> 2010) r%f uPjpapy; midtiuAk; cs;slf;Fjy; gu];gu MjuT mwpitg; gfpue;Jnfhs;Sjy; kj kw;Wk; r%fr; nraw;ghLfs; tUkhdk; <l;Ltjw;fhd gapw;rp epjpAjtp

21

ml;ltiz 3.3: Ra-cjtpFwpj;j r%ff; fl;likg;G (Nrdhuj;d> 2010) fpuhkq;fspy; Ra-cjtpf; FOf;fs; fpuhkpaj; jd;dhu;tj; njhz;lu; FOf;fs; gpuNjr jd;dhu;tj; njhz;lu; FOf;fs;

cseyk; rk;ge;jkhd gapw;rp

,yq;ifapy; kpfr; rkPgj;jpNyNa r%fg; gzpahsu;fs; kdNeha; itj;jparhiyfSf;Fk;> nghJ itj;jparhiy cstpay; rpfpr;ir myFfSf;Fk; epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. ,g;nghOJ r%fg; gzpahsu;fSf;F cs MNuhf;fpaj;jpy; gapw;rpaspf;Fk; tplak; nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. jw;NghJ ,yq;ifapy; r%fg; gzpahsu;fSf;F cseyg; gzp rk;ge;jkhff; fpl;Lk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l tPr;rpyhd gapw;rp> itj;jparhiyfSf;F Nehahsu;fis mDkjpg;gijf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; fl;lha rpfpr;ir rk;ge;jkhd rl;lthf;fk; eilKiwf;F te;jJk;> (ntFtpiutpy; ,e;j epiyik Vw;gLnkd;w ek;gpf;if cs;sJ) khw;wkilaf;$Lk;. WHO mikg;gpd; cjtpAld; xU Gjpa cseyr; rl;lk; tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. MapDk;> mJ ,d;Wtiu ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gltpy;iy. (http://www.health. gov.lk/mental_health_act.html) ,yq;if nghUshjhu uPjpapy; Kd;NdWk;NghJ> mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd r%fg; gzpahsu;fs; cUthFtnud;Wk;> cseyk;Fwpj;j tpNrl gapw;rp xU juepak eilKiwahFnkd;Wk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J eilngWk;NghJ> - my;yJ Kiwahd gapw;rp fpl;lhjNghjpYk; - cstpay; rpfpr;ir mtrpag;gLNthu;> Aj;jk; kw;Wk; ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fspdhy; ,lk;ngau;e;J kPsf;FbNaWNthu;> my;yJ r%fg; gzp tplaq;fspy; gy;Jiwrhu; mzpfspd; xU gFjpahf r%fg; gzpahsu;fs; cseyg;gzpfspy; <LgLk;tifapy; <u;j;Jf;nfhs;sg;glf;$Lk;. 2009,y;> Ra-cjtpf;FO epfor;rpj;jpl;lk; r%fg;gzpg; gapw;rpf;nfd gapw;Wtpg;Nghiug; gapw;Wtpf;Fk;; (TOT) jpl;lnkhd;iw tFj;jJ. MapDk;> me;j Neuj;jpy; mij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Nghjpa %ytsq;fs; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,e;j TOT jpl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilf; fl;likg;G gpd;dpizg;G 1,y; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

22

,yq;ifapy; r%fg; gzpahsu;fSf;fhd cseyg; gapw;rpia mgptpUj;jp nra;tjpy; UKapy; fpilf;ff;$ba gapw;rp tiffs; ,iaGs;s mjpfhurigfs; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;sj;jf;f topfhl;bfshfg; gad;glf;$Lk;. UKapy; r%fg; gzpahsu;fSf;fhd rpy mbg;gil tpOkpaq;fSk;> kw;Wk; Njrpa njhopy; juepakq;fSk; cs;sd (ml;ltiz 3.4 kw;Wk; 3.5). ml;ltiz 3.4: cseyj;jpy; r%fg;gzp eilKiwapd; ngWkjpfs; (Tall and Symington, 2010) Nritfisg; gad;gLj;JNthupd; cupikfisg; mtu;fspd; eyd;fis Kd;Ndw;Wfpd;wJ. Nritfisg; ek;gfj;jd;ik> KaYfpd;wJ. gad;gLj;JNthu; ek;gpf;ifia ghJfhj;J>

kw;Wk; guhkupg;ghsu;fspy; cUthf;fp> NgZtjw;F

Nritfisg; gad;gLj;JNthiu Mgj;jpypUe;J> my;yJ jPq;fpypUe;J ghJfhf;Fk; mNjNtisapy;> mtu;fspd; Rje;jpuj;ijAk; Kd;Ndw;Wfpd;wJ. Nritfisg; gad;gLj;JNthupd; elj;ij jkf;Nfh> my;yJ VidNahUf;Nfh jPq;F tpistpf;fhjpUg;gij cWjpnra;Ak; mNjNtisapy;> mtu;fspd; cupikfis kjpj;jy;. r%f guhkupg;gpy; nghJkf;fs; itj;Js;s ek;gpf;ifiag; ngupjhf kjpj;jy;. jkJ gzpapd; juk;Fwpj;J nghWg;Gld; mwpitAk;> jpwd;fisAk; Ngzp> nghWg;ghftpUj;jy;. ek;gfj;jd;ikia> ele;Jnfhs;tNjhL> Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;

23

ml;ltiz 3.5: cseyg;gzpapy; Njrpa njhopy; juepakq;fs; (Tall and Symington, 2010) kPs;ghu;itkpf;f> jdpegu;uPjpapy; nghUj;jkhdKiwapy; eilKiw Ntiyfspy; <LgLjy;. jkJ MNuhf;fpaj; Njitfisg; G+u;j;jpnra;Jnfhs;Sk;tifapy; kf;fs; NritfisAk;> trjpfisAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F mtu;fSf;F fw;gpj;jy;. FLk;gq;fSf;Fk;> guhkupg;G toq;FNthUf;Fk; cseyr; Nritfis toq;Fjy;. guhkupg;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSf;nfdj; fzpg;gPL nra;jy;. jdpegupd; Mjutspf;Fk; Njitfisf;

cseyg; gpur;rpidfisf; nfhz;ltu;fspd; NjitfSf;fhd guhkupg;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis tFj;J> kPsha;Tnra;jy;. cseyj; Njitfisf; nfhz;ltu;fSf;fhfj; jpl;lkplg;gl;l guhkupg;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspd; gpd;njhluy; eltbf;iffspy; <LgLjy;. cseyj; Njitfisf; nfhz;ltu;fs; nfhz;Lelj;Jtjw;F MjuT toq;Fjy;. jkJ tho;f;ifiaf;

cseyj; Njitfisf; nfhz;ltu;fs; r%fr; #o;epiyfisf; ifahStjw;Fk;> VidNahUld; fye;J nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLtjw;Fk; Mjutspj;jy;. ,lu;Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; VidNahupd; ghJfhg;G vd;gtw;Wf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jy;. jkJ cseyj; NjitfSf;Fj; jPu;T fhz;gjw;F FOf;fSlDk;> r%fq;fSlDk; Nru;e;J gzpahw;Wjy;. mikg;Gfspd; elj;ij kw;Wk; Nritfs;kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jp> kf;fspd; cseyj;ij Kd;Ndw;Wjy;. cseyr; Nritfisg; gad;gLj;JNthUf;F mD$yk; Vw;gLj;Jk;tifapy; mikg;GfSk;> Kftu; epiyaq;fSk; ,ize;J nra;Ak; toptiffs;kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jjy;;. kf;fspd; cseyj; Njitfs; Fwpj;J VidNahu; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;SjYk;> kw;Wk; gjpy; eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; rk;ge;jkhd topKiwfs;kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jjy;.

24

(Vida gpd;dzpfisg; NghyNt) cseyg; gpd;dzpfspYk;> kUj;Jt khjpupiatpl> r%f khjpupNa kUj;Jt mZFKiwf;F Jiz toq;Fk; tifapy;> cseyr; r%fg; gzpf;fhd epahatpsf;fkhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk; (mj;jpahak; 1 Ig; ghu;f;fTk;). MfNt gapw;rpnad;gJ r%fuPjpahd fhuzj;jpd; kPjhd ftdk;> ngau;f;Fwpaply;> tpku;rdj; jj;Jtk;> kw;Wk; r%f epu;khzthf;ftpay; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. eilKiwapy;> tpNrlkhfg; gy;Jiwrhu;mzp Ntiy Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fspy; gaDWjpAs;s Nritfis toq;Ftjhapd;> r%fg; gzpahsu;fs; kUj;Jt kw;Wk; Rfhjhuj;Jiwr; rfcj;jpNahfj;ju;fSld; gzpahw;wNtz;baJ mtrpakhFk;. gy #o;epiyfspy; (cseyr; Nritfspy;) itj;jpau;fSf;Fr; r%fk; toq;fpAs;s mjpfhuepiy fhuzkhf> kUj;Jt mZFKiw Mjpf;fk; tfpf;Fk; Nghf;F fhzg;gLk;. ,j;jifa gpd;dzpfspy;> r%fg;gzpahsu; r%ff; fz;Nzhl;lq;fisr; rku;g;gpj;J> mtw;iw Mjupj;J thjpLtJ khj;jpukd;wp> Nritiag; gad;gLj;JNthUf;F tYtspj;jy; cs;spl;ltifapyhd nray;Kiwfspd; Kd;dzpapy; epd;W nraw;gLjYk; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. UK cseyj;Jiwapy; gzpahw;Wk; rfy JiwfisAk; Nru;e;j njhopy;rhu; epGzu;fSf;fhd topfhl;ly;fis toq;fpAs;sJ ,it gj;J ,d;wpaikahj> gfpug;gLk; Mw;wy;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd (ml;ltiz 3.6). ml;ltiz 3.6: gj;J ,d;wpaikahj gfpug;gLk; Mw;wy;fs; (NIMHE, SCMH, NHSU, 2004) gq;Filikahfg; gzpahw;Wjy; gy;tifikia kjpj;jy; xOf;f newpiaf; filg;gpbj;jy; rkj;Jtkpd;ikf;Fr; rthy; tpLjy; gioa epiyf;F kPSjiy Kd;Ndw;Wjy; kf;fspd; NjitfisAk;> tYthd mk;rq;fisAk; ,dq;fhZjy; Nritiag; gad;gLj;Jgtiu eLehafkhff;nfhz;l guhkupg;ig toq;Fjy; tpj;jpahrnkhd;iw Vw;gLj;Jjy; ghjpg;gpd;ikiaAk;> Mf;fG+u;tkhd ,lu; Vw;wiyAk; Kd;Ndw;Wjy; jdpegu; mgptpUj;jpAk;> fw;wYk;

25

UKapy; jug;gLj;jg;gl;l> %d;W tUl> r%fg;gzpg; gl;lg;gbg;G newpnahd;W cs;sJ. mj;Jld; r%f tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; gl;lnkhd;iwg; ngw;W ,iaGs;s gzp mDgtj;ijf; nfhz;ltu;fSf;F ,uz;L tUl KJkhzpg; gl;lg;gpd; gbg;G newpnahd;Wk; cs;sJ. ,f;fy;tpnewpfs; cseyr; Nritfis cs;slf;ff;$ba> r%fg; gzpapy; fl;lha Nkw;ghu;itAld;$ba Ntiy mDgtj;ij cs;slf;Ffpd;wd. ,tw;iw ntw;wpfukhfg; G+u;j;jpnra;tJ xU jifiktha;e;j r%fg; gzpahsuhfg; gjpTnra;Jnfhs;sTk;> gzpahw;wTk; xUtiu mDkjpf;fpd;wJ (ml;ltiz: 3.7). ml;ltiz 3.7: cseyg; gzpapy; <LgLk; r%fg;gzpahsHfs; ngw;wpUf;fNtz;ba Nju;r;rpfs; (GSCC, 2010) rpf;fyhd r%fg; guhkupg;Gj; Njitfisf; fzpg;gPLnra;jy;. xU gue;j tPr;rpyhd gpd;dzpfspy; mwpitAk;> tpsf;fj;ijAk;> jpwd;fisAk; gpuNahfpj;jy;. guhkupg;ghsu;fSlDk; FLk;gq;fSlDk; Ntiyahw;wy; cseyj; Njitfs; cilNahiu r%fj;Jld; ,izf;f Cf;Ftpj;jy; J~;gpuNahfk;> kdtL kw;Wk; ghugl;rk; vd;gtw;wpd; csey tpisTfis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tJk;> mtw;Wld; gzpahw;WtJk;. Nritfisg; gad;gLj;JNthUlDk;> mtu;fspd; cwtpdu;fSlDk; Kd;Kaw;rpahfg; gzpahw;Wjy;. Vida njhopy;rhu; epGzu;fSld; $l;Lg;gzpfspy; <LgLjy;. jdpegiu ikakhf itj;J Ntiynra;jy; cly;uPjpahf MNuhf;fpak; kw;Wk; mq;ftPdk; rk;ge;jkhd cseyg; gpur;rpidfs; Fwpj;J tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tJk;> mitFwpj;Jg; gzpahw;WtJk;. Vida JiwfspypUe;J nghUj;jkhd mwpitAk;> Muha;r;rpiaAk; gad;gLj;Jjy;. r%fq;fs;kPJk;> mikg;Gfs;kPJk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;JtJk;> mtw;Wf;F MjuT toq;FtJk;.

