Manual - 2816-2818 Obratiti Paznju

Operation Manual
Fully Automatic Capacitance and Loss Factor tan Precision Measuring Bridge
Type 2816 / Type 2816a Type 2818 / Type 2818a
(valid from firmware version BRC10 onwards) Release 3
Operation Manual Type 2816 & Type 2818

Nr. 090093-E0-0.M
Last Saved: MT, 11.April 2002 12:34:00
Tettex Test AG, Tettex Instruments Division Bernstrasse 90, P. O. Box, CH8953 Dietikon Switzerland Phone +41.1.744 74 74, Fax +41.1.744 74 84, www.tettex.com, e-mail: sales@tettex.com
Bridge 2816, 2818
Foreword
Title
Fully automatic capacitance and loss factor tan measuring instrument Type 2816 / Type 2816a Type 2818 / Type 2818a Release 3 11.April 2002 12:34:00 Martin Sigmund, Mark Turner Martin Sigmund, Mark Turner 090093-E0-0.M 151 Manual 2816, 2818, English (Edition 3, Office 2000).doc
Version Date Author Layout Operation manual number Number of pages Filename
Tettex Test AG Tettex Instruments Division
Operation Manual
Page i
Foreword
Bridge 2816, 2818
WARNING!
This instrument will be used under high voltage. Read this operation manual carefully before operating the instrument. The user is responsible for safety during use. This operation manual is valid for series 2816 and 2818 bridges with firmware version "BRC 10" onwards
Important Any correspondence regarding this instrument should include the exact type number, instrument serial number and firmware version number. With the exception of the firmware version number, this information can be found on the registration plate on the instrument back panel. The firmware version is briefly displayed on the instruments dot matrix display after pressing the REF EXT/INT key. At the time of writing this manual the current firmware version was BRC 10. Note The design of this instrument will be continuously reviewed and improved where possible. Therefore there may be small discrepancies between the operation manual and the actual instrument. Although all efforts are made to avoid mistakes, no responsibility is accepted by Tettex Instruments Division for the accuracy of this operation manual. Tettex Instruments Division accepts no responsibility for any damage that may be caused during use of this document. We reserve the right to amend the operation, functionality and design of this instrument without prior notice. If discrepancies are noticed between the on-line help provided by the instrument and the operation manual, then the on-line help should be followed.
All rights reserved. Any use of this manual other than for operation of the instrument requires prior written authorisation from Tettex Instruments Division.
MS, October 2000 Tettex Instruments Division
Page ii
Operation Manual
Bridge 2816, 2818
Foreword
Foreword
Welcome as a new user of the C tan measuring bridge Type 2816/2818. Thank you for placing your confidence in our product. With the purchase of this measuring bridge you have opted for all the advantages that have built a world-wide reputation for Tettex Instruments Division: robustness, performance and quality assured. As a result this instrument provides a solution which achieves the optimal combination of traditional know-how and leading edge technology. The C tan Measuring bridges types 2816 and 2818 were designed with simple operation as a main goal. Parameter entry is menu driven and many useful facilities serve to make the best use of the 12 measurement values. This operation manual is designed for completeness and easy location of the required information. Customers who already have experience with this kind of equipment will find this document to be of assistance as an extended help. A keyword index at the end of the operation manual greatly eases use. If you find a mistake or inconsistency in the operation manual then please feel free to contact Customer Support at Tettex Instruments Division with your corrections so that other users may benefit.
Differences between the Type 2816 and Type 2818 measuring bridges
As this manual covers the operation of two versions, the differences between the versions are clarified. The measurement bridges alone i.e. without the high voltage supply, are operationally identical. As the bridges are intended for different applications, the only difference between them is in the standard capacitor used. 2818 series When measurements up to 12 kV are to be carried out, use of the Type 2818 is recommended, as this bridge has a built-in 100pF/12kV standard capacitor. For higher test voltages an external standard capacitor can be connected via an additional socket. To complement the 2818, and to form a complete measurement system for up to 12kV (designated Type 2818/5283), Tettex Instruments can supply a specially developed high voltage supply with control unit (12kV/200mA). 2816 series If measurements are mainly to be carried out with a test voltage of more than 12 kV, then the Type 2816 measuring bridge is recommended, to which a standard capacitor can be connected for voltages up to 1.2 MV. For mobile on-site measurements Tettex can supply a specially developed high voltage supply with control unit (12kV/200mA). The standard capacitor is built into the high voltage supply. The complete test system is designated Type 2816/5284U.
Operation Manual
Page iii
Foreword
Bridge 2816, 2818
For a quick overview, the various configurations are listed below: The following measuring bridges are equipped with an internal standard capacitor CNint: Type 2818 Type 2818a Type 2818/5283 Type 2816/5284 Type 2816/5284U Field version: CNint 100pF/12kV built into the bridge Laboratory version: CNint 100pF/12kV built into the bridge Complete measuring system: CNint 100pF/12kV built into the bridge Complete measuring system: CNint 100pF/12kV built into the control unit Complete measuring system: CNint 100pF/12kV built into the high voltage supply
The following bridges do not have a built in standard capacitor CNint: Type 2816 Type 2816a Field version: Measurements only possible with an externally connected standard capacitor CNext Laboratory version: Measurements only possible with an externally connected standard capacitor CNext
Abbreviations and definitions

Wherever possible the corresponding IEC definitions are used. The following abbreviations and symbols are used in this manual: CN ..................standard capacitor (Measurement reference) CX ..................test object (e.g. transformer, generator, motor etc.) HV .................high voltage LED ...............Light Emitting Diode PF..................Power Factor cos tan ..............Dissipation factor P..................Microcomputer
! ......................Warning: potential danger can occur for operating personnel or third parties through incorrect operation.
...................... Attention: advises the user of interesting information and special situations in ! order to avoid faulty operation or equipment damage.
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Operation Manual
Bridge 2816, 2818
Contents
Contents
1. Instrument Description 1
1.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 1.1.1. Hardware............................................................................................................... 1 1.1.2. Firmware ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1.3. Software ................................................................................................................ 2 1.2. Technical Data ............................................................................................................ 3 1.2.1. Conditions for Accuracy Specifications .................................................................. 3 1.2.2. Technical Data, Accuracy Specifications ............................................................... 4 1.2.3. General Data ......................................................................................................... 5 1.2.4. Mechanical Data.................................................................................................... 5 1.3. Mains Supply Connection.......................................................................................... 6
2. Safety
2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 7 2.2. Safety Precautions ..................................................................................................... 7 2.3. Warning....................................................................................................................... 8
3. Insulation Measurement Theory
3.1. Why is Insulation Tested? ......................................................................................... 9 3.2. What is Loss Factor? ................................................................................................. 9 3.3. What is Dissipation Factor tan ? ........................................................................... 10 3.4. The Difference between Power Factor cos and Dissipation Factor tan ......... 11 3.5. Apparent Power, Real Power, Reactive Power ...................................................... 12 3.6. Test Instruments ...................................................................................................... 12 3.7. Evaluation of Test Results....................................................................................... 12 3.8. Supplementary Test Methods.................................................................................. 13
Operation Manual
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Contents
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4. Technical Overview
15
4.1. System Components ................................................................................................ 15 4.1.1. Standard Capacitor CN ......................................................................................... 15 4.1.2. High Voltage Supply............................................................................................. 15 4.1.3. Measurement Cable............................................................................................. 16 4.1.4. Test Object .......................................................................................................... 17 4.2. Mains Connection ..................................................................................................... 17 4.3. Earthing ..................................................................................................................... 18 4.4. Determining the Maximum Test Voltage and Current through the Test Capacitance at 50 Hz ................................................................................................ 18 4.4.1. Maximum Test Voltage ........................................................................................ 18 4.4.2. Minimum Test Voltage ......................................................................................... 18 4.4.3. Maximum Test Current......................................................................................... 18 4.5. Determination of Standard Capacitor Requirements ............................................. 19 4.6. Conversion Formulae Parallel & Series Equivalent Circuits ................................. 19 4.6.1. Parallel Equivalent Circuit .................................................................................... 20 4.6.2. Series Equivalent Circuit ...................................................................................... 20 4.7. Functional Description ............................................................................................. 20 4.7.1. C tan Measurement Using the Double Vectorvoltmeter Principle ...................... 20 4.7.2. The Refined Double Vectorvoltmeter Principle ..................................................... 21 4.7.3. Interference Suppression ..................................................................................... 22 4.7.4. Measurement of Inductances ............................................................................... 23 4.7.5. Dynamic Average Calculation .............................................................................. 24
5. Display and Operation Elements
25
5.1. Instrument Back Panel ............................................................................................. 25 5.1.1. Mains Power Connection ..................................................................................... 25 5.1.2. HIGH VOLTAGE Socket on the Type 2818 Measuring Bridge ............................. 26 5.1.3. HV GROUND Earth Terminals .......................................................................... 27 5.1.4. Measurement Connections and Signal Inputs ...................................................... 27 5.1.5. Interfaces ............................................................................................................. 28 5.2. Instrument Front Panel............................................................................................. 30 5.2.1. Comments on the Controls................................................................................... 30 5.2.2. Display Contrast................................................................................................... 30 5.2.3. Grouping of Front Panel Controls......................................................................... 30
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Operation Manual
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Contents
5.2.4. Display with Measurement Value Keys ................................................................ 31 5.2.5. Operating Elements............................................................................................. 33 5.3. Basic Test Circuit ..................................................................................................... 56 5.4. Typical Procedure .................................................................................................... 57 5.4.1. Typical Measurements on Transformers.............................................................. 57 5.4.2. Use with Additional Components ......................................................................... 58 5.4.3. Choosing the Ideal Standard Capacitor CN .......................................................... 58 5.4.4. Choice of the Ideal Current Comparator for Range Extension ............................. 58
6. The Microprocessor System
59
6.1. General Construction............................................................................................... 59 6.2. Write Protection for the Non-volatile Memory........................................................ 59 6.3. Switch Designations on the Microprocessor Card ................................................ 60 6.4. Non-volatile Memory Power Supply........................................................................ 61
7. Constructing the Test Circuit
63
7.1. Operating Personnel ................................................................................................ 63 7.2. Tips for Setting-up the Test Circuit......................................................................... 63 7.2.1. Location of the Instrument ................................................................................... 63 7.2.2. Connection to System Earth ................................................................................ 63 7.3. Test Setup and Test Modes ..................................................................................... 64 7.3.1. Important points when selecting the correct Test Mode....................................... 64 7.3.2. Important points about the HV Supply ................................................................. 64 7.3.3. Test Mode ........................................................................................................... 65 7.3.4. Description of the individual test modes............................................................... 66 7.3.5. Advantages of the Selectable Test Modes........................................................... 66 7.3.6. Measurements with a Customer Specific Supply with Test Object Current less than 15A....................................................................................................... 67 7.3.7. Maintenance Measurements on Transformers in Accordance with USA Standard ANSI/IEEE C57.12.90-1993 ................................................................. 69 7.4. Measurements with Test Current greater than 15A (with Current Comparator).............................................................................................................. 74 7.4.1. General information on Range Extension ............................................................ 74 7.4.2. Errors caused by External Current Comparators ................................................. 74 7.4.3. Recommendations............................................................................................... 75 7.4.4. Measurements with an External Current Comparator (IX > 15A) .......................... 76
Tettex Test AG Tettex Instruments Division Operation Manual Page vii
Contents
Bridge 2816, 2818
7.4.5. Accuracy Considerations when using a Current Comparator ............................... 77
8. Getting Started
79
8.1. Preparations Before the Measurement.................................................................... 79 8.2. Switching on the Instrument.................................................................................... 79 8.3. Instrument Settings for Measurement..................................................................... 80 8.3.1. Settings on the Measuring Bridge Series 2816 .................................................... 80 8.3.2. Settings on the Measuring Bridge Series 2818 .................................................... 81 8.4. Menu Structure (Brief Operation Guide) ................................................................. 82 8.4.1. Choice of Standard Capacitor .............................................................................. 82 8.4.2. System Reference................................................................................................ 82 8.4.3. Choice of Connected Printer ................................................................................ 83 8.4.4. Entering the Measurement Identification .............................................................. 83 8.4.5. Optional Functions ............................................................................................... 84 8.4.6. Input and Selection of Oil Factor Tables .............................................................. 84 8.4.7. Choice of Interference Suppression ..................................................................... 85
9. Care and Maintenance
87
9.1. Cleaning the Instrument ........................................................................................... 87 9.2. Instrument Calibration.............................................................................................. 87
10. Trouble Shooting 11. Instrument Storage 12. Packing and Transport
89 91 93
12.1. Taking Delivery ......................................................................................................... 93 12.2. Proof of Despatch ..................................................................................................... 93 12.3. Scope of Delivery...................................................................................................... 93
13. Recycling 14. Accessories and Options
95 97
14.1. Options ...................................................................................................................... 97 14.1.1. Measurement and Interface Cables ..................................................................... 97

Page viii Operation Manual Tettex Test AG Tettex Instruments Division
Bridge 2816, 2818
Contents
14.1.2. External Standard Capacitor................................................................................ 97 14.1.3. Current Comparators for Range Extension.......................................................... 97 14.1.4. High Voltage Supplies ......................................................................................... 98 14.1.5. Measurement Cells.............................................................................................. 98 14.1.6. Software .............................................................................................................. 98
15. Revisions and Corrections 16. Appendix A: Test Circuit Examples
99 101
16.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................101 16.2. Measurements on a Machine with 2 pole Externally Configurable Winding System .....................................................................................................................102 16.3. Measurement of Short Circuit Impedance in Accordance with IEC 76-5 ..........103 16.3.1. Measurement Procedure ....................................................................................103 16.3.2. Interpretation of Results .....................................................................................103 16.4. C tan testing of High Voltage Cables ..................................................................104 16.5. Measurement of High Voltage Bushings ...............................................................105 16.6. Dissipation Factor Measurement on Single-phase Shunt Reactors..................106 16.7. Power Loss Measurements on Three-phase Shunt Reactors with External Terminals .................................................................................................................107
17. Appendix B: Interfaces
109
17.1. Remote Control via IEEE 488 or RS232 Interfaces................................................109 17.2. Introduction .............................................................................................................109 17.3. IEEE 488 Bus Structure...........................................................................................109 17.3.1. Controller:...........................................................................................................110 17.3.2. Talker: ................................................................................................................110 17.3.3. Listener:..............................................................................................................110 17.4. Setting the IEEE Address........................................................................................110 17.5. Concept for Commands and Responses...............................................................111 17.6. Additional Command Set for RS-232 .....................................................................111 17.7. Command Set ..........................................................................................................112 17.8. Error Messages via the Interface ...........................................................................115 17.9. The RS-232 Interfaces .............................................................................................118
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Contents
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17.9.1. Communications Parameters ............................................................................. 118 17.9.2. Interface and Technical Data ............................................................................. 118 17.10. PRINTER Wiring and Pin-out........................................................................... 119 RS-232 Computer Interface ...................................................................... 120
17.10.1. 17.11.
IEEE 488 Interface ............................................................................................ 121
18. Appendix C: Troubleshooting
123
18.1. Error Messages on the Display.............................................................................. 123 18.2. Hardware Errors during the Measurement............................................................ 124
19. Schematic Diagram 20. Instrument Photographs
125 127
20.1. Views of the Type 2816 Measuring Bridge and Accessories............................... 127 20.2. Views of the Type 2816/5284 Measuring Bridge and Accessories ...................... 129 20.3. Views of the Type 2818 Measuring Bridge and Accessories............................... 131
21. Catalogue of Literature 22. Index 23. Notes
133 135 137
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Operation Manual
Bridge 2816, 2818
List of Diagrams
List of Diagrams
Figure 1: Figure 2: Figure 3: Figure 4: Figure 5: Figure 6: Figure 7: Figure 8: Figure 9: Figure 10: Figure 11: Figure 12: Figure 13: Figure 14: Figure 15: Figure 16: Figure 17: Figure 18: Figure 19: Figure 20: Figure 21: Figure 22: Figure 23 Figure 24: Figure 25: Figure 26: Figure 27: Figure 28: Figure 29: Figure 30: Disc Capacitor................................................................................................. 10 Parallel equivalent diagram of a lossy capacitance with vector diagram ......... 11 Vector Diagram of Apparent Power, Real power and Reactive Power ............ 12 Alternative series diagram for high voltage supply .......................................... 16 Low conductor resistance measurement cable Rk1, Rk2................................... 17 Parallel equivalent circuit................................................................................. 20 Series equivalent circuit .................................................................................. 20 Schematic diagram of C tan measurement double vectorvoltmeter principle 21 Schematic diagram of C tan measurement refined double vectorvoltmeter principle .......................................................................................................... 22 Signal processing for interference suppression............................................... 23 Instrument back panel..................................................................................... 25 Mains power connection.................................................................................. 25 HIGH VOLTAGE socket on Type 2818 ........................................................... 26 Earth terminals on the instrument back panel ................................................. 27 Measurement connections CX, CN and signal inputs ....................................... 27 Interfaces for computer and printer ................................................................. 28 Front view of C tan measuring bridge type 2816 and 2818........................... 30 Capacitance / Inductance Display ................................................................... 31 Dissipation / Power Factor Display.................................................................. 31 Test Voltage / Current Display ........................................................................ 32 Test Mode display, typical measurement values ............................................. 32 Test Mode keyboard, measurement values / numerical keys .......................... 33 Activating the measurement RUN ................................................................... 35 System parameter keyboard ........................................................................... 35 Test report printout, DIN A4 paper format ....................................................... 55 Basic test circuit for C tan measurement ...................................................... 56 Opening the front panel .................................................................................. 60 Microprocessor card switch locations.............................................................. 60 Basic C tan measuring system test setup for a transformer with two low voltage windings ............................................................................................. 65 Standard test circuit ........................................................................................ 67
Operation Manual
Page xi
Instrument Description
Bridge 2816, 2818
Figure 31: Figure 32: Figure 33: Figure 34: Figure 35: Figure 36: Figure 37: Figure 38: Figure 39: Figure 40: Figure 41: Figure 42: Figure 43: Figure 44: Figure 45: Figure 46: Figure 47: Figure 48: Figure 49: Figure 50: Figure 51: Figure 52: Figure 53: Figure 54: Figure 55: Figure 56: Figure 57: Figure 58:
Measurable capacitances of an autotransformer with tertiary winding ............. 70 Measurable capacitances of a transformer with two windings.......................... 71 Measurable capacitances of a three-phase transformer, Yn Yn formation.... 72 Measurable capacitances of a three-phase transformer, Yn- formation......... 73 Measurement setup with external current comparator (IX > 15A) ..................... 76 Displays during the instrument initialization ..................................................... 80 Pictograms on the transport container ............................................................. 93 Example of test circuit for a machine with 2 pole externally configurable winding system ........................................................................................................... 102 Measurement of short circuit inductances...................................................... 103 Circuit for C tan measurement of high voltage cables................................. 104 Circuit for measurement of bushings ............................................................. 105 Block schematic diagram for measurement of single-phase shunt reactors .. 106 Block schematic diagram for measurement of three-phase shunt reactors.... 107 Diagram of the interfaces between three different instruments and the IEEE bus110 Setting the address of the IEEE interface ...................................................... 111 Pin-out of printer socket (male) on the instrument rear panel ........................ 119 RS232 interface wiring measuring bridge - computer .................................... 120 Pin-out of GPIB socket on instrument rear panel........................................... 121 Block schematic diagram of the entire measurement system ........................ 125 Photo of 2816; front view............................................................................... 127 Photo of 2816; rear view................................................................................ 127 Complete 3 part measuring system 2816/5284U consisting of measuring bridge, control unit and high voltage supply 12kV / 200mA............................ 128 Complete 2 part measuring system 2816/5284 consisting of measuring bridge, control unit with high voltage supply 12kV / 200mA ....................................... 129 Photo of 5284 control unit, front view............................................................. 130 Power supply type 5284, Connection part...................................................... 130 Photo of 2818, front view............................................................................... 131 Photo of 2818, rear view................................................................................ 131 Complete 3 part measuring system 2818/5283 consisting of measuring bridge, control unit and high voltage supply 12kV / 200mA ....................................... 132
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Operation Manual
Bridge 2816, 2818
1. Instrument Description
1.1. Introduction
The Measuring Bridge Type 2816 / 2818 provides determination of the capacitance and dielectric loss of liquid and solid insulation. Measurements can be carried out on solid insulation such as cables, capacitors, power transformers, generators, motors, bushings etc., and on insulating oil with specially developed Tettex test cells. Operation is achieved via the scratch proof membrane keyboard on the front panel and offers optimal user friendliness. Operation is simple thanks to the user dialogue system and on-line help. The system is ideal for high and low voltage measurements at supply frequency. The test setup has been specially developed for efficient use in production and quality control. Thanks to its optimum precision, the system is also ideal for laboratory and development use.
1.1.1.
Hardware
The bridge section is fully automatically balanced by a microcomputer and the measurement value is displayed on a backlit LCD (liquid crystal display) built into the front panel. The measuring bridge is provided with 2 measurement inputs and 1 earth connection and, as a result, over 14 various parameters can be measured. In addition, the instrument can recognise if an inductive or capacitive test object has been connected and displays this for the user. Noise reduction is provided for field measurements where the measurement results might otherwise be falsified due to magnetic fields. The combination of the measuring bridge with a high voltage supply, standard capacitor CN and suitable measurement cable provides the user with a complete measurement system. For maintenance measurements on-site, for which a complete portable measurement system for lower test voltages is required, we recommend the high voltage supply type 5284U for the 2816 and the type 5283 for the 2818. These high voltage supplies have been specially developed for the bridges and consist of a high voltage transformer and control unit. The maximum test voltage is 12kV. A printer output is provided for generation of measurement data test reports.
1.1.2.
Firmware
The firmware is the internal instrument software of the microcomputer for automatic bridge balancing, instrument operation, control of interfaces etc. The instrument is delivered from the factory with the latest firmware version installed in EPROM. This cannot be altered by the user and cannot usually be updated by the operator. At the time of writing this manual the current firmware version is "BRC10". The instrument can display the firmware version.
Operation Manual
Page 1
Bridge 2816, 2818
1.1.3.
Software
An optional software package 2816/SWSEQ has been developed for additional user friendliness. This is installed on an IBM compatible computer. The measurement values can be read directly from the RS232C interface. With this software a measurement routine can be defined. The user simply enters the relevant high voltage values. The measurement values are then automatically read and displayed on the computer screen in curve and tabular format. Subsequent calculations and production of test reports with graphics are then childsplay.
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Operation Manual
Bridge 2816, 2818
1.2.
Technical Data
Unless specified, all technical data refers to both the 2816 and 2818 bridges.
1.2.1.
Conditions for Accuracy Specifications

