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Part B Two cars of equal mass collide inelastically and stick together after the collision. Before the collision, their speeds are and . What is the speed of the two-car system after the collision? Hint B.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed ANSWER:
The answer depends on the directions in which the cars were moving before the collision. Part C
Two cars collide inelastically and stick together after the collision. Before the collision, the magnitudes of their momenta are and . After the collision, what is the magnitude of their combined momentum? Hint C.1 Hint not displayed ANSWER:
The answer depends on the directions in which the cars were moving before the collision. Part D Two cars collide inelastically and stick together after the collision. Before the collision, their momenta are and . After the collision, their combined momentum is . Of what can one be certain? Hint D.1 Momentum is a vector Hint not displayed ANSWER:
You can decompose the vector equation that states the conservation of momentum into individual equations for each of the orthogonal components of the vectors. Part E
Two cars collide inelastically and stick together after the collision. Before the collision, the magnitudes of their momenta are and . After the collision, the magnitude of their combined momentum is . Of what can one be certain? Hint E.1 How to approach the problem mathematically Hint not displayed Hint E.2 How to approach the problem empirically Hint not displayed ANSWER:
When the two cars collide, the magnitude of the final momentum will always be at most value attained if the cars were moving in the same direction before the collision) and at least (a value attained if the cars were moving in opposite directions before the collision).
(a
Total momentum: The vector sum of the individual momenta of all objects constituting the system. In this problem, you will analyze a system composed of two blocks, 1 and 2, of respective masses and . To simplify the analysis, we will make several assumptions: 1. The blocks can move in only one dimension, namely, along the x axis. 2. The masses of the blocks remain constant. 3. The system is closed. At time , the x components of the velocity and the acceleration of block 1 are denoted by . Similarly, the x components of the velocity and acceleration of block 2 are denoted by and . In this problem, you will show that the total momentum of the system is not changed by the presence of internal forces. Part A Find , the x component of the total momentum of the system at time . , , , and . and
Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = Part B Find the time derivative Hint B.1
Hint not displayed Hint B.2 Hint not displayed Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = Why did we bother with all this math? The expression for the derivative of momentum that we just obtained will be useful in reaching our desired conclusion, if only for this very special case. Part C , , , and .
(mass times acceleration) is dimensionally equivalent to which of the following? momentum energy force acceleration inertia
Part D Acceleration is due to which of the following physical quantities? ANSWER: velocity speed energy momentum force
Part E Since we have assumed that the system composed of blocks 1 and 2 is closed, what could be the reason for the acceleration of block 1? Hint E.1 Hint not displayed ANSWER: the large mass of block 1 air resistance Earth's gravitational attraction a force exerted by block 2 on block 1 a force exerted by block 1 on block 2
Part F What could be the reason for the acceleration of block 2? ANSWER: a force exerted by block 2 on block 1 a force exerted by block 1 on block 2
Part G
, and the x
component of the force exerted by block 2 on block 1 by . Which of the following pairs equalities is a direct consequence of Newton's second law? ANSWER: and and and and
and
Let us recall that we have denoted the force exerted by block 1 on block 2 by exerted by block 2 on block 1 by . If we suppose that following statements about forces is true? Hint H.1 Which of Newton's laws is useful here? Hint not displayed ANSWER: is greater than
Both forces have equal magnitudes. Newton's third law states that forces and are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
Now recall the expression for the time derivative of the x component of the system's total momentum: . Considering the information that you now have, choose the best alternative for an equivalent expression to Hint I.1 What is ? Hint not displayed ANSWER: 0 nonzero constant .
The derivative of the total momentum is zero; hence the total momentum is a constant function of time. We have just shown that for the special case of a closed two-block system, the internal forces do not change the total momentum of the system. It can be shown that in any system, the internal forces do not change the total momentum: It is conserved. In other words, total momentum is always conserved in a closed system of objects.
sufficiently short and intense that you can ignore external forces for the duration of the interaction (the impulse approximation). Momentum is conserved. If it is not possible to choose an isolated system, try to divide the problem into parts such that momentum is conserved during one segment of the motion. Other segments of the motion can be analyzed using Newton's laws or, as you'll learn in Chapters 10 and 11,
conservation of energy.
