Chemical Process ndustries-

Prof. Dr. AbduIIah Khan Durrani

$llabus After MidTerm
PoIymers
Introduction, Properties, ExampIes, Reactions
2 PIastics
AppIications, Additives, Manufacture of
thermosetting, and thermo pIastics
3 $ynthetic Fibers
Manufacture of synthetic fibers
4 Fermentation
EthyI aIcohoI Manufacture
MONOMER$,
OLIGOMER$,
POLYMER$,
COMPO$ITE$ AND NANOCOMPO$ITE$
W $YNTHE$I$,
W PROPERTIE$
W AND APPLICATION$
$tructural Arrangements
The amorphous state is the characteristic of all polmers at
temperatures above their melting points (except under
special circumstances where liquid crstals ma form). f a
molten polmer retains its amorphous nature on cooling to
the solid state, the process is called vitrification. n the
Vitrified amorphous state, the polmer resembles a glass. t
is characteristic of those polmers in the solid state that, for
reasons of structure, exhibit no tendenc toward
crstallization. The amorphous solid state is characterized
b glass transition (Tg), which is described in a later
section. We consider below onl the behavior of polmer
melt
W Vitrification
W Vulcanization
W loss temperature
W Thermo
W Thermoset
Polmer Compounding
W n man commercial plastics, the polmer is onl one of
several constituents, and it is not necessaril the
W most important one. $uch sstems are made b polmer
compoundinga term used for the mixing of
W polmer with other ingredients. These other ingredients
or supplementar agents are collectivel referred
W to as additives. The ma include chemicals to act as
plasticizing agents, various tpes of filling agents,
W stabilizing agents, antistatic agents, colorants, flame
retardants, and other ingredients added to impart
W certain specific properties to the final product