7.1. For the reservoir of Fig. 7.

1, how much water may be stored between the minimum operating level and the normal pool level? How much water may be stored as surcharge storage? 7.2. For a site selected by your instructor, construct area-elevation and elevation- capacity curves. 73. What reservoir capacity is required for the demand rates or Example 7.1 if pumping is to be limited to off-peak night hours (7 p.m. to 7 a.m.)? What pump capacity is required? 7.4. Suppose that the city in Example 7.1 has an installed pump capacity of 800 m3/11. If the pumps are to be turned on and off only once per day, and run at capacity, when should they be operated to minimize the need for storage? How much storage will be needed under these conditions?
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7.5. A flood basin and pumping station are to be designed. The flow into the basin is as shown in the following drawing. There is no gravity flow out of the basin; it is to be drained solely by pumping. The design criterion is that the basin must be pumped dry within 24 hr after the occurrence of the first peak of inflow. During the early hours of inflow the pumps will pump water out of the basin as fast as it enters the basin. This will continue until the capacity of the pumps is reached. From then on the pumps will operate at constant capacity until the basin is pumped dry. Determine: a) Capacity of the pumps (in cubic feet per second) so that the basin can be pumped dry within 24 hr of the first peak. b) Required storage capacity of the flood basin (in acre-feet).
1200 1000

Inflows-cfs

800 600 400 200 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time - hours

7.6. The mass curve of available water during the critical dry period at a given storage reservoir is as shown in the following figure:

a) b)

What continuous constant yield (in acre-feet per year) is possible with a reservoir having a storage capacity of 500 acre-ft? What storage capacity (in acre-feet per year) is required for a constant yield rate of 140 gpm?

7.7. The flows into and out of a reservoir are as follows:

Time 1000 1200 1400 1600 1300 2000 Inflow, m3/s 0.57 0.74 1.27 1.64 1.36 1.02 Outflow, m3/s 0.85 0.79 0.57 0.34 0.25 0.23

At 10 a.m. there are 4900 mi of water in the reservoir. How much water is in the reservoir at 5 p.m.? 7.8. What reservoir capacity is required to produce a yield (at uniform rate) of 70 acre-ft/yr for a site where the monthly net flow into the reservoir during a critical flow period is as tabulated in the following table?
October November December January February March April May June July August September 18 acre-ft 77 17 26 15 32 8 3 0 0 o 0 October November December January February March April May June, July August September 5 acre-ft 6 6 5 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 7 October November December January February March April May June July August September 15 acre-ft 17 25 47 16 18 7 4 0 1 3 4

7.9. What uniform yield (acre-feet per month) could be achieved at the site of Prob. 7.8 if the available reservoir capacity were 40 acre-ft? 7.10. The following table gives monthly flows, pan evaporation, rainfall, and demand rates for a critical I2-month period at a proposed reservoir site. Prior water rights require the release of natural flow or 8 cfs, whichever is least. Assume that the average reservoir area is 1500 acres and that the runoff coefficient for the land that will be flooded is 0.3. What reservoir capacity is required? If the previous year was substanti-ally similar to the one given in the table, is there sufficient water to meet the demand?
Month Mean flow, cfs Dernaml, acre-ft Evaporation, in. Rainfall, in.

January February March April May June July August September October November December

