Abstand languages (the Banat from the ethnographic map of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy from 1868, by Carl Freiherr

von Czoernig)

1774 Grammatisch-kritisches Wrterbuch der hochdeutschen Mundart by Johann Christoph Adelung 1787 Szigvrt klastromi trtnete (Siegwarts convent story) by Dvid Bartzafalvi Szab 1790 Grammatica slavica by Anton Bernolk 1799 Die Bildsamkeit der slawischen Sprache by Josef Dobrovsk 1804 Prodromos ellinikis vivliothikis (Precursor to the Hellenic Library) by Adamantios Korais 1807 Sownik jzyka polskiego (Dictionary of the Polish language) by Samuel Linde 1808 Grammatik der Slavischen Sprache in Krain, Karnten und Steyemark by Jernej Kopitar 1818 Srpski rjenik (Serbian dictionary) by Vuk Karadi 1830 Kratka osnova horvatsko-slavenskoga pravopisaa (Brief basics of the Croato-Slavic orthography) by Ljudevit Gaj

1830 Kurzgefasste Grammatik der Sorben-Wendischen Sprache by Handrij Zejler

1839 Ion Heliade Rdulescus questions on the Romanian language in his Curierul Romn 1869 Rusish-yidisher verter-bikh by Shiye-Mordkhe Lifshits 1862 Par latvieu valodu (On the Latvian language) by Juris Alunns et al. (supplement to the journal Peterburgas Avzes) 1884 Eesti snaraamat (Estonian dictionary) by Ado Grenzstein 1901 Lietuvikos kalbos gramatika (Lithuanian grammar) by Jonas Jablonskis 1903 Za makedonckite raboti (On Macedonian matters) by Krste Petkov Misirkov 1996 Pravopis bosankoga jezika (Orthography of the Bosnian/Bosniak language) by Senahid Halilovi 1997 Crnogorski jezik (Montenegrin language) by Vojislav Nikevi

a few rival standardizing ventures in East-Central and South-Eastern Europe

words for abdomen in Romanian dialects

words for butterfly in Hungarian dialects

MORPHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION OF LOANWORDS Fr. batiste (f) > Rom. batist (f) handkerchief Fr. chausse (f) > Rom. osea (f) carriageway Fr. toupet (m) > Rom. tupeu (m) cheek, chutzpah

LOAN TRANSLATIONS (CALQUES) Ger. berreden > Cz. pemluvit persuade (pes = ber beyond, mluva = reden talk) Ger. Augenblick > Cz. okamik instant (oko = Auge eye, mik = Blick twinkling) Ger. sich zerstreuen > Hun. szrakozik amuse oneself (literally to scatter oneself) Ger. einen Bock schieen > Hun. bakot l make a blunder (literally to shoot a buck)

SEMANTIC LOANS (EXTENSIONS OF MEANING)

Upper Sorbian drjewo 1. timber 2. tree (< Cz. strom timber and tree) Hung. akna 1. shaft 2. (exploding) mine (< Ger. Mine shaft and mine) Rom. rdcin 1. root 2. (arithmetic) radical (< Fr. racine root and radical)

BACK-FORMATIONS

Hung. revere > ima prayer imd lzad to revolt > lz fever hengereg to roll around > henger cylinder csendes quiet > csend silence

BLENDS (PORTMANTEAU WORDS) Hun. tube + orr nose > csr beak cs talp sole + alj bottom > talaj soil hg thin + anyag matter > higany mercury CLIPPINGS Hun. percenet > perc minute cikkely > cikk article rnyk > rny shadow PHONO-SEMANTIC MATCHINGS Fr. cole school; Turk. oku- read > Turk. okul school Hung. pojca clown; boh playful > bohc clown

WORD CREATIONS EX NIHILO

Estonian stupid nme veenma convince relv weapon (but cf. Eng. revolver) siiras sincere (but cf. Eng. serious)