26

cseyk; rk;ge;jkhf Fwpj;j jifikfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;tifapy; UKapy; gy;NtW Nkyjpf tpUg; G j; n jhpTf; fy; t pnewpfs; cs; s d. cjhuzkhf> cstpay; rpfpr; i r toq; F tjpy; gapw; r p> my; y J ,q; f pyhe; j pYk; > Nty; ] pYk; mq; f P f huk; n gw; w cseyj; njhopy; r hH epGzH ghj; j puj; i jg; ngw; W f; n fhs; s Approved Mental Health Professional (AMHP) cjTk; gapw;rp (,J gphpj;jhdpa cseyr; rl;lj;jpd;fPo; (1983) Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L> 2007,y; jpUj;jg;gl;l XH MszpahFk;). gpd;dH Fwpg;gplg;gl;l gapw;rp tof;fkhf mWgJ ehl;fs; ePbf;Fk; xU fy;tpnewpahFk;. ,q;F vt;thW (cstpay; rpfpr;ir tifahd) fzpg;gPLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd kw;Wk; cseyr; rl;lk; tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jk;Kiwapy; vt;thW jFjpahd> kdhPjpapy; ghjpg;Gw;wtHfs; rl;lr; nray;Kiwa+lhfj; jLj;Jitf;fg;glyhk; vd;gJ rk;ge;jkhd xU gapw;rpahFk;. AMHPapd; ghj;jpuk; ,U RahjPd itj;jpaHfshy; rk;ge;jKw;w egiuf; fzpg;gPLnra;tjw;F Vw;ghLnra;tijAk; cs;slf;FtjhFk;. ,tHfSs; xUtuhtJ cseyj;jpy; tpNrl jFjpiag; ngw;wpUg;gNjhL> mtHfs; jhNk Fwpg;gpl;l egiu NeHKfk; fhZjYk; Ntz;Lk;. AMHPfs; jLj;J itg;gjw;F khw;Wtopfisj; NjLk; flg;ghl;ilf; nfhz;NlhuhtH. ,it kl;Lg;ghL kpfTk; Fiwthd #oypy; guhkhpg;G vd;Dk; Nfhl;ghl;Lf;fpzf;fkhdKiwapy;> r%fj;jpy; nghUj;jkhd Mjuit Vw;ghL nra;tJNghd;w tplaq;fshFk;. mtHfs; fl;lha mDkjpf;F my;yJ rpfpr;irf;nfdf; nfhz;Ltug;gLNthUld; jdpg;gl;lKiwapy; fijj;J> my;yJ mtHfspd; FLk;gj;jtHfSld; my;yJ guhkhpg;G toq;FNthUld; fijj;J (rl;lk; tiutpyf;fzk;nra;tJNghd;W) mthpd; kpf neUq;fpa cwtpdNuhL fye;jhNyhridnra;J> ghy;epiy> fyhrhuk;> ,dk;> taJ> ghypay; kw;Wk; mq;ftPdHepiy Mfpa fhuzpfisf; fzpg;gPl;bd;NghJ ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L> nkhop kw;Wk; nrtpg;Gyd; ghjpg;Gepiy Nghd;w ve;jtifahd njhlHghly; jilfisAk; ntw;wpnfhs;Sk; tifapyhd Kaw;rpfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. (cjhuzkhf> nkhopngaHg;ghsHfspd; Nritfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;). AMHP fy;tpnewpfs; tof;fkhff; Fwpj;Jiug;ghd fw;wy; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis cs;slf;Ffpd;wd (ml;ltiz 3.8).

27

ml;ltiz 3.8: Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

UKapy;

AMHP

fy;tpnewpfSf;fhd

fw;wy;

cseyr; rl;lk; kw;Wk; mjd; eilKiw newpf;Nfhit. kdepiy ,lHfSf;fhd mZFKiwFwpj;j tPr;Rk;> rpf;fy;j;jd;ikAk;. kUj;Jtf; fz;Nzhl;lj;Jf;Fg; gjpyhd khw;Wr; r%ff; fz;Nzhl;lq;fs;. Nkw;ghHit nra;ag;gLk; eilKiwapD}lhf mwpitg; gpuNahfpf;Fk; re;jHg;gq;fs;. NkYk; gue;j r%fg;gzpg; ghj;jpuk;Fwpj;j #oiktpy; epajpr;rl;lf; flikfSk;> nghWg;GfSk;. rpf;fyhd fzpg;gPLfs; rk;ge;jkhd jpwd;fis mgptpUj;jpnra;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs; tpkHrdhPjpahd> gFg;gha;T epiwe;j kw;Wk; rpe;jidNahL$ba eilKiw. cseyg; gzpf;F mbg;gilahd tpOkpaq;fisAk;> njhopy;rhH xOf;fnewpfisAk; Kd;Ndw;Wjy;. Kbthf> r%fg; gzpahsHfSf;fhd cseyg; gapw;rp r%fg; gzpahsHfs; gzpahw;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l rKjhaj;jpd; r%f> fyhr;rhu> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay; mk;rq;fSf;Fk;> cs kw;Wk; r%f guhkhpg;G toq;fg;gLk; rl;lk;Fwpj;j rl;lfq;fs; kw;Wk; rk;ge;jKw;w r%fq;fspd; nghJthd r%f kw;Wk; Rfhjhuj; NjitfSf;Fk; jPHTfhz;gjhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL> gapw;rp rk;ge;jKw;w kf;fspd; kdpj chpikfs; kw;Wk; (murpay; Nkhjy; kw;Wk; ,aw;if mdHj;jk; Nghd;w) r%fq;fSk;> jdpegHfSk; rkPgj;jpy; mDgtpj;j tpNrl gpur;rpidfisAk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;tjhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.

28

4. rpWtH J~;gpuNahfk;> FLk;gq;fs; kw;Wk; r%ff;; fsq;fq;fs; vd;gtw;Wld; gzpahw;Wjy;

r%fg; gzpahsHfs; Vida njhopy;rhH epGzHfSld; NrHe;J gzpahw;wpaNghjpYk;> cseyg; gzpapy; mtHfs; Kd;dzpapy; epd;W nraw;gl Ntz;ba gy tpNrlj;Jtkhd Jiwfs; cs;sd. ,tw;Ws; %d;W tplaq;fs; ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy; fye;Jiuahlg;gLfpd;wd.

rpWtH J~;gpuNahfk;
(,yq;if) rpWtH J\;gpuNahfj; jLg;G kw;Wk; rpfpr;irr; rl;lk; rpWtH J\;gpuNahfj;ijAk;> cjhrPdj;ijAk;> mjpFiwthdtifapy;> kuzk;> ghuJ}ukhd cly; my;yJ czHr;rpfs;rhH jPq;F> ghypay; J\;gpuNahfk; my;yJ Ruz;ly; vd;gtw;iw tpistpf;ff;$batifapyhd> my;yJ VjhtJ ghuJ}ukhd jPq;F Fwpj;j cldbahd mdu;j;jj;ij tpistpf;ff;$batifapyhd xU ngw;whhpd; my;yJ guhkhpg;ghshpd; VjhtJ rkPgj;jpa nray; my;yJ chpa nraiyr; nra;aj; jtWjy; vd;W tiutpyf;fzk; nra;fpd;wJ (ml;ltiz 4.1). ml;ltiz 2010) 4.1: rpWtH J~;gpuNahfj;jpd; tiffs; (ngNuuh>

cly;hPjpahd J\;gpuNahfk; czHr;rpfs;rhH J\;gpuNahfk; ghypay; J\;gpuNahfk; cjhrPdk; cly;hPjpahd cjhrPdk; fy;tphPjpahd cjhrPdk; czHr;rpfs;rhH cjhrPdk; ,yq;ifapy; jw;NghJ epyTk; #o;epiyfspd;fPo;> njspthd rl;lf; flg;ghLfs; ,y;yhik fhuzkhfr; r%fg; gzpahsH xUthpd; ghj;jpuk; kpfTk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. MapDk;> rpy Fwpg;gpl;l vjpHghHg;Gfs; cs;sd (ml;ltiz 4.2).

29

ml;ltiz 4.2: r%fg;gzp jiyaPLfs; Fwpj;j tpUg;Gj;njhpTfs; (ngNuuh> 2010) gps;isia ed;F mwpe;Jnfhs;Sjy;; #o;epiyia mwpe;Jnfhs;Sjy;; gpur;rpidapd; eyd;gpujpepjpfis ,dq;fhZjy; gps;isf;F cjTtjw;F ahH cs;sdH vd;gij ,dq;fhZjy; mLj;J vd;d nra;tnjd;gijj; jPHkhdpj;jy; gps;isf;F kUj;Jtf; guhkhpg;ghsUld; kpf mDg;gpitj;jy; ftdpg;G mtrpakhapd;> xU mUfpYs;s itj;jparhiyf;F

J\;gpuNahfj;jpy; <Lgl;ltH FLk;gj;jpDs; ,Ug;ghuhapd;> gps;isiag; ghJfhg;Gf;fhf xU jFjpahd eghplk; my;yJ ,y;yj;Jf;F mDg;gpitj;jy; FLk;gj;jpDs; my;yJ ntspapy; gps;isf;Fg; ghJfhg;ghd XH ,lj;ij toq;Fk;tifapy; FLk;gj;jpdUld; NrHe;J gzpahw;Wjy; gps;is FLk;gj;jpdhplkpUe;J gphpe;jpUg;gpd;> ,ad;wsT tpiutpy; mtiu kPz;Lk; FLk;gj;Jld; NrHj;jy; gps;isiaAk;> FLk;gj;jpdiuAk; cstsj;Jizf;F kw;Wk;my;yJ GdHtho;Tf;F mDg;Gjy; fpuk xOq;fpyhd gpd;njhlH eltbf;iffis vLj;jy; nray;Kiwf;F Mjuthd KftH epiyaq;fSld; tiyaikg;ig Vw;gLj;Jjy; ed;dlj;ijg; ghJfhg;G KftH epiyaq;fs; rl;l KftH epiyaq;fs; njhopy; KftH epiyaq;fs; kUj;Jt KftH epiyaq;fs; Vida muR kw;Wk; muR my;yhj mikg;Gfs;

30

,yq;ifapy; rpWtH J\;gpuNahfnkdr; re;Njfpf;fg;gLk; eltbf;iffisj; jLg;gjw;Fk;> ifahStjw;Fkhd Kiwikfs; ed;F mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gltpy;iy. rpWtH J\;gpuNahfj;ijj; jLg;gjw;Fk;> NkYk; nghJthdtifapy; rpWtHfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; Nghjpa ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLtjpy;iy (rkuehaf;f> 2010). Njrpa rpWtH ghJfhg;G mjpfhurigapd; mDruizapd;fPo; ,g;nghOJ tplaq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wq;fz;LtUtjhfj; njhptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. (http:// www.childprotection.gov.lk) MfNt> Vida ehLfspy; fhzg;gLk; Kiwikfs;Fwpj;j Ma;T cjtpfukhf mikaf;$Lk;. UKapYs;s r%fg; gzpahsHfs; rpWtHfspd; eyd;fisg; ghJfhj;J> Kd;Ndw;Wk; tplaj;jpy; neUf;fkhfr; rk;ge;jKw;Wg; gzpahw;Wfpd;wdH. mtHfs; Vida njhopy;rhH FOf;fSld; jkJ nghWg;Gfisg; gfpHe;Jnfhs;Sfpd;wdH. UKapy; rpWtH guhkhpg;Gr; rl;lthf;fq;fspy; gpur;rpidfSf;Fs;shFk; FLk;gq;fs; gw;wpa fzpg;gPLfspy; rpWtHfspd; NjitfNs Kjy; Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gJ mq;ffhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J FLk;gq;fSf;F MjuT toq;Ftjpy; murpd; P ghj;jpuk; Fwpj;j Jbg;ghd fye;JiuahlYf;F ,l;Lr;nrd;Ws;sNjhL> ,Wjptopahf> rpWtHfisf; FLk;gq;fspypUe;J mfw;Wtjw;Fk; ,l;Lr;;nrd;Ws;sJ. cz;ikapy;> UKapy; rpWtHfspd; Njitfs; rk;ge;jkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nrhw;gjk; rpWtH J\;gpuNahfk; vd;gjpypUe;J rpWtH ghJfhg;G vd;gjhf khw;wkile;Js;sJ. ,J cl;fpilahf> nghWg;Gs;s mjpfhurigfSf;fhd xU jLg;G kw;Wk; tprhuiz fzpg;gPl;Lg; ghj;jpuj;ij toq;FtjhFk;. rkPgj;jpy; ,J rpWtHfisg; ghJfhg;gJ vd;gjhf khw;wkile;Js;sJ. ,jd; cl;fpilahd fUj;J xt;nthU gpui[Ak;> njhopy;rhH epGzUk; rpWtH J\;gpuNahfk; Fwpj;J mwpf;ifapl;L> NkYk; nghJthfr; rpWtHfspd; eyd;fis Kd;Ndw;Wk;tifapy;> r%fj;ij Nehf;fp efUk; mZFKiwapy; xU ghj;jpuj;ij tfpg;gjhFk; (ml;ltiz 4.3 kw;Wk; 4.4).

31

ml;ltiz 4.3: r%fg; gzpahsHfspd; gfpug;gLk; nghWg;Gfs; (Tall and Symington, 2010) jdpeguhd gps;isapd; eyd;fis Kd;Ndw;Wjy; J\;gpuNahfq;fspy; <LgLNthiu ePjpapd;Kd; epWj;Jjy; J\;gpuNahfk; my;yJ cjhrPdj;ijf; fhl;Lk; rhj;jpaq;fs; Fwpj;J mtjhdkhftpUj;jy; #o;epiyfs;Fwpj;j jfty;fisg; gfpHe;Jnfhs;SjYk;> mtw;iwg; gFg;gha;Tnra;a cjTjYk; jPq;FFwpj;j ,lHfisf; fzpg;gPLnra;a cjTjy; Fwpg;gpl;l gq;Nfw;wy; jpl;lq;fspd; gzptpisTfis kPsha;Tnra;tjpy;

ml;ltiz 4.4: rpWtHfisg; ghJfhj;jy; (Tall and Symington, 2010) jtwhd topapy; elj;jg;gLtjpypUe;J rpWtHfisg; ghJfhj;jy; rpWtHfspd; jLj;jy; MNuhf;fpak; my;yJ mgptpUj;jp ghjpg;GWjiyj;

rpWtHfs; ghJfhg;ghd> gaDWjpAs;s guhkhpg;Gf;F ,zf;fkhd #o;epiyfspy; tsUtij cWjpnra;jy;

FLk;gq;fSld; gzpahw;Wjy;
,yq;ifapy; mNdfkhd kf;fspd; tho;tpy;> mNdfkhd cseyg; gpur;rpidfspy; tpNrlkhf> r%f my;yJ jdpegH gpur;rpidfspy; FLk;gk; jPHkhdfukhdtifapy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;ejjhFk;. cseyg; ; gpur;rpidfisf; nfhz;l xU egUf;F cjTk; tplaj;jpy; rk;ge;jKw;w rfy njhopy;rhH epGzHfSk; Fwpg;gpl;l eghpd; FLk;gj;jpdUld; neUq;fpa njhlHGfisg; Ngz Ntz;Lnkd;wNghjpYk;> r%fg; gzpahsNu FLk;gq;fSld; gzpahw;Wtjpy; Kd;dzpapy; epw;ff;$ba kpfr;rpwe;j eguhthH. kdNeha;fs; cs;stHfnsd;W mwpag;gl;ltHfs; itj;jparhiyapy; ,Ue;jhYk; rhp> ntspNehahsH rpfpr;ir epiyankhd;Wf;Fg; Ngha;tUgtuhf ,Ue;jhYk; rhp> my;yJ r%fj;jpy; ; rpfpr;ir ngWgtuhftpUe;jhYk; rhp> mtHfspd; FLk;gq;fSld; gzpahw;Wtjpy; gy gpur;rpidfs; cs;sd (ml;ltiz 4.5 kw;Wk; 4.6).