Unit Reference conditions Rated range of use Limit range for storage and transportation
No Parameter . Environmental conditions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ambient Temperature Relative Humidity Maximum Dewpoint Air Pressure Magn. Field at Measurement Frequency Supply Voltage Supply Voltage Harmonic Distortion Mains Frequency Mechanical Conditions 9 10 Operating Angle Vibration Test Circuit Conditions 11 12 13 14 15 Current through CN circuit ICN Current through CX circuit ICX Ratio CX/CN Measurement Frequency Test Voltage Harmonic Distortion
C %
1
23 2* 45...75* non-condensing
+5...+40 20...80* non-condensing 70...106* < 50 115 / 230 10% 5 50 / 60 5%
-20...+70 20...80 non-condensing 70...106
kPa T
101,3* <5 115 / 230 1% 3 50 / 60 1%*
V AC % Hz
horizontal 30* negligible*
horizontal 90 negligible
A A
31A< ICN <15mA 31A< ICX <15A 0,5 ... 2000
31A> ICN <15mA 31A> ICX <15A 0,5 ... 2000 45 ... 65 5
Hz %
50 / 60 1% 3
...In accordance with IEC 359, Indoor application class 1 ...1kPa = kN/m
Operation Manual
Page 3
Bridge 2816, 2818
1.2.2.
Technical Data, Accuracy Specifications

Max. Max. Limits of error Remark
CN= 100 pF Display
Parameter
Test Object Capacitance 12kV / 200mA 1kV / 200mA 300V / 200mA at 12kV / 4.4A at 1kV / 4.4A Inductance
with supply type 5286 with supply type 5283 / 84
Measuring value Resolution Cx 50 Hz 53nF 630nF 2.1F 1.2F 14F Lx 0,4mH .... 70H 20H ........ 70kH tan 9.99 cos 1 IX Utest 12kV 1200kV f S P Q QF Im IFe 45...65Hz 999.9kVA 999.9kW 999.9kVar 9999 999.9A 999.9A 00.01Hz 0.001mVA 0.001mW 0.001mVar 0.001 0.001mA 0.001mA 15A 0.1mH 110 110
-4
60 Hz 44nF 530nF 1.8F 1F 11.7F 0.01pF 0.05% rdg 1 dig
*1
18 mm LCD
Measuring current extension with supply type 5283 or 5284U up to 4,4A with resonating inductor type 5288
*1 0.5% rdg 2 dig 1.0% rdg 110 1.0% rdg 110

-4
18 mm LCD 18 mm LCD 18 mm LCD *2 4 digits 18 mm LCD 18 mm LCD
Dissipation Factor Power Factor (PF) Test specimen current Test voltage with CN intern with CN extern Test frequency Apparent power Active power Reactive power Quality factor Magnetising current Iron loss current
-4
-4
0.001mA 0.001kV
1.0% rdg 2 dig 1.0% rdg 2 dig
0.02% rdg 1.5% rdg 1dig 1.5% rdg 1dig 1.5% rdg 1dig 1.0% rdg 1dig 1.5% rdg 2dig 1.5% rdg 2dig
4 digits 4 digits 4 digits 4 digits 4 digits 4 digits 4 digits
LCD dot matrix LCD dot matrix LCD dot matrix LCD dot matrix LCD dot matrix LCD dot matrix LCD dot matrix
*1 *2 *3
Measuring range depends on CN, Utest, f, Condition: 31A< ICN <15mA and 31A< IX <15A Max. input current of the bridge is 15A. With the use of the according HV- Supply the max. output current is 0,2A. The limits of error refers to the rated range of use.
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Operation Manual
Bridge 2816, 2818
1.2.3.
General Data
Measuring Time for the first measurement 4s
Test Object Capacitance CX 0.5 CN < CX < 20000 CN (e.g. with CN=100pF: 50pF ... 1,999F) Standard Capacitor CN Built-in 100pF / max. 12kV External 10pF ... 200nF (see ordering information)
for subsequent measurements 0.6 s Interface: Data exchange and remote control via RS232C interface and IEEE-488 (optional) Printer Output: For serial printer Calibration Interval 2 years Safety Specifications The instrument meets the requirements specified in VDE 0411/part 1a and IEC 348 (Protection Class I)
Supply Voltage UNetz: 115VAC or 230 VAC 10% Max. Current consumption INetz: Complete system (with HV Supply): 11A at 230VAC 22A at 115VAC Bridge only: 0.18A at 230VAC 0.36A at 115VAC
1.2.4.
Mechanical Data
Type Dimensions (W x H x D) 500x310x470 mm 530x326x615 mm 530x326x615 mm 530x326 mm x 20.9x12.8x24.2 in 20.9x12.8x24.2 in 20.9x12.8x24.2 in Weight 35kg 42kg 59kg 48kg 77 lb 92.4 lb 130 lb 106 lb
Measuring Bridge (laboratory version) Measuring bridge (field version) HV Transformer HV Control Unit
2818a 2818 5283/2 5283/1
615 20.9x12.8x24.2 in
Measuring Bridge (laboratory version) Measuring Bridge (field version)
2816a 2816
500x310x470 mm 570x380 mm 570x380 mm 570x380 mm x
19.7x12.2x18.5 in
31kg 31kg
68 lb 68 lb
560 22.5x14.9x22.0 in
HV Transformer
5284/I
560 22.5x14.9x22.0 in
46kg
101 lb
HV Control Unit
5284/II
560 22.5x14.9x22.0 in
27kg
59 lb
The C tan measuring bridge can be built into a 19 Rack and occupies 6 height units.
Operation Manual
Page 5
Bridge 2816, 2818
1.3.
Mains Supply Connection
The mains connection is located on the instrument rear panel. Please read Chapter 2 Safety as well as Chapter 4.1.4 test Object before you connect the mains supply or switch on the instrument.
The mains voltage switch must be set to the correct voltage (115VAC or 230VAC) before connecting the instrument to the mains supply. Otherwise damage may occur to the instrument.
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Operation Manual
Bridge 2816, 2818
Safety
2. Safety
Please read this page before connecting up and switching on the instrument.
When setting up and using the C tan measuring bridge with a regulator transformer, high voltage transformer and other high voltage components, certain safety considerations should be observed which are contained in the following standards: VDE 0100 (DIN 57100) VDE 0104 (DIN 57104) "Setting up of power equipment up to 1000V" "Test systems with voltages above 1kV"
2.1.
Introduction
This instrument has been developed, tested and delivered in safe working condition in accordance with the recommendations of IEC 348 Safety Requirements for Electronic Measuring Apparatus. The continued safe operation is dependent upon careful reading of this operation manual and observation of the safety advice and warnings therein. Although the instrument has been developed for indoor use, ambient temperatures within the range +5C to +40C will not adversely affect operational safety. The C tan measuring bridge may only be used under dry operating conditions. If the interior of the instrument is subjected to moisture for any length of time then it must not be put straight back into use. Before further use it must be left for a long time in a warm dry room. The measuring bridge described in this operation manual may only be operated by suitably qualified personnel. Setup, adjustment, service and repair of the uncased instrument are only to be carried out by professionally qualified personnel.
2.2.
Safety Precautions
Ensure that an earth cable is securely connected to the earth screw terminal (on instrument back panel) before any other cable connections are made. PLEASE BE AWARE, THAT YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR SAFETY! During the measurement the test object CX and the standard capacitor CN, which are connected to the circuit, are under high voltage. All personnel involved must observe all safety precautions to avoid contact with the live voltage components. The personnel involved in the measurement must be situated at an adequate distance from all live voltage components in the test circuit. All personnel not involved in the measurement must be prevented from accessing the test area by the use of suitable safety barriers, enclosures and clear warning signs. The test area may only be entered when the test circuit is without voltage and all components of the high voltage circuit are visibly earthed.
Tettex Test AG Tettex Instruments Division Operation Manual Page 7
Safety
Bridge 2816, 2818
The high voltage test equipment and the test object should preferably be located in an enclosed room. All test equipment that is provided with a high voltage source must be equipped with appropriate safety circuits. Never insert the mains plug into a mains socket without a protective earth contact. The earth protection must not be compromised e.g. by use of an extension cable without an earth connection. The use of an unearthed connection cable would interrupt the earth protection for the entire measurement system and the operator, and is therefore life threatening. To ensure correct operation of the earth protection, the mains lead must be securely inserted in the socket, before any measurement or control cables are connected.
2.3.
Warning
Any interruption of the earth path inside or outside the instrument, or a break in the connection to the earth terminal could be dangerous! A deliberate interruption of the protective earth path is strictly forbidden!
Setup, service and repair of the open instrument, when voltage is applied, is to be avoided if at all possible. If access is absolutely require under these conditions, then the work must only be carried out by suitably qualified personnel who are fully aware of the dangers present. When replacing defective fuses it must be ensured that the new fuses are of exactly the correct type and current rating. The use of temporary home-made fuses and short-circuiting of fuse holders is forbidden. In case of suspected damage, the instrument should always be removed from use and secured against further switching on. There is likelihood of damage to the electrical protection if, for example: visible damage has occurred (transportation, mishandling, ...) the planned measurements cannot be performed the equipment has been stored for a long time in unsuitable conditions.
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Insulation Measurement Theory
3. Insulation Measurement Theory

3.1. Why is Insulation Tested?
All transformers, high voltage switchgear, motors and electrical equipment accessories have a high voltage life expectancy. From the first day of use the equipment is subject to thermal and mechanical stresses, foreign particle ingress and variations in temperature and humidity. All of these influences raise the working temperature of the equipment when switched on. This heating accelerates chemical reactions in the electrical insulation, which result in a degradation of the dielectric characteristics. This process has an avalanche character i.e. the changing electrical characteristics of the insulation increase the loss factor and produce heating which further degrades the insulation. If the loss factor of the insulation is periodically monitored and recorded, it is possible to predict and/or avoid catastrophic failure of the electrical equipment. At the beginning of the public electricity supply industry, methods and processes were sought to avoid unexpected losses caused by equipment defects. One method that provided repeatable data and offered simple on-site measurement was the measurement of capacitance and loss factor ( power factor) of the equipment insulation. In cases where loss factor tests were regularly carried out, and the relevant test results compared with earlier results, the deterioration of the insulation was noted and necessary preventative measures were carried out. Based on this groundwork, a series of test procedures were developed and described in various IEEE, ANSI and IEC documents and standards to specify the insulation quality for various types of electrical equipment. These standards subsequently served as the basis for development of the Tettex measuring bridges and the introduction of associated software. In order to define acceptable loss factor values, a data record service was developed based upon statistical data that related to specific equipment types and models. Standard measurements of capacitance and loss factor of the electrical insulating medium were carried out to ensure that the data was comparable. The loss factor was calculated and the results were corrected by energy comparison to a value for a test voltage of 10kV. Some test results were further multiplied by a temperature correction factor to produce 20C compatible values. Any results that are now acquired at different test voltages and temperatures are recalculated for 10kV and / or 20C and then recorded and compared. In this way the degradation of the insulation characteristics over a specified period of time can be determined. With the test result history - based on a specific measurement instrument - an experienced engineer is able to take the necessary maintenance actions based upon changes in the value of loss factor.
3.2.
What is Loss Factor?
Loss factor is the total energy that will be used by the equipment during normal service. In particular, the insulation loss factor is any energy that is taken by the flow of current through the resistive component of the insulation. The earth path varies according to the type of electrical equipment. For example, switchgear will probably develop tracking to earth at right angles to the floor connections. In transformers paths can develop in the insulation resistance between
Tettex Test AG Tettex Instruments Division Operation Manual Page 9
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the windings or between the windings and housing (tank). In all cases the result is a loss factor in the form of heating. Note: in this text loss factor is referred to, in contrast with total loss factor. Total loss factor is normally used to describe the total losses of the transformer under load and should not be confused with the energy that is lost due to degradation of the insulation.
3.3.
What is Dissipation Factor tan ?
To specify the insulation loss factor, the test object must be considered in the test arrangement as a capacitor. Consider all test objects e.g. transformers, bushings, busbars, generators, motors, high voltage switchgear etc. are constructed from metal and insulation, and therefore possess associated capacitive properties. Every test object consists of various capacitances together with the insulation and the internal capacitance to earth. Figure 1 shows the components that comprise a capacitance and the diagram for a simple disc capacitor.
C= A d
d A
Key: A....... electrode face d ....... distance between the electrodes C....... capacitance -12 0 ...... dielectric constant of air (0=8,854210 F/m) r ....... relative dielectric constant dependent upon material ........ = 0 r, dielectric constant
Figure 1:
Disc Capacitor
In an ideal capacitor the resistance of the insulation material (dielectric) is infinitely large. That means that, when an AC voltage is applied, the current leads the voltage by exactly 90 as it flows as pure current. After further consideration it must be realized that every insulation material contains single free electrons that show little loss under DC conditions with P= U2/R. Under AC a behavior called dielectric hysterisis loss occurs which is analogous to hysterisis loss in iron.
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As losses therefore occur in every insulation material, an equivalent diagram of a real capacitance can be constructed as follows:
IC I U Test IC C IR
Loss factor (Dissipation Factor)

tan = PR IR XC 1 = = = Q C IC R C R
Power Factor
R IR
PF = cos =
IR PR tan = = I SC 1 + tan2
U Test
Figure 2:
Parallel equivalent diagram of a lossy capacitance with vector diagram
Key to Figure 2:
UTest ...... applied test voltage IC .......... current through capacitance IR .......... current through resistance (insulating material) C .......... ideal capacitance R .......... ideal resistance Because P = Q tan , the losses which are proportional to tan , will usually be given as a value of tan to express the quality of an insulation material. Therefore the angle is described as loss angle and tan as loss factor.
3.4.
The Difference between Power Factor cos and Dissipation Factor tan
While Dissipation Factor tan is used in Europe to describe dielectric losses, the calculation used in the United States is Power Factor cos . The statistical data that have been collected in North America have been calculated using the loss factor cos (Power Factor) to specify the power losses in the insulation. Because the angles are complimentary it is unimportant whether tan or cos is used as with very small values the difference is negligible.
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3.5.
Apparent Power, Real Power, Reactive Power

S Q
The relationship between the various types of power is clarified in the following equations. Apparent Power: Real Power: Reactive Power: S = UI P = UI cos Q = UI sin [VA] [W] [var]
Figure 3:
Because most test objects are not a pure resistance and therefore have a phase angle between the test voltage and current, this phase shift must also be taken into consideration in the power calculation.
3.6.
Test Instruments
There are three basic kinds of capacitance, tan and Power Factor test instruments in use. 1. Although the high accuracy Schering Bridge must be balanced manually and the balance observed on a null indicator, it has been widely sold and used for decades up until this day. The capacitance and dissipation factor can be calculated by reading the position of the balance elements. 2. The automatically balanced C tan measuring bridge performs measurement by the differential transformer method. The automatic balancing makes operation very easy. 3. The vector voltmeter method is essentially a modification of the differential transformer method. All three methods are in current use for accurate and repeatable measurements of C tan on various test objects. The differences basically lie in the resolution and accuracy. Different instruments are generally developed specially for field or laboratory measurement. Field instruments are specially constructed for rugged field requirements and are equipped with a high voltage source with a maximum test voltage of 10kV. In addition, such instruments are provided with a wealth of special features such as conversion tables to correct to 20C and noise suppression for accurate measurements in electromagnetic fields. Laboratory instruments have been constructed for indoor use where high accuracy specifications are required. These test systems are built in a modular construction for higher test voltages. The systems may be used for daily routine testing, for high precision long duration tests or for acceptance tests.
3.7.
Evaluation of Test Results
The absolute value of the dissipation factor varies between different test objects. Statistical data has been collected over the years and the manufacturer can advise typical dissipation factor
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values based upon the test object type, model and maintenance interval. A better solution is to establish the previous test history for every test object in order to establish test curve trends. On some apparatus e.g. bushings the dissipation factor is sometimes given on the identification plate. There are several guidelines that can be used to establish if a test object has an insulation problem. For example: High voltage generators and motor windings have less than 3% Power transformers have less than 2% instrument transformers have less than 5% High voltage bushings have less than 1.5%
These guidelines can differ from the actual values and acceptable limits depending upon the manufacturer, model, maintenance interval, type of maintenance carried out and ambient conditions. It must be mentioned that numerous statistical values have been gathered in mW instead of raw data (PF or tan ). The mW losses are the real power losses in the insulation calculated at either 2.5kV or 10kV.
3.8.
Supplementary Test Methods
As of today there exists no other test method that can replace the currently used C tan test. Nevertheless, several measurement methods exist which compliment dissipation factor measurement and assist in localization of defects in the test object. Partial Discharge Measurement is unprotected against external electromagnetic disturbances and on-site measurement presents quite a lot of problems. Oil Analysis Measurements provide useful information about the insulating oil in transformers and oil-paper insulation systems. Megger Test results are not comparable with earlier test results and are influenced by changes in ambient conditions. The Recovery Voltage Meter RVM provides information about the aging condition of the oilpaper insulation. This method cannot currently be used for testing synthetic insulation.
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Technical Overview
4. Technical Overview
4.1. System Components
As the Measuring Bridge requires certain accessories to form a complete system, the additional components are briefly explained below. The basic setup for the measuring bridge consists of the standard capacitor, the high voltage supply and the actual test object. Of course, in addition to the accessories and the test object, a measurement cable is also required.
4.1.1.
Standard Capacitor CN
The standard capacitor The TCN is the standard to which the whole measurement refers and with which the test object is compared. Therefore the demands placed upon this test standard are high e.g. tan less than 110-5, good long term stability and exact capacitance value. The quality of the standard capacitor is therefore an important integral part for the accuracy of the complete test system. It is recommended to use a Haefely product for this test standard. Haefely has a large selection of standard capacitors to suit various test objects and high voltage supplies.
4.1.2.
High Voltage Supply
The quality of the high voltage supply is also important for the measurement accuracy of the complete test system. In order to be able to perform measurements on earthed test objects it is useful to have a double screened supply. Without this double screening the influence of stray capacitance is increased. The output voltage should be distortion free i.e. the purity of the wave shape is important. If the supply voltage contains harmonics then the capacitive load of the test object (and the standard capacitor) will also be stressed with these harmonics. The result is the multiple of the number of the power supply harmonic (e.g. 5% of third harmonic in the power supply produces 15% in the measuring bridge). To prevent undesired harmonics reaching the test object it is advantageous to use a resonant circuit arrangement (see Figure 4). For measurement at low voltages it is an advantage to connect the smoothing inductor L to the transformer. Of course a parallel resonant arrangement can also be used. In this case the smoothing inductor L must be connected parallel to the input connectors of the transformer. It is also possible to make the parallel connection on the secondary side of the transformer.
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Technical Overview
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Z1
Z2 M CX CN
Figure 4:
Alternative series diagram for high voltage supply
Key:
Z1, Z2..... stray inductance of the transformer M ............ no-load inductance of the transformer S............. stray inductance of the current source L ............. smoothing inductor CX ........... test object CN ........... standard capacitor For on-site maintenance, when a portable complete test system is required for lower voltages, we recommend the high voltage supply type 5284U. This high voltage supply was specially developed for this measuring bridge and consists of the high voltage supply type 5284/2U with a built-in standard capacitor (100pF/12kV). The maximum test voltage is 12kV. With the C tan measuring bridge and this special high voltage supply the user is equipped with a valuable test system.
4.1.3.
Measurement Cable
It should be ensured that the conductor resistance of the measurement cable is as low as possible. The conductor resistance falsifies the tan measurement if the capacitance of the test object is very large. To avoid errors in the measurement of tan , which can arise from test circuit current, particular attention must be given to the conductor resistance of the connecting cable. When measuring a test capacitance of 500F at 50Hz with a series resistance of 0.01, caused by the measurement cable, an additional tan value of 0.00157 is produced. With such large capacitances the conductor resistance Rk2 of the connection between the test object and bridge must be kept as low as possible by use of a short measurement cable with a large cross section. The influence of the cable resistance Rk1, between the supply and the test object, can be eliminated by connecting the high voltage terminal of the standard capacitor directly to the test object (see Figure 5).
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Technical Overview
Rk1 CX tan X Rk2 v N1
N2
UTest
CN
CX NI
CN
G P
Type 2816 or 2818
Figure 5:
Low conductor resistance measurement cable Rk1, Rk2
4.1.4.
Test Object
Test objects, shown as Cx, (see Figure 2 in Chapter 4.1.3 Measurement Cable)are components or insulation materials of which the capacitance or the dielectric losses are to be measured. The insulation material may be solid or liquid (e.g. insulating oil). Measurements can be carried out on power transformers, measurement transformers, bushings, switchgear, surge arrestors, capacitors, motors, generators, cables etc. For measurements with insulating materials in liquid or solid form, specially developed test cells are recommended which can be ordered as optional accessories from Tettex Instruments Division. The relative permitivity (dielectric constant) and dissipation factor tan can then be determined.
4.2.
Mains Connection
The power cable provided must be used for connection to the mains supply. The C tan measuring bridge type 2816 is equipped with a current supply which can provide various output voltages. This internal supply does not automatically adjust to the supply voltage. Therefore the supply voltage must be switched to either 115VAC or 230VAC. The instrument is factory set to the voltage specified by the customer. Warning: The C tan measuring bridge can be used with 115VAC or 230VAC. It is essential that the voltage setting of the instrument is checked before connecting to the mains supply. If the mains voltage differs from that shown on the mains socket of the instrument, then the bridge and the high voltage supply must be set to the required mains voltage.
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Technical Overview
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4.3.
Earthing
Special attention should be paid to the earthing connections as safety and measurement accuracy are dependent upon them. It is always recommended to carefully inspect the earthing connections for every test circuit.
!
4.4.
Removal of earthing connections, either on the power cable or at the earth connection of the instrument, results in the instrument floating above earth potential. This is extremely dangerous when high voltage measurements are performed on test objects.
Determining the Maximum Test Voltage and Current through the Test Capacitance at 50 Hz
Maximum Test Voltage
4.4.1.
If nothing is specified in the appropriate standards, then we recommend measurement at service voltage as the losses in normal use are of interest. Higher voltages run the risk of flashovers. If you are uncertain, we recommend that you follow the relevant standards. For specialized questions please contact the Customer Support Department at Tettex Instruments Division. The maximum test voltage that must not be exceeded, in order to avoid damage to the instrument, can be calculated as follows:
UTest max = ICN max 2 f CN
ICN max 15 mA
4.4.2.
Minimum Test Voltage
The instrument requires a minimal test voltage in order to be able to perform a useful measurement. As the test voltage is measured by the current ICN through the standard capacitor, the minimum voltage at which full measurement precision can be obtained can be calculated as follows:
UTest min = ICN min 2 f CN
ICN min 31 A
The minimum test voltage at which the instrument no longer produces a test result is actually considerably lower.
4.4.3.
Maximum Test Current
The maximum test current increase with the test capacitance Cx and the test voltage UTest (with normal loss insulation material where the tan is relatively small). This is clear from the following formula:
IX = UTest 2 f Cx
Example: UTest = 10000 V