VISUALIZE: Draw a before-and-after pictorial representation. Define symbols that will be used in
the problem, list known values, and identify what you are trying to find.
SOLVE: The mathematical representation is based on the law of conservation of momentum:
ASSESS: Check if your result has the correct units, is reasonable, and answers the question.
We start by choosing the objects that would make up the system. In this case, it is possible to identify the system that is isolated. Part A In addition to the astronaut, which of the following are components of the system that should be defined to solve the problem? A. the spaceship B. the wrench C. the earth Enter the letter(s) of the correct answer(s) in alphabetical order. Do not use commas. For example, if you think the system consists of all the objects listed, enter ABC. ANSWER: B Part B
Which of the following reasons best explains why the astronaut + wrench can be considered an isolated system? ANSWER: The mass of the wrench is much smaller than that of the astronaut. The force that the astronaut exerts on the wrench is very small. The force that the astronaut exerts on the wrench is very large. The force that the spaceship exerts on the wrench is very small. The force that the spaceship exerts on the wrench is very large.
Now draw a before-and-after pictorial representation including all the elements listed in the problem-solving strategy. Be sure that your sketch is clear and includes all necessary symbols, both known and unknown. By the time the astronaut reaches the spaceship, the wrench will have covered a certain distance; on your pictorial representation, label this distance . Part C After the wrench is thrown, the astronaut and the wrench move ANSWER: in opposite directions. in the same direction. in perpendicular directions.
Here is an example of what a good before-and-after pictorial representation might look like for this problem.
Now use the information and the insights that you have accumulated to construct the necessary mathematical expressions and to derive the solution. Part E Find the final distance Part E.1 Find between the spaceship and the wrench.
Part not displayed Hint E.2 Hint not displayed Express the distance in terms of the given variables. You may or may not use all of them. ANSWER: =
When you work on a problem on your own, without the computer-provided feedback, only you can assess whether your answer seems right. The following questions will help you practice the skills necessary for such an assessment. Part F
Intuitively, which of the following statements are correct? A. For realistic values of the quantities involved, it is possible that . B. If the astronaut threw a space pen instead of a wrench, the pen would travel further than the wrench would in the time it takes the astronaut to reach the ship. (Assume the space pen weighs less than the wrench). C. If the astronaut were more massive, the wrench would travel further in the time it takes the astronaut to reach the ship. Type the letters corresponding to the correct answers. Do not use commas. For instance, if you think that only expressions C and D have the units of distance, type CD. ANSWER: BC could only be zero if . As you can see from your answer, this would only happen if the mass of the astronaut were zero, which is obviously unrealistic. Part G Which of the following mathematical expressions have the units of distance, where distances? A. B. C. D. E. F. and are
Type the letters corresponding to the correct answers. Do not use commas. For instance, if you think that only expressions C and D have the units of distance, type CD. ANSWER: ABE
Learning Goal: To learn about the impulse-momentum theorem and its applications in some common cases. Using the concept of momentum, Newton's second law can be rewritten as , (1)
where
momentum is changing. If the object is observed during an interval of time between times sides of equation (1) gives . (2) and , then integration of both
The right side of equation (2) is simply the change in the object's momentum is called the impulse of the net force and is denoted by
This equation is known as the impulse-momentum theorem. It states that the change in an object's momentum is equal to the impulse of the net force acting on the object. In the case of a constant net force acting along the direction of motion, the impulse-momentum theorem can be written as . (3) Here , , and are the components of the corresponding vector quantities along the chosen coordinate axis. If the motion in question is two-dimensional, it is often useful to apply equation (3) to the x and y components of motion separately. The following questions will help you learn to apply the impulse-momentum theorem to the cases of constant and varying force acting along the direction of motion. First, let us consider a particle of mass moving along the x axis. The net force is acting on the particle along the x axis. is a constant force.