32

ml;ltiz 4.5: FLk;gq;fspYs;s gpur;rpidfs; (nrndtpuj;d> 2010) kWj;jy; r%ff; fsq;fk; tpuf;jp> cjtpaw;w epiy> kw;Wk; gjfspg;G fisg;Gepiy> rf;jp jPHe;JtpLjy; Jauk; (mtHfs; mwpe;j xUtiug; gwpnfhLj;j czHT) ajhHj;jj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; Nghuhl;lk; ml;ltiz 4.6: FLk;gq;fSf;F MjuT toq;Fk;tifapy; ePq;fs; vd;d nra;ayhk;? (nrndtpuj;d> 2010) fy;tp jpl;lq;fis cUthf;Fjy; FOf;fSf;F Mjutspj;jy; r%f <LghL FLk;gq;fSld; gzpahw;Wtjpy;> ngw;NwhH flikj; jpwd;fs;> rpWtH J\;gpuNahf ,lHtuTfs;> cjhrPdk; kw;Wk; rpWtHfs; Mshff;$ba kdtL epiyikfs; vd;gtw;iwf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L> mj;jifa gpur;rpidfs; ,dq;fhzg;gLk;NghJ> r%fg; gzpj;Jiw khj;jpukd;wp> Vida KftH epiyaq;fSk; rk;ge;jKWtij cWjpnra;Jnfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk; (Guzder, 2010) FLk;g rpfpr;irnad;gJ gy;NtW gug;ngy;iyfSs; tpgukhd fzpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; gapw;rpngw;w cskUj;jt epGzHfs; kw;Wk; cstpay; rpfpr;irahsHfs; nghWg;Ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; xU tplakhFk; (ml;ltiz 4.7). g+uzkhd fzpg;gPL epGzHfisg; nghWj;j xU tplak; vd;wNghjpYk;> Nkyjpf rpfpr;irf;fhd rpghuprpid Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F Kd;duhf FLk;g cwTfs; Fwpj;j xU g+Hthq;ff; fzpg;gPl;il Nkw;nfhz;L> rk;ge;jKw;w gpur;rpidfs; Fwpj;Jf; FLk;gj;jpdUld; VjhtJ fye;JiuahlypYk; <LgLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

33

ml;ltiz 4.7: FLk;g rpfpr;irKiwf; fzpg;gPLfs; (Guzder, 2010) Nehahsp ahH? xt;nthU mq;fj;jthpdJk; kNdhepiy kdj;Jauk; vjpH NfhshW epiyia kjpg;gPLnra;jy; jhf;fKw;w tho;T ntspg;gLk; czHr;rp Kuz;ghL Vw;wpf;$Wjy; nry;Ygbahf;fk; kdtLtpd; fij fUtpfspd; gyk; toq;FeH ghj;jpuq;fs; gpur;rpid jPHj;jy; fl;likg;Gf; fUkg;ghL

r%ff; fsq;fk;
cseyj; Jiwapy;> r%ff; fsq;fk; vd;gJ xU egiu my;yJ FOit kd Neha; gpbj;jtHfnsd;W mtkhdg;gLj;Jk; fhzf;$ba my;yJ cl;fpilahf Cfpf;ff;$ba xU FwpaPlhFk;. tpisitg; nghWj;jtiuapy;> XH csNeha; r%ff; fsq;fk; vd;gJ cstpay; Neha; ,dq;fhzy; nra;ag;gl;NlhUf;nfjpuhd ghugl;rkhFk; (Crass, 2000; Sayce. 2000). UKapy; fpilf;Fk; rhd;Wfs; r%ff; fsq;fq;fis vjpHj;Jg; NghuhlNtz;ba Njitia tYthfr; Rl;bepw;fpd;wd (ml;ltiz 4.8).

34

ml;ltiz 4.8: r%ff; fsq;fk; ghugl;rj;jpd; tpisT (Tall and Symington, 2010) cseyg; gpur;rpidfisf;nfhz;Ls;Nshupy; gj;jpy; xd;gJNgu; tho;tpd; rfy nfhz;NlhH Ntiy fy;tp r%fj;jpy; gq;Nfw;G kdNeha; ,dq;fhzYf;F cl;gl;NlhH tplaj;jpy; 84 tPjkhNdhH Ntiyfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; gpur;rpidfis vjpHNehf;Ffpd;wdH. 55 tPjkhd ,isQH> Atjpfs; jkJ RftPdk; Fwpj;J VidNahH mwpe;J nfhs;tij tpUk;Gtjpy;iy 49 tPjkhNdhH njhy;iyfis my;yJ jhf;Fjy;fis mDgtpj;Js;sdH. 33 tPjkhNdhH NtiyapypUe;J ePf;fg;gl;ljhf my;yJ ,uh[pdhkhr; nra;a epHg;ge;jpf;fg;gl;ljhfj; njhptpf;fpd;wdH. mk;rq;fspYk; cseyg; gpur;rpidfisf;

Muha;r;rp
n[Hkdpapy; 1990fspy; ,lk;ngw;w XH Ma;T> kf;fs; kdNehia cstpay; fhuzq;fSf;F vjpuhf> %is Nehahy; Vw;gLtjhf Nehf;Ftjhy; cz;ikapy; csNeha; r%ff; fsq;fk;; mjpfhpg;gijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ (Angermeyer and Matschinger, 2005). mj;NjhL> Read et al (2006)> tplatpjhdj;ij kPsha;Tnra;J> caphpay; - guk;giuapay; fhuzpfshd ek;gpf;iffSk;> nghJkf;fspd; Nehawpjy; ngahplYk; csNeha; r%ff; fsq;fk;; Nenuhj;jtifapy; njhlHGw;Ws;sd vd;gijf; fz;lwpe;Js;sdH. ghugl;rj;ijf; Fiwf;Fk; VjhtJ rhd;W mbg;gilapyhd mZFKiw kdNehnad;gJ Vida Neha;fis Nghd;wjhFk; vd;Dk; mZFKiwf;fhd xU tPr;rhd khw;wPLfis ehLtjhFk; (2006: 303). caphpay; kUj;Jt kdNeha; rpfpr;ir r%ff; fsq;fj;ij NkYk; mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ vd;gJ

35

,yq;ifapy; gzpahw;wpa gpugykhd Ma;thsHfshd Fabrega (1991) kw;Wk; Nancy Waxler vd;Nghhpd; gy;tiff;fyhr;rhu mtjhdpg;GiufNshL ,zq;FtjhfTs;sJ. mtHfs; Nga; gpbj;jyhy; kdNeha; Vw;gLtjhf Nehf;fg;gLk; r%fq;fspy; cskUj;Jt rpfpr;ir r%ff; fsq;fk;; mNdfkhf ,y;yhj epiyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wnjd;W mwpf;ifapl;ldH. kdNehAld; ,izg;Gw;w r%ff; fsq;fk;; vJTNkapy;iy; Nehahsp tpj;jpahrkhdtH vd;W vtUNk ek;Gtjpy;iy. mthpd; Neha; mwpFwpfs; kiwe;j gpd;dH mtiu xU Gjpa tpjkhf elj;jNtz;Lnkd;Wk; ahUk; vz;Ztjpy;iy (1974: 380) (ml;ltiz 4.9). ml;ltiz 4.9: r%ff; fsq;fk; Fwpj;j Ma;T Nga; gpbj;jpUg;gjhf vz;zg;gLifapy;> kdNeha; Fwpj;j ve;j r%ff; fsq;fKk;; Vw;gLtjpy;iy (Waxler, 1974) cseyg; gpur;rpidfs; Fwpj;j %is-Neha;f; fUj;Njhl;lk; r%ff; fsq;fj;ij mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. cseyg; gpur;rpidfs; rk;ge;jkhd caphpay; - guk;giuapay; fhuzp Fwpj;j fUj;Njhl;lk; r%ff; fsq;fj;Jld; Nenuhj;j cwitf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. (Read et al. 2006) r%ff; fsq;fj;ij vjpHj;Jg; NghuhLtJ vd;gjd; fUj;J mjw;Ff; fhuzkhd Nenuhj;j mDkhdq;fis mfw;WtjhFk;. kdNeha; ,dq;fhZjYf;F cs;shfpNahHFwpj;J r%ff; fsq;f tLit Vw;gLj;j Ntz;lhk; my;yJ mtHfisg; ghugl;rkhf elj;j Ntz;lhk; vd;W Ml;fSf;Ff; $Wtjhy; vt;tpj gaDk; Vw;glkhl;lhJ. UKapy; gy r%ff; fsq;f vjpHg;G ,af;fq;fs; elj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. cjhuzkhf> cskUj;Jt rpfpr;irahsHfspd; Nuhay; fy;Y}hp 2000Mk; Mz;by; elj;jpa ,af;fk; (Crisp, 2000) kw;Wk; jw;NghJ eilKiwapYs;s khw;wj;Jf;fhd fhyk; vd;Dk; Gjpa ,af;fk; vd;gtw;iw (http://www.time-to-change. org.uk/) Fwpg;gplyhk;. vt;thwhapDk;> kdNeha; ,dq;fhzYf;F cs;shfpNahUf;nfjpuhd r%ff; fsq;fKk;> ghugl;rKk; khw;wkilatpy;iynad;gijNa rhd;Wfs; fhl;Lfpd;wd (Rfhjhuj; jpizf;fsk;> 2010). cseyg; gpur;rpidfisf; nfhz;ltHfs; Fwpj;j kdg;ghq;Ffis khw;Wtjhapd;> gpd;tUk; Mjhuq;fisf;

36

ftdj;jpw;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;: (m) mNdfkhd r%ff; fsq;f vjpHg;G ,af;fq;fs; (gpujhdkhf Nkw;fj;jpa ehLfspy;) gaDWjpaw;witahfNt ,Ue;Js;sd. (M) cseyg; gpur;rpidfs; kdNehapypUe;J vOfpd;wd vd;Dk; fUj;J r%ff; fsq;fj;ij NkYk; Nkhrkhf;Ftjhfj; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. [g;ghdpy; Schizophrenia vd;Dk; nrhw;gjk; (csg;gpsit Neha; vd;W nkhopngaHf;fg;gLtJ) ngUksTf;F xd;wpizTf; NfhshW Neha;epyik (Integration disorder syndrome) vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. MapDk; ,e;jg; Gjpa NehahsHfSf;nfjpuhf ,lk;ngWk; r%ff; fsq;fk;; gioa Neha; rk;ge;jkhd r%ff; fsq;fj;ijtpl ve;j msTf;Ff; FiwthdJ vd;gJ njspthftpy;iy (Thornicroft, 2006). ,yq;if Nghd;w ehLfspy; r%ff; fsq;fj;ijf; Fiwf;Fk; XH mZFKiw cstpay; fy;tp cseyg; gpur;rpidfis (caphpay; my;yJ guk;giuapay; rk;ge;jkhd xd;W vd;W vg;nghOJk; tpahf;fpahdk;nra;ag;gLk;) Neha; vd;W tiutpyf;fzk;nra;tjpy; ftdk;nrYj;Jtijj; jtpHg;gij cWjp nra;tjhFk;. khwhf> ,tw;iwg; gpur;rpidfs; my;yJ cUtf mzpahf Nga; gpbj;j epiyfs; vd;W miof;fyhk;.

37

5. Kuz;ghL kw;Wk; rPu;Fiytpdhy; ghjpg;Gw;w gpuNjrq;fspy; gzpahw;Wjy;

Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpg;Gw;w gpuNjrq;fspYs;s r%fg; gzpahsHfs;; FLk;gKk;> r%f cwTfSk; rPHFiytiljy;> kw;Wk; jdpegHfs;kPJk;> r%fj;jpd;kPJk; kdtLf;;fspd; jhf;fk; Nghd;wit mbg;gilahfTs;s ngUkstpyhd gpur;rpidfspy; ftdk;nrYj;jNtz;ba mtrpak; cs;sJ. Hobfoll (2007) Kuz;ghLfspypUe;J Muk;gepiyfspy; fhg;ghw;wg;gl;l egHfs; tplaj;jpyhd Ie;J rpwg;ghd jiyaPl;L eilKiwfisf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. ,it jhq;Fjpwd; tpisTfis mjpAaHthf;Fk; jiyaPLfshFk; (ml;ltiz 5.1) ml;ltiz 5.1: Kuz;ghl;L jiyaPLfs; (Hobfoll 2007) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. gpuNjrq;fSf;fhd kpfr;rpwg;ghd

ghJfhg;G czHit Kd;Ndw;Wjy; mikjpg;gLj;jiy Kd;Ndw;Wjy; Ra kw;Wk; $l;Lg; gaDWjp czHit Kd;Ndw;Wjy; VidNahUld; ,izg;GwT czHit Kd;Ndw;Wjy; vjpHfhyk;Fwpj;j ek;gpf;ifia Kd;Ndw;Wjy;

Hobfoll elj;jpa tpgukhd gFg;gha;TfspypUe;J rpy Kf;fpa tplaq;fisf; fz;lwpayhk;. kf;fis <LgLj;jp> FLk;gq;fs;Fwpj;j jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjd;%yk; mtHfs; $Ljyhf mikjpailfpd;wdH. Benzodiazapines (mikjpg;gLj;Jk; kUe;Jfs;)> kJ kw;Wk; cstpay; kPswpTWj;jy; (jkJ mDgtq;fs;Fwpj;Jg; NgRjy;) vd;git nghpjhfg; rpghupRnra;ag;gLtpy;iy. (kj mD\;lhdq;fs; kw;Wk; Jau ntspg;ghl;Lr; rlq;Ffs; Nghd;w) gq;Nfw;G kw;Wk; r%f mbg;gilapyhd nraw;ghLfs; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. kf;fs; <l;bf; nfhs;sf;$ba ,yf;Ffis Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;Fk;> gpur;rpid jPHf;Fk; jpwd;fis mgptpUj;jpnra;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk; mtHfSf;Ff; fw;gpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. md;Gf;FhpatHfSld; kPz;Lk; ,izg;GwTfisf; fl;bnaOg;GtJk;> fpuhkpa tho;f;if kPl;nlLf;fg;gLtJk; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhditahFk;. Muk;g neUf;fb epiyik jPHf;fg;gl;lJk;> gug;Giu epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; Muk;gpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ghlrhiyfs; kPz;Lk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L> cldbg; gpur;rpidfspy;

38

ftdk; nrYj;Jk; jdpegH kw;Wk; FO eltbf;iffspy; ftdk;nrYj;jg;gLjy; Muk;gpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. Kuz;ghL kw;Wk; mdHj;jq;fs; Vw;gLj;Jk; neUf;fbfis vt;thW ifahStJ vd;gJ rk;ge;jkhd tuyhw;Wg; ghlq;fs; Neuhdntspg;gilahFk; (ml;ltiz 5.2). ml;ltiz 5.2: tuyhw;wpd; ghlq;fs; (Pedersen, 2010) kdtL mDgtq;fspypUe;J nray;Kiway;y. kPSjy; xU jw;WzpGr;

kf;fspd; tho;tpy; Fzkiljy; Vw;gLtJ mtHfspd; cstpay; nraw;ghLfspD}lhfNtahFk;. Fzkiljy; vd;gJ Muthukw;wJkhFk;. eilKiwapy; epfo;tJk;> md;whl

Fzkiljy; rk;ge;jkhd kpfr;rpwe;j eilKiwfs; tho;it mbg;gilahff; nfhz;litahFk;. FLk;gk; r%fk; kjhPjpahd nraw;ghLfs; nghUshjhu nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; Vidait.