119 107 131 57 20 9 7 5 25 42 95 103

1100 1650 2200 3300 3960 4010 4100 4100 3950 2200 1980 1200

2.1 2.7 3.2 3.6 5.5 7.9 8.3 8.0 7.8 6.1 3.4

5.3 3.0 1.6 1.0 0.2 0 0 0 0 4.7 6.3

7.11. What constant demand can be met by the reservoir whose capacity was determined in Prob. 7.10?

7.12. A city engineer estimates the hourly demand for water on the maximum day as tabulated in the following table. If pumping is to be at a uniform rate for the 24 hr, what pump capacity is required? What reservoir capacity?
Hour ending Demand, L/s Hour ending Demand, Lis 0100 830 1300 1020 0200 740 1400 1040 0300 650 1500 1050 0400 640 1600 1030 0500 630 1700 1035 0600 650 1800 1040 0700 670 1900 1040 0800 790 2000 1070 0900 900 2100 1090 1000 990 2200 1105 1100 1000 2300 1070 1200 1010 2400 1000
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7.13. Tabulated are monthly flows for a period of low runoff on a small stream, correspond-ing monthly rainfall, and the average monthly pan evaporation. Find the firm yield, assuming a constant demand rate and a 5000-acre-ft reservoir. What is the maximum possible yield from this stream for the period given and what reservoir capacity would be required to sustain this yield? Assume the average water-surface area of the reservoir to be 500 acres, a required release of the lesser of 15 acre-ft per month or the natural flow, and the runoff coefficient of the flooded land to be 0.3.
Flow, acre-ft Month Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1932 2030 4460 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1933 1045 26 340 6 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1934 62 300 13 8 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1935 1820 18 1630 3680 23 8 1 0 0 0 0 8 1932 4.5 4.7 0.5 0.7 0.2 0 0 0 0 0.4 0.8 4.6 Rainfall, in. 1933 9.1 1.2 3.4 0.2 1.9 0 0 0 0 1.9 0 6.9 1934 1.3 5.5 0 0.7 0.6 0.6 0 0 1.0 1.0 5.1 3.7 1935 9. I 1.3 5.9 5.8 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.8 0.5 3.5

Normal pan evaporation, ft

0.20 0.29 0.42 0.48 0.51 0.45 0.38 0.25 0.14 0.07 0.08 0.11 7

7.14. Plot a mass curve for a period of 20 yr for a stream selected by your instructor. What is the firm yield of this stream if a reservoir with a capacity equal to the mean annual runoff volume were provided? How many years durin g the 20-yr period would have produced an annual yield not more than 25 percent greater than the firm yield? Fifty percent greater than the firm yield? Twice the firm yield? Would it be reasonable to plan a water-use project on the basis of a yield greater than the firm yield?

7.15. Using the data of Prob. 7.14, find the firm yield with a reservoir capacity of one-half the mean annual runoff of the stream. Estimate the probable chan ge in this yield if the mass curve were corrected for rainfall on and evaporation from the reservoir surface. Assume a reasonable reservoir area.

7.16. The magnitudes of the water-year precipitation in inches at a station were as follows:
23.13 36.45 26.73 27.98 30.18

31.62
27.45 34.12

34.72
29.16 26.81

27.12
30.06 38.55

26.12
28.35 31.17

32.66
36.81 33.22

31.06
32.77 39.01 35.20 29.17 32.44 25.96 24.87 33.72

28.62
33.15 23.64 29.12 36.20 33.13 30.62 30.54 27.42

30.16
31.74 32.42 35.21 34.65 29.17 36.71 34.36 23.18

30.75
22.06 28.48 25.26 39.22 28.43 32.17 27.45 31.28

24.16
27.60 29.15 33.12 29.62 26.45 32.53 35.64 31.52

The relation between water-year precipitation and runoff from a watershed in the vicinity of the rain gage is given by the following curves:

a) Develop a 50-yr record of water-year runoff on the assumption that the given 65-yr record of precipitation is a representative one. Do this by selecting precipita-tions at random from the entire set of data. Assume 20 in. of precipitation during the year preceding the start of records. How could this procedure be improved to account for the possibility of precipitation outside the bounds of the given data? b) Assuming the basin has an area of 8700 acres, plot a mass curve of runoff for the 50 yr of record. c) Determine the mean annual flow. d) Look at the most critical dry periods of your mass curve and determine the storage required for yields of 3600, 3000, 2400, 1800, and 1200 acre-ft/yr. Neglect the effects of local inflow, precipitation, evaporation, seepage, downstream re-leases, etc.
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7.17. The suspended sediment, in tons per day, conveyed by a certain stream is related to the flow rate, in cubic feet per second, by Eq. (7.2) with k 0.004 and n = 3. Compute an estimate of the amount of suspended sediment passin g the gaging station during the rising limb of the hydrograph shown in the following figure.