Part A The particle starts from rest at time ? Assume that . . What is the magnitude of the momentum of the particle at
, and .
Part B The particle starts from rest at time ? Assume that . . What is the magnitude of the velocity of the particle at
Express your answer in terms of any or all of ANSWER: = Part C The particle has momentum of magnitude momentum seconds later? Express your answer in terms of any or all of ANSWER: = Part D The particle has momentum of magnitude velocity seconds later? Express your answer in terms of any or all of ANSWER: =
, and .
, and
, and
Let us now consider several two-dimensional situations. A particle of mass is moving in the positive x direction at speed . After a certain constant force
is applied to the particle, it moves in the positive y direction at speed Part E Find the magnitude of the impulse delivered to the particle.
Hint E.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Part E.2 Find the change in momentum Part not displayed Express your answer in terms of coefficient. ANSWER: = Part F Which of the vectors below best represents the direction of the impulse vector ANSWER: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ? and . Use three significant figures in the numerical
Part G
ANSWER:
Part H If the magnitude of the net force acting on the particle is acquire its final velocity, in the positive y direction? Express your answer in terms of significant figures. ANSWER: = , , how long does it take the particle to
So far, we have considered only the situation in which the magnitude of the net force acting on the particle was either irrelevant to the solution or was considered constant. Let us now consider an example of a varying force acting on a particle. Part I
Hint not displayed Part I.2 Part not displayed Express your answer in meters per second to three significant figures. ANSWER: = 43.0
Colliding Balls
Balls A and B roll across a table, then collide elastically. The paths of the two balls are pictured (viewed from above) in the diagram. Part A Which set of arrows best represents the change in momentum for balls A and B?
ANSWER: Part B
Which of the following arrows indicates the direction of the impulse applied to ball A by ball B? Hint B.1 Definition of impulse Hint not displayed ANSWER: A E B C D
Part A Find the relative speed Hint A.1 between Chuck and the ball after Chuck has thrown the ball. Hint not displayed Express the speed in terms of ANSWER: = and .
Make sure you understand this result; the concept of "relative speed" is important. In general, if two objects are moving in opposite directions (either toward each other or away from each other), the relative speed between them is equal to the sum of their speeds with respect to the ground. If two objects are moving in the same direction, then the relative speed between them is the absolute value of the difference of the their two speeds with respect to the ground. Part B What is the speed of the ball (relative to the ground) while it is in the air? Hint B.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Hint B.2 Initial momentum of Chuck, his cart, and the ball Hint not displayed Part B.3 Find the final momentum of Chuck, his cart, and the thrown ball Part not displayed Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = Part C What is Chuck's speed Hint C.1 (relative to the ground) after he throws the ball? Hint not displayed Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = , , and . , , and .
Part D Find Jackie's speed Hint D.1 (relative to the ground) after she catches the ball, in terms of Hint not displayed Hint D.2 Hint not displayed Part D.3 Part not displayed Express in terms of ANSWER: = Part E Find Jackie's speed Hint E.1 (relative to the ground) after she catches the ball, in terms of . Hint not displayed Express in terms of ANSWER: = , , and . , , and . .
Part A Find the magnitude of the total initial momentum of the two-block system. Hint A.1 Hint not displayed Express your answer numerically. ANSWER: = 56.7 Part B Find , the magnitude of the final velocity of the two-block system. Hint B.1 Hint not displayed Express your answer numerically. ANSWER: = 2.97
Part B If the ball hits Olaf and bounces off his chest horizontally at 7.40 what is his speed Hint B.1 after the collision? Hint not displayed Part B.2 Part not displayed Express your answer numerically in centimeters per second. ANSWER: = 9.52 in the opposite direction,