,yq;ifapy; rkPgj;jpa rptpy; Aj;jj;jpd; tpisTfs; ,dq;fhzg;gl;L> tTdpahtpy; gzpahw;Wk; njhopy;rhH epGzHfs; mtw;Wf;Fj; jPHTfhZk; Kaw;rpfspy; <Lgl;ldH. cs;ehl;L Aj;jj;jpd; ,Wjp ehl;fspd; Jauq;fspypUe;J jg;gpte;j cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;j kf;fs; (IDPs) mfjpKfhk;fspy; neUf;fkhf xd;Wjpuz;l epiyapy; ,uhZtj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd;fPo; ghJfhg;Gf;fhuzq;fSf;fhf itf;fg;gl;bUe;jdH. tTdpahitr; Rw;wpapUe;j xUrpy njhopy;rhH epGzHfSf;Fg; gpujhdkhff; fpof;fpypUe;J te;jpUe;j VidNahhpd; cjtp fpl;baJ. mtHfs; ,lk;ngaHe;j kf;fSf;F mbg;gil cjtpfis toq;Ftjpy; ftdk;nrYj;Jtjw;fhfj; jkJ toikahd mYty;fis xj;jpitj;Jtpl;L> Kfhk;fspy; njhz;lhw;Wtjw;fhf mq;F te;jpUe;jdH (ml;ltiz 5.3).

39

ml;ltiz 5.3: tTdpahtpy; IDP neUf;fbia Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy; (Rjhfud; 2010) cldb tplaq;fs; ePH> czT kw;Wk; Jg;GuT Vw;ghLfs; toq;fg;gl;ld. ,ad;wtplq;fspy;> FLk;gq;fis kPz;Lk; xd;wpizf;Fk;tifapy;> FLk;gq;fisj; NjbawpAk; myF Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. tpisahl;Lf;fs; kw;Wk; nghOJNghf;Ffs; Kd;Ndw;wg;gl;ld. FO eltbf;iffs;%yk; gfpuy; nraw;ghLfs; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;ld. gpd;dH r%f MjuT cj;jpNahfj;jHfs; gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ldH. Ml;NrHg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;L>

Fzkila cjTk; (Ra-cjtp) FOf;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. mtru rpfpr;ir mtrpag;gLk; ntspg;gilahd kd Neha;fisf; fz;lwpAk; Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. Kfhk;fspy; cseyr; rpfpr;ir epiyaq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. tPLfSf;fhd tp[aq;fs; ,lk;ngw;wd. ,ilepiyg; guhkhpg;G myF epWtg;gl;lJ. ,yFtpy; ghjpg;Gwf;$ba egHfSf;F r%f Mjuit Cf;Ftpf;Fk; cstpay; fy;tp. ,lk;ngaHe;j kf;fspd; Njitfs; fzpg;gLnra;ag;gl;lNghJ> gy;NtW P gpur;rpidfs; Mjhuq;fSld; fz;lwpag;gl;ld (ml;ltiz 5.4)

40

ml;ltiz 5.4: cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;j kf;fspd; gpur;rpidfs; (Rjhfud;> 2010) vjpHfhyk;Fwpj;;j epr;rakpd;ik FLk;gq;fs; gphptiljy; Kiwahd kuzr;rlq;Ffis elj;jKbahik jPuhj kdj;Jauk; Kfhk;fspy; me;juq;fk; Ngz Kbahik nfsutk;> Ra-khpahijia ,oj;jy; jdpegH Mtzq;fis ,oe;JtpLjy; neUf;fPl;L #oy;fspy; kdNeha;fs;; kPz;Lk; Vw;gLjy; kdNehAw;w egHfSf;F guhkhpg;G toq;FNthH ,y;yhik ghJfhg;G epge;jidfs; jsHj;jg;gl;lJk;> nrhe;j tPLfspy; kf;fspd; kPs;-FbNaw;wk; Muk;gpj;jJk;> ,yFtpy; ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shff;$ba gy FOf;fs; ,dq;fhzg;gl;ld (ml;ltiz 5.5). ml;ltiz 5.5: tTdpahtpy; ,dq;fhzg;gl;l ghjpg;Gwf;$ba FOf;fs; (rptjh];> 2010) Kd;dhs; Nghuhspfs; rpWtH Nghuhspfs; tYf;fl;lhakhf Ml;NrHg;Gr;nra;ag;gl;NlhH jtwhf ,dq;fhzg;gl;NlhH mehijfs; tpjitfs; J\;gpuNahfj;Jf;F cs;shfpNahH xw;iwg; ngw;Nwhu; (ngw;Nwhupy; xUtu; kl;Lk; ,Uj;jy;) (single parents) Nghhpd; tpisTfs; gy tUlq;fSf;F ePbf;fyhk;. Kuz;ghLfs; KbTf;F te;J ePz;lfhyq;fSf;Fg; gpd;dUk; rpyUf;F cseyj; jiyaPLfSk;> MjuTk; mtrpag;glyhk;. rkPgj;jpa Aj;jk; ,yFtpy;

41

fhuzkhf ,lk;ngaHe;j ,yq;ifaHfs; g+uzkhf kPs;FbNaWtjw;F ePz;lfhyk; vLf;ff;$Lk;. tlf;F> fpof;ifr; NrHe;j gyH rkPgj;jpa Aj;jj;jpd; tpisTfisg; gy tUlq;fSf;F mDgtpf;f Neuyhk; (ml;ltiz 5.6 kw;Wk; 5.7). ml;ltiz 5.6: Kuz;ghl;bd; jdpegHrhH tpisTfs; (rptjh];> 2010) Ra-kjpg;G kw;Wk; Ra-khpahij Fwpj;j czHT Nghjpastpd;ik kw;wtu;fs; kPJ ek;gpf;ifapd;ik cjtpaw;w czHT jdpik fl;LkPwpg; nghq;Fk; czHTfs; njhlHr;rpepiyapd;ik ml;ltiz 5.7: Kuz;ghL tpisthf Vw;gLk; r%fr; rPu;FiyT (rptjh]; 2010) jdpikahf / jdpikAzHTld; thONthhpd; caHe;;j tpfpjk; tpthfuj;jhNdhH iftplg;gl;l gps;isfs; r%f Mjutpd;ik caH tpfpjq;fspyhd td;nraYk;> Fw;wr;nray;fSk; Nghijg;nghUs; kw;Wk; kJghtidg; gpur;rpidfs; rpfpr;iraspf;fg;glhj kdNeha;fs; Ra-jPq;F (jdf;Fj;jhNd jPq;fpioj;jy;) Self-harm tlf;F> fpof;fpy; r%f mikg;GfSld; neUf;fkhfg; gzpahw;Wk; mHg;gzpg;GzHT nfhz;l egHfspd; topfhl;lypd;fPo;> cseyj;ij Kd;Ndw;Wjy; kw;Wk; r%fq;fspd; MjuT vd;gtw;iw ,yf;fhff;nfhz;l gy Gjpa> GjpJGidjyhd Nritfs; ghpzkpj;Js;sik cw;rhfkspg;gjhFk;.

42

6. vjpu;fhyj;Jf;fhd jpl;lkpLjy;
,yq;if rkhjhd fhyg;gFjpapDs; EioAk;NghJ> cseyk; kw;Wk; r%f MjuT vd;gtw;wpy; mf;fiwnfhz;l> cjTk; Vida Kftuikg;Gf;fSld; $l;bizg;ghfr; nraw;gLk; rpwe;j r%fg;gzpr; Nritfisf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Ff; ftdk; nrYj;jg;glNtz;baJ mtrpakhdjhFk;. vjpHfhyj;jpd; csey xOq;FKiwnahd;Wf;fhd ,U mk;rq;fshd> cseyj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wk;> kw;Wk; csey Nritfis toq;Fjy; vd;gd fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,itapuz;Lk; mtrpak; vd;gNjhL> cseyj;jpd; ,t;tpU mk;rq;fSNk rkkhd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhz;litahFk;. cseyj;ij Kd;Ndw;Wtnjd;gJ> mbg;gilapy; jdpegH kw;Wk; r%f kl;lq;fspy; jhq;Fjpwid fl;bnaOg;GtjhFk;. ,J rPHFiyTfisj; jLf;Fk;tifapYk;> rPHFiyTfs; Vw;gl;lhy;> gpur;rpidfSf;Ff; FLk;g/r%fg; gpd;dzpapy; jPHTfhZk; tifapYk; jdpegHfisAk;> r%fq;fisAk; tYg;gLj;JtjhFk;. csey Kd;Ndw;wnkd;gJ r%f mikg;gpDs; r%fg; gzpahsHfSf;fhd gpuj;jpNafkhd xU JiwahFk; (ml;ltiz 6.1). ml;ltiz 6.1: cseyj;ij Kd;Ndw;Wjy; gpd;tUk; kl;lq;fspy; tYg;gLj;Jjy;: r%f kl;lk; FLk;g kl;lk; jdpegH kl;lk; gpd;tUk; toptiffs;%yk; Fzkiljiy Kd;Ndw;Wjy;: ek;gpf;if vjpHghHg;ig mgptpUj;jpnra;jy; (Fzkiljy; mZFKiw) jilfis ntw;wpnfhs;Sjy; r%fhPjpapy; cs;slf;Fjy; jhq;Fjpwd; Mw;wiyAk;> MjuitAk;

43

csey Nritfis mgptpUj;jpnra;jy; cseyg; gpur;rpidfisf;nfhz;ltHfSf;F cjtpnra;J> MjuT toq;Fk; XU KOikahd Nritfs; Kiwia ,yf;Fitf;Fk; tifapy;> r%fg; gzpahsHfs; Vida Jiwfisr; NrHe;jtu;fSld; gq;Filikahfg; gzpahw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. MapDk;> mtHfs; FLk;gg; gzpapYk;> r%fq;fSld; njhlHgpizg;Gfisg; Ngzp> mtw;Wf;F MjuT toq;FtjpYk; Kd;dpd;W nraw;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. gy;Jiwrhu; gzpfSf;Ff; ftdkhd xOq;fikg;Gk; Fwpg;gpl;l jpwd;fspd; mgptpUj;jpAk; mtrpakhFk;. vjpHfhyr; Nritfs; gpujhdkhf epWtdq;fspyh my;yJ gue;j mbg;gilapy; r%fj;jpyh ,lk;ngWjy;Ntz;Lnkd;W ,g;nghOJ ,yq;ifapy; (tpNrlkhf kUj;Jt tl;lhuq;fspy;) Nfs;tp vOg;gg;gLfpd;wJ. mtw;Wf;F tpsf;fkspf;Fk; jj;Jtq;fs; tpj;jpahrkhditahFk; (ml;ltiz 6.2). ml;ltiz 6.2: epWtdk; vjpH r%f mbg;gilapyhd Nritfs; (ngHdhd;Nlh 2009b) epWtdhPjpahdJ Neapd;kPJ ftdk;nrYj;JtJ r%f mbg;gilapyhdJ ey;tho;tpy; ftdk;nrYj;JtJ toikepiyahf;Fjy;

ghy;epiy kw;Wk; taJg; FLk;gk; kw;Wk; r%fj;ij eLehafkhff; nfhz;lJ gphptpid njspthd epWtdf; fl;likg;G gjtpapdH kw;Wk; NehahsHfs;Fwpj;j njspthd ghj;jpu NtWgLj;jy;fs; ,aw;ifahd MjuT %ytsq;fSld; ,izg;Gw;w nefpo;r;rpahd fl;likg;Gfs; Nritfisg; gad;gLj;JNthhpdJk;> toq;FNthhpdJk; nefpo;r;rpahd ghj;jpuq;fs;