Bridge 2816, 2818
Technical Overview
CX= 1 F f= 50Hz tan < 10-2 Test Instrument Type 2816 (IX< 15A) Calculated maximum test current: IX = 100002f110-6 = 3.14 A This means that a measurement on a test object capacitance of 1 F at 10kV / 50 Hz amounts to a test current of 3.14A. This measurement can be performed without hesitation for test objects with normal loss insulation having a small dissipation factor tan . The above calculation is actually valid for purely capacitive test objects (tan = 0). It can also be used as an approximation for lossy test objects, as long as the tan is not larger than 0.01. The maximum test current IX must not be larger than 15A. If this were to be exceeded then the measuring bridge could be damaged (the in-built protection will trigger). When measuring very large test capacitances, where the measurement current is greater than 15A, an external high precision current comparator must be employed to extend the current range. Tettex Instruments has specially developed a range of high precision current comparators that have a transfer error of just a few ppm (parts per million) and an error angle of hundredths of a minute.
4.5.
Determination of Standard Capacitor Requirements
Before the standard capacitor can be determined, the following must be known: Which capacitance values are to be measured? Minimum value <CX < Maximum value How large is the maximum test voltage? What is the test voltage frequency? If the above limiting values are known then the standard capacitor can be determined in conjunction with the requirements listed in the data sheet. (see Chapter 1.2 Technical Data). These requirements are: Current through standard capacitor ICN Ratio between test capacitance and standard capacitor 31A ICN 15mA
Cx 1 CN
Of course, the maximum test voltage must not be larger than the nominal voltage of the standard capacitor. UTest UCN If it is not yet known exactly which capacitance is to be measured, we recommend use of a standard capacitor with a capacitance value of 100pF. Using this standard capacitor, test objects can be measured within the range ca. 50pF to 2 F.
4.6.
Conversion Formulae Parallel & Series Equivalent Circuits
See also Chapter 5.2.5.3.6.5 OPT 5; Conversion between series / parallel equivalent circuits C serie
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Technical Overview
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4.6.1.
Parallel Equivalent Circuit
The Type 2816 measuring bridge measures the parallel equivalent circuit Cp-Rp of the test object Cx.
Rp
Rp = 1 tan * Cp *
Cp
*......measured value
Figure 6:
Parallel equivalent circuit
4.6.2.
Series Equivalent Circuit
The following conversion formula is valid for the series equivalent circuit Cs-Rs:
Cs = Cp * (1 + tan2 *)
Cs
Rs
Rs = Rp
tan2 * 1 + tan2 *
*......measured value Figure 7: Series equivalent circuit
4.7.
4.7.1.
Functional Description
C tan Measurement Using the Double Vectorvoltmeter Principle
The double vectorvoltmeter method relies upon measurement of the current IN through the known reference capacitor CN and measurement of the current IX through the unknown test object CX. Both currents are galvanically separated and transferred by an instrument transformer, and finally converted into voltages. Both voltages UX and UN are then separated into real and imaginary components, which facilitates the calculation of CX and tan .
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Technical Overview
4.7.1.1.
Schematic diagram of C tan measurement double vectorvoltmeter principle

u
IX I Rx I Cx
Key:
IN U Test
RX
CX
CN
I U
UX ~ I X
I U
UN ~ I N
PSG ..... Phase Selective Rectifier P ........ Microprocessor Re ........ Real component Im......... Imaginary component XRe........ Real component of test object XIm ........ Imaginary component of test object NRe ....... Real component of standard capacitor NIm ........ Imaginary component of standard capacitor CX ......... Test object (ideal capacitance) CN ......... Standard capacitor (with tan < 1 10-5) RX ......... test object losses UTest ...... Test voltage
PSG
X- Channel
PSG
N- Channel
X Re X Re X Im N Re N Im
X Im
N Re
N Im
C N , tan
Figure 8:
Schematic diagram of C tan measurement double vectorvoltmeter principle
As this principle only functions when ICX and IRX are of a similar order of magnitude, a trick must be used in order to reach the required accuracy. Further, it should be observed that the input stage of such a system is a differentiating circuit and, as a result, all kinds of harmonics can have a strong influence on the measurement signal. Additionally, only relatively lossy test objects with losses in the region of 10% and upwards can be measured.
4.7.2.
The Refined Double Vectorvoltmeter Principle
The following trick is applied in order to be able to measure test objects with small losses. (see Figure 9): The purely capacitive signal from channel N- is taken, the polarity inverted and applied to channel X- such that the ICX- component is compensated for as completely as possible. The very small IRx- component remains, which is then amplified and can be measured with good resolution. In addition, very selective filters are inserted in both the N and X channels such that the 50Hz (60Hz) component is eliminated from the target measurement signal. Further, both channels are provided with programmable amplifiers. For completeness, the N- channel signal is rectified to obtain a signal that is proportional to the test voltage UTest.
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Technical Overview
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4.7.2.1.
Schematic diagram of C tan measurement refined double vectorvoltmeter principle

u
I Rx
I Cx
RX
IX
CX
U Test
CN
IN
I U
I U
I U
UN ~ I N
~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~
Filter
Gain programmable amplifier
PSG
X- Channel
AC DC
PSG
N- Channel
Phase selective rectifier
X Re
X Im
U N ~ U test
N Re
N Im
Figure 9:
Schematic diagram of C tan measurement refined double vectorvoltmeter principle
With the measurement system shown in Figure 9 measurement values of CX, tan , UTest, cos , SX, PX, QX, and IX can be determined and displayed
4.7.3.
Interference Suppression
Interference Suppression is particularly effective in surroundings with magnetic and electrical alternating fields. The presence of such disturbances can be verified by switching the polarity of the high voltage. If, as a result, the displayed measurement varies greatly then this can be attributed to disturbances and a measurement with interference suppression is then recommended.
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Technical Overview
Such situations are often encountered during maintenance measurements i.e. measurements to check the condition of equipment currently in use. Such equipment is mostly found in electrical utility substations, where high voltages and currents are present. The associated alternating fields can induce disturbance voltages in the test circuit. Such influences can cause strong instability in the measurement value and can even altogether prevent a meaningful measurement. The induced interference voltages must be compensated for.
4.7.3.1.
Schematic diagram interference suppression; signal processing

1 U Komp RE P1
U Test
+ phase converter 90 1 U Komp IM P2 +
U Komp
Figure 10:
Signal processing for interference suppression
Signal processing for interference suppression requires the following modules: a signal from the network voltage UTestAC, an amplifier stage that can be set to +1 or 1 and a 90 phase shifter. The amplifier stage can generate signals of 0 and 180 phase, as well as -90 and 270. The two signals UKomp RE and UKomp IM can be weighted with potentiometers P1 and P2 and a further stage adds the two signals together. With the principle shown in Figure 10, a signal can be generated with amplitude 0...UTestAC and phase 0 ... -360 i.e. a compensating vector can be produced that can lie in all 4 quadrants. Using this compensations vector, any interference voltage (synchronous to the supply) can be nulled.
4.7.4.
Measurement of Inductances
So far only measurement of capacitances has been discussed. However, this system also enables the measurement of inductances. inductances produce a 180 phase shifted voltage in comparison with capacitances, which means that the measurement signal vector has the opposite polarity. For this, there is another stage built in, which subtracts the inductive component from the measurement signal before the capacitive component is compensated away (see Figure 47: Block schematic diagram of the complete measurement system). In this way, an inductance LX, equivalent resistance and quality factor QL can be determined using the same method as for capacitance measurement,. As a kind of by-product, the magnetizing current of LX and the losses as apparent, real and reactive power can be calculated from the measured values of LX, QL, fTest and Utest, and displayed.
Operation Manual
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Technical Overview
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4.7.5.
Dynamic Average Calculation
If measurements are desired at low test voltages (<1kV with CN= 100pF), the signal to noise ratio will be unfavorable and the measurement value will be unstable. A good result can be obtained by calculating the mean value:
m= 1 n mi n i=1
Further investigation using the method of smallest error quadrant gives

S2 m =
n 1 Si 2 n 1 i=1
Si ...error of a single measurement
the mean quadratic deviation or variance, a measure that indicates how the measurements vary from the mean value. The standard deviation can be calculated from the variance:
Sm = S n
The standard error of the mean value Sm from n measurements is also the same as the standard error of a single measurement divided by n .
Sm 1 S n
n 5 10 15 20
From the above reasoning it can be seen that a mean calculation using relatively few measurement values is sufficient to increase the measurement accuracy, even under difficult conditions.
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Display and Operation Elements
5. Display and Operation Elements

5.1. Instrument Back Panel
HIGH VOLTAGE
HV - GROUND
Tettex Instruments
TYPE SERIAL NO. VOLTAGE FREQUENCY CURRENT FUSE VAC Hz A A
INTERFACE IEEE 488
PRINTER
CONTROL
MAINS INPUT A INPUT B INPUT C N EXTERN v
Figure 11:
Instrument back panel
5.1.1.
Mains Power Connection

Mains voltage selector 115/230V Mains Safety fuseholder Socket for connection of the supplied mains cable
MAINS
Figure 12: Mains power connection
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The socket for the mains cable is located on the instrument back panel. For safety reasons only the supplied power cable should be used with the instrument. Above the mains socket is a slide switch for selection of the mains voltage (115VAC or 230VAC).
!
5.1.1.1.
Before the instrument is connected to the mains, it is vital that the mains selector switch is set to the correct supply voltage (115VAC or 230VAC).
If your equipment comprises a complete measurement system consisting of measuring bridge and specially developed 12kV high voltage supply, then the measuring bridge can be directly connected to the mains cable of the control unit. If the mains switch of the measuring bridge is left switched on, then the complete test system can be switched on or off by using the central mains switch of the control unit.
Mains fuses
On the mains socket panel, above the actual mains socket, there is located a fuseholder which contains a slow-blow fuse (5x20 mm). The fuseholder also contains a replacement fuse of equal rating. The instrument is delivered with the correct mains supply voltage already selected. Depending upon the mains voltage, the following fuses are installed: 115 VAC 230 VAC 2A slow-blow 1A slow-blow The instrument must be disconnected from all voltage sources if a fuse has to be replaced or the instrument has to be opened. When replacing the mains fuse always use a replacement fuse with the same specifications and current rating. Otherwise the instrument could be damaged.
!
5.1.2.
HIGH VOLTAGE Socket on the Type 2818 Measuring Bridge

HIGH VOLTAGE
The input socket for high voltage is only found on the Type 2818 and 2818a measuring bridges, as only these instruments have a built-in standard capacitor to which the high voltage must be connected. Measuring bridges Type 2816 and 2816a are not equipped with this high voltage input socket, as they do not have a built-in standard capacitor. The plug and socket connector has been developed specially for high voltage by Tettex Instruments and is designed for a maximum voltage of 12kV.
Figure 13:
HIGH VOLTAGE socket on Type 2818
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5.1.3.
HV GROUND Earth Terminals

HV - GROUND
Figure 14:
v
Earth terminals on the instrument back panel
Key: HV- Ground... Earth terminal for the high voltage supply v.................... low voltage point of the high voltage supply i.e. reference point of the test circuit Reliable and clean earth terminals are important for safe and accurate measurements. A solid earth connection between the test area and the earth terminal on the instrument back panel is highly recommended.
!
5.1.4.
When using this instrument with the specially developed high voltage supply it is essential that the HV ground connection is never connected to mains earth, otherwise the safety circuit will be bypassed (see high voltage supply operation manual).
Measurement Connections and Signal Inputs

HV - Ground
Figure 15:
INPUT A INPUT B INPUT CN EXTERN v
Measurement connections CX, CN and signal inputs
Key: INPUT A............... measurement channel A input INPUT B............... measurement channel A input INPUT CN EXTERN ... standard capacitor CN input Special single pole, single shielded measurement cables fitted with "Lemma plugs are provided for measurement. These plugs (Tettex Order Nr. 010689-00-0.7) are protected against unintentional disconnection and plug into the appropriate sockets (INPUT A, INPUT B, INPUT CN EXTERN) on the instrument back panel. The v connector is the low voltage point of the high voltage supply and must never be identical to the system earth. Connection to the v socket can be made with a 4mm banana plug or by using the screw terminal.
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System earth connection can be made using the screw terminal or the 4mm socket. If system earth is to be connected to the low voltage point of the high voltage supply (v connector), then this can be achieved using the link supplied.
!
5.1.5.
When using this instrument with the specially developed high voltage supply it is essential that the HV ground connection is never connected to mains earth, otherwise the safety circuit will be bypassed (see high voltage supply operation manual).
Interfaces
INTERFACE IEEE 488
Figure 16:
PRINTER
Interfaces for computer and printer
CONTROL
All connections for computer or printer are located on the rear panel of the instrument. The following interfaces are provided: INTERFACE IEEE 488 Interface for remote control of the measuring bridge. Although Interface IEEE 488 is printed on the panel, the standard built-in interface is RS 232. An IEEE interface can also be built in as an option (see chapter 5.1.5.1). Interface for connection of an external serial printer for test reports. Interface for connection to the associated high voltage supply control unit. This is only needed if the measuring bridge is being used with the matching high voltage supply. Measuring bridge type 2816 high voltage supply type 5284U Measuring bridge type 2818 high voltage supply type 5283
PRINTER CONTROL
5.1.5.1.
RS232 / IEEE 488 interfaces for remote control
The instrument can be completely remote controlled via the RS232 or optionally available IEEE interfaces. Additionally, all displayed measurement values can be read. The instrument cannot be fitted with both interfaces, either RS232C or IEEE 488.
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Attention:
!
Note:
Connection is made via the INTERFACE IEEE 488 socket, even if the built-in interface is RS 232C. If the RS 232C interface is fitted then a special adapter cable is supplied (Nr. 020219-00 IEEE 488 / RS232C). This facilitates connection of the RS 232C cable to the INTERFACE IEEE 488.
Remote control capability can be fully exploited by our optional RS 232C software that facilitates easy test solutions as well proof of testing in accordance with relevant standards. For customers who wish to write their own software the complete command set is provided in Chapter 17 Appendix B Interfaces. Ensure that a screened cable is used for data transfer so that disturbances do not influence the data. Such disturbances, caused by e.g. impulse testing or flashovers, can result in faulty operation or in worst cases can damage the computer.
5.1.5.2.
PRINTER interface
The PRINTER interface is available for producing test data reports on an external printer. This PRINTER interface is an RS 232C interface. Production of a test value printout is achieved by pressing the relevant key on the front panel of the measuring bridge (see Chapter 5.2.5.3.8 Printing measurement values PRINT). Every press of the PRINT key sends an ASCII character set which will be printed out as lines.
5.1.5.3.
High voltage supply interface CONTROL
Interface for connection to the associated high voltage supply control unit. This is only needed if the measuring bridge is being used with the matching high voltage supply. Measuring bridge type 2816 Measuring bridge type 2818 high voltage supply type 5284U high voltage supply type 5283
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5.2.
Instrument Front Panel

Tettex Instruments
pF /mH nF /H F /kH
tan PF
kV mA A
U test IX
CAPACITANCE / INDUCTANCE
DISSIPATION/POWER FACTOR
TEST VOLTAGE / CURRENT
CAPACITANCE AND DISSIPATION / POWER FACTOR TEST SET

TEST MODE
CN
UST A+B
REF
EXT INT INTERF SUPPR
7
UST A
GST A+B EXT 8INT
GSTgA+B
9
GSTg A
S PRINT
EXT INT
PRINT
4
UST B
Im PRINT 5 QF PRINT 2 I Fe PRINT 0
6
GSTg B
P PRINT
SET
IDENT INPUT
OPT
tan /PF 20C
Q PRINT SPACE f PRINT
CN
POWER
TEST MODE DISP MODE RUN
20C
ENTER
Figure 17:
Front view of C tan measuring bridge type 2816 and 2818
5.2.1.
Comments on the Controls
The controls (keys) of the instrument are not switches in the normal sense, but rather piezocrystals that produce a voltage when mechanically stressed. When pressing the key no mechanical movement will be felt. This type of key/switch is particularly robust under rough conditions and is splash and scratch resistant. Pressing a key produces a short beep tone but only results in an action if the desired operation is sensible. LEDs inside some keys indicate the current operational mode of the instrument. For extra user friendliness the indicators have been designed such that the operational mode is still visible even under difficult light conditions such as strong sunlight.
5.2.2.
Display Contrast
The display contrast is preset in the factory and cannot be changed by the operator.
5.2.3.
Grouping of Front Panel Controls
The front panel of the instrument consists of a piezo-crystal keyboard with 4 integrated LCD display and is divided into the following elements: Displays Seven segment display Capacitance / Inductance Seven segment display Dissipation / Power Factor Seven segment display Test Voltage / Current Dot matrix display Test Mode
Bridge 2816, 2818
Operating elements Keyboard for Test Mode, measurement value definition / numerical keys Selection of Test Mode / Display Mode RUN (start the measurement) Keyboard for input of system parameters
5.2.4.
Display with Measurement Value Keys
The instrument has three LCD measurement value displays and a dot matrix display on which chosen measurement values can be displayed one under another. Keys next to the LCD displays are used to determine the measurement value to be displayed.
5.2.4.1.
Capacitance / Inductance display

pF /mH nF /H F /kH
Figure 18:
Capacitance / Inductance Display
This 4-digit display shows the measured capacitance or inductance of the test object. A small horizontal dash on the right hand edge of the display indicates the unit of measurement. The measuring bridge independently recognizes if the test object is capacitive or inductive. If the test object is capacitive then the dot matrix display TEST MODE shows a rotating CCC and if the test object is inductive then a rotating LLL is displayed. Using this information, it should be clear whether the units on the units display are F (Farad = capacitance) or H (Henry = inductance). The measurement values that are displayed are always those associated with the parallel equivalent circuit (see Chapter 4.6 Conversion Formulae Series & Parallel Equivalent Circuits). If the rotating LLL or CCC is replaced alternately by a R it shows that the turns ratio for an external current comparator is set (1).
5.2.4.2.
Dissipation / Power Factor display

tan PF
Figure 19:
Dissipation / Power Factor Display
This 4 digit display shows the measured value of Dissipation Factor tan or Power Factor cos of the test object.
5.2.4.2.1.
tan and PF (cos ) measurement value keys
Pressing one of the keys next to the display (tan or PF) will cause the associated measurement value to appear. These keys have built-in LEDs that indicate which key is active. If one of these keys is press twice then the associated measurement value will be displayed in percent.
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5.2.4.3.
Test Voltage / Current display

kV mA A U test IX
Figure 20:
Test Voltage / Current Display
This 3 digit display shows the measured test circuit voltage in kV or the test current IX through the test object in mA or A. A small horizontal dash on the right hand edge of the display indicates the unit of measurement.
5.2.4.3.1.
Utest and IX measurement value keys
Pressing one of the keys next to the display (Utest or IX) will cause the associated measurement value to appear. These keys have built-in LEDs that indicate which key is active. When the measurement value has been selected, the instrument automatically selects the optimum measurement range.
5.2.4.4.
Test Mode dot matrix display
The backlit dot matrix display is a two-line multi-function display. This display shows measurement values (Display Mode), Test Mode, type of test object (capacitive or inductive), firmware version and menu-assisted parameter input, error messages and much more. Operation of this display is further described in Chapter 5.2.5 Operation elements. The following diagram shows a typical display during a measurement.
Internal measurement range (3...-1) Test Mode
TEST MODE
Type of test object in this case capacitive
UST A R3 f = 50.05 Hz
CC A12
Display Mode selectable by user
Dynamic averaging is activated and will be calculated from 12 measurement values
Figure 21:
Test Mode display, typical measurement values
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5.2.5. 5.2.5.1.
Operating Elements Test Mode keyboard, measurement values / numerical keys