7.18. If the (dry) specific weight of sediment deposited in a reservoir is 9400 N/m3 and the specific gravity of the sediment particles is 2.67how much will 1 m3 of sediment weigh in situ. What will be its porosity?
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7.19. Estimate the dry specific weight of a reservoir sediment deposit composed of 35 percent sand, 28 percent silt, and 37 percent clay by weight 10 yr after deposition. By how much will the porosity of this deposit change after an additional 15 yr of consolidation? Assume that the sediment is always submerged and that the specific gravity of the sediment particles is 2.65. 7.20. One-half inch of a sediment composed of 22 percent sand, 41 percent silt, and 37 percent clay is deposited each year in a reservoir. Estimate the total thickness of the deposit after 25 yr if the sediment is always submerged? Repeat for a reservoir that is normally moderately drawn down. 7.21. A reservoir is contemplated on a stream that has an average annual runoff of 350 x 10 m3. Measurements indicate that the average sediment inflow is 200,000 Or. Assuming that a cubic meter of settled sediment will dry out to a weight of 9600 N/m3, show a plot of probable reservoir capacity versus time if the original capacity of the reservoir is 42 x 106m3. Use the median curve of Fig. 7.12.
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7.22. Repeat the preceding problem for the situation where the average sediment inflow is 2,000,000 tly. 7.23. What is the average concentration of suspended sediment for the inflows of the two preceding problems? Express answers in parts per million (ppm) on a weight basis.

7.24. A reservoir has an initial capacity of 60,000 acre-ft and an average annual inflow of 200,000 acre-ft. If the average annual sediment inflow is expected to be 4000 acre-ft, and the deposited sediment composition is 25 percent sand, 35 percent silt, and 40 percent clay, plot reservoir capacity as a function of time for the first 20 yr of reservoir life. A small reservoir (10,000 acre-ft capacity) is proposed on the Red River. The average annual sediment load is estimated at 1130 tonstrni 2, drainage area is 850 mi2. If the average annual runoff from this basin is 1.6 in., what is the most probable life of the reservoir to the point where it is 80 percent full of sediment? Assume 1500 tons of sediment occupies 1 acre-ft. If 25 percent of the incoming sediment could be vented through the sluiceways, what would be the probable life of the reservoir?
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7.26. A reservoir has a fetch of 4 mi. and the estimated variation of wind speed with duration is tabulated in the following table. What is the significant wave height to be expected on this reservoir? Show also the significant wave height for each pair of data.
Wind duration, hr Wind speed, mph 0.2 56 0.5 42 1.0 13 1.5 30 2.0 23

7.27. Analysis of westerly winds at a given point reveals the following relation between wind speed and duration:
Wind duration, hr Wind speed, mph 0.2 56 0.5 42 1.0 13 1.5 30 2.0 23

Determine the significant wave heights for westerly winds with fetches of 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 km. 7.28. Repeat the preceding problem with the following wind data:

Wind duration. min Wind speed, mph

15 83

30 67

60 48

90 39

120 34

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7.29. What wind setup may be expected on a reservoir with a fetch of 12 km, average depth of 5 m, and critical wind speed (land station) of 65 mph? What wind setup would occur if the depth were 50 m? 7.30. A shallow reservoir has an effective fetch of 4 mi and an average depth along the fetch of 8 ft. If the design wind speed, based on data from an adjacent land station, is 75 mph, what wind setup would you predict? 7.31. How much run-up will occur when waves with a significant wave height of 6.0 ft and a period of 4 sec strike a 22 smooth slope? 7.32. A reservoir has an effective fetch for waves of 11 mi and for setup of 19 mi. Average depth is 100 ft. The critical wind velocity (land station) is 51 mph. What freeboard allowance should be made for an 8 percent exceedance if the upstream face of the dam is smooth? Flow much less should the allowance be for an upstream facing of riprap? Slope of the upstream face of the dam is 1:3. 7.33. For a reservoir in your vicinity selected by the instructor, carry out a complete setup and wave analysis, securing wind data from the National Weather Service and physical data on the reservoir from the operating agency.
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