44

fle;j %d;W jrhg;j fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w khw;wq;fSld; UKapy; epfo;e;j tplaq;fis Nehf;FtJ gaDs;sjhFk;. epWtdq;fs; %lg;gl;lNtisapy;> epWtdj;jpypUe;J toq;fg;gLk; ntspf;fsr; Nritfs; (gfy;Neu itj;jparhiyfs;> kw;Wk; tpNrl epGzj;Jtg; gjtpapdiuf; nfhz;l Neufhyj;Jldhd jiyaPl;L mzpfs; Nghd;wit) jhgpf;fg;gl;lNjhL> r%f csey mzpapdH> (tpNrl epGzj;Jtg; gjtpapdiuf; nfhz;l) neUf;fbfhyr; Nritfs; vd;git mNdfkhfr; r%fg; gzpahsHfisg; gjtpapduhff;nfhz;litAk;> tpNrl gapw;rp ngw;w njhopy;rhH epGzHfshy; Nkw;ghHit nra;ag;gLgitAkhd FO ,y;yq;fs;> kw;Wk; tpLjpfs; Nghd;w r%f %ytsq;fSld; ,ize;J mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;ld (ml;ltizfs; 6.3 kw;Wk; 6.4). ml;ltiz 6.3: UKapy; epWtdj;jpypUe;J r%fj;Jf;fhd gbkhw;wk; (ngHdhd;Nlh> 2009b)

epWtdj;jpypUe;J ntspf;fsj;jpw;fhdJ gfy;Neu itj;jparhiyfs; Cf;fkhdcWjpahd ntspf;fsNrit Neufhyj;Jldhd jiyaPl;L mzpfs; neUf;fbfhy jiyaPl;L mzpfs;

r%f mbg;gilapyhdJ r%f csey mzpapdH neUf;fbfhy ,y;yq;fs; (Crisis houses) tpLjpfSk;> FO ,y;yq;fSk; GjpJGidjy; Nritfs; Nritfisg; gad;gLj;JNthuhy; elj;jg;gLk; Nritfs; fWg;gpdj;jtH kw;Wk; ,dj;Jt rpWghd;ikNahUf;fhd Nritfs; mfjpfs; r%f mikg;Gfs; Kjdpiy guhkhpg;G (GP) jiyaPLfs;

,y;yj;jpy; toq;fg;gLk; rpfpr;ir

45

ml;ltiz 6.4: UKapy; jw;NghJs;s eilKiw (ngHdhd;Nlh 2009b) epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; r%f rkepiyg;gLj;jg;gl;l guhkhpg;G trjpaikg;GfSld;$ba

r%f kw;Wk; kUj;Jt jiyaPLfspd; fyit gpujhdkhf kUj;JthPjpahd csNeha; rpfpr;ir eilKiw gpujhdkhf r%f khjphpapD}lhf toq;fg;gLk; r%fg; guhkhpg;G gy;Jiwrhu; mzpfs; Neufhyj;Jldhd jiyaPL> neUf;fbj;jPHT> MjuT> r%fuPjpahd kUj;Jtrprpr;ir epiyaq;fs; %d;whtJ Jiwapd; (mur rhHgw;wit) Nritfs; UKapYk; (NkYk; gy Nkw;F ehLfspYk;)> r%fj;jpd; cs;slf;fj;jd;ik %d;whk; cyf ehLfspypUe;J FbtuT fhuzkhf fle;j ,uz;L jrhg;j fhyj;jpy; ngUksTf;F khw;wkile;Js;sJ. ,r;#oypy;> tpNrlkhf Nkw;fj;jpa fyhr;rhuky;yhj gpd;dzpapypUe;J tUNthuJ tpla epfo;Tfspy; ghuk;ghpa Nkw;fj;jpa (mNyhgjp) csNeha;; rpfpr;irKiwapd; gaDWjpFwpj;J UKapYk;> NkYk; gy Nkw;fj;jpa ehLfspYk; ngUkstpyhd re;Njfq;fs; vOg;gg;gl;Ls;sd (mj;jpahak; 2Ig; ghHf;fTk;). Nkw;fpy; ,g;nghOJ Nkw;fj;jpa kw;Wk; fPioj;Nja kuGrhH cseyg; gpur;rpidfisf; ifahSk; topKiwfs;Fwpj;j Xu; MHtk; tsHr;rpfz;LtUfpd;wJ. rkPgj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpy; ,lk;ngw;w rpy Ma;Tfspd; Njly; KbTfs; (mj;jpahak; 2,y; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ) cseyg; gpur;rpidfisf; nfhz;ltHfsplKk;> mtHfspd; cwtpdHfsplKk; njhpit tpl;LtpLk; tifapyhd rpfpr;irKiwf;fhd gy mZFKiwfs; ,Ug;gJ KOikahd tifapy; mjpAaHthd mD$yj;ij toq;Ffpd;wJ vd;gijf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. rpfpr;ir topKiwfspd; gaDWjpFwpj;j jw;Nghija mwpTkl;lj;ij my;yJ mwptpy;yhik kl;lj;ij itj;J Nehf;Fk;NghJ> mZFKiw jpwe;j kdg;ghd;ik kw;Wk; eilKiwr; rhj;jpak; vd;git rk;ge;jg;gl;l xd;whfNt ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 20Mk;

46

w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; Nkw;F ehLfspypUe;J epWtdg;guhkhpg;G Kiwnahd;iwg; gpujpnra;jik nghUj;jkw;wnjd;gJ ,g;nghOJ njspthfpAs;sJ. MfNt> ,yq;ifapy; r%f guhkhpg;G Kiw xd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; ehk; UKapy; epfo;e;jtw;iw mg;gbNa gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lnkd;w mtrpakpy;iy. mNjNtisapy;> ngUksTf;F FbNaw;wthj Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpd; vr;rkhfTs;s jw;Nghija epiyikia ehk; njhlHe;Jk; gpd;gw;wNtz;Lnkd;w mtrpaKkpy;iy. mgptpUj;jpAw;w Nkw;Fyfj;jpd; mDgtq;fspypUe;J fw;Wf;nfhs;tJ Kf;fpankd;wNghjpYk;> ,t;thW mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;l tplaq;fs; vkJ ehl;bd; rfy kf;fspdJk; Njitfs; kw;Wk; tpUg;gq;fSf;Fg; nghUe;jpaiktJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. ,yq;ifapy; cseyg; gpur;rpidfisf; nfhz;ltHfSf;fhd guhkhpg;G khjphpfs; - tpNrlkhf r%f guhkhpg;G khjphpfs; - r%f fyhrhu kw;Wk; murpay; #oikTf;Fg; nghUe;Jk;tifapy; vkJ kz;zpy; tsHr;rpAw;witahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; (ml;ltiz 6.4). gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fSf;fhd UK mZFKiw ,yq;iff;Fg; nghUe;jhj xd;whf ,Uf;ff;$Lk;: (m) mJ r%f mbg;gilapyhd guhkhpg;igf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; kpfTk; nryTepiwe;j xU tplakhFk;. (M) ,yq;iff;F fyhr;rhu hPjpapy; nghUj;jkw;wjhf my;yJ r%f ajhHj;j epiyfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkw;wjhf ,Uf;ff;$Lk;. mj;NjhL> ,yq;ifapy;> ,d;W (m) Nkw;fj;jpa csNeha; rpfpr;ir guhkhpg;G Kiwikfspy; gapw;rpngw;w njhopy;rhH epGzHfSf;fhd gw;whf;Fiwnahd;W epyTfpd;wJ; (M) %ytsq;fs; mhpjhfTs;sd (,) cseyg; gpur;rpidfSf;fhd kjhPjpapyhd Fzg;gLj;jy; cs;spl;ltifapy; gy;NtW tifapyhd RNjr cjtp kw;Wk; rpfpr;ir %ytsq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd (<) gyH mNyhgjp rpfpr;iria tpl RNjr Fzkhf;fy; topKiwfis my;yJ ,uz;Lk; fye;j xU topKiwia tpUk;Gfpd;wdH kw;Wk; (c) jw;NghJk; KOikahd tifapy; kf;fSf;F ,d;dy;fs; Vw;gLk;NghJ cjtp toq;Fk;tifapyhd tYthd FLk;gg; gpizg;GfSk;> r%f FLk;g czHTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tplj;jpy; ,uz;L epfo;Tz;ikfis Nehf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;; (m) cseyg; gpur;rpidfisf; nfhz;NlhH tplaj;jpy; cjtpiaAk;> rpfpr;iriaAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F ,yq;if kf;fs; vg;NghJNk gy;NtW tifapyhd topKiwfisg; gad;gLj;jpte;Js;sdH kw;Wk;

47

(M) mNyhgjp (Nkw;fj;jpa) csNeha; rpfpr;irahf ,Ue;jhYk;rhp> kjhPjpahd jiyaPLfshf ,Ue;jhYk;rhp> rlq;Ffs; my;yJ RNjr kUj;Jt rpfpr;ir topKiwfshf ,Ue;jhYk;rhp> VjhtJ xU tifahd mZFKiwapd; xg;gPl;LhPjpahd gaDWjpFwpj;j njspthd rhd;Wfs; vJTkpy;iy. ,yq;if rfy %yq;fspypUe;Jk;> tpNrlkhf Nritfisg; gad;gLj;JNthhplkpUe;Jk;> jdJ nrhe;j tuyhw;wpypUe;Jk; fpilf;Fk; rhd;Wfspd; mbg;gilapyhd Nritfisf; fl;bnaOg;gNtz;ba mtrpaKs;sJ (ml;ltiz 6.5) ml;ltiz 6.5: ,yq;if vjpHNehf;Fk; rthy;fs; (ngHdhd;Nlh> 2009b) rkepiyahd ];jhdq;fs;) guhkhpg;G (itj;jparhiy kw;Wk; r%f

Nkw;fj;jpa caphpay; - kUj;Jt cstpay; rpfpr;ir Kiwikfis Vw;Wr; nraw;gLjy; - fyhr;rhuq;fSf;fpilapyhd csNeha; rpfpr;ir kuGhPjpahd Fzkhf;fy; KiwikfSf;fhd MjuT MFk;nryTf;fhd services) r%f mgptpUj;jp itj;jikj;jy; gaDWjpAs;s kw;Wk; Nritfs; (Cost-effective #oypDs;

r%f

MjuTr;

jdpegH my;yJ r%f mbg;gilapyhd> kUj;Jt my;yJ kjhPjpahd rfy tiffspYkhd rpfpr;irKiw gaDWjpaw;wjhff;$Lk; vd;gijAk;> tpUk;gj;jfhj tpisTfis (kf;fis ghjpf;Fk; gpd;tpisTfs;) Vw;gLj;jf; $Lnkd;gijAk; kw;Wk;/my;yJ rpfpr;irahsu;fnsd ebf;Fk; Vkhw;Wf;fhuHfshy; J\;gpuNahfk; nra;ag;glf;$Lk; vd;gijAk; ftdpj;jy; Ntz;Lk; (cjhuzkhf) msTf;fjpfkhd $Wfspyhd kUe;Jfis toq;Fk;NghJk; my;yJ kpd;typg;Gr; rpfpr;iria (ECT) msTf;fjpfkhd jlitfs; nfhLg;gjd;%yKk; mNyhgjp (Nkw;fj;jpa) csNeha; rpfpr;irAk; kf;fSf;Fg; ghhpa Nrjq;fis Vw;gLj;jf;$Lk;. ,t;thNw kj KftH epiyaq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Mj;kPfr; rpfpr;ir KiwfSk;> jkJ gaDWjpapd;ikiaf; fz;Lzuhky; Kl;lhs;jdkhfj; jkJ nrhe;j

48

ek;gpf;iffspy; Kd;nry;tJk; (n[gk; my;yJ rlq;Ffs;) ghuk;ghpa itj;jpa Kiwfshy; cjtp toq;fg;glf;$ba ,lUWk; kf;fspd; Njitfis cjhrPdk;nra;tJk; cz;ikapy; ngUk; jPq;ifNa tpistpf;ff;$Lk;. ,yq;ifr; #oypy; guhkhpg;G toq;fg;gLk; ,l mikitg;nghWj;J cseyr; Nritfisf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; <LghLnfhz;l gy eyd;gpujpepjpfs; cs;sdH. murhq;f itj;jparhiyfspy; ntspNehahsH rpfpr;ir epiyaq;fSf;Fr; nry;gtHfSf;F> Nritapd; Nehf;fq;fs;> fzpg;gPLfisr; nra;tjw;Fk;> FWe;jtiz jiyaPLfSf;Fk; kw;Wk; gpd;njhlH eltbf;iffSf;Fk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gjhy;> cstpay; r%fg; gzpahsHfspdJk;> rpfpr;irrhH cstpay; epGzHfspdJk; cjtpAld; gzpahw;Wk; csNeha; rpfpr;irahsHfs; cjtpnra;af;$Lk;. MapDk;> r%f csey Nritfs; NkYk; rpf;fyhd xU fl;likg;igf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; #o;epiyfs; mDkjpj;jhy; ,yq;ifapy; r%f mbg;gilapyhd cseyg; guhkhpg;ig toq;FNthH gy;NtW %yq;fspypUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. rhpahd ,izTKiwik ,lj;Jf;fplKk;> fpilf;ff;$ba jd;ikiag;nghWj;Jk; NtWgLk; (ml;ltizfs; 6.6 kw;Wk; 6.7). ml;ltiz 6.6: csNehahsH guhkhpg;Gf;fhd eyd;gpujpepjpfs; (N`uj;> gPhp]; kw;Wk; Nrhkhde;j> 2010) csNeha; rpfpr;ir r%fg; gzpahsHfs; csNeha; rpfpr;ir epGzHfs; rpfpr;irrhH cstpay; epGzHfs; cseyj; jhjpkhH jd;dhHtj; njhz;lHfs; njhopy;topr;; rpfpr;irahsHfs; (Occupational therapists) MjuTg; gzpahsu;fs;; guhkhpg;gpy; gq;fhsH vd;wtifapy; FLk;gk;

49

ml;ltiz 6.7: eyd;gpujpepjpfs;

mgptpUj;jpailAk;

r%f

guhkhpg;Gf;fhd

1. gy;NtW Jiwfisr; NrHe;j csNeha; rpfpr;irahsu;fs; csNeha; rpfpr;ir> cstpay;> r%fg;gzp> cstsj;Jiz kw;Wk; rKjha Ntiy 2. kj epWtdq;fs; - Njthyaq;fs;> gs;spthry;fs; kw;Wk; Nfhtpy;fs; 3. r%f mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk;my;yJ r%fq;fspd; gpujpepjpfs; 4. jw;NghijaKd;dhs; Nehahspfs; tof;fkhf EfHNthHfs; my;yJ Nritiag; gad;gLj;JNthH vd;W miof;fg;gLNthH 5. jw;Nghija my;yJ Kd;dhs; NehahsHfSf;F guhkhpg;G toq;FNthH 6. r%fj;jpy; gzpahw;Wk; RNjrhPjpapy; Fzkhf;FNthH 7. cstpay; r%f guhkhpg;G my;yJ eyd;Ngzypy; gzpahw;Wk; mur rhHgw;w KftH epiyaq;fs; 8. rHtNjr mikg;Gfs;> tpNrlkhf WHO r%f csey guhkhpg;G Kiwiknahd;W r%fj;jpYs;s kf;fs; cseyg; gpur;rpidfis vjpHnfhs;Sk;NghJ> ,d;dy;fs; Vw;gLk;Ntisfspy; rk;ge;jKw;w r%fk; tpUk;gp> ehb gad;gLj;jf;$batifapy; ,zf;fkhd xd;whf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. Nritfs; r%fj;Jf;F neUf;fkhf miktNjhL> mtHfsJ nrhe;j nkhopapy;> mtHfsJ kuGfSf;F ,zf;fkhdKiwapy; toq;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. mit mtHfspd; itj;jpaj; NjitfSf;F khj;jpuk; epd;WtplhJ Neha;f;F rpfpr;iraspj;jy; - Mj;kPf NjitfSf;Fk;> r%fg; gpur;rpidfSf;Fk; kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuj; NjitfSf;Fk; chpa Vw;ghLfis toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. r%fg; guhkhpg;G rk;ge;jkhd kpfr;rpwg;ghd xU Kiwikapy; r%fg; gzpahsHfs; xU eLehafkhd kw;Wk; jPHkhdfukhd ghj;jpuj;ij tfpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,J Njitfisf; fzpg;gPLnra;J> mtHfs; Nritahw;Wk; kf;fSlDk;> r%fq;fSlDk; cwTfis Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tJ kl;Lkd;wp> guhkhpg;gpd; gy;NtW fpisfis KftH epiyaq;fSf;fpilapyhd neUf;fkhd $l;Lg; gzpia Vw;gLj;Jk;tifapy; mzpjpul;LjYk; Ntz;Lk;.