Figure 22: Test Mode keyboard, measurement values / numerical keys
UST A+B
7
UST A
GST A+B EXT 8INT
GSTgA+B
9
GSTg A
S PRINT
4
UST B
6
GSTg B
P PRINT
ENTER
Nearly all the keys on this keyboard have double functions. There are, in total, three functions integrated into this keyboard, namely the TEST MODE (red), the measurement display DISPLAY MODE (blue) and the keys for alphanumeric entry (black). Choice of measurement type or the measurement value display is selected by using the following keys: TEST MODE is selected by first pressing the red TEST MODE key. Similarly, the measurement values in the dot matrix display are selected by pressing the blue DISP MODE key.
TEST MODE
DISP MODE
5.2.5.1.1.
Entering alphanumeric values
The black alphanumeric keys are used for entering system parameters. Alphanumeric inputs can contain a maximum of 15 characters. The following keys are available: 0...9 / SPACE Letters (e.g. description of test location) can be entered by using the arrow keys. Every press of the arrows produces a letter of the alphabet. The letters can be scrolled through by pressing the appropriate arrow key to scroll forwards or backwards through the alphabet. Pressing ENTER accepts the character and the cursor moves forward one space. If a character (letter, number etc.) is to be deleted then scroll through the characters until appears. Pressing the ENTER key will then delete the character to the left of the . Using the above instructions enter the desired characters e.g. description of test location, and end the character entry with the RUN key.
5.2.5.1.2.
Type of measurement TEST MODE
A special switching unit enables measurement of both earthed and floating test objects. Determination of dissipation factor tan and desired partial capacitance of test object depends upon the appropriate choice of the measurement type UST, GST or GSTg. UST Ungrounded Specimen Test
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GST
Grounded Specimen Test Measurement of a test object earthed on one side. Low voltage electrode and housing are connected to earth.
GST g Grounded Specimen Test with guarding Measurement of a test object earthed on one side, on which the undesirable partial capacitance is eliminated by connection to the supply reference point v. The designations A, B, A+B refer to the two available measurement channels A and B. A+B means that both channels are connected in parallel (further information is available in Chapter 7.3 Test Setup and Test Modes). To choose a TEST MODE proceed as follows:
TEST MODE
ENTER NEW TEST MODE (RED KEY s)
Press the red TEST MODE key and the display shown here to the left will appear. This display enables selection of the desired TEST MODE.
GSTg A
Press, for example, the

TEST MODE
key.
GSTg A 12 : 15 f = 50.05 Hz
The chosen test mode is switched in and the display appears as shown. If an invalid key is pressed following the pressing of the TEST MODE key then the display will appear as shown to the left.
TEST MODE
PLEASE: RED KEY! TRY AGAIN!
5.2.5.1.3.
DISPLAY MODE
Several additional measurement values can be selected by the user and shown on the dot matrix display: S........ Apparent power of the test object P........ Real power of the test object Q ....... Reactive power of the test object f ......... Frequency of system synchronization When measuring inductance the following values are useful: Im ....... Magnetizing current QF ..... Quality factor IFe....... Iron loss current To choose the DISPLAY MODE proceed as follows:
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TEST MODE
ENTER NEW DISP MODE (BLUE KEYS)
Press the blue DISP MODE key and the display shown here to the left will appear. This display enables input of the desired measurement parameters. Press, for example, the
Q PRINT SPACE
key.
TEST MODE
UST A 12 : 15 Q= 0.000mVAR
The selected measurement parameter will appear in the second line of the display. If an invalid key is pressed after DISP MODE has been pressed, then the display shown here to the left will appear.
TEST MODE
WRONG ! TRY A BLUE KEY!
5.2.5.2.
Activating the measurement RUN

After switching on the measurement bridge, the RUN button must be pressed once in order to activate the measurement. In addition, the RUN key has the function of storing the measurement value during the measurement (Hold Mode). The instantaneous measurement value will then be frozen. This means that all measurement values are retained and can be read from the display until the RUN key is pressed once more.
RUN
20C
For safety reasons this is not valid for the high voltage display. Although all other measurement values are frozen, the current test voltage in kV will continue to be displayed. The update rate of the high voltage display is four times faster in Hold Mode. Figure 23 Activating the measurement RUN
5.2.5.3.
CN
EXT INT
Keyboard for entering system parameters

REF
Figure 24:
PRINT
System parameter keyboard
SET
IDENT INPUT
OPT
tan /PF 20C
CN
POWER
This keyboard is used to define all the system parameters that are necessary for the measurement. If entry of values is necessary then this is achieved using the alphanumeric keyboard as described in Chapter 5.2.5.2 Test Mode keyboard, measurement values / numerical keys.
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5.2.5.3.1.
POWER
POWER mains switch

The POWER switch is used to switch on the instrument. Before switching on the measuring bridge, please read the safety advice in Chapter 2 Safety and ensure that the mains voltage selection switch is set to the correct position (Chapter 5.1.1).
!
5.2.5.3.2.
CN
EXT INT
Input of CN value
Before a measurement can be performed, the exact capacitance value of the standard capacitor CN in pF must be programmed into the measuring bridge. As the entire measurement is dependent upon the quality of the standard capacitor, this value must be accurately known. External standard capacitor CNext
First press the EXT/INT key so that the LED is lit. Now follow the operator instructions on the dot matrix display and, using the numerical keys (see Chapter CN 5.2.5.1), enter the exact capacitance value of the externally connected standard capacitor ending with the ENTER key. This value is not stored in the volatile memory of the measuring bridge. When the measuring bridge is switched off, this values remains stored.
SET
Warning:
When using the measuring bridge together with a dedicated Tettex Instruments Division high voltage supply (type 5283 or 5284), the choice of CNext disables the high voltage from being switched on. The value entered must be greater than 10pF otherwise an error message will appear (Your input value is out of range). If an external standard capacitor is being used for measurement, then the applied high voltage must not exceed a maximum value, otherwise the measuring bridge may be damaged. For further information see Chapter 4.4.1 Maximum test voltage.
Internal standard capacitor CNint If the measuring bridge is equipped with an internal standard capacitor (ca. 100pF/12kV) then this can be used for measurements, providing that the test voltage is not higher than 12kV. The exact capacitance value will have been entered in the protected non-volatile memory during factory calibration and cannot be changed by the operator. This fixed value can be displayed by setting the EXT/INT key to internal capacitance (LED is not lit) and then pressing SET. For a quick overview, the individual measuring systems are described again below: The following measuring bridges are equipped with an internal standard capacitor CNint: Type 2818 Type 2818a Type 2818/5283 Type 2816/5284 Type 2816/5284U (Field version: CNint 100pF/12kV built into measuring bridge) (Laboratory version: CNint 100pF/12kV built into measuring bridge) (Complete test system: CNint 100pF/12kV built into measuring bridge) (Complete test system: CNint 100pF/12kV built into Control Unit) (Complete test system: CNint 100pF/12kV built into high voltage supply)
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The following measuring bridges are not equipped with an internal standard capacitor CNint: Type 2816 Type 2816a Field version: measurements only possible with an externally connected standard capacitor CNext Laboratory version: measurements only possible with an externally connected standard capacitor CNext
5.2.5.3.3.
REF
EXT INT
System reference EXT/INT

If the measuring bridge and the high voltage supply are both connected to the same mains voltage, then REF INT (internal reference, LED unlit) should be selected. This means that the mains frequency (from the internal mains transformer) will be used for system synchronization. Further, the internal calibration of the measurement channels will be based upon an internal AC voltage.
If the test instrument and high voltage supply are connected to different supply networks with different frequencies (50/60 Hz), then REF EXT (external reference, LED lit) should be selected. This means that system synchronization is achieved using the measurement signal. Further, calibration of the measurement channels requires a correct test setup and a test voltage. If the above requirements are met, then the Filtercheck (internal calibration procedure) commences and the system is ready for use after about 3 seconds. If the test voltage is too small then the following appears on the dot matrix display:
TEST MODE
SORRY! THERE IS NO INPUT SIGNAL !
The message remains until either the test voltage is large enough for internal calibration or the reference selection is switched to internal. Warning:
!
5.2.5.3.4.
IDENT INPUT
When using the measuring bridge together with a dedicated Tettex Instruments Division high voltage supply (type 5283 or 5284), the choice of REF EXT disables the high voltage from being switched on.
Test identification IDENT INPUT

Pressing the IDENT INPUT key starts an identification-input dialogue. A test object can be described with up to 12 characters (numbers, spaces, slash, stop). This identification appears on all test reports. The internal clock can also be set using the IDENT INPUT key. The following inputs are possible: Enter the serial number of the test object Description of the test object Enter the system time and date Description of test location or company
1= 2= 3= 4=
Serial Number Object Set Time Site
5.2.5.3.4.1.
IDENT INPUT; (1 = Serial Number)
The serial number of the test object can be entered and saved in the test instrument. It remains stored when the instrument is switched off e.g. for printing of test reports at a later date.
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To enter the serial number of the test object proceed as follows:

TEST MODE
1 = Serial Number 2 = Object 0=More
Press the IDENT INPUT key and the message to the left appears on the dot matrix display. Select 1 = Serial Number (using the alphanumeric keys according to Chapter 5.2.5.1). Input the required serial number and end with the ENTER key. The serial number may be up to 12 characters. The following keys are available for use: 0...9 / SPACE
TEST MODE
1 = Serial Number _
5.2.5.3.4.2.
IDENT INPUT; (2 = Object)
The type of test object can be entered and saved in the test instrument. It remains stored when the instrument is switched off e.g. for printing of test reports at a later date. To enter the type of test object proceed as follows:
TEST MODE
Press the IDENT INPUT key and the message to the left appears on the dot matrix display. Select 2 = Object (using the alphanumeric keys according to Chapter 5.2.5.1). A flashing dot appears as a cursor in the upper line of the dot matrix display. The lower line advises the user that pressing the RUN key will complete the data entry and pressing OPT will provide user help. The test object description may be up to 15 characters. The following keys are available for use: 0...9 / SPACE Letters can be entered by using the arrow keys. Every press of the arrows produces a letter of the alphabet. The letters can be scrolled through by pressing the appropriate arrow key to scroll forwards or backwards through the alphabet. Pressing ENTER accepts the character and the cursor moves forward one space. If a character (letter, number etc.) is to be deleted then scroll through the characters until appears. Pressing the ENTER key will then delete the character to the left of the . Using the above instructions enter the desired test object description and end the character entry with the RUN key.
TEST MODE
. RUN=End OPT=Help
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5.2.5.3.4.3.
IDENT INPUT; (3 = Set Time)
To enter the system time and date proceed as follows:

TEST MODE
Press the IDENT INPUT key and the message to the left appears on the dot matrix display. Select 0 = More (using the alphanumeric keys according to Chapter 5.2.5.1) to display further selection possibilities. By selecting 3 the procedure for input of date and time is started. If the selection number 3 is already known by the user, then this can be directly entered without first selecting 0. XX is the previously valid year. Now enter the two-digit year number and finish with ENTER. XX is the previously valid month. Now enter the two-digit month number and finish with ENTER. Now the day (0...31 permitted) can be entered. Reach the next display by pressing the ENTER key. Enter the hour and finish with the ENTER key.
TEST MODE
3 = Set Time 4 = Site 0 = More
TEST MODE
YEAR ? XX
TEST MODE
MONTH ? XX
TEST MODE
DAY ? XX
TEST MODE
HOUR ? (0 ... 23) XX
TEST MODE
MINUTE ? XX
Input the minutes (0...59) and finish with the ENTER key.
TEST MODE
ACTUAL TIME IS : TT.MM.JJ SS:MM
The instrument now checks if a sensible date and time has been entered. This takes about 3 seconds. If the check is positive then the instrument is ready for use. If the data check is negative then the error message shown to the left is displayed. The instrument requests a correct date and time input. The procedure for data entry recommences.
TEST MODE
IMPOSSIBLE INPUT TRY AGAIN !
5.2.5.3.4.4.
IDENT INPUT; (4 = Site)
A description of the test location or similar information can be entered and saved in the test instrument. It remains stored when the instrument is switched off e.g. for printing of test reports at a later date.
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To enter data proceed as follows: Press the IDENT INPUT key and the message to the left appears on the dot matrix display. Select 0 = More (using the alphanumeric keys according to Chapter 5.2.5.1) to display further selection possibilities. Select 4 to start the data entry procedure for the test location description. If the selection number 4 is already known by the user, then this can be directly entered without first selecting 0. A flashing dot appears as a cursor in the upper line of the dot matrix display. The lower line advises the user that pressing the RUN key will complete the data entry and pressing OPT will provide user help. The test location description may be up to 15 characters. The following keys are available for use: 0...9 / SPACE Letters can be entered by using the arrow keys. Every press of the arrows produces a letter of the alphabet. The letters can be scrolled through by pressing the appropriate arrow key to scroll forwards or backwards through the alphabet. Pressing ENTER accepts the character and the cursor moves forward one space. If a character (letter, number etc.) is to be deleted then scroll through the characters until appears. Pressing the ENTER key will then delete the character to the left of the . Using the above instructions enter the desired test object description and end the character entry with the RUN key.
TEST MODE
TEST MODE
3 = Set Time 4 = Site 0 = More
TEST MODE
. RUN=End OPT=Help
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5.2.5.3.5.
INTERF SUPPR
Interference Suppression INTERF SUPPR

Maintenance measurements on equipment in electrical utility substations are performed in environments of high voltage and current, which produce strong magnetic and electrical fields. Disturbance voltages can be induced in the test circuit with the result that measurement results can be completely false. Such influences can even altogether prevent a meaningful measurement.
The use of interference suppression is especially effective in environments with alternating magnetic and electric fields. For further information see Chapter 4.7.3 Interference Suppression. The measuring bridge can independently determine which high voltage supply is connected. The interference suppression operation is determined according to the connected high voltage supply. If a high voltage supply, specially designed by Tettex Instruments Division, is being used then the High Quality Mode (HQ Mode) can be employed. Such high voltage supplies are controllable from the bridge and the entire interference suppression (including coarse and fine balance) is performed automatically. This is possible with the following supplies: HV supply type 5283 for the type 2818 measuring bridge HV supply type 5284 for the type 2816 measuring bridge HV supply type 5284U for the type 2816 measuring bridge
If a customer specific high voltage supply, or not one of the above supplies, is connected then the HQ Mode is not available to the operator. Only the Standard Mode is then available.
5.2.5.3.5.1.
Note:
Interference suppression in Standard Mode

In order to achieve optimum interference suppression, the coarse and fine balance must always be performed. Warning:
!
TEST MODE
Interference suppression is only possible if the measuring bridge and high voltage supply are powered from the same mains voltage (same frequency and synchronized to each other).
Coarse balance
To activate the interference suppression proceed as follows:
IF U-TEST IS OFF PRESS RUN !
Press the INTERF SUPPR key (LED lights up) and the message shown to the left will appear, advising the user to first turn off the HV supply before pressing the RUN key. The HV supply must first be turned off, otherwise it will not be possible to differentiate between the interference and the measurement signal, and the measurement signal will also be suppressed. The message to the left appears after 6 seconds and advises the user to wait during the coarse balance.
TEST MODE
OKAY ! PLEASE WAIT !
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TEST MODE
Ii =x.xxx mA Na Xa N=VN X=VX
The compensation vector values appear, which will be saved in the Cn and Cx registers. Ii ...............Suppressed interference current a...............Amplification channel N (a=0...4 means 100...104) b...............Amplification channel X (a=0...4 means 100...104) VN, VX .....Give the magnitudes of the interference vectors
The measuring system now measures the interference, calculates the interference compensation and then compensates. After this is complete, the interference vectors should become shorter and the amplification greater. In an ideal case the vector lengths would decrease to zero and the amplification of the N and X channels increase to maximum: Na = Xa = 4 (which means 104 =10000) If a minimum interference vector length is reached during interference fluctuations, then the automatic interference suppression can be quit by pressing the INTERF SUPPR key once more. This internally freezes the values for interference suppression. The procedure will automatically quit under problem-free interference conditions when the interference vector length reduces to zero..
TEST MODE
TOO HIGH INTERFERENCE !
The message shown to the left appears under extreme interference conditions or if the electronics responsible for interference suppression are defective.
The normal measurement mode will become active after around 3 seconds. Having completed the interference coarse balance the operator can be assured that the greater part of any interference will be suppressed during subsequent measurements and that the instrument will measure the test object in accordance with the appropriate (internal) settings. When at least one measurement has been performed (HV ON, RUN), the internal settings of the microprocessor (range etc.) will be saved and the interference fine balance can be performed.
Fine balance
To perform the fine balance proceed as follows:
TEST MODE
INTERF. -SUPPRESS. 1=ADJUST 2=EXIT
Press the INTERF SUPPR key (LED is already lit) and the selection menu to the left appears on the dot matrix display. 1=ADJUST: The fine balance is activated by entering 1 and the procedure is the same as for the coarse balance. 2=EXIT: Entering 2 will switch of the suppression. Confirm with ENTER. interference
Warning:
!
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Whenever the test mode is changed (UST, GST, GSTg ...), or if an unrealistic measurement result is obtained, the complete interference suppression procedure must be repeated (coarse and fine balance).
Operation Manual
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TEST MODE
IMPOSSIBLE WHILE NOT MEASURING !
If ADJUST is selected without a prior measurement having been made, then an error message appears. The normal measurement mode will be active again after around 3 seconds and the process can be repeated.
5.2.5.3.5.2.
Interference suppression in High Quality Mode
A High Quality Mode (HQ Mode) is available for high voltage supplies that have been specially developed by Tettex Instruments Division for this measuring bridge. HQ Mode performs the entire interference suppression procedure fully automatically. The HQ Mode can be activated, providing that a suitable supply with Control Unit is connected to the measuring bridge, as follows:
TEST MODE
1= Standard Mode 2= HQ Mode 3= Exit
Press the INTERF SUPPR key (LED lights up) and the selection menu to the left appears on the dot matrix display. 1=Standard Mode: Entering 1 activates the standard mode. See Chapter 5.2.5.3.5.1 Interference suppression in Standard Mode. Entering 2 starts the fully automatic High Quality Mode. Entering 3 switches off the interference suppression.
2=HQ Mode: 3=EXIT:
TEST MODE
After pressing 2 this message appears requesting the user to wait. After another 5 seconds the user is requested to set the high voltage value on the connected high voltage supply and then to press RUN. This display advises that the fully automatic HQ Mode will last for around 1 minute. After 3 seconds this display appears.
TEST MODE
Set HIGH VOLTAGE then press RUN
TEST MODE
HQ Mode started Estem. Time 1 min
TEST MODE
TEST MODE
HIGH VOLTAGE too low
If the high voltage setting is lower then 1kV then this error message appears. Set the voltage within the range 1kV ...12kV and press RUN once more. The fully automatic HQ Mode process now runs. The following displays run automatically, simply advising the user of what is happening.
TEST MODE
HQ Mode in progress
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TEST MODE
The coarse balance now follows.
Please wait
TEST MODE
The compensation vector values appear, which will be saved in the Cn and Cx registers. Ii ...............Suppressed interference current a...............Amplification channel N (a=0...4 means 100...104) b...............Amplification channel X (a=0...4 means 100...104) VN, VX .....Give the magnitudes of the interference vectors The fine balance now follows.
TEST MODE
Please wait
TEST MODE
The compensation vector values appear, which will be saved in the Cn and Cx registers.
TEST MODE
Please wait
TEST MODE
1st Measurement Line STRAIGHT
The first measurement with normal voltage polarity is now performed.
TEST MODE
The measurement values are saved.
Please wait
TEST MODE
2nd Measurement Line CROSSED
Now the second measurement is performed, whereby the voltage polarity is reversed.
TEST MODE
The average value of the two test results is calculated.
Please wait
TEST MODE
HQ Mode Printing results
The measurement in HQ Mode is now complete and the measurement values are printed out on the printer built into the control unit of the high voltage supply. When the measurement is completed, pressing the INTERF SUPPR key will exit the Interference suppression process. The actual measurement values on the LCD display are actually related to the second measurement and the average values are
TEST MODE
To exit HQ Mode press INTERF SUP
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related to the second measurement and the average values are only visible on the printout. If it is desired to perform further measurements in HQ Mode, then set the high voltage supply to a new voltage value and press RUN to start interference suppression in HQ Mode once again.
TEST MODE
Set HIGH VOLTAGE then press RUN
5.2.5.3.6.
OPT
Options OPT
Pressing the OPT key produces a selection menu which gives access to various additional useful functions of the automatic measuring bridge. These can be programmed or activated and are described in detail below. The following selections are available:
1= DYN. AV.......... Dynamic Averaging 2= SETUP ............ Instrument settings active at switch-on 3= To 10kV .......... Conversion of the measurement value to 10kV 4= Ratio ext. CC... Ratio of external Current Comparator 5= C serie............. Conversion between serial and parallel equivalent circuits 6= int. Printer........ Printer selection 7= Z...................... Calculation and display of the impedance Z
5.2.5.3.6.1.
OPT 1; Dynamic Averaging DYN. AV
This function produces the dynamic average (see Chapter 4.7.5) from a number of measurement values (2...99). If the test voltage UTest is low (< 1kV with CN= 100pF), then the signal/noise ratio will be low and the measurement values will be unstable. On the assumption that the noise represents both an equal positive and negative part of the real measurement signal, averaging can produce an accurate and stable test result. To activate the dynamic averaging function proceed as follows:
TEST MODE
1=DYN. AV 2=SETUP 3=To 10kV 0=MORE
After pressing the OPT key, select 1 from the menu (using the numerical keys as described in Chapter 5.2.5.1). Enter the number of measurement values from which the average is to be calculated (2...99) and finish with the ENTER key.
TEST MODE
AVERAGING CYCLES _1
The display reverts to the normal measurement display. When RUN is pressed then AXX will appear on the left-hand side of the second line. This indicates to the user that averaging is switched on and XX shows the number of measurement values from which the average has already been calculated. A second press of the RUN key empties the average memory and uses the next XX values for averaging. To switch off the averaging, set the number of values from which the average is to be calculated to 0 or 1. Then proceed as if activating the averaging as described above.
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5.2.5.3.6.2.
OPT 2; Instrument settings at switch-on SETUP
Using SETUP the settings can be chosen which will come into effect immediately after switching on the POWER. Two types are selectable: 1= USER User settings If the USER operator settings are activated, then all instrument settings (with the exception of the test current display) are saved that were active before the USER key was pressed. The next time the measuring bridge is switched on these settings are retained and the following message appears briefly:
TEST MODE
USER setting`s are active !
2= SYSTEM
System settings
If the SYSTEM settings are activated, then the instrument settings of the user are lost when the measuring bridge is switched off. The following system settings are preset: Internal reference Internal CN will be used for measurement (if available) Display of tan (not PF) Frequency display on the dot matrix display External current comparator is reset i.e. ratio = 1 Temperature correction deactivated Test mode UST A Internal strip printer deactivated Dynamic averaging deactivated The next time the measuring bridge is switched on the system settings are active and the following message appears briefly:
TEST MODE
SYSTEM defaults are active !
To select the instrument settings proceed as follows:

TEST MODE
After pressing the OPT key, select 2 from the menu (using the numerical keys as described in Chapter 5.2.5.1). Now select with which settings the instrument should start up. 1=USER: The latest active instrument settings will be saved and retained when the instrument is switched on again.
TEST MODE
SETS ON STARTUP: 1=USER 2=SYSTEM
1=SYSTEM: At switch on the measuring bridge will be started with the predefined system parameters. The selection is active immediately after pressing the selected key and the display will revert to the measurement display.
5.2.5.3.6.3.
OPT 3; Conversion to 10kV
Some test objects have a maximum permissible test voltage of much less than 10kV. For comparison purposes, measurement values are desirable at 10kV for Real Power P and Iron
Bridge 2816, 2818
Loss Current IFe. The instrument facility for automatic conversion to 10kV is provided for just such cases. This conversion is based upon the formula given in the appropriate standards (ANSI/IEEE C57.12.90):
P10 = P (10kV )2 (UTest )2
I10 =
I 10kV UTest
Key UTest ...... Test voltage P .......... measured Real Power at UTest P10 ........ Converted Real Power at 10kV IFE ......... Measured Iron Loss Current at UTest I10 ......... Converted Iron Loss Current at10kV To activate the automatic conversion to 10kV proceed as follows:
TEST MODE
After pressing the OPT key, select 3 from the menu (using the numerical keys as described in Chapter 5.2.5.1). Select 1 to activate the automatic conversion to 10kV. Selecting 2 will deactivate the automatic conversion to 10kV. The selection is active immediately after pressing the selected key and the display will revert to the measurement display.
TEST MODE
Correct to 10 kV ? 1=Do it 2=Do not
If the conversion is activated then the converted values can be displayed as follows: If display of P or IFE is selected using DISP MODE, then the actual measured value is shown on the dot matrix display. Selecting P or IFE a second time will display the converted value as P10 or I10 . All values P, P10, IFE and I10 appear on all test reports as long as the conversion is activated.
5.2.5.3.6.4.
OPT 4; External current comparator ratio - Ratio ext. CC
When measuring large capacitances (or small inductances), where the maximum measurement current of 15A will be exceeded, the range must be extended by use of an external current transformer (See Chapter 5.4.4). As the test current IX which flows in the bridge is no longer actually the current flowing through the test object, the measurement display must be converted according to the ratio of the current comparator. The ratio of the external current comparator is entered as follows:
TEST MODE
Press the OPT key and the message to the left appears on the dot matrix display. Select 0 = More (using the alphanumeric keys according to Chapter 5.2.5.1) to display further selection possibilities.
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TEST MODE
4 = Ratio ext CC 5 = C serie 0 = More
Select 4 to choose the external current comparator. If the selection number 4 is already known by the user, then this can be directly entered without first selecting 0. Select 1 to start the procedure for entry of the external current comparator ratio. If 2 is selected this means that there is no external current comparator connected. The ratio will then be automatically set to 1. After 1 is selected this menu appears for input of the ratio. Enter the correct value (using the alphanumeric keys) and finish with ENTER.
TEST MODE
1 = Input Ratio 2 = No ext CC
TEST MODE
Input CC Ratio ! 1
All measurement value displays will now automatically show the converted measurement values. If the ratio is different to 1, then this will be indicated in the dot matrix display by the flashing C (or L) being alternately replaced with an R. If the measuring bridge is switched off and the system settings are active (see Chapter 5.2.5.3.6.2), then the ratio which has been input will be reset.
5.2.5.3.6.5.
OPT 5; Conversion between series / parallel equivalent circuits - C serie
Many customers use measurement bridges for insulation measurement that use a series equivalent circuit for the test object (e.g.. Tettex Measuring bridge type 2801). The measuring bridge described here is based upon a parallel equivalent circuit. See Chapter 4.6 Conversion Formulae Parallel & Series Equivalent Circuits. As different measured values of capacitance may be obtained for an identical test object depending upon the equivalent circuit diagram used, this function offers a conversion. In this way the measurement values obtained for CX, with various measuring bridges can be compared. Procedure to display series capacitance CS :
TEST MODE
Press the OPT key and the message to the left appears on the dot matrix display. Select 0 = More (using the alphanumeric keys according to Chapter 5.2.5.1) to display further selection possibilities. Select 5 to display the series capacitance. If the selection number 5 is already known by the user, then this can be directly entered without first selecting 0. Here is a display with conversion activated. The calculated series capacitance value is shown in the second line, whilst the capacitance display still shows the appropriate measurement value (parallel equivalent circuit).
TEST MODE
4 = Ratio ext CC 5 = C serie 0 = More
TEST MODE
UST A R 0 CCC Cs = 1.121 nF
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To switch back the conversion function, select another display mode. The conversion is now deactivated and the newly chosen value will be displayed.
5.2.5.3.6.6.
OPT 6; Printer selection - int. Printer
This function is only useful when the measurement bridge is combined with a matching Tettex supply (HV Supply type 5283 for the measuring bridge type 2818 or HV Supply type 5284 for the measuring bridge type 2816), as a strip printer is built into the additional control unit. There is no printer built into the measuring bridge itself. When a test report is produced by pressing the PRINT key (see Chapter 5.2.5.3.8 Producing test reports PRINT), all connected printers are activated. If the measuring bridge is also connected to an external printer then this will also be activated. As it normally makes no sense to produce a test report simultaneously on two printers, namely on both the external and built-in printer, the strip printer can be switch on or off as follows:
TEST MODE
Press the OPT key and the message to the left appears on the dot matrix display. Select 0 = More (using the alphanumeric keys according to Chapter 5.2.5.1) to display further selection possibilities. Select 6 to display the series capacitance. If the selection number 6 is already known by the user, then this can be directly entered without first selecting 0. Select 1 (ON) to switch on the internal printer. Select 2 (OFF) to switch off the internal printer.
TEST MODE
6 = int . Printer 7 = Z 0 = More
TEST MODE
Internal Printer 1 = ON 2 = OFF
5.2.5.3.6.7.
OPT 7; Calculation and display of impedance Z
Activating this function displays the impedance of the test object in Ohms. This function is activated as follows:
TEST MODE
Press the OPT key and the message to the left appears on the dot matrix display. Select 0 = More (using the alphanumeric keys according to Chapter 5.2.5.1) to display further selection possibilities. Select 6 to display the series capacitance. If the selection number 6 is already known by the user, then this can be directly entered without first selecting 0. Here is a display with conversion activated. The calculated impedance value Z in Ohms is shown in the second line of the dot matrix display.
TEST MODE
6 = int . Printer 7 = Z 0 = More
TEST MODE
UST A R 0 CCC Z = 2.121 Ohm
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5.2.5.3.7.
Conversion of tan or PF to reference temperature
If a test object is measured, the temperature of which is not 20C, then the dissipation factor tan (or PF) can be converted to a value referenced to 20C. A conversion table for mineral oil in accordance with ANSI C 57.12.90 is provided as standard. As the conversion factors for different test objects can vary greatly, there is a facility provided for saving 7 tables in the protected memory of the instrument.
5.2.5.3.7.1.
Entering conversion tables (1= NEW TAB)
Remove the write protection (see Chapter 6.2 Write Protection for the Non-volatile Memory) and switch the instrument back on.
TEST MODE
Input of: 2 = OILTAB
1 = CN 3 = EXIT
The display shown left appears. Select 2 Select 1 from the input menu to enter a new table.
TEST MODE
1= NEW TAB 2= EDIT 3= DELETE 4= EXIT
TEST MODE
NO FREE MEMORY FIRST DELETE ONE
If the memory is used up, i.e. 7 tables are already saved, then an error message will appear. Now enter the conversion factor from 0C to 20C and finish with ENTER. Further questions regarding factors from 5C to 90C will appear. If a conversion factor is unknown, then simply accept the proposal of the microcomputer and press ENTER. During later calculation a linear interpolation will be applied, despite any missing factors. When 20 factors have been entered the oil table can be provided with an identifier. This display now appears.
TEST MODE
FACTOR AT 0 C 0
TEST MODE
INPUT NAME OF OIL - TABLE !
TEST MODE
A RUN=END OPT=HELP
After around 4 seconds this display appears for input of the table identification.
The blinking character can be changed with the arrow keys (,). The identification can contain a maximum of 15 characters. The following keys are available: 0...9 / SPACE Letters can be entered by using the arrow keys. Every press of the arrows produces a letter of the alphabet. The letters can be scrolled through by pressing the appropriate arrow key to scroll forwards or backwards through the alphabet. Pressing ENTER accepts the character and the cursor moves forward one space. If a character (letter, number etc.) is to be deleted then scroll through the characters until appears. Pressing the ENTER key will then delete the character to the left of the . Using the above instructions enter the desired description and end the character entry with the RUN key.
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TEST MODE
A RUN=END OPT=HELP
A user comment can be called up by pressing the OPT key (see display). After about 3 seconds the display automatically reverts to the input mode.
When entry of the table description is completed, the input mode must be closed with the RUN key.
TEST MODE
INPUT OF: 2= OILTAB.
1= CN 3= EXIT
This display appears. Select 3.
TEST MODE
PLEASE REPROTECT MY MEMORY !
This display appears until the write protect is reactivated (see Chapter 6.2 Write Protection for the Non-volatile Memory).
5.2.5.3.7.2.
Changing conversion tables (2= EDIT)
If the write protect is inactive (see Chapter 6.2 Write Protection for the Non-volatile Memory) and if INPUT OF: OILTAB and then EDIT is selected after switch-on, then the table to be changed must first be activated with NEXT. When the table identification appears in the dot matrix display, each factor can be change by pressing EDIT. The factors appear in the dot matrix display with the relevant temperature. If a factor is to be changed, it can be simply overwritten. If a factor should remain unchanged then it can be confirmed by pressing ENTER. At the end the name of the oil table will be asked for. This can also be edited, as described in the previous section. Return to normal measurement mode is achieved as described in the previous section.
5.2.5.3.7.3.
Deleting conversion tables (3= DELETE)
Conversion factor tables are saved in the protected part of the non-volatile memory. In order to delete a table the write protect must be removed (see Chapter 6.2 Write Protection for the Nonvolatile Memory). The following menu appears:
TEST MODE
Input of: 2 = OILTAB
1 = CN 3 = EXIT
Select 2.
TEST MODE
Select 3 from this menu.
TEST MODE
TABLE 1 1= DELETE 2= NEXT
TABLE 1 stands for a previously entered table description. Choosing 2 searches for the table to be deleted. Selecting 1 will delete the table whose description appears in the menu. 2=NEXT can be selected as many times as there are tables saved. If NEXT is selected and there are no more tables then an error message appears for 3 seconds.
TEST MODE
THERE ARE NO MORE OIL TABLES
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TEST MODE
Select 4 in this menu.
TEST MODE
PLEASE REPROTECT MY MEMORY !
This display appears until the write protect is reactivated (see Chapter 6.2 Write Protection for the Non-volatile Memory).
5.2.5.3.7.4.
tan /PF 20C
Conversion of tan referenced to 20C - tan /PF 20C

If a conversion table is not entered, then pressing the tan / PF 20Ckey directly activates the ANSI standard table. The following request appears:
TEST MODE
INPUT TEMP. 20 C
The test object temperature must now be input and finished with ENTER. If just ENTER is pressed or 20C given then the conversion will be deactivated (the factor is always 1 for 20C). The lit LED in the tan / PF 20C key shows that the conversion is activated. The recalculated values appear on all test reports. If a conversion table has been input then the display upon pressing the tan / PF 20C key is as follows:
TEST MODE
ANSI NORM TABLE 1= YES 2= NEXT
Select YES to use the displayed conversion table. Select NEXT to find the desired conversion table and confirm with YES. Now enter the test object temperature again and finish with ENTER. If a temperature is entered which lies outside the range of table values then this error message appears. The normal measurement mode is resumed after about 3 seconds, without conversion (the LED in the tan / PF 20C key goes out) If the conversion is still active (the LED in the tan / PF 20C key is lit)then pressing the tan / PF 20Ckey produces this display: Selecting 2 (EXIT) will deactivate the conversion. Selecting 1 will go to the next menu for entry of a new test object temperature. Enter the new test object temperature and finish with ENTER.
TEST MODE
INPUT TEMP. 20 C
TEST MODE
YOUR INPUT VALUE IS OUT OF RANGE
TEST MODE
1= NEW TEMP 2= EXIT
TEST MODE
INPUT TEMP. XX C
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5.2.5.3.7.5. 5.2.5.3.7.5.1.
Extracts from standard ANSI/IEEE C57.12.90 -1993 Formula for recalculation at 20C
The temperature correction factors for tan or power factor PF of insulation is dependent upon the insulating material, the material structure, the moisture content etc. The values for the correction factors are typical values and are sufficient for use in the following equation:
PF20 = PFmt K
or
tan 20 =
tan mt K
PFp20 ...... Power factor at 20C PFmt........ Power factor measured at test object temperature T tan 20 ... tan at 20C tan mT ... tan measured at test object temperature T K ............ Correction factor
5.2.5.3.7.5.2.
Test object temperature T [C] 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 Note:
Temperature correction factors

Correction factor K 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.12 1.25 1.40 1.55 1.75 1.95 2.18 2.42 2.70 3.00 The correction factors given above are valid for insulation systems that use mineral oil as the insulating fluid. Other insulating fluids may require different correction factors.
Conversion table for mineral oil as insulating fluid.
5.2.5.3.8.
Producing test reports PRINT

Pressing the PRINT key produces a test report on a connected printer. If the measuring bridge is combined with a matching Tettex supply (HV supply type 5283 for measuring bridge type 2818 or HV supply type 5284 for measuring bridge type 2816) the printout will be produced by the printer that is built into the supply. This built-in strip printer can be switched off via the OPT menu and 6 key (see Chapter
PRINT
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5.2.5.3.6.6).
5.2.5.3.8.1.
Connecting an external printer
If the measuring bridge is to be used without one of the above mentioned Tettex HV supplies, then an external printer can be connected to the PRINTER interface on the rear panel of the instrument. The test report consists of a report header and 6 columns for measurement values. The header contains the date and time, and the fields LOCATION, OBJECT and SERIAL NO that can be entered using IDENT INPUT. The first measurement value column always contains the TEST MODE and the second contains the test voltage. The measurement values printed in the other four columns depend upon the test object (C or L) and the display mode (DISP MODE). If activated, the converted tan (or PF) value with associated temperature in C appears on an additional line. A report header always appears when S10 PRINT is first pressed after switching on or after a new test object identification (IDENT INPUT) has been entered. To prepare a report header for a printout it is also sufficient to press the key S12 IDENT INPUT twice.
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5.2.5.3.8.2.
Useable Printers
In principle, all printers with a serial interface (RS232) can be used. The baud rate of the printer must be set to 2400 Baud. The baud rate of the measuring bridge is fixed at 2400 Baud and cannot be changed. Figure 25 shows a sample measurement test report on a DIN A4 page.
Figure 25:
Test report printout, DIN A4 paper format
The above test report was produced on the following printer: HP Think Jet, Model 2225 DQ
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5.3.
Basic Test Circuit
The basic test circuit is presented in order to be able to carry out a measurement. The actual test circuit may vary according to application.
CX
CX v N1 N2 NI G P
UTest
CN
CN
Type 2816 / Type 2818
Figure 26:
Basic test circuit for C tan measurement
Key:
UTest ........ High voltage supply (e.g. high voltage transformer) CN ........... Standard capacitor CX ........... Test object E............. Earth connection G ............ Null detector P........... Microcomputer
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5.4.
Typical Procedure
Periodic measurement of dissipation factor tan on HV motors in service gives information about the condition of the insulation (see Chapter 16.2 Measurements on a Machine with 2 pole Externally Configurable Winding System ). The test method and maximum limit values for dissipation factor tan and its trend, in conjunction with the test voltage, are specified in the relevant recommendations and standards: VDE 0530, part I, 72.IEC 34-1, CENELEC - Document 345, IEC 216, IEEE STD: 286-1975 and Bull. SEV 54 (1963) S. 279 - 288. International standards require, as the most important quality assurance criteria for rotating machines, measurement o dissipation factor tan at 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 UN and higher. Preparation and typical measurement procedure are described below: Observe safety precautions! The user is responsible for safety! Disconnect and earth the test object according to user instructions. Put the test system together and make the cable connection between the test instrument and the high voltage supply. Make a solid and clean connection between the HV GND of the test instrument and the earth terminal of the test object using the earth cable (yellow/green). Remove the mains supply to the test object. Connect the test object according to the desired test circuit e.g. for a transformer: Every winding group must be short-circuited. Connect the high voltage cable HIGH to those winding groups that are to be considered as the high voltage electrode of the capacitance to be measured. Connect the low voltage cable LOW A (or LOW B) to those winding groups which are to be considered as the low voltage electrode of the capacitance to be measured. Connect the measuring system to the mains. Remove the earth from the high voltage terminal before the measurement. After a successful measurement ground the high voltage terminal once again.
5.4.1.
Typical Measurements on Transformers
One of the most important application areas of the C tan measuring system is condition / maintenance measurement of transformers. These measurements are specified in the USA standard ANS/IEEE C57.12.90 (1987). Comments: All terminals of the individual windings must be accessible. The following table shows the capacitances which will be measured according to the selection of test mode: Windings that are not being used for the measurement should be either short-circuited or connected to the v point, depending upon the test method. The transformer must be reconnected for each winding and test capacitance to be measured.
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5.4.2.
Use with Additional Components
As described in Chapter 14 Accessories and Options, Tettex Instruments Division offers a broad range of additional products to assist with measurement. An specially developed test cell is available for determination of dissipation factor tan and dielectric constant r of solid insulating material samples such as paper and synthetic foil or liquid insulants such as oil. In addition, the test cell can determine specific resistance. A temperature control instrument (type 2967) has been developed for this test cell for heating the test medium in the test cell to a specific temperature. In this way it is possible to control the temperature of a test sample in accordance with VDE requirements 0303, 0311 and 0345. Current comparators are available for extension of the measuring bridges maximum current range when measuring very large capacitances. (see Chapter 4.4.3 Maximum Test Current and Chapter 7.4 Measurements with Test Current greater than 15A (with Current Comparator).
5.4.3.
Choosing the Ideal Standard Capacitor CN
For choice of the ideal value of standard capacitor see Chapter 4.5 Determination of Standard Capacitor Requirements. Tettex Instruments Division provides a broad range of standard capacitors.
5.4.4.
Choice of the Ideal Current Comparator for Range Extension
The choice of ideal current comparator depends upon the maximum test current that will flow through the test object. This current depends upon both the test object capacitance and the maximum test voltage. For further information see Chapter 4.4.3 Maximum Test Current and Chapter 7.4 Measurements with Test Current greater than 15A (with Current Comparator).
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The Microprocessor System
6. The Microprocessor System

6.1. General Construction
Microprocessor I/O-Ports and serial interfaces Read-write memory Non-volatile memory Program memory for firmware
The microprocessor system built into the measuring bridge consists of the following units: 1 Processor 8085: 2 MUART: 8 kB RAM: 8 kB NVRAM 32 kB EPROM
The non-volatile memory stores the user defined system parameters (e.g. CN value) so that the instrument doesnt forget them. Half of this non-volatile memory is protected to avoid inadvertent overwriting. This write-protect may only be removed to change the value of the internal CN or to enter an oil conversion table for recalculation of tan values. The measurement system cannot function without this write protection.
6.2.
Write Protection for the Non-volatile Memory
The write protection is activated or deactivated by removing the short-circuit link on the 8085-3 microprocessor. Proceed as follows: 1. Open the front panel of the instrument by loosening the four screws (1) and turn the locking device underneath the black cover (2). The front panel can then be opened like a door (3) (see Figure 27). 2. Pull the 8085-3 pcb card out slightly. The write protection is active when the jumper J4 is in the PROTECT position, otherwise the write protection is inactive (see Figure 28).
Warning:
Highly sensitive CMOS devices are located on the microprocessor card. The components on this card should not, therefore, be disturbed (danger of damage!). To switch off the write protection it is therefore recommended to just pull the processor card slightly out of the rack and to remove the short-circuit link with a pair of tweezers or similar.
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Tettex Instruments
pF /mH nF /H F /kH
tan PF
kV mA A
U test IX
CAPACITANCE AND DISSIPATION / POWER FACTOR TEST SET

TEST MODE
CN
UST A+B
REF
2
PRINT OPT
tan /PF 20C
7
UST A
GST A+B EXT 8INT
GSTgA+B
9
GSTg A
S PRINT
EXT INT
4
UST B
6
GSTg B
P PRINT
SET
IDENT INPUT
CN
POWER
TEST MODE DISP MODE RUN
20C
. 1
ENTER
3
Figure 27: Opening the front panel
6.3.
Switch Designations on the Microprocessor Card
Figure 28:
Microprocessor card switch locations
Switch bank S2: Switch 1...6 and 8: Switch 7 No function ON: Internal printer (of high voltage supply) is inactive OFF: Internal printer (of high voltage supply) is active
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6.4.
Non-volatile Memory Power Supply
The supply for the non-volatile memory is a lithium battery with a life expectancy of around 5 years. If the battery runs out, then the microprocessor detects this and an error message appears on the dot matrix display:
TEST MODE
CONSTANT-MEMORY SUPPLY IS EMPTY
and after about 3 seconds

TEST MODE
NEED URGENT SERVICE
The test instrument can still be used, but the system parameters must be entered by the user every time the instrument is switched on. If you wish to order a new battery from Tettex instruments then please quote the following order number: Battery order number: 7-017557-00-0
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Constructing the Test Circuit
7. Constructing the Test Circuit

This chapter contains important information regarding construction of the test circuit and the individual test modes. Selected circuits for specific test objects are presented for further information. Unfortunately it is not possible to provide a test circuit for every customer specific test object as this would exceed the capacity of this manual. If this chapter is read carefully, and the function of the measuring bridge with the individual test modes is understood, then it will be simple to find the relevant test circuit for a special application.
7.1.
Operating Personnel
Although the operation of the equipment is similar to a computer, the operating personnel require no special knowledge of computer operation. As a result of menu driven parameter input and monitoring of entries, the instrument operation is very simple, and as a result operation is actually self-explanatory.
7.2.
7.2.1.
Tips for Setting-up the Test Circuit

Location of the Instrument
The instrument may be used in any position. It is recommended that the instrument is not placed for a long duration on a heat-emitting surface or in direct sunlight. The C tan measurement bridge should be placed on a desk of sufficient height. If the instrument is to be used with a Tettex HV supply, then Tettex Instruments supplies a transportation trolley specially designed for field use.
7.2.2.
Connection to System Earth
The connection between system earth and the earth screw terminal on the rear panel of the instrument should be made with a copper braid and kept as short as possible. The instrument must be connected to the mains voltage (115VAC or 230VAC) with the mains cable supplied. Warning: Before the instrument is switched on, especially before high voltage is supplied to the test system, be sure to read the safety advice.
For construction of a suitable test setup please read the following chapter.
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7.3.
Test Setup and Test Modes
In order to achieve correct results the test setup must be tidy and the correct test mode for the application must be selected.
!
7.3.1.

