Derivation of Sound Wave Properties Sound wave propagating to right

+ d
du p + dp
a

u = 0 (x) = p

+ d , x < x s , x > xs

xs
l

Similar for u ( x), p( x)

Assume:

Sound wave creates small disturbances in an isentropic manner.

Mass

d l ( x)dx + u l u 0 = 0 dt 0 l d xs ( + d )dx + dx + u l ( + d )du = 0 0 xs dt 0 xs l d ddx + dx ( + d )du = 0 0 dt 0

Constant time

d [dx s ] ( + d )du = 0 dt dx d s ( + d )du = 0 dt

d a du ddu = 0
Higher order

da = du

Derivation of Sound Wave Properties

Isentropic disturbances Constant entropy disturbances for perfect, ideal gases satisfy: p = const.

p + dp p = ( + d )

p + dp + d = p dp d 1+ = 1 + p dp d 1+ = 1+ p dp =

p d

Conservation of Momentum d l udx + ( u 2 + p ) l ( u 2 + p) 0 = 0 dt 0

dua

( p + dp) = 0

Higher order terms eliminated

adu = dp
(1) (2) (3)

Summarizing: ad = du Mass: p Isentropic: dp = d

Momentum:

adu = dp

Combining a * (1) (3) gives:

a 2 d = dp Then, using (2) gives: p a 2 d = d

p a 2 d = 0
Since d 0 , then

a2 =

. Weve just derived the speed of sound for an

16.100 2002

Derivation of Sound Wave Properties

Ideal, perfect gas.

p s = const . One other thing of interest: Suppose the sound wave caused a change in pressure, dp . Then, the change in velocity is: 1 du = dp du has same sign as dp a
Note: without assuming ideal, perfect gas, the general result is a 2 =

16.100 2002