50

r%fq;fSld; jpl;lkpLjy;
2009Mk; Mz;L r%fg; gzpahsUk;> r%f KftH epiyaq;fspYs;s VidNahUk; r%f mbg;gilapyhd jiyaPLfSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba tifapy; xU Kiwikia mgptpUj;jpnra;tjw;fhd Ma;nthd;iw TGH epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lk; Vw;ghLnra;jJ. Fryh ntj;jrpq;ftpdhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l ,e;j nray;Kiwf; iff;fUtpj;njhFjpapd; tplakhjpupf; Fwpg;nghd;W ml;ltiz 6.8,y; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. gpd;dpizg;G 2,y; nghopg;nghd;W epuyplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ml;ltiz 6.8: r%f mbg;gilapyhd jiyaPLfSf;fhd nray;Kiwf; iff;fUtpj; njhFjp (ntj;jrpq;f 2009) 1. r%fj;Jld; gzpahw;Wjy; r%fj;jplkpUe;J fw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; 2. r%fj;Jld; ,izg;GwTfis Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;Sjy; 3. vthpd; Fuy; nrtpkLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ? 4. r%ff; $l;LwTfSld; gzpahw;Wjy; 5. Nritia mgptpUj;jpnra;tjpy; (mDruizahsH vd;wtifapy;) Nrit toq;Fehpd; ghj;jpuk; 6. r%f mbg;gilapyhd nraw;ghLfSf;fhd epjpAjtp 7. fz;fhzpg;G cseyr; Nritfisj; jpl;lkpLtjpy; r%fq;fisf; fye;jhNyhrid nra;tjpy; gq;Nfw;G Kiwapay;fs; vt;thW gaDWjpkpf;fitahf mikAnkd;gJ rk;ge;jkhd tpguq;fs; cseyDk; ed;dpiyAk; vd;w E}ypy; (tPuf;nfhb kw;Wk; ngHdhd;Nlh> 2009) [Mental Health and Wellbeing Weerackody and Fernando, 2009] toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. r%fq;fisf; fye;jhNyhrpg;gJ vd;gJ ntWkNd rk;ge;jKw;w r%fq;fisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jtjhfj; Njhw;wkspf;Fk; xUrpy egHfsplkpUe;J MNyhridiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; xU tplaky;y. xU r%fj;jpd; rfy gphpTfSk; rk;ge;jKWtJk;> fye;jhNyhridf;Fg; gy;NtW iff;fUtpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLtJk;> kw;Wk; KOr; nray;KiwAk; ed;F Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;ag;gLtJk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. gq;Nfw;G Kiwapay;fs; gq;Nfw;G fpuhkpa

51

kjpg;gPL [Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)] vd miof;fg;gLk; cs;@H kf;fSf;F tho;T kw;Wk; epiyikfs; rk;ge;jkhd jkJ mwpitg; gfpHe;J> Nkk;gLj;jp> gFg;gha;Tnra;J> jpl;lkpl;L> nrayhw;wp> fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;ilr;nra;a cjTk; xU njhFjpahd mZFKiwfSk;> topKiwfSkhFk; (Chambers, 1997,p.102). jpl;lkplg;gLk; Nritfs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;NghJ Nritfs; mtrpag;gLk; kf;fs; mtw;iw Vw;Wf;nfhz;L gad;gLj;Jk;tifapYk;> epiyNgwhf mikaf;$batifapYk; cjtf;$ba xU ey;y fye;jhNyhrid Kiw mtrpakhFk;. ml;ltizfs; 6.9> 6.10 kw;Wk; 6.11). ml;ltiz 6.9: r%fq;fSld; NrHe;J jpl;;lkpLjy; (tPuf;nfhb> 2010) fPopUe;J Nky;Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; mZFKiw r%fg; gq;Nfw;igAk;> mwpitAk; mzpjpul;Ljy; nrhj;Jilik czHnthd;iw Vw;gLj;jy; gq;Filikfis mgptpUj;jpnra;jy; ml;ltiz 6.10: ahiuf; fye;jhNyhrpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;? (tPuf;nfhb> 2010) Mz;fSk;> ngz;fSk; KjpatHfs;> ,isQHfs; kw;Wk; rpWtHfs; nry;te;jHfs;> eLj;ju tHf;fj;jpdH> twpatHfs; kw;Wk; kpfTk; twpatHfs; rYifngw;NwhH> kjj; jiytHfs; kw;Wk; r%fj; jiytHfs; ,yFtpy; ghjpg;Gwf;$ba FOf;fs; jiytHfshff;nfhz;l FLk;gq;fs;> mq;ftPdHfs; cs;@uhl;rp cj;jpNahfj;jHfs; ngz;fisj;

52

ml;ltiz 6.11: fye;jhNyhridr; nray;Kiw (tPuf;nfhb> 2010) NeUf;FNeH ,lk;ngWk; Neu;fhzy;fs; ikaf;FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fs; gq;Nfw;G Kiwapay;fs; xU rpwg;ghd fye;jhNyhrid njspthd mwpKfj;ij toq;Ffpd;wJ Nehf;fj;ijj; njspTgLj;Jfpd;wJ Fwpg;gpl;l gpuj;jpNaf vjpHghHg;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jtjpy;iy gaDs;s mDruiziaf; ifahSfpd;wJ cs;@H epiyikfSf;F Vw;wtifapy; nray;gLfpd;wJ TGH epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;Tfs; ,yq;ifapy; fpuhkpa r%fq;fs; vt;thW jkJ cseyk; kw;Wk; ed;dpiy vd;gtw;iw vz;zf;fUthf;fk; nra;fpd;wd vd;gJ rk;ge;jkhfTk;> Kuz;ghL kw;Wk; mdHj;jk; vd;gtw;wpypUe;J vOk; neUf;fPl;il Vw;Wr; rkhspf;Fk; Kiwfs; rk;ge;jkhfTk; jfty;fis toq;Ffpd;wd (tPuf;nfhb kw;Wk; ngHdhd;Nlh> 2009). vkJ Ma;Tfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l topKiwfs; ,yq;ifapYk; fyhr;rhuhPjpapYk;> r%fhPjpapYk; xw;Wikahd jd;ikfisf;nfhz;l Vida njw;fhrpa ehLfspYk; ntw;wpfukhfg; gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba cseyr; Nritfspd; r%f mgptpUj;jpf;fhd XH mZFKiwiaf; fhz;gpf;fpd;wd. xU gue;j> fyhr;rhuhPjpapy; nghUj;jkhd mZFKiwia Kd;itf;Fk;tifapy; ehk; %d;wLf;fhd gbepiyfis MNyhridahf Kd;itf;fpd;Nwhk;. (i) gq;Nfw;G Ma;T topKiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp r%fq;fSld; ciuahlYk;> fye;jhNyhridAk; (ii) csNeha; rpfpr;ir epGzHfs;> jhjpaH> cstsj;Jizahsu;fs;> r%fg; gzpahsHfs;> rKjha Nritahsu;fs; kw;Wk; jd;dhHtj;njhz;lHfs; vdg;gLk; epajpr;rl;l kw;Wk; m.rh.ep. Jiwfspy; fhzg;gLk; csey kw;Wk; cstpay; r%f fhl;rpg; gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW njhopw;ghl;lhsHfspd; Mw;wiyf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;> kw;Wk; (iii) ghpzkpf;Fk; r%f csey Kiwikia r%f mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; nghJr; Rfhjhuk;> RNjr kUj;JtHfs;> Fzkhf;FNthH kw;Wk; kj epWtdq;fs; Nghd;w

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gue;;j KiwikfSld; xd;wpizg;Gr;nra;jy;. ,j;jifa xU nray;KiwapD}lhf mgptpUj;jpAWk; xU Kiwikapd; rhpahd jd;ik r%fj;jpdhNyNa ,dq;fhzg;gLk; Kd;Dhpikfs; kw;Wk; mZFKiwfisg; nghWj;jjhFk;. mJ rk;ge;jg;gl;l r%fj;Jf;F Vw;GilajhfTk;> mtHfshy; czug;gLk; Njitfisg; g+Hj;jpnra;af;$bajhfTk; mikaf;$ba rhj;jpaf;$W cs;sJ. ,r;nray;Kiw xU r%f mDruiz mikg;Gld; - cjhuzkhf xU kj mikg;Gld; - ,izf;fg;gl;lhy; mjd; epiyNgw;Wj;jd;ikAk;> r%fj;jpd; cilikAzHTk; cWjpnra;ag;glyhk;.

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crhj;Jiz y;fs;
Angermeyer, M. C. and Matschinger, H. (2005) Causal beliefs and attitudes to people with schizophrenia. Trend analysis based on data from two population surveys in Germany, British Journal of Psychiatry 186: 331-4. Chambers, R. (1997) Whose Reality Counts? Putting the First Last. London: ITDG Publishers. Crass, S. (2000) Real Shame. www.peoplewho.org/readingroom/caras. stigma.htm Crisp, A. H. (2000) Changing minds: every family in the land. An update on the Colleges campaign. Psychiatric Bulletin 24: 267-8. Department of Health (2010) Attitudes to Mental Illness 2010 Research Report. London: Department of Health. Available http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/ PublicationsStatistics/DH_084478. Accessed January 2011. Fabrega, H. (1991a) The culture and history of psychiatric stigma in early modern and modern western societies: a review of recent literature. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 32 (2): 97-119. Fernando, S. (2009a) Meanings and realities, in S. Fernando and F. Keating (eds.) Mental Health in a Multi-ethnic Society. London and New York: Routledge pp. 13-26. Fernando, S. (2009b) Illness Models and Social Models Presentation at Workshop at NIMH March 2009 (and repeated in November 2010). Fernando, S. (2010) Mental Health, Race and Culture third edition. Basingstoke (UK): Palgrave Macmillan. GSCC (General Social Care Council) (2010) Social work in mental health services. London: GSCC. Gombrich, R. and Obeyesekere, G. (1988) Buddhism Transformed. Religious change in Sri Lanka. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.

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Guzder, J. (2010) Family Therapy - Presentation at Workshop at NIMH October 2010. Halliburton, M. (2004) Finding a fit: Psychiatric Pluralism in South India and its Implications for WHO Studies of Mental Disorder. Transcultural Psychiatry 41 (1): 80-89. Herath, C., Peiris, M. U. and Somananda, O (2010) Interdisciplinary Work in Sri Lanka - Presentation at Workshop at NIMH October 2010 Hettiarachchi, L. and Perera, R. (2009) Mental Health Problems, Community Perceptions of Sri Lanka - Presentation at Workshop at NIMH November 2009. Hobfoll, S. E. (2007) Five essential elements of immediate and midterm mass trauma interventions: Empirical evidence. Psychiatry 70(4): 283-315 Kakar, Sudhir. (1982) Shamans, Mystics and Doctors. A Psychological Inquiry into India and its Healing Tradition. Knopf, New York. Republished by Unwin Paperbacks, London (1984), University of Chicago Press, Chicago (1991). Kapferer, B. (1991) A Celebration of Demons. Exorcism and the Aesthetics of Healing in Sri Lanka, second edition. Washington DC: Berg Publishers and Smithsonian Institute Press. Kusumaratne, S. (2005) Indigenous Medicine in Sri Lanka. A Sociological Analysis. Nugegoda (Sri Lanka): Sarasavi Publishers. Lawrence, P. (2000) Violence, suffering, Amman, The work of Oracles in Sri Lankas War Zone, in V. Das, A. Kleinman, M. Ramphele and P. Reynolds (eds.) Violence and Subjectivity. Berkeley and London: University of California Press. pp. 171-204. Lawrence, P. (2003) Kli in a Context of Terror. The Tasks of a goddess in Sri Lankas Civil War, in R. F. McDermott and J. J. Kripal (eds.) Encountering Kli. In the Margins, at the Centre, in the West. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press. pp. 100-179.