It is absolutely essential to have knowledge of the various test modes that can be selected from the keyboard and the method of operation for using the measuring bridge.
The following basic diagram for testing a transformer with three windings should fully explain the available test modes and their application (see Figure 29).
Important points when selecting the correct Test Mode
The correct test mode must connect the capacitance to be measured to the internal measurement input (int. ME). Partial capacitances that are not to be measured must be connected to the v point of the test system. Knowledge of the circuit, especially the equivalent circuit diagram of the test object, is very helpful for choosing the correct test mode. When measuring in the modes GST and GSTg, the high voltage conductors to the test object (which are connected for normal use) must definitely be disconnected, otherwise the capacitance of the inductors to earth will also be measured. The connection between HV GND on the measuring instrument and the earth point of the test object is also a measurement connection. For this reason a good clean contact is essential.
7.3.2.
Important points about the HV Supply
To perform the required measurement always requires a HV supply and a standard capacitor (See Chapter 4 Technical ). The customer has the choice of using his / her own HV supply or a specially developed supply from Tettex Instruments Division. Customer specific supplies are of an advantage when the test voltage lies above 12kV. Measurements up to and above 100kV can be performed using a suitable external standard capacitor (see Chapter 4 Technical Overview) and an appropriate HV supply. In order to use an external supply with the test modes GST and GSTg it is essential that the supply is double-screened. This double screening eliminates the stray capacitance of the HV supply and avoids false measurement results. Further, it should be ensured that the grid-toplate capacitance (capacitance between HV and earth) is as small as possible. Further information is available upon request. The supply v point must always remain unearthed. Higher test currents can also be achieved when using a suitable external HV supply. The measuring bridge can work directly with test currents up to 15A. Significantly higher currents can be measured by use of an external, high precision current comparator (see Chapter 14.1.3 Current comparators for range extension).
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7.3.3.
Test Mode
HIGH VOLTAGE TO TEST OBJECT U test
TEST OBJECT CHA
A
CHG
INPUT A
S 3A
S 4A CNint
Available test modes: UST GST Ungrounded Specimen Test Grounded Specimen Test Grounded Specimen Test with guarding
H B
INPUT B
S 3B
S 4B
HV GND CHB
S2 int. ME
S1
GSTg
NX
NN
Type 2816/5284U Type 2818/5283
Figure 29:
Basic C tan measuring system test setup for a transformer with two low voltage windings
Internal instrument connections INPUT A to INPUT B to v int. ME int. ME int. ME int. ME v v HV GND to v v v int. ME int. ME int. ME int. ME CHA CHB CHA + CHB CHA + CHB + CHG CHB + CHG CHA + CHG CHG int. ME v int. ME int. ME v int. ME v Measured capacitance CX
Test Mode UST A UST B UST A + B GST A + B GSTg A GSTg B GSTg A + B Test Mode S1
HV GND V
Internal instrument switch positions S2

HV GND int. ME
S 3A
INPUT A int. ME
S 3B
INPUT B int. ME
S 4A
INPUT A V
S 4B
INPUT B V
UST A UST B UST A+B GST A+B GSTg A GSTg B GSTg A+B
closed closed closed Open Open Open open
Open Open Open closed closed closed closed
Closed Open Closed Closed Open Closed Open
Open Closed Closed Closed Closed Open Open
Open Closed Open Open Closed Open closed
Closed Open Open Open Open closed closed
Note: The HV cable and measurement cable should be exchanged for testing the secondary winding insulation against earth; the HV cable should be connected to the secondary winding and the measurement cable to the primary winding. The measured capacitances in the table will, of course, change accordingly.
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7.3.4. 7.3.4.1.
Description of the individual test modes Test Mode UST for ungrounded test objects
This test mode is the most normal situation when measuring capacitance and dissipation factor. Various ungrounded capacitances can be measured using this mode, providing that the maximum test current of the measuring bridge is not exceeded. When measuring transformers and HV current transformers, this configuration determines the capacitance and dissipation factor between the various winding groups.
7.3.4.2.
Test Mode GST for earthed test objects
This test mode enables the measurement of capacitances that are normally earthed on one side when in operation. When measuring transformers this configuration measures the capacitance and dissipation factor between the HV winding and all other windings and the transformer housing.
7.3.4.3.
Test Mode GSTg for earthed test objects with screen circuit
This test mode directly measures the capacitance between the HV terminal and the housing (which is earthed). The partial capacitances that are undesirable for the measurement are connected to the supply reference point v and thereby rendered ineffective. When measuring transformers this configuration measures the capacitance and dissipation factor between the various winding groups and the transformer housing. The windings which are not used for measurement are connected to the v terminal of the measuring system via the A (or B) measuring cable.
7.3.5.
Advantages of the Selectable Test Modes
When measuring transformers and other test objects the problem often arises that, in addition to the normal ungrounded capacitances, capacitances with one side grounded must also be measured (e.g. capacitance between a winding and an earthed housing). Conventional measurement systems require the external test setup to be changed for such measurements. This can involve a lot of work, especially when on-site measurements are being perform on large power transformers. Using the test modes, the test object only has to be connected once for measurement and all relevant capacitances can be measured by switching the test mode as required.
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7.3.6.
Measurements with a Customer Specific Supply with Test Object Current less than 15A Standard test circuit
HV
7.3.6.1.
CHB
CHA
CHG
CN
Input B A HV GND v
CD
C N ext
High voltage CNint
Test Mode Switching
Only in Type 2818
G P
Type 2816 Type 2818
Figure 30: Key
Standard test circuit
.................. Neutral system earth, to which the grounded test object is connected (e.g. transformer housing) Input A ............ Measurement input A Input B ............ Measurement input B HV GND.......... Earth terminal of the measuring bridge v...................... Reference point of the HV supply CNext ................ Terminal for the external standard capacitor CD ................... Grid-to-plate capacitance of the HV supply between HV and earth (should be as small as possible as this can falsify measurement values) High voltage HV terminal for the HV electrode of the internal standard capacitor
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Bridge 2816, 2818
7.3.6.1.1.
Comments on the above test circuit
The test circuit in Figure 30 illustrates the measurement principle. It is valid for both the 2816 and 2818 series. If the measurement principle is understood, then it is actually clear how the terminals of various test objects should be connected. The 2818 series can use an external standard capacitor CNext in addition to an internal standard capacitor CNint as the measurement standard. The internal standard capacitor CNint can then be used as long as the applied test voltage does not exceed 12kV. This means that the HV can be connected directly to the High Voltage terminal of the measuring bridge. In addition, all the conditions described in Chapter 4.5 Determination of Standard Capacitor Requirements must be fulfilled. An external standard capacitor CNext can then be used mainly when the test voltage is greater than 12kv or if the conditions for the internal standard capacitor, as described in Chapter 4.5 Determination of Standard Capacitor Requirements, are no longer fulfilled. Warning: When using the measuring bridge series 2818, never connect both standard capacitors (CNint and CNext) during the measurement. Otherwise measurement errors will result even though the correct standard has been selected on the measuring bridge.
!
7.3.6.1.2.
Test Mode UST A UST B UST A + B GST A + B GSTg A GSTg B GSTg A + B
Test modes and measured capacitances in Figure 30
The following table shows the capacitances that will be measured according to the selection of test mode: Capacitance measured CX CHA CHB CHA + CHB CHA + CHB + CHG CHB + CHG CHA + CHG CHG
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7.3.7.
Maintenance Measurements on Transformers in Accordancewith USA Standard ANSI/IEEE C57.12.90-1993
The following points must be observed when performing measurements in accordance with the ANSI/IEEE C57.12.93 standard: All possible capacitances2 must be measured i.e. capacitance between the individual winding systems; capacitance of the winding systems to the transformer housing (earth). All windings must be immersed in oil. Each winding group must be short-circuited. All bushings must be installed. The temperature of windings and the insulating fluid (oil) should be close to the reference temperature (20C). The test voltage should not be more than half of the low frequency working voltage or 10kV. The necessary measurement can be easily performed with the 2816/5284U and 2818/5283 measurement systems i.e. every measurement can be made with and without guarding circuit. As explained previously, all capacitances can be measured without changing connections by simply switching the TEST MODE as required.
...... For further details see ANSI/IEEE C57.12.93 standard (Table 1: Measurements to be made in insulation Power-Factor tests
Operation Manual
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7.3.7.1.
Measuring a single-phase autotransformer with tertiary winding

TEST OBJECT Transformer casing (Tank) CHT
CHT ......... Capacitance between the HV winding and the tertiary winding CHG ........ Capacitance between the HV winding and the transformer housing (tank connected to earth) CTG ......... Capacitance between the tertiary winding and the transformer housing (tank connected to earth)
High Voltage
INPUT A H A
CHG
CTG
G HV GROUND
Figure 31:
Measurable capacitances of an autotransformer with tertiary winding
The following table shows the capacitances that will be measured according to the selection of test mode: Test Mode UST A UST B UST A + B GST A + B GSTg A GSTg B GSTg A + B Capacitance measured CX CHT CHT CHT + CHG CHG CHT + CHG CHG
Conditions: All terminals of the individual windings must be accessible None of the windings may be connected to earth (transformer housing) on one side. Note: The HV cable and measurement cable should be exchanged for testing the tertiary winding insulation against earth CTG; the HV cable should be connected to the tertiary winding and the measurement cable to the primary winding. The measured capacitances in the table change accordingly.
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7.3.7.2.
Measuring a transformer with two windings
TEST OBJECT Transformer case (Tank) CHL
High Voltage
INPUT A or B
HV side CHG CLG
Low voltage side
G HV GROUND
Figure 32: Measurable capacitances of a transformer with two windings
The following table shows the capacitances that will be measured according to the selection of test mode: Test Mode UST A UST B UST A + B GST A + B GSTg A GSTg B GSTg A + B Capacitance measured CX CHL CHL CHL + CHG CHG CHL + CHG CHG
Conditions: All terminals of the individual windings must be accessible None of the windings may be connected to earth (transformer housing) on one side. Note: The HV cable and measurement cable should be exchanged for testing the secondary winding insulation against earth CLG; the HV cable should be connected to the secondary winding and the measurement cable to the primary winding. The measured capacitances in the table change accordingly.
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7.3.7.3.
7.3.7.3.1.
Measuring three-phase transformers

Star-star formation
High Voltage
TEST OBJECT
INPUT A or B
HV side
Low voltage side
Transformer case (Tank)
C HG
C HL
C LG
G HV GROUND
Figure 33:
Measurable capacitances of a three-phase transformer, Yn Yn formation
Capacitance measured CX CHL CHL CHL + CHG CHG CHL + CHG CHG
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7.3.7.3.2.
Star-delta formation
High Voltage
TEST OBJECT
INPUT A or B
HV side
Low voltage side
Transformer case (Tank)
C HG
C HL
C LG
G HV GROUND
Figure 34:
Measurable capacitances of a three-phase transformer, Yn- formation
Measured capacitance CX CHL CHL CHL + CHG CHG CHL + CHG CHG
Operation Manual
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7.4.
Measurements with Test Current greater than 15A (with Current Comparator)
General information on Range Extension
7.4.1.
When measuring with high test voltages and / or with large test object capacitances, with which the test current IX exceeds the maximum permissible input current of the measuring bridge, an external current comparator (CT3) must be used for range extension. When using an external current comparator for range extension, the accuracy of the bridge will be reduced, depending upon the quality of the current comparator used. In addition, additional errors will occur depending upon the test mode applied. It should therefore be considered, from case to case, which test mode should be used.
7.4.2. 7.4.2.1.
Errors caused by External Current Comparators Correction formula for tan and CX
Influence of the current error F[%]
7.4.2.1.1.
The current error mainly influences the capacitance measurement, as the secondary current magnitude varies from the value it should be. The computerized correction is performed according to the following formula:
Cxcorr = Cxmeas (1 + FI ) 100
[%]
The polarity of the current error must be considered.
7.4.2.1.2.
Influence of the error angle [min]
The error angle influences the dissipation factor measurement, as the secondary current varies by this angle from the value it should be. The effective measured value of dissipation factor tan is calculated according to the following formula:
tan corr = tan meas + I 3440
[Minutes]
Key: FI ..........conversion error of the range extension current transformer in % I ...........phase error of the external current transformer in minutes corr .......corrected value meas ....measured value
3....... CT = Current Transformer
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Example: A conventional current transformer (comparator) of Class 0.1 produces the following error: Error angle I : 1 Minute Conversion error FI : 0,1% Measured value CX = 100nF, tan = 1 10-3 The following errors can be calculated for these measurement values: Cxcorr = 100nF
01 100nF , = 100nF 100pF 100
tan corr =1 10-3
1 = 1 10-3 2.9 10-4 3440
From the above calculations it can be seen that the capacitance measurement must be corrected by 0.1% and the dissipation factor tan by 2.9 10-4. Of course, the errors must be considered at every point of use.
7.4.3.
Recommendations
From the considerations and examples in Chapter 7.4.2.1 it is clear that the tan measurement is already considerably worsened by use of an external current transformer for range extension with an error angle of 1 Minute. For accurate measurements, therefore, it is recommended to use our precision current transformer (current comparator) Series 4760. The errors are then reduced to a very low level by electronic compensation. Typical value are: Phase error [min]: Current error F[%]: 0.05 Min 0.002%
As these errors are extremely small, their influence upon capacitance and dissipation factor tan measurement can normally be considered as negligible.
Operation Manual
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Bridge 2816, 2818
7.4.4.
Measurements with an External Current Comparator (IX > 15A)
CX UTest L k
CN
Twisted cables
CT
Input B
HV GND
C N ext
High voltage CNint
Test Mode switching
Only in Typ 2818
G P
Type 2816 Type 2818
Figure 35:
Measurement setup with external current comparator (IX > 15A)
Select Test Mode UST A. CT ........Current transformer (comparator) series 4760
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7.4.5.
Accuracy Considerations when using a Current Comparator
When using the test setup described in Chapter 7.4.4 measurement errors will arise, but they are normally negligible. Nevertheless, an explanation is included in this manual for completeness.
7.4.5.1.
Influence of current CN
CX CN
The current CN flows through the primary winding of the external current transformer on its way back to the supply transformer (HV). The displayed measurement value of capacitance is therefore too large. For large following example. Example: Given: External standard capacitor CN = 1000 pF Current comparator with conversion ratio R = 100 (500 / 5A) Using maximum measurement range = R 1000 CN = 100 F ratios this error can be neglected. This is apparent in the
When measuring a test object with CX = 100 F the CX error will be

FCx = CN 1000 10 12 = = 10 10 6 = 0,001% CX 100 10 6
When measuring a test object with CX = 10 F the CX will be

FCx = CN 1000 10 12 = = 100 10 6 = 0,01% CX 10 10 6
7.4.5.2.
Errors due to stray capacitance
When using the test setup in Figure 35 the additional dissipation factor tan of CX, caused by the conductor resistance of the connection cable to the current comparator, is eliminated by connection of v directly with CX. As the v terminal of the measuring bridge is not earthed, so can the influence of the cable capacitance upon CX not be defined. For this reason, the cable between CX and the current comparator should be kept as short as possible. The stray capacitances will be reduced by the short cable and are subsequently negligible, bearing in mind that the test capacitance when using a current comparator is considerably large.
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Getting Started
8. Getting Started
8.1. Preparations Before the Measurement
The following preparatory checks and setups are necessary with the Type 2816 and 2818 measuring instrument a) Check that the mains voltage cable supplied is plugged in. On safety grounds no other cable may be used. b) The test object must be disconnected and earthed in accordance with the manufacturers advice. c) Calculate the maximum expected measurement current IX as advised in Chapter 4.4.3 Maximum test current. d) Choose whichever measurement setup is most suitable for the application (according to Chapter 7.3.6 Measurements with a customer specific supply with test object current less than 15A and Chapter 7.4 Measurements with test object current greater than 15A (with current comparator)). e) Construct the measurement setup. Partial capacitances that are not to be measured should be connected to the v point of the test arrangement. f) Check that absolutely all safety requirements have been observed.
8.2.
Switching on the Instrument
Before switching on, the following important points should be remembered: observance of safety regulations, especially VDE 0100 and VDE 0104; visual inspection of earthing connections to the instruments in the test system; visual inspection of earthing connections to the safety barrier (e.g. wire mesh) around the danger area; check that nobody is within the danger area.
Before connecting the instrument to the mains voltage it is absolutely essential that the correct mains voltage (115VAC or 230VAC) has been selected with the mains selector switch.
The POWER mains switch is located on the front panel of the instrument.
Operation Manual
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Getting Started
Bridge 2816, 2818
After switching on it will take about 15 seconds while the instrument initialises and it is then ready for use.
TEST MODE
TETTEX INSTRUMENTS

TEST MODE
SYSTEM defaults are activ !

