General Notes

Uses of Radioisotopes - treating cancer, agriculture, sterilisation, insect control, movement tracing, looking inside pipes, thickness measuring Mass No. - Atomic No. = No. of neutrons When coal is burnt, the water heated turns into steam, turning a turbine which produces electricity

Mutation Causes excess nuclear radiation, x-rays, UV rays, high temperatures, exposure to certain chemicals Advantages species variation, prevention of deadly epidemics, allows for better adaptations Disadvantages causes cancers and diseases such as haemophilia and Down syndrome Newtons 1st Law The Law of Inertia An object at rest, or one thats moving in a straight line at a steady speed, will remain in that state of motion unless a force acts on it. Example a book sits there until you move it Newtons 2nd Law Where a force acts, it causes acceleration; the bigger the force, the bigger the acceleration. However, the bigger the mass of the object, the lower the acceleration. Example a person throws a ball

F = ma
Newtons 3rd Law For every reaction, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Example sprinting from rest The Law of Superposition The law states that in a layered sequence of undisturbed sedimentary rocks, the oldest rocks are at the bottom, and the youngest are at the top. The Law of Conservation of Matter This law states that matter cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be changed from one form to another. Natural Selection The process of evolution through the advantageous variations in a species; whilst the disadvantaged are generally phased out due to inferior adaptations.

Meiosis

Chromosomes are seen & pair up DNA may be exchanged between chromatids Chromosomes move to the equator in pairs, nuclear membrane disintegrates Chromosomes move to opposite ends of cell The cell divides in 2 Chromosomes line up along equator Nuclear membrane disappears The chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell The cytoplasm divides. New nuclear membranes form. There are now 4 gametes

Mitosis

The number of cell chromosomes in the cell doubles itself Chromatids pair up according to the original cell along the equator Cell begins separation along the equator with the same ratio of chromosomes in each sub-cell. Mitosis is complete, there are now 2 cells