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NIMHE (National Institute for Mental Health in England), SCMH (Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health), NHSU (National Health Service University) (2004) Ten essential shared capabilities. A Framework for the whole of the mental health force. London: Department of Health. Pedersen, D. (2010) Building humanitarian interventions: towards best practices in psychosocial work - Presentation at Workshop at NIMH October 2010. Perera, K. (2010) Impact of abuse on child victims of Sri Lanka -Presentation at Workshop at NIMH October 2010. Pugh, J. F. (1983) Astrological counseling in contemporary India, Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 7: 279-299. Raguram, R., Venkateswaram, A., Ramakrishna, J. and Weiss, M. (2002) Traditional community resources for mental health: a report of temple healing from India. British Medical Journal 325: 38-40. Rajakaruna, C. (2010) Community Development in Sri Lanka Presentation at Workshop at NIMH October 2010. Read, J., Haslam, N., Sayce, L. and Davies, F. (2006) Prejudice and schizophrenia: a review of the mental illness like any other approach, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 114: 303-18. Sayce, L. (2000) From Psychiatric Patient to Citizen. London: Macmillan. Samaranayake, S. (2010) Care and Protection of Children -Presentation at Workshop at Peradeniya organised by Department of Philosophy and Psychology, University of Peradeniya and TGH Program, 6 October 2010. Seneviratne, R. M. (2010) Working with Families of Mentally Ill Presentation at Workshop at NIMH October 2010 Sivathas, S (2010) Vulnerability and Resilience - Presentation at Workshop at NIMH October 2010 Suthakaran, S. (2010) Mental health needs of internally displaced people, Presentation at Workshop at NIMH October 2010

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Tall, S. and Symington, J. (2010) Counteracting Stigma in the UK Presentation at Workshop at NIMH October 2010 Thornicroft, G. (2006) Shunned. Discrimination against people with mental illness. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Thornicroft , G. and Tansella, M. (2004) Components of a modern mental health service: a pragmatic balance of community and hospital care British Journal of Psychiatry 185: 283-90 Vogt, B. (1999) Skill and Trust. The Tovil Healing Ritual of Sri Lanka as Culture-specific Psychotherapy Amsterdam: VU University Press) Waxler, N. (1974) Culture and mental illness Journal of Nervous and Mental Illness 159(6): 379-95. Weerackody, C. (2010) Consulting Communities Ways of consulting and involving communities Presentation at Workshop at NIMH October 2010 Weerackody, C. and Fernando, S. (2009) Mental Health and Wellbeing. Experience of communities affected by conflict and 2004 tsunami. (2009) Colombo (Sri Lanka): Peoples Rural Development Association (PRDA) and Oxfam America. Wettasinghe, K. (2009) Mental Health Psychosocial Wellbeing Process Toolkit for Community based Interventions Presentation at Workshop at NIMH 2009 Wijesekera, N. (1987) Deities and Demons Magic and Masks Part 1. Colombo: Gunasena. World Health Organisation (2008) Mental Health. Available: http:// www.who.int/topics/mental_health/ Accessed 15 September 2008

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Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhdit
Fernando, S. (2010) Mental Health, Race and Culture. Basingstoke (UK) and New York: Palgrave-Macmillan. Kleinman, A. (1988) The Illness Narratives. Suffering, Healing and The Human Condition. New York: Basic Books. Warburton, D. (2000) Community and Sustainable Development. Participation in the Future. London: Earthscan Publications.

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gpd;dpizg;G 1
r%fq;fspy; gzpahw;Wk;tifapy; gapw;Wtpg;gjw;fhd xU fl;likg;G cseyk; gapw;rp kw;Wk; ed;dpiyg; gapw;rp: njhopy;rhH r%f FOf;fisg;

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Fwpf;Nfhs; 1. cseyk;> ed;dpiy kw;Wk; csf;NfhshW vd;git rk;ge;jkhd fUj;jpay; tpsf;fj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jjy; vjpHghHf;fg;gLk; gzptpisTfs;: (m) cseyk; kw;Wk; ed;dpiy Fwpj;j gue;j ghpkhzq;fs; kw;Wk; (M) epWtd kw;Wk; r%f guhkhpg;Gf;fpilapyhd mbg;gil NtWghLfs; vd;gitFwpj;j mjpfhpj;j mwpT. Fwpf;Nfhs; 2. r%fq;fSld; fye;jhNyhrid rk;ge;jkhd gq;Nfw;G topKiwfspy; Mw;wy;fis Nkk;gLj;Jjy;. vjpHghHf;fg;gLk; gzptpisTfs;: gq;Nfw;G topKiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp r%fq;fSld; fye;jhNyhrid nra;tjw;fhd mwpitAk; jpwd;fisAk; mgptpUj;jpnra;jy;. Fwpf;Nfhs; 3. (m) jdpegHfs;> FLk;gq;fs; kw;Wk; r%fq;fspd; gykhd mk;rq;fs; kw;Wk; gytPdq;fis ,dq;fhZjy; kw;Wk;

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(M) r%fj;jpYs;s r%f %yjd kw;Wk; jdpegH %ytsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp r%fg; guhkhpg;ig mgptpUj;jpnra;jy; rk;ge;jkhd Mw;wy;fis mjpfhpj;jy;. vjpHghHf;fg;gLk; gzptpisTfs;: gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspy; mjpfhpj;j jpwd;fs; (m) cs;@H Mw;wy;fis ,dq;fz;L mtw;wpd;kPJ fl;bnaOg;Gjy; kw;Wk; r%fq;fis ntspthup cjtp kw;Wk; MjuT %ytsq;fSld; ,izg;Gr; nra;jy;.

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62 ciuahlYf;fhd PRA iff;fUtpfs; gpur;rpid tpUl;rk; Rw;way; kjpg;gPL epiyfspd; xU rkHg;gzk; xUr%fg; gpd;dzpapy; iff;fUtpfspd; eilKiwg; gpuNahfk; Fwpf;Nfhs; 3 r%f %ytsq;fs;> jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; Mw;wy;fis epuypLjy;> jiyaPLfs;> MjuT mtrpag;gLk; ,ilntspfis ,dq;fhzy; jdpegH jhq;Fjpwd;; Mw;wy; r%f %ytsq;fs; jpwd;fSk;> Mw;wy;fSk; r%f guhkhpg;G vjpH epWtdg; guhkhpg;G NfhshWfSf;F kUe;Jfs; toq;Fjy; cs;@H %ytsq;fisAk;> r%f %yjdj;ijAk; tYg;gLj;Jjy; rPHFiyT ,lk;ngWk;NghJ jiyaPl;ilAk;> jhq;FjpwidAk; Kd;Ndw;Wjy; Vw;nfdNt kdepiyf; Nfhsh Ws;stHfisg; ghJfhj;jy; r%f %ytsq;fis ntspthupahd %ytsq;fSld; xd;wpizj;jy;> tiyaikg;G eltbf;if Nahfh>Rthrg; gapw;rpfs;Fwpj;j tPbNah rpe;jidj;Jhz;ly; mkHT (Brain strome)

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tplajhdq;fs;
Modules

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gpd;dpizg;G 2
cseyKk;> cstpay; r%f ed;dpiyAk; r%f mbg;gilapyhd iff;fUtpj;njhFjp 2009 jiyaPLfSf;fhd nraw;ghl;Lf;

McGill gy;fiyf;fofk; kw;Wk; kf;fSf;fhd fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk; (PRDA) vd;gtw;why; elj;jg;gl;l kdtL kw;Wk; midj;Jyf Rfhjhu epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;Jf;fhf TGHP Fryh ntj;;jrpq;ftpdhy; njhFf;fg;gl;l XH mwpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; Dr. Rkd; ngHdhd;Nlhtpdhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ. mwpKfk; ,J XH 60 gf;f Mtzj;jpd; kpfTk; RUf;fkhd nghopg;G MFk;. ,J kf;fSf;fhd fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fj;jpd; (PRDA) gpujhd mwpf;ifAld; NrHe;J ,ize;j Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,f;iff;fUtpfs; njhFjp cseyk; kw;Wk; cstpay; r%f ed;dpiyf;fhf r%fj;jpd; Njitfis mgptpUj;jpnra;Ak; nray;Kiwapy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Nrit toq;FeHfSf;fhd eilKiwf; iff;fUtpfis toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,f;iff; fUtpfs; njhFjp ntspthup KftH epiyaq;fSf;Fk;> r%fq;fSf;Fkpilapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjw;fhd nghWg;igg; gfpHe;Jnfhs;Sk;tifapy; nefpo;r;rpahd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j topfhl;ly;fs; cseyk; kw;Wk; ed;dpiyj; Jiwapy; Nrit toq;FeHfshy; gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;wNghjpYk;> mit kdNehahsHfis my;yJ cseyg; gpur;rpidfis ,dq;fhz;gjpNyh> cseyj;ij Kd;Ndw;Wtij my;yJ kdNeha;fisj; jPHg;gijf; Fwpj;Jiug;ghd Nehf;fkhff;nfhz;l epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis ,dq;fhz;gjpNyh ftdk; nrYj;jtpy;iy. iff;fUtpfs; njhFjp> gaDWjpAld; nraw;gLtjw;F> r%fj;jpy; cseyg; guhkhpg;Gr; Nritfis toq;FNthH vjpHNehf;fNtz;ba eilKiwg; gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPHT fhZfpd;wJ. vkJ Ma;tpd;NghJ kdNehahsHfs; vd;W kf;fSf;Fg; ngahpLjy; rk;ge;jkhf r%f mikg;Gf;fs; ftiynfhz;bUg;gij ehk; mwpe;Njhk;. cseyk;

65

kw;Wk; ed;dpiy vd;Dk; gue;j fUg;nghUl;fs; r%fj;jpYs;s jdpegHfSk;> mtHfspd; FLk;gq;fSk; mtHfspd; tho;f;ifr; rthy;fis vjpHnfhs;tjpy; gy;NtW Mw;wy;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; topKiwfis Nehf;Ffpd;wd. ,e;jf; iff;fUtpfs; njhFjpia Mf;Ftjpy; csey Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nehf;fkhff;nfhz;l Nrit toq;FeHfspd; jiylaPLfs; cseyk; kw;Wk; ed;dpiyiag; nghWj;jtiuapy; jdpegH kw;Wk; r%f jhq;Fjpwd; Mw;wiyAk;> Vw;Wr;rkhspf;Fk; topKiwaikg;GfisAk; Kd;Ndw;Wtij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sdntd;Nw ehk; fUJfpd;Nwhk;. iff;fUtpfs; rk;ge;jkhd xU RUf;f tpguj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dH> Nrit toq;FeHfs; xU ntspf;fsf; fUj;jpl;lj;ij Muk;gpg;gjw;F Kd;duhfj; jk;ikj;jhNk Nfl;Lf; nfhs;sNtz;ba tpdhf;fspd; xU RUf;fkhd epuiyAk;> iff;fUtpj; njhFjpia mgptpUj;jpnra;tjw;F Kd;dH ,lk;;ngw;w ntspf;fs Ma;T rk;ge;jkhd rhuhk;rj;ij toq;Fk; xU gphpitAk; toq;fpAs;Nshk;. nray;Kiwf; iff;fUtpfs; njhFjp 1. r%fj;Jld; gzpahw;Wjy; r%fj;jplkpUe;J fw;Wf;n;fhs;Sjy; Nfl;fTk;: (m) r%fj;jpy; vit? fpilf;Fk; gy;NtW jpwd;fSk;> Mw;wy;fSk;

(M) g+Hthq;f Mw;wiyf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; r%fj;Jf;F mtrpakh? (,) r%fj;jpDs; fhzg;gLk; mjpfhuf; fl;likg;Gfs; vit?> ve;jf; FOf;fs; xJf;fg;gl;bUf;ff;$Lk; my;yJ Gwe;js;sg;gl;bUf;ff;$Lk;? rpe;jpf;fTk;: Muk;gj;jpy; Nrit toq;FeH ahUld; gzpahw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;? Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l FOf;fis vt;thW NrHj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;? midtiuAk; cs;slf;Ftij Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;Fk;> gpd;dH vof;$ba gpur;rpidfis mjpFiwthf;Fk;tifapYk; Nrit toq;FeH r%fj;Jld; g+Hthq;fg; gzpfspy; <LgLtJ mtrpakh?

66

Nrit toq;Fk; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; r%fj;jpYs;;s mwpTj;jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; Mw;wy;fs; kPJ ftdQ;nrYj;Jk;tifapy; Vw;gLj;jg;glNtz;ba topKiwaikg;Gf;fs; vit? 2. r%fj;Jld; ,izg;GwTfis Vw;gLj;jpf;n;fhs;Sjy; Nfl;fTk;: Nrit toq;FeH ,e;;j r%fj;ijj; njhpTnra;jjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit? jiyaPLfs; mtrukhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lkh? NtW ve;j mikg;Gfs; mq;F gzpahw;Wfpd;wd? vj;jifa jfty;fs; mtrpak;? ,tw;iw vq;fpUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;? Muk;gj;jpy; rhjhuz tp[aq;fs; mtrpakh? cs;@H mjpfhurigfSf;F tp[aq;fs; mtrpakh? r%fj; jiytHfs; ahH? kjj; jiytHfs;> ghlrhiy mjpgHfs; kw;Wk; Vida Kf;fpakhd Ml;fs; ahH? rpe;jpf;fTk;: jiyaPLfs; mtrukhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lkhapd; (c-k;: XH mdHj;jj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dH) Kd;Dhpik tplaq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L> mbf;fb Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; kPsha;Tfs; kw;Wk; juT Nrfhpj;jy; vd;git ,lk;ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;. r%fj; jiytHfSld; kw;Wk;> my;yJ r%ff; $l;LwTfSld; fpukkhd $l;;lq;fis elj;Jjy; r%fj;jpy; gzpahw;Wk; Vida epWtdq;fSld; njhlHgpizg;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jjy; r%fj;jpYs;s kf;fs; tpjpKiwaw;wtifapy; Nrit toq;Feiu mZff;$ba mtfhr tha;g;Gfis Vw;gLj;jy;

67

3. vtUila Fuy; nrtpkLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ? Nfl;fTk;: vj;jifa r%f kjpg;gPL kpfTk; gaDWjpkpf;fjhf ,Uf;Fk;? gq;Nfw;G fpuhkpa kjpg;gPl;L topKiwfs; mNdfkhd re;jHg;gq;fspy; kpfr; rpwg;ghditahFk;. tpNrlkhd jiyaPLfs; mtrukhfj; mg;gbahapd; vq;Nf> kw;Wk; ahUf;F? rpe;jpf;fTk;: gpujhd kjpg;gPl;L Kiwf;F> Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l FOf;fis cs;slf;Fk;tifapy; my;yJ Mjpf;f egHfs; my;yJ FOf;fspd; gpurd;dj;ijr; rkg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; Fiwepug;G eltbf;iffs; mtrpag;glf;$Lk;. kjpg;gPl;L mDruizahsHfSf;Fg; gapw;rp mtrpag;glf;$Lk;. mtrufhy #o;epiyfspy; mtrpag;glf;$Lk;. Njit Kd;Dhpikg;gLj;jy; Njitg;gLfpd;wdth?

4. r%ff; $l;Lwthsu;fSld; gzpahw;Wjy; ve;j mstpyhd $l;LwT ,e;j Nehf;fj;Jf;F kpfr;rpwg;ghdJ? gy;tifikia vt;thW gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;tJ? rpe;jpf;fTk;: vt;tsT rpwg;ghf xU $l;Lwit Mf;fyhk;: (m) cg-FOf;fis ,dq;fhZk; tifapy; KO r%fj;JlDk; gzpahw;Wjy;> (M) jw;NghJs;s cg-FOf;fSld; gzpahw;Wjy;> my;yJ (,) r%fg; nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfs;> tpUg;GwT my;yJ kf;fSf;fpilapyhd cwTfspd; mbg;gilapy; rpW FOf;fis Mf;Fjy;. $l;LwTfis Mf;Ftjw;F fhyk; vLf;ff;$Lk;.

68

5. Nritia mgptpUj;jpnra;tjpy; (mDruizahsH vd;wtifapy;) Nrit toq;Fehpd; ghj;jpuk; (m) mDruizahsH njhpTnra;ag;gLk; Fwpg;gpl;l Kaw;rpapYk; mDgtj;jpypUe;J fw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F r%fj;Jf;Fk;> Nrit toq;FeUf;Fk; cjTtjpy; r%fj;Jf;F MjuT toq;Fk; xU ghj;jpuj;ij tfpf;fpd;whH. (M) Nrit toq;Fehpd; ghj;jpuk; jiyaPl;Lf;fhd epjpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; cjtpahf mike;jNghjpYk;> mtH xU jiyikj;Jtg; ghj;jpuj;ijj; jtpHj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. (,) Nrit toq;FeH xU r%fj;jpd; tpUg;Gj;njhpT Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;fhd kpfr;rpwe;j topay;y vd;W vz;zpdhy;> mtH khw;Wtopfisr; rpe;jpf;FkhW r%fj;Jf;F Cf;fkspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. MapDk;> r%fj;jpd; fUj;Jf;F vjpuhfr; nrhy;Ytij> mt;thwhd mjpfhuk; ,Ue;jNtisapYk;> typAWj;jf;$lhJ.

6. r%f MjuT

mbg;gilapyhd

nraw;ghLfSf;fhd

epjpapay;

(m) epjpfis xJf;fpaspg;gjpYk;> fl;Lg;gLj;JtjpYk; ntspg;gilj;jd;ik mtrpakhFk;. ,J r%fj;Jf;Fk;> Nrit toq;FeUf;Fkpilapy; ek;gpf;ifia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. epjpAjtp r%fj;jpd; Mw;wy;fSf;Ff; Fiwepug;Gjy;fshf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. (r%fj;jpd; jw;NghJs;s kw;Wk; rhj;jpats %ytsq;fSk;> gy;tifahd jpwd;fSk;> epjpfs; fpilf;Fk;jd;ik> epjpj;njhif> epjpfisg; gad;gLj;jNtz;ba fhytiuaiw> jiyaPLnra;Ak; epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; epjpfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Kd;Dhpikfs; Nghd;wtw;why; ,af;fg;gLjyhfhJ.) (M) r%f %ytsq;fSf;Fk;> Nrit toq;Fk; KftH epiyaq;fshy; xJf;fpaspf;fg;gLk; %ytsq;fSf;Fk; rkkhd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;Fjy;.

69

(,) r%fj;jpYs;s gy;tifahd jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; Mw;wy;fis mjprpwg;ghd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;Jtjd; mbg;gilapy; epjpia xJf;fpaspf;Fk; xU njhFjp msTNfhy;fs; rk;ge;jkhf Nrit toq;FeH r%fj;Jld; ,zf;fg;ghl;Lf;F tUjy; Ntz;Lk;. (<) r%fk; epjpfis xJf;fpaspf;Fk; tplaj;jpy;> jPHkhdpf;Fk; tplaj;jpy; rk;ge;jKWtJ vjpHfhyj; Njitfs; rk;ge;jkhfj; jpl;lkpLtjw;Fk;> mtrufhy epiyikfSf;fhd %ytsq;fis xJf;fpitg;gjw;Fk; r%fj;Jf;F Cf;f MHtj;ij toq;Fk;. (cost

(c) jiyaPLfSf;fhd MFk;nryTg; gaDWjpj;jd;ik effective) ftdj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

7.

fz;fhzpg;G

(m) Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Kd;Kaw;rpfspd; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; vjpHghHf;fg;gLk; khw;wq;fisf; fzpg;gPLnra;tjw;fhd fhl;bfs;Fwpj;J ,ad;w msTf;F Nrit toq;FeUk;> r%fKk; cld;ghl;Lf;F tUjy; Ntz;Lk;. (M) rpW FOf;fspD}lhfg; gzpahw;Wk; nray;Kiw KO r%fKk; rk;ge;jKWk; gzptpisTfs;Fwpj;j nghJthd ,zf;fj;Jf;Fr; rhjfkw;wjhftpUf;fyhk;. mg;gbahapd;> Nrit toq;FeH nkhj;jr; nray;KiwiaAk; fz;fhzpg;Gr;nra;J> KO r%fj;Jf;Fk; jftiyg; gpd;D}l;lyhf toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. (,) jiyaPL rpwpJ fhyj;Jf;Fr; nraw;gl;lgpd;dH r%fj;Jld; fye;JiuahLtJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,J gpur;rpidfs; rk;ge;jkhfTk;> gzp tpisTfis Nkk;gLj;Jk; topKiwfs; rk;ge;jkhfTk; mDgtj;jpypUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhz;l ghlq;fs;Fwpj;Jr; rpe;jpg;gjw;F Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. (<) fz;fhzpg;Gj; juTfis Kiwikahfg; gjpTnra;tJ Nrit toq;Fehpd; nghWg;ghftpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. r%fj;jpYs;s kf;fspd; jdpg;gl;l tpguq;fs; rk;ge;jkhd juTfs; czHjpwDlDk;> me;;juq;fk; NgZtJ rk;ge;jkhd fl;Lg;ghl;L KiwikfSlDk; ifahsg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

70

nghJthd tpdhf;fs; gpd;tUgit cseyk; kw;Wk; ed;dpiyj; Jiwapy; Nrit toq;FeHfs; xU epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;Fwpj;Jr; rpe;jpf;Fk;NghJ vOg;gNtz;ba rpy tpdhf;fshFk;: 1. XH mikg;G jhk; NrHe;J gzpahw;wj; jpl;lkpl;Ls;s r%fk; xd;iw vt;thW Nehf;Ffpd;wJ? rkkhdtHfshf> Nritfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;gtHfshf> fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; gadhspfshf my;yJ mgptpUj;jpf;F cjtp mtrpag;gLk; jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; Mw;wy;fisf;nfhz;l kf;fshf. 2. r%fq;fs; thOk; ,lq;fs; njhiyJ}uq;fspy; mike;jpUg;gjhYk; mtHfspd; cl;fl;Lkhdq;fSk;> NritfSk; Nkhrkhd epiyapy; ,Ug;gjd; fhuzkhfTk; mtHfs; jkf;F kpfr;rpwg;ghdJ vJ vd;gij tpsq;fpf;n;fhs;Sk; Mw;wy; Fiwe;Js;sjh? jiyaPL my;yJ mikg;G gzpahw;Wtjw;Fj; jpl;lkpl;Ls;s topKiwfs; Nrit toq;FeHfs;kPJ jq;fpepw;wiy cUthf;Fkh tYg;gLj;Jkh? epWtdk; r%fk; nry;Yk; Ntfj;jpy; gzpahw;wf;$bajh> r%fq;fspd; Mw;wy;fisf; Fiwf;fhjtifapy; ntspthup %ytsq;fspd; mjpFiwthd cs;sPL ,lk;ngwf;$Lkh? epWtdk; r%fj;jpd; tpdhf;fs;> fUj;Jiufs;> GydwpTfs; kw;Wk; mgpg;gpuhaq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhz;L> mtw;Wf;Nfw;wtifapy; nraw;gLk; Mw;wiyf; nfhz;Ls;sjh? epWtdk; tpkHrdq;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;Skh? r%fj;jplkpUe;J (Mz;fs;> gy;NtWgl;l FOf;fs;) Kd;Dhpikfspd; gpufhuk; cs;sjh? tuNtw;W> jkJ jtWfis

3.

4.

5.

6. 7. 8.

epWtdk; GjpJGidjy;fis mq;fPfhpj;J Vw;Wf;nfhs;Skh? ngz;fs;> rpWtHfs; kw;Wk; fw;Wf;nfhz;L> mtHfspd; gzpahw;Wtjw;fhd tpUg;gk;

71

9.

epWtdk; fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; nghJthd khjpupcUtf;Fwpg;ig Kd;$l;bNa jahhpj;Js;sjh (vd;d gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPHTfhzg;gLk;> vj;jifa Nrit toq;fy; fpl;lf;$Lk;> vj;jifa topKiwaikg;Gfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;git)? r%fj;Jld; fye;jhNyhridfs; ,lk;ngw;w gpd;dH epWtdk; r%fj;jpd; tpUg;gq;fisg; g+H;j;jpnra;Akh? epWtdk; jpl;lq;fis epuhfhpf;Fk;> jpl;lq;fSf;Fj; jPtpukhf vjpHg;Gj; njhptpf;Fk; jdpegHfSf;F FOf;fSf;F vt;thW gjpy; toq;Fk;? epWtdk; jiyaPl;il Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;ahky; mtHfSf;F MjuT kl;Lk; toq;fpdhy;> r%fk; jkJ nrhe;j jiyaPl;il jhNk eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; Mw;wiyf; nfhz;Ls;snjd;W r%fk; ek;gpf;ifnfhz;Ls;sjh?

10. 11.

12.

iff;fUtpj;njhFjpiaj; jahhpg;gjw;fhd ntspf;fs Ma;T g+Hthq;f mbg;gil ntspf;fs Ma;T 2004,y; Mrpahtpy; Rdhkp mDgtj;ijf; nfhz;l ,U r%fq;fSld; mk;ghe;Njhl;il khtl;lj;jpYk;> tl khfhzj;jpypUe;J Nghuhspfshy; ntspNaw;wg;gl;L> ,lk;ngaHe;j K];ypk; mfjpfs; r%fj;jpy; Gj;jsk; khtl;lj;jpYk;> kw;Wk; Kuz;ghL kw;Wk; Rdhkp vd;gtw;why; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ,uz;L r%fq;fSld; kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpYk; ,lk;ngw;wd. ,e;j Muha;r;rp ed;dpiy rk;ge;jkhd kf;fspd; czHTfs;> r%fq;fshy; gad;gLk; Vw;Wr; rkhspf;Fk; cj;jpfs; kw;Wk; Nrit toq;Fk; epWtdq;fsplkpUe;J mtHfs; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l Nritfs;Fwpj;J mtHfspd; mgpg;gpuhak; vd;gtw;iw tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;ljhFk;. tpNrlkhf> ,e;jf; iff;fUtpj;njhFjpf;fhd Muha;r;rp kl;lf;fsg;G kw;Wk; mk;ghe;Njhl;il gpuNjrq;fspd; r%fq;fspy; gzpahw;Wk; cs;@H epWtdq;fisr; NrHe;j jdpegHfSlDk;> tof;fkhfj; jd;dhHtj; njhz;lHfs; kw;Wk; r%fq;fSlDk; ,lk;ngw;w NeHfhzy;fs; %ykhfNt ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. ,jpy; rk;ge;jKw;w Ml;fspdJk;> mikg;Gf;fspdJk; tpguq;fs; gpujhd Mtzj;Jf;fhd gpd;dpizg;gpy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

72

Njly; KbTfspd; rhuhk;rk; 1. jiyaPLfs; ePz;l jtiz nfhz;litahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. rhpahd fhy msT #o;epiyahy; jPHkhdpf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;gNjhL> nghJthf mJ Ie;J tUlq;fshFk;. VjhtJ jiyaPLfs; xU njspthd eilKiwg; ngWkjpiaf; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lnkd;gNjhL> mJ mtruj;NjitfSf;Fj; jPHTfisf; fhz;gjw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr;nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. r%fj;Jld; neUf;fkhd gu];guj; gzpahw;WtJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. njhlHGfSld;

2.

3. 4.

fz;fshy; ghHf;ff;$ba rpwg;ghd epiyf;fhd khw;wk; vJTk; ,y;yhj NtisapYk;> Nrit toq;FeHfs; r%f mq;fj;jtHfisj; njhlHe;Jk; Kaw;rpapy; <LgLkhW cw;rhf%l;LtJ mtrpakhFk;. xJf;fg;gl;l FLk;gq;fs; kw;Wk; jdpegHfs; kPJ tpNrlftdk; nrYj;jg;gLtJ mtrpakhFk;. r%fq;fNshL gzpahw;Wk;NghJ vspikahd r%fj;jpYs;s kf;fSf;Fg; ghpr;rakhd gpuNahfq;fSk; mtrpakhFk;. nkhopAk;> thHj;ijg;

5. 6.

7.

RNjr ghuk;ghpa Fzkhf;fy; eilKiwfisAk;> kUj;Jt KiwikfisAk; Nkw;fj;jpa kUj;Jt KiwfSld; ,izg;gjw;fhd mtfhr tha;g;Gfs; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs;

jiyaPLfis tFj;jikg;gjpy; Kf;fpakhditahf ,dq;fhzg;gl;;ld:

jq;fpepw;wy; kw;Wk; epiyjfT (epiyj;jpUf;Fk; jd;ik) (dependence and sustainability) rk;ge;jkhd gpur;rpidfs; milahsk; gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk; mjpfhukpd;ik rk;ge;jkhd

r%ff; $l;LwT rk;ge;jkhd gpur;rpidfs; r%fj;jpd; kpfr;rpwg;ghd Mu;tq;fs; vd;gjd; fUj;J