TEST MODE
FILTERCHECK : A= 0.949 P= -0.017

TEST MODE
UST A f= 50.04 Hz
17:29
Figure 36:
Displays during the instrument initialization
A warm-up time of 5 minutes is recommend to measure with full accuracy
8.3.
Instrument Settings for Measurement
Although the instrument is ready for measurement immediately, it is recommended first to make a few settings to match the instrument to the test setup. In addition to the measurement displays, which can be selected as tan , PF, Utest and IX for example, further settings may be necessary for some test setups.
8.3.1.
Settings on the Measuring Bridge Series 2816
a) Enter the exact capacitance value of the externally connected standard capacitor, as described in Chapter 5.2.5.3.2 b) Input of CN . If the matching high voltage supply Type 5284U (with built-in CN) is connected, then the input of the standard capacitor value is unnecessary. c) If a current comparator is being used for range extension, then the conversion ratio must be entered, as described in Chapter 5.2.5.3.6.4 OPT 4; External current comparator ratio Ratio ext. CC . d) If a test report is produced using a printer, then entering the test identification is useful (see Chapter 5.2.5.3.4 Test identification IDENT INPUT). e) If useful functions, such as averaging or changes to the standard settings, are required then see Chapter 5.2.5.3.6 Options OPT. f) Select the desired Test Mode (e.g. UST A ), raise the test voltage to the desired value and press the RUN key.
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Getting Started
g) Now all the desired measurement values will be either directly readable or can be seen by pressing the appropriate key combination. A manual balance of the bridge is unnecessary, as this will be automatically performed.
8.3.2.
Settings on the Measuring Bridge Series 2818
a) This step is only necessary if it has been decided not to use the internal standard capacitor and an external standard capacitor has been connected instead. Enter the exact capacitance value of the externally connected standard capacitor, as described in Chapter 5.2.5.3.2 Input of CN . The lit LED in the CN key shows that the external standard capacitor will be used as a reference. b) If a current comparator is being used for range extension, then the conversion ratio must be entered, as described in Chapter 5.2.5.3.6.4 OPT 4; External current comparator ratio Ratio ext. CC . c) If a test report is produced using a printer, then entering the test identification is useful (see Chapter 5.2.5.3.4 Test identification IDENT INPUT). d) If useful functions, such as averaging or changes to the standard settings, are required then see Chapter 5.2.5.3.6 Options OPT. e) Select the desired Test Mode (e.g. UST A ), raise the test voltage to the desired value and press the RUN key. f) Now all the desired measurement values will be either directly readable or can be seen by pressing the appropriate key combination. A manual balance of the bridge is unnecessary, as this will be automatically performed.
Operation Manual
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Getting Started
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8.4.
CN
EXT INT EXT
Menu Structure (Brief Operation Guide)

REF
INT INTERF SUPPR
PRINT
This chapter serves as an overview of the menu structure for entry of system parameters. For more detail see Chapter 5.2.5.3 Keyboard for entering system parameters. The arrows indicate which display or action follows after pressing the appropriate key. It is recommended to copy the following page and to use this menu structure as a brief operation guide.
SET
IDENT INPUT
OPT
tan /PF 20C
CN
POWER
8.4.1.
CN
EXT INT
Choice of Standard Capacitor

Choice of standard capacitor C
N
Standard
SET
C Nint
TEST MODE
Capacitor
PROTECTED VALUE! 95.1759 pF
Display of CNext approx. 3 seconds long
CN
C Next
TEST MODE
INPUT CN - EXTERN _ pF
Input of C Next
8.4.2.
CN REF
EXT INT
System Reference
Switching of system reference (only possible with external supply)
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Getting Started
8.4.3.
PRINT
Choice of Connected Printer

TEST MODE
Values available?
NO
THERE ARE NO VALUES TO PRINT
YES
OPT 6
OFF
Test report on ext. printer only
ON
Test report on int. and ext. printer
8.4.4.
IDENT INPUT
Entering the Measurement Identification

1 = SERIAL NUMBER
Enter the serial number
2 = Object
Enter the test object identification
3 = SET TIME
System time input menu Measurement location info.
4 = SITE
Operation Manual
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Getting Started
Bridge 2816, 2818
8.4.5.
OPT
Optional Functions
1 = DYN. AV
Dynamic averaging input menu Definition of instrument settings at switch-on Conversion to10 kV (Dissipation factor & loss current) Conversion ratio input menu for external current comparator Conversion between serial and parallel equivalent circuits Switching test report on / off internal printer Display of impedance Z
2 = SETUP
3 = To 10 kV
4 = Ratio ext. CC
5 = C Serie
6 = int. Printer
7=Z
8.4.6.
Input and Selection of Oil Factor Tables

desired NO
TEST MODE
tan /PF 20C
factor table available ?
INPUT TEMP. 30
Enter the test object temperature with which to calculate the ANSI / IEEE standard.
YES
TEST MODE
ANSI NORM TABLE 1 = YES 2 = NEXT
Scroll through conversion tables with 2
TEST MODE
INPUT TEMP. 20 C
Enter the test object temperature which the conversion table is to work.
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Getting Started
8.4.7.
Choice of Interference Suppression

Supply Type 5283 or Type 5284 U
NO
Interf. Suppr.
Only Standard Mode possible
YES
1 = Standard Mode 2 = HQ Mode
1 = Standard Mode
Coarse balance performed
1 = ADJUST (Fine balance LED in INTERF. key must light) (Cancel) 2 = EXIT
2 = HQ Mode
TEST MODE
SET HIGH VOLTAGE Then press RUN
RUN
TEST MODE
NO HV >= 1000 V
HIGH VOLTAGE too low
YES
Now in HQ Mode
Operation Manual
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Getting Started
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Care and Maintenance
9. Care and Maintenance

The Type 2816 / 2818 Measuring Bridge is basically service free, as long as the specified environmental conditions are adhered to. As a result, service and maintenance is restricted to cleaning of the equipment and calibration at intervals stipulated by the application for which the instrument is used. The insulation of all high voltage cables should be periodically checked for damage. If any damage to the insulation is detected then a new measurement cable should be ordered from Tettex Instruments Division. If the instrument is to remain unused for a long time then it is recommended that steps are taken to prevent ingress of dust inside the housing through air circulation (i.e. wrap or pack the instrument). If the instrument is to be used in extreme environmental conditions (e.g. unclean, oily air with airborne metal or coal dust, high humidity etc.) then it should be protected by building into a suitable housing with forced air filtering or similar suitable protection. If such protective measures cannot be provided, then the instrument should be periodically checked for contamination and promptly cleaned with suitable cleanser when required. This kind of service work is particularly important if high voltages are to be measured and should be performed by an authorised service agent.
9.1.
Cleaning the Instrument
The instrument should be cleaned with a lint free cloth, slightly moistened using mild household cleanser, alcohol or spirits. Caustic cleansers and solvents (Trio, Chlorothene etc.) should definitely be avoided. Advice: In particular, the protective glass of the display should be cleaned from time to time with a soft, moist cloth such as used by opticians. Marking of the glass by touching with the fingers should be avoided.
9.2.
Instrument Calibration
When delivered new from the factory, the instrument is calibrated in accordance with the calibration report provided. A periodical calibration of the instrument every two years is recommended. As the calibration process is fairly extensive, the instrument can only be calibrated and, if necessary, adjusted at Tettex Instruments Divisions factory. An updated calibration report will then be issued.
Operation Manual
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Care and Maintenance
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Trouble Shooting
10. Trouble Shooting

For further information regarding error messages that may appear on the display of the Type 2816 / 2818 measuring instrument see Chapter 18 Appendix C: Locating Faults. If persistent problems or faulty operation should occur then please contact the Customer Support Department of Tettex Instruments Division or your local agent. The Customer Support Department of Tettex Instruments Division can be reached at the following address: Customer Service Department Haefely Test AG Tettex Instruments Division Bernstrasse 90, P.O. Box CH-8953 Dietikon - Zurich Switzerland Tel: Fax: e-mail: +41 1 744 74 74 +41 1 744 74 84 sales @tettex.com
In addition, see our Home Page for current information. Home Page: http://www.tettex.com
Operation Manual
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Trouble Shooting
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Instrument Storage
11. Instrument Storage

During day to day use the instrument can be switched off at the mains switch located above the mains socket on the rear panel of the instrument. If the instrument is to remain unused for any length of time, it is recommended to unplug the mains lead. In addition, it is advisable to protect this high precision instrument from moisture and accumulation of dust and dirt with a suitable covering.
Operation Manual
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Instrument Storage
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Packing and Transport
12. Packing and Transport

The packing of the Type 2816 or 2818 C tan Measuring Bridge provides satisfactory protection for normal transport conditions. Nevertheless, care should be taken when transporting the instrument. If return of the instrument is necessary, and the original packing is no longer available, then packing of an equivalent standard or better should be used. Whenever possible, transport the C tan measuring bridge in a waterproof container. Protect the instrument from mechanical damage during transport with padding ( min. 5cm ). Mark the container with the pictogram symbols Fragile and Protect from moisture.
Figure 37:
Pictograms on the transport container
12.1. Taking Delivery

When taking delivery, any possible transport damage should be noted. A written record should be made of any such damage. A suitable remark should be recorded on the delivery documents. A claim for damage must be reported immediately to the transport company and to the Customer Support Department of Tettex Instruments Division or the local agent. It is essential to retain the damaged packing material until the claim has been settled.
12.2. Proof of Despatch

Check the contents of the shipment for completeness immediately after receipt. If the shipment is incomplete or damaged then this must be reported immediately to the transport company and the Customer Support Department of Tettex Instruments Division or the local agent. Repair or replacement of the instrument can then be organised immediately.
12.3. Scope of Delivery

On receipt, check the instrument and accessories mechanically and for conformance with the delivery documents. Inform the delivery company of any damage and missing parts of the shipment.
Operation Manual
Page 93
Packing and Transport
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Recycling
13. Recycling
When the instrument reaches the end of its working life it can, if required, be disassembled and recycled. No special instructions are necessary for dismantling. The instrument is constructed of metal parts (mostly aluminium) and synthetic materials. The various component parts can be separated and recycled, or disposed of in accordance with the associated local rules and regulations.
Operation Manual
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Recycling
Bridge 2816, 2818
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Accessories and Options
14. Accessories and Options

This chapter describes the accessories that can be used in conjunction with the type 2816 and 2818 measuring bridges. Contact us directly if you have a special application, as the following list is only a part of the broad range of accessories available.
14.1. Options
The following accessories can be delivered as an option, depending upon the application and the customers request:
14.1.1. Measurement and Interface Cables

Type 5991 Type 5992 Type 5945 Type 101 WK Type 101 W Nr. 4-16343-00 Nr. 4-16351-00 Nr. 4-16399-00 Nr. 4-16430-00 Nr. 4-16431-00 Nr. 4-16432-00 Interface cable for RS 232C Interface fibre optic cable for RS 232C interface interface converter RS 232C/IEEE 488 cable to test object Cx: single pole, single shielded with connecting box, standard lengths 2, 5, 10, 20 m cable to standard capacitor CN: single pole, single shielded with rightangle connector, standard lengths 2, 5, 10, 20 m earthing cable, 16 mm: earthing cable, 16 mm: earthing cable, 16 mm: v supply cable, 10 mm: v supply cable, 10 mm: v supply cable, 10 mm: Length 5m Length 10m Length 20m Length 5m Length 10m Length 20m
14.1.2. External Standard Capacitor

3320 series Type 3370 Nk/1000/30 Type 3370NK/100/100 3370 series Air standard capacitor Pressurized gas standard capacitor 1000 pF/30 kV Pressurized gas standard capacitor 100 pF/100 kV Pressurized gas standard capacitor 200 kV - 1200kV
14.1.3. Current Comparators for Range Extension

Type 4762 Type 4761 Type 4764 Maximum primary current: Maximum primary current: Maximum primary current: 400A 1000A 5000A
Operation Manual
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Accessories and Options
Bridge 2816, 2818
14.1.4. High Voltage Supplies

5270 series Type 5251 Type 5285 Type 5286 Type 5288 High voltage supplies to requested specification Resonant supply max. 2000V High voltage supply 0...12kV/2.4kVA, with built-in standard capacitor 100pF/12kV Additional supply for type 5283 and 5284 100V/10A (specially for inductance measurement) Resonant supply for type 5283 and 5284 for increased test current up to max. 4.4A
14.1.5. Measurement Cells

Measurement cells for liquid insulants: Type 2903 Type 2905 Heatable to 150 C Test cell max. 2000V max. 1000V
Measurement cells for solid insulants: Type 2914 Type 2967 Heatable to 300 C max. 2000V
Heating equipment for measurement cells type 2903 and type2914
14.1.6. Software
SWSEQ Software Sequence for data collection and test report generation
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Revisions and Corrections
15. Revisions and Corrections

Nr. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Date 22.12.99 5 April 2001 11. April 2002 Description Extended description of Chapter 5.2.5.2 Activating the measurement RUN on page 35 Addition of chapter 20.2 Views of the Type 2816/5284 Measuring Bridge and Accessories Wiring diagram of chapter 17.10.1 RS-232 Computer Interface changed.
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Revisions and Corrections
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Appendix A: Test Circuit Examples
16. Appendix A: Test Circuit Examples

16.1. Introduction
This chapter is intended to demonstrate to the user the versatility of the Type 2818 and 2818 Measuring Bridge. The following test circuits illustrate various applications. These circuits serve simply as examples and may be adapted for special applications by the user. Various types of documents containing background information are available to customers, on request from Tettex Instruments Division, regarding further applications: Application Solution Information Procedure Solution for a particular measurement problem; application of a standard test method to energy apparatus by means of a Tettex equipment family. Tettex solution to a particular customer problem by application of one or more test methods to energy apparatus (= engineering project). Theoretical discourse regarding the use of an equipment family / test method in a specific area. Short description of a test method on a (group of) test object(s) with an instrument / system according to a standard.
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16.2. Measurements on a Machine with 2 pole Externally Configurable Winding System

With this test setup it must be ensured that that stator is earthed. The following test setup is also suitable for stator windings on high power motors U > 10 kV, P>10MW.
UTest
Test object Cx
High Voltage INPUT A
INPUT B
HV GROUND
Figure 38: Example of test circuit for a machine with 2 pole externally configurable winding system
*....... Open windings must be short circuited and connected to v. Connection to earth would result in the measurement of additional stray capacitance.
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16.3. Measurement of Short Circuit Impedance in Accordance with IEC 76-5

TEST OBJECT Transformator case (Tank)
High Voltage
L XP
L XS
Low voltage side
HV side
G HV GROUND INPUT A or B
Figure 39:
Measurement of short circuit inductances
16.3.1. Measurement Procedure

If a complete measurement system type 2816/5284U or 2818/5283 is available, then these measurements can be simply performed by using the Current Booster type 5286. The Current Booster is an additional supply that delivers currents up to 10A at low voltage (10V/100V) and can be directly plugged into and operated from the control unit. When measuring short-circuit impedance it is essential to calculate the equivalent series inductance. Press the OPT key on the measuring bridge and then 5 (see Chapter 5.2.5.3.6.5 OPT 5; Conversion between series / parallel equivalent circuits - C serie).
16.3.2. Interpretation of Results

The measurement of short-circuit inductance of transformers doesnt just give information about the stray inductance of the coil itself. Percentage changes in inductivity, compared to earlier measurements or manufacturers specifications, can indicate changes in geometry. Changes of between 24% in ZX generally mean a change in coil geometry or coil compression. Values between 46% and over indicated damage to the winding. The phase symmetry of multi-phase transformers should always be checked.
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16.4. C tan testing of High Voltage Cables
u CX UTest Cable termination
CN
HV Supply
~
Input A or B CX v N1 N2 CNext
NI G P
Type 2816
Type 2818
Figure 40:
Circuit for C tan measurement of high voltage cables
Select test mode UST A.
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16.5. Measurement of High Voltage Bushings
HIGH VOLTAGE
TO TEST OBJECT CD
Test Mode UST A UST B
Measured capacitance CD --
INPUT A
INPUT B
HV GND
Type 2818/5283 Type 2816/5284U
Figure 41:
Circuit for measurement of bushings
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16.6. Dissipation Factor Measurement on Single-phase Shunt Reactors4
Test object HV Power Supply
Standard Capacitor
K Current comparator L
CxB CxA Type 2816a or 2818a
Cn
Figure 42:
Block schematic diagram for measurement of single-phase shunt reactors
The following measurement values can be measured and reported using the type 2816 and 2818 measuring bridges: Test voltage Test frequency Dissipation factor Power factor PF Magnetization current Iron loss current Test current Utest f tan cos Im Ife Ix Parallel and series inductance Quality factor Lx QF
Reactive power Real power Apparent power
Q P S
Practically all of these values can be used according to IEC 289. The following values are of particular importance for this application: Utest, f, tan , LX, IX
...... A shunt reactor is connected in parallel to compensate for capacitive currents (reactive current) of a system (e.g. HV busbars). See IEC 289 Reactors
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16.7. Power Loss Measurements on Three-phase Shunt Reactors with External Terminals
Test object Phase A B C Standard Capacitor
~
Neutral Power supply Neutral Neutral K l
Current comparator
CxB 2816a or 2818a
CxA
Cn
Figure 43:
Block schematic diagram for measurement of three-phase shunt reactors
In order to measure other phases, the current comparator and the standard capacitor CX must be connected to the appropriate circuit. All three phases must be supplied with current in order to achieve normal operating conditions, but the measurement is performed per single phase.
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Appendix B: Interfaces
17. Appendix B: Interfaces

17.1. Remote Control via IEEE 488 or RS232 Interfaces
The instrument can be completely remote controlled. All possible front panel settings can also be made via remote control (except interface configuration and print functions). In addition, all measurement data that can be displayed on the screen is also retrievable.
17.2. Introduction
This appendix described the command set used by the instrument. The syntax is according to the IEEE 488.2 standard. Note that the programming required will vary in depth, depending upon the master computer and the application. It is therefore highly recommended that an overview of the remote functions be gained before proceeding with programming. The instrument can be placed in local or remote control condition. Switching of the status is achieved by the appropriate command.
17.3. IEEE 488 Bus Structure

IEEE 488 - 1978 is an internationally accepted specification that defines the mechanical and electrical connections between all IEEE 488 compatible instruments. The standard describes a standard format for data and commands without specifying the instrument-specific programming, i.e. without specifying how an instrument should react to a specific command. Physically, the IEEE bus consists of 16 bi-directional passive conductors or wires, which can be connected to up to 15 instruments (including controller). The 16 wires can be divided into 3 groups: 8 data lines 5 control lines 3 handshake lines
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Device 1
talker listener controller e.g. HP-85
Device 2
talker listener e.g. Type 2793
Data Bus (8 signal lines)
Device 3
listener e.g. Printer ser. 5970
DAV NRFD NDAC IFC ATN SRQ REN EOI
Data 1 to 8
transfer control bus (handshake) 3 signals lines management bus 3 signals lines
Figure 44:
Diagram of interfaces between three different instruments and IEEE bus
Every instrument within an IEEE 488 bus system must be IEEE operable in one or more ways.
17.3.1. Controller:
Addresses the other instruments as LISTENER or TALKER. It contains a system dependent program that organizes the measurement sequence and data exchange of the individual instruments.
17.3.2. Talker:
An instrument that can only send data on the bus and cannot receive data.
17.3.3. Listener:
An instrument that can only receive data and cant send data on the bus (e.g. printer). The simplest example of an IEEE 488 bus system is a two component system that consists of a test instrument and a connected printer.
17.4. Setting the IEEE Address

The IEEE address can be set on the IEEE interface board of the type 2816 /2818. The factory default address setting is 8. If it is required to change the address, then the front panel must be
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opened (as described in Chapter 6.2) and the DIL switch set on the IEEE board according to the following diagram. The instrument will operate in TALK and LISTEN MODE.
IEEE Parameter OFF
ON
3 0
IEEE Adresse (e.g. 8)
Talk and Listen
Figure 45:
Setting the address of the IEEE interface
17.5. Concept for Commands and Responses

All the commands that the instrument can interpret consist of three characters. The first character can be: ? to query something from the instrument (e.g. CN value, TEST MODE etc.) S (Set) to enter a value (e.g. CN value, external current comparator ratio etc.) C (Change) to alter a setting (e.g. Disp MODE, Ref int to Ref ext etc.) V (Voltage) to control the high voltage (2818 only together with type 5283). X to send test to the dot matrix D4 and to activate the internal beeper. H High Interference Suppression The second and third characters define the function. All messages that the instrument sends on the IEEE bus consist of an outgoing code with a following response so that they can be simply worked with by computer. All commands are acknowledged by a response.
17.6. Additional Command Set for RS-232

The IEEE-488 interface does not require a command for communication as it is clear from the address which instrument is being communicated with. If the measurement system is to be used via the RS-232 interface, then the instrument must be set to remote or local condition.
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Function characters REM LOC
Meaning Sets the measuring bridge to remote condition Sets the measuring bridge to manual or local condition
17.7. Command Set

Possible 1st character ? ? or S S C or S or ? C or ? ? ? ? ? ? C C C C C C C Function character AA AC A0 CE CI CN CX CL LX DM D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 Meaning Query the number for average calculation Query how many or sets the number of measurement values, from which the average is to be calculated Sets the number for average calculation to zero (start averaging from new) Change to CN EXT or set the CN EXT value or request the CN EXT value Change to CN INT or request the CN INT value Query which CN is active (INT or EXT) Query the test object capacitance in pF Query if the test object is inductive or capacitive Query the test object inductance (in H) Which DISP MODE is active? Change to DISP MODE apparent power S Change to DISP MODE real power P Change to DISP MODE reactive power Q Change to DISP MODE frequency F Change to DISP MODE magnetization current Im Change to DISP MODE Quality factor QF Change to DISP MODE iron loss current IFe
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Possible 1st character ? ? ? ? C or ? C or ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? C C ?S S ? C C C C C C C S S S
Function character FQ IX IM IF TD PF QF PS PQ PP UT RS RF RI RE RT R1 TM T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 SG SM SF
Meaning Query measurement frequency in Hz Query test object current in A Query magnetization current in A Query iron loss current in A Query tan or change to tan display Query power factor PF or change to PF display Query Quality factor QF Query apparent power S in VA Query reactive power Q in Var Query real power in W Query test voltage in kV Query measurement result CX or LX, tan or PF, test voltage Utest Query which reference is active (INT or EXT) Change to internal reference Change to external reference Query or set the conversion ration of an external current comparator Set the conversion ratio of the external current comparator to 1 Which TEST MODE is selected? Change to TEST MODE UST A Change to TEST MODE UST B Change to TEST MODE UST A + B Change to TEST MODE GST A + B Change to TEST MODE GSTg A Change to TEST MODE GSTg B Change to TEST MODE GSTg A + B Activate interference suppression and coarse balance Save the internal settings in preparation for the fine balance Fine balance
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Possible 1st character S S H H H C C V V V V V S
Function character SQ SE QM QP QC PC PS ON OF UP * DN * SP * HV *
Meaning Quit the balance (coarse and fine) Switch off interference suppression Activate HQ interference suppression (without reporting results) Activate HQ interference suppression (with reporting of results) Deactivate HQ interference suppression Change to switched polarity Change to normal polarity High voltage ON High voltage OFF Raise high voltage Lower high voltage Stop raising or lowering of the high voltage The high voltage will alter independently to the defined value XX.X (in kV). The voltage value XX.X follows directly after the command All characters that follow this instruction will be shown on the dot matrix display, without interrupting the test procedure. The dot matrix display is released once again for system messages The instrument emits a high beep tone The instrument emits a low beep tone
X X X X
DM * * DE BH BL
* ....... These commands are only possible for the 2818 measuring bridge together with the 5283 high voltage supply
* *..... The dot matrix display consists of two lines of 16 characters. The change of line is normally performed automatically. If it is desired to switch line during a text message then this can be achieved by inserting the character #. Example: The # character in the string Hello#How is it going? has the result that the word Hello will appear on line 1 and the following characters How is it going? will appear on line 2.
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17.8. Error Messages via the Interface

Message *0! OK ! Cause Everything is alright, the last command sent was performed The character chain sent is greater than 40 characters (e.g. CN with more than 40 positions) It is not possible to work with the internal high voltage supply, if CNext or REF/EXT is selected The instrument did not understand the last command An attempt was made to change the CNint value Select CNint and REF/INT Help
*1!
TOO LONG STATEMENT
*2!
NOT POSSIBLE WITH CN- OR REF EXTERNAL ! SYNTAX ERROR !
*3!
Send correct command
*4!
WRITE PROTECTED VALUE ! INCORRECT CN-VALUE ! 2818 IS NOT IN REMOTE STATE !
See Chapter 6 The Microprocessor System to remove the write protection
*5!
Enter the correct CN value The value of CN EXT sent was < 10 pF or the old CN EXT value is not sensible The instrument has Re-initialize the interface (CLEAR...) received a software reset and restart remote control during remote operation (e.g. from a flashover) An attempt was made to switch the high voltage on (VON) but there is no earth connection The VON command was sent, but the safety switch is open Mains earth AND HV GND must be at earth
*6!
*7!
GROUND IS OFF !
*8!
SAFETY SWITCH IS OPEN ! HIGH VOLTAGE IS OFF !
Depress the safety switch
*9!
The VUP command or Check the test setup and switch the VDN command was sent, high voltage on (VON) but the high voltage is not yet switched on
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Message *10! TEST-OBJECT IS INDUCTIVE !
Cause The test object capacitance was queried, (?CX), but the test object is an inductance
Help Query inductance (?LX)
*11!
TEST-OBJECT IS CAPACITIVE ! TEST-VOLTAGE TOO LOW !
The test object inductance Query capacitance (?CX) was queried (?LX), but the test object is a capacitance The test voltage (high voltage) is too low to achieve an accurate test result The average value was queried (?AA or ?AC), but averaging is not activated Raise the test voltage
*12!
*13!
AVERAGING IS NOT ACTIVE !
Activate averaging (SAC)
*14!
NOT POSSIBLE Interference suppression WITH REFERENCE can only be activated if EXTERNAL internal reference is selected TOO HIGH INTERFERENCE
Select REF-INTERNAL (CRI)
*15!
Extreme interference being Move the test system to a experienced or location where less interference interference suppression is is expected (e.g. in a laboratory) defective Replace the BOOSTER board Fine balance or saving settings is only possible after coarse balance and at least on measurement The internal settings must be saved before fine balance The interference suppression balance is in progress Activate with SSG
*16!
INTERFERENCE SUPPRESSION IS NOT ACTIVE FIRST MEMORIZE THE SETTINGS WORKING ON SUPPRESSION
*17!
Activate with SSM
*18!
Wait until the interference suppression has finished balancing or quit the balance with the command SSQ Send the HQC command to interrupt the interference suppression process
*19!
DURING HQ-MODE The interference ONLY HQC suppression is already ALLOWED active and the process must be allowed to complete or interrupted with the HQC command.
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Message *20! HQ-MODE CANCELLED BY RELEASING SAFETY SWITCH NO OR OLD CONTROL-UNIT, HQ-MODE NOT POSSIBLE HQ-MODE ALREADY ACTIVE AND BUSY TOO MANY CYCLES ONLY AVAILABLE WITH TETTEX TYPE 2818
Cause The HQ interference suppression process was interrupted as the safety switch was not depressed.
help Keep the Safety Switch depressed during the entire interference suppression procedure
*21!
The control unit of the Contact the factory regarding 5383 high voltage supply is extension possibilities of your test too old or not available. system HQ interference suppression was started when it was already active. The value entered for averaging lies outside the limits. The command entered is only available in conjunction with the 2818 measuring bridge. Enter a value between 0 and 99.
*22!
*23!
*24
See the commands marked with a star * in Chapter 17.7 Command Set.
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17.9. The RS-232 Interfaces

The measuring bridge is equipped with two built-in RS-232 interfaces as standard. One RS-232 interface is used as the printer interface and the second is used for remote control using a computer, whereupon the interface is converted to a GPIB socket using a special adapter cable. As an option, the measuring bridge can be fitted with an IEEE-488 interface for remote control instead of an RS-232. It must be considered, regarding the RS-232 interface, that both types of interface cannot be built-in at the same time.
17.9.1. Communications Parameters

The communications parameters are identical for both of the RS-232 interfaces. 2400 8 Baud Data bits No Parity
17.9.2. Interface and Technical Data

The interface (Bu 12) consists of a 25 pole standard socket (male). In order to avoid earth loops, there is no galvanic connection to the rest of the instrument as the data signal is fed via an opto-coupler.
17.9.2.1. Bu 12 pin-out: RS-232 interface (printer)

Pin 1 2 3, 4, 5, 6 7 18 8 ... 25 Signal name Protective earth (from printer) TxD (data output to printer) Not used Signal earth + 5V DC Not used
17.9.2.2. Bu 12 pin-out: RS-232 interface (computer)

Pin 1 2 3 3, 4, 5, 6 7 18 8 ... 25 Signal name Protective earth TxD RxD Not used Signal earth + 5V DC Not used
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17.10. PRINTER Wiring and Pin-out

1 14 2 15 3 16 4 17 5 18 6 19 7 20 8 21 9 22 10 23 11 24 12 25 13
Figure 46:
Pin-out of printer socket (male) on the instrument rear panel
PIN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
SIGNAL SCR TxD
SIGNAL Screen Transmit Data
FUNCTION Shield Send line Not used Not used Not used Not used
GND
Ground
Signal earth Not used Not used Not used Not used Not used Not used Not used Not used Not used Not used
+5V
+5V
Supply for external opto-coupler Not used Not used Not used Not used Not used Not used Not used
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17.10.1. RS-232 Computer Interface

The measuring bridge is equipped as standard with an RS232 interface for remote control. However the connection is made via the INTERFACE IEEE 488 socket. A special adapter cable is supplied as standard (Nr. 020219-00 IEEE 488 / RS232). This adapter cable consists of a GPIB socket at one end and a 25-pole RS232 socket at the other. The connector on the back of the measurement bridge is always a IEEE-connector independent of the interface (RS232 or IEEE 488) equipped. If the measurement bridge is equipped with a RS232 interface the RS232 cable must be connected to the adapter cable which is connected to the INTERFACE IEEE 488 socket at the bridge. If the bridge is equipped with an IEEE 488 interface a standard IEEE cable is required for the connection between computer and bridge. Then the also connector INTERFACE IEEE 488 has to be used. For remote control an RS232 interface cable is required, which must be wired as follows:
RS 232 Cable RS 232 Kabel Computer Adapter cable RS 232 to IEEE
Type 2816 2818
DCD RxD TxD DTR GND DSR RTS CTS RI

COM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Sockets / Buchsen Pins / Sifte
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
RS 232 connector RS 232 Stecker
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
RS 232
RS 232 connector RS 232 Stecker
IEEE 488 Connector IEEE 488 Stecker
Figure 47:
RS232 interface wiring measuring bridge - computer
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17.11. IEEE 488 Interface

12 24 11 23 10 22 9 21 8 20 7 19 6 18 5 17 4 16 3 15 2 14 1 13
Figure 48:
Pin-out of GPIB socket on instrument rear panel
PIN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
SIGNAL DIO1 DIO2 DIO3 DIO4 EOI DAV NRFD NDAC IFC SRQ ATN Shield DIO5 DIO6 DIO7 DIO8 REN GND GND GND GND GND GND GND
SIGNAL Data Input/Output 1 Data Input/Output 2 Data Input/Output 3 Data Input/Output 4 End Or Identify Data Valid Not Ready For Data No Data Accepted Interface Clear Service Request Attention Shield Data Input/Output 5 Data Input/Output 6 Data Input/Output 7 Data Input/Output 8 Remote Enable Ground Ground Ground Ground Ground Ground Ground
FUNCTION Data line 1 Data line 2 Data line 3 Data line 4 End or identification Data valid Not ready to receive Not accepted Interface system reset Call for service Warning Screen Data line 5 Data line 6 Data line 7 Data line 8 Released for operation Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth Earth
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Appendix C: Troubleshooting
18. Appendix C: Troubleshooting

If errors or faulty operation occur, then please report this with the firmware version number. Apparent problems can often be resolved by studying the operating instructions. It may also be possible that a newer firmware version is already available and instrument upgrades should always be under consideration.
18.1. Error Messages on the Display

Nr.
1
Error message
SORRY! TOO HIGH INTERFERENCE
Possible causes
Help
Extreme interference conditions that can Move the test system to a location no longer be compensated for, or where less interference is expected defective interference suppression. (e.g. in a laboratory) Replace the DACO board
IMPOSSIBLE WHILE NOT MEASURING IMPOSSIBLE INPUT TRY AGAIN PROTECTED VALUE YOUR INPUT VALUE IS OUT OF RANGE
The interference suppression fine balance was started but there are no measurement values available Date and / or time input incorrect Attempted to change CN INT value when write protection was active Entered value of CN EXT is <10 pF or
Perform a measurement by switching on the high voltage (HV ON) and pressing the RUN key. Enter the correct date and time Remove write protection (see Chapter 6.2) Use a CN EXT > 10 pF and enter the value.
3 4 5
CN INT is <90 pF or >110 pF or a temperature was entered for which there CN int must be 100 pF 10 pF is no correction factor otherwise call service REF EXT was selected but no high voltage is applied
6 7 8
SORRY! THERE IS NO INPUT SIGNAL
Check the test circuit and switch on the high voltage Perform a measurement Wait until the printer has finished printing before pressing the PRINT key
THERE ARE NO VALUES The PRINT key was pressed before a TO PRINT measurement was performed PRINTER IS STILL BUSY The PRINT key was pressed while the printer was already printing
9 10 11
PLEASE: RED KEY! TRY AGAIN! WRONG! TRY A BLUE KEY! PLEASE REPROTECT MY MEMORY
No red key was chosen for TEST MODE Press a red key to select the TEST MODE No blue key was chosen for DISP MODE Write protection is inactive Press a blue key to select the DISP MODE Re-enable the write protection (see Chapter 6 The Microprocessor System
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Appendix C: Troubleshooting
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Nr.
12 13 14
Error message
THERE ARE NO MORE OIL TABLES NO FREE MEMORY FIRST DELETE ONE SORRY, I HAVE A DAMAGE IC XX ON I SGERF IS DEAD
Possible causes
A non-existent oil table was selected An attempt was made to enter an eighth conversion table The DATA READY signal of the A/D converter is missing
Help
Only select a conversion table which has already been entered Only seven tables are possible. A table must be deleted. If switching off and on again with the POWER button (= general reset) doesnt help , then call service (probably the SIGERF card is faulty). Check the test circuit and switch on the high voltage or switch to REF INT. If not OK then call service.
15
FREQUENCY TOO HI ERROR CODE 44 or FREQUENCY TOO LOW ERROR CODE 89
The PLL for system synchronization is not functioning or not functioning correctly. Measurement frequency > 65 Hz or < 30 Hz Switched to REF EXT but the high voltage is missing
16
SORRY, I LOST A PART OF MEMORY CONSTANT-MEMORY SUPPLY IS EMPTY NEED URGENT SERVICE
Important data are no longer available for the microprocessor The non-volatile memory (NVRAM) battery has run out.
Re-enter the most important data such as CN EXT, TEST MODE, DISP MODE, USER SETUP etc. After each switch-on the system parameters and, if required, conversion tables must be re-entered, in order to be able to perform measurements without the battery. Order a new battery from Tettex (type. Nr. 7-017557-00-0)
17
18.2. Hardware Errors during the Measurement

Occurring error
Measurement of a negative dissipation factor tan
Cause / possible solution

The standard capacitor connected to the CN socket has a worse dissipation factor than the test object connected to the CX socket: Check that the standard capacitor and test object are properly connected to the correct sockets. Check the standard capacitor. It could be defective. Large stray capacitance of the test object to the screen. Check the screening of the test object.
Measurement values are displayed, although nothing is connected to the instrument or no test voltage has been applied. The instrument will not start up, although the 30-second initialization time has passed.
The instrument is probably running in demo mode with simulated measurement values: Switch the instrument off and on again to restart the internal microcomputer. Is the mains cable connected? Check the built-in fuses.
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Schematic Diagram
19. Schematic Diagram
Figure 49:
Block schematic diagram of the entire measurement system
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Schematic Diagram
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Instrument Photographs
20. Instrument Photographs

20.1. Views of the Type 2816 Measuring Bridge and Accessories
Figure 50:
Photo of 2816; front view
Figure 51:
Photo of 2816; rear view
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Figure 52:
Complete 3 part measuring system 2816/5284U consisting of measuring bridge, control unit and high voltage supply 12kV / 200mA
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20.2. Views of the Type 2816/5284 Measuring Bridge and Accessories
Figure 53:
Complete 2 part measuring system 2816/5284 consisting of measuring bridge, control unit with high voltage supply 12kV / 200mA
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Figure 54:
Photo of 5284 control unit, front view
Figure 55:
Power supply type 5284, Connection part
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20.3. Views of the Type 2818 Measuring Bridge and Accessories
Figure 56:
Photo of 2818, front view
Figure 57:
Photo of 2818, rear view
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Figure 58:
Complete 3 part measuring system 2818/5283 consisting of measuring bridge, control unit and high voltage supply 12kV / 200mA
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Catalogue of Literature
21. Catalogue of Literature

[1] [2] [3] IEC 289 Reactors IEC 76-3-1 (1987) Power transformers, Part 3: Insulation levels and dielectric tests, External clearances in air. ANSI/IEEE C57.12.90-1993 American National Standard test code for liquid-immersed distribution power, and regulating transformers and guide for short-circuit testing of distribution and power transformers Die Prfung von Leistungstransformatoren. 1983 Buchverlag Elektrotechnik, Walter Liechti. Autoren: D. J. Kraaij / G. S. Schemel / F. M. Wegschneider Tettex Applikation TA 509, Dielektrische Messungen (C tan ) an rotierenden Maschinen (TA 509d - 10-2.91). Tettex Information No. 26: Dielectric Measurement of high - voltage apparatus in the interference field of a substation von K. Fischer Tettex Information No. 22: Accuracy of capacitance and dissipation factor tan measuring bridges Tettex Applikation TA 515, Dielektrische Messungen (C / tan ) an elektrischen Hochspannungsapparaten mit dem automatischen Isolationsprfsystem Type 2818/5283 (TA 515d - 15-3.92 - Nr. 095015-D0-0.D). Tettex Procedure 0015, Feldmessung von Kurzschlussimpedanzen an Leistungstransformatoren
[4]
[5]
[6] [7] [8]
[9]
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Index
22. Index
A
accessories and options ...................................................99 accuracy conditions...........................................................4 accuracy considerations with comparator........................79 ANSI/IEEE standard C57.12.90 -1993 ...........................53 averaging, enter number of measurement values, OPT 1 45
E
earth connection.............................................................. 27 earth connections ............................................................ 18 earth protection................................................................. 8 earth terminal.................................................................. 27 earthing........................................................................... 18 EPROM .......................................................................... 61 equivalent circuit ...................................................... 19, 48 equivalent circuit calculation, OPT 5 ............................. 48
B
battery for the non-volatile memory................................63 brief operation guide .......................................................84 bus structure IEEE 488 .................................................112
F
fine balance..................................................................... 42 firmware............................................................................ 1 functional description C tan measurement.................................................. 20 dynamic averaging ..................................................... 24 fuse ................................................................................... 8
C
C tan measurement .................. see functional description calibration .......................................................................89 capacitance measurement ........... see functional description capacitor parallel equivalent circuit ...........................................20 series equivalent circuit ..............................................20 vector diagram of a real capacitance...........................11 coarse balance .................................................................41 comparator ....................................................47, 58, 76, 99 conditions for accuracy specifications...............................3 connections high voltage................................................................26 interfaces ....................................................................28 mains connection........................................................25 measurement connections...........................................27 system earth HV ground.............................................27 conversion of tan referenced to 20C ..........................52 conversion to 10kV, OPT 3.............................................46 current comparator ..............................................47, 58, 76
G
general data.............................................................see data getting started ................................................................. 81 Getting Started................................................................ 81
H
hardware ........................................................................... 1 high voltage bushings ................................................... 107 high voltage supply................................................. 15, 100
I
IDENT INPUT ..................See measurement identification impedance Z, OPT 7....................................................... 49 inductance measurement......................................... 23, 105 insulation measurement theory of....................................................................... 9 interface IEEE .......................................................................... 28 printer ........................................................................ 29 RS232 ........................................................................ 28 interface command set .................................. 114, 115, 116 interfaces IEEE address setting..................................................... 113 pin-out................................................................. 123 PRINTER pin-out................................................................. 121 interference suppression .. 41. See interference suppression High Quality Mode .................................................... 43
D
data general..........................................................................5 mechanical....................................................................5 technical .......................................................................4 display.............................................................................31 capacitance / inductance.............................................31 dissipation factor / power factor .................................31 impedance Z, OPT 7...................................................49 test voltage / current ...................................................32 dissipation factor tan difference to cos ......................................................11 what is it? ...................................................................10 dot matrix display............................................................32 dynamic averaging, OPT 1..............................................45
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L
literature ....................................................................... 135 location of the instrument............................................... 65 loss factor what is it? .................................................................. 10
M
mains connection............................................................ 25 mains plug ........................................................................ 8 mains power connection................................................. 17 mains supply connection .................................................. 6 maintenance.................................................................... 89 measurement connections............................................... 27 measurement identification IDENT INPUT ................... 37 measurement location entry, IDENT INPUT 4 .............. 40 measurement of capacitance ........................................... 20 measuring cable.............................................................. 16 mechanical data .....................................................See Data menu structure (brief operation guide) ........................... 84 microprocessor ........................................................... 1, 61 microprocessor system ................................................... 61
service .............................................................................89 set time, IDENT INPUT 3 ..............................................39 SETUP ............................................see start-up parameters software.............................................................................2 standard capacitor CN determination of .........................................................19 what is a .....................................................................15 standard capacitor CN................................................36, 99 start-up parameters, SETUP OPT 2 ................................46 storage.............................................................................93 system earth connection to..............................................................65 system parameters ...........................................................61 system reference EXT/INT .............................................37
T
technical data ......................................................... see data temperature correction factors.........................................53 test cells ........................................................................100 test circuit .......................................................................65 dissipation factor measurements on single-phase shunt reactors ................................................................108 dissipation factor measurements on three-phase shunt reactors ................................................................109 inductance measurement according to IEC 76-5......105 machine with externally configurable winding system ............................................................................104 measurements on high voltage bushings ..................107 measurements on high voltage cables ......................106 measurements on transformer with tertiary winding ..67 measuring a single-phase autotransformer with tertirary winding .................................................................72 measuring a transformer with two windings ..............73 measuring a Yn- three-phase transformer ................75 measuring Yn-Yn three-phase transformers...............74 standard test circuit principle diagram .......................69 test current extension with external comparator.........78 test current maximum ...................................................................18 test mode.............................................................33, 66, 67 test object........................................................................17 test report ........................................................................55 test report printing PRINT ..............................................54 test results evaluation of ..............................................................13 test setup .........................................................................65 test voltage maximum ...................................................................18 minimum....................................................................18 time entry, IDENT INPUT 3...........................................39 trouble shooting ..............................................................91 troubleshooting .............................................................125
N
numerical keys................................................................ 33
O
object, IDENT INPUT 2 .......................................... 38, 40 oil factor tables ............................................................... 50 options OPT ................................................................... 45
P
power apparent power .......................................................... 12 reactive power ........................................................... 12 real power .................................................................. 12 power factor cos .......................................................... 11 precautions, safety............................................................ 7 printer ............................................................................. 54 printer selection int. Printer, OPT 6 .......................... 49
R
recycling......................................................................... 97 reference conditions ......................................................... 3 resonant suppy.............................................................. 100 revisions and corrections.............................................. 101
S
safety ................................................................................ 7 saving the measurement values ..................... See RUN key scope of delivery ............................................................ 95 serial number, IDENT INPUT 1............................... 38, 40
V
vectorvoltmeter principle ................................................20 voltage ........................................................see test voltage
Page 136
Operation Manual
Bridge 2816, 2818
Notes
23. Notes
Operation Manual
Page 137

Manual - 2816-2818 Obratiti Paznju

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Operation Manual

Operation Manual Type 2816 & Type 2818

Bridge 2816, 2818

Tettex Test AG Tettex Instruments Division

Bridge 2816, 2818

MS, October 2000 Tettex Instruments Division

Tettex Test AG Tettex Instruments Division

Bridge 2816, 2818

Tettex Test AG Tettex Instruments Division

Bridge 2816, 2818

Abbreviations and definitions

Tettex Test AG Tettex Instruments Division

Bridge 2816, 2818

3. Insulation Measurement Theory

Tettex Test AG Tettex Instruments Division

Bridge 2816, 2818

5. Display and Operation Elements

Tettex Test AG Tettex Instruments Division

Bridge 2816, 2818

6. The Microprocessor System

7. Constructing the Test Circuit

Bridge 2816, 2818

7.4.5. Accuracy Considerations when using a Current Comparator ............................... 77

9. Care and Maintenance

9.1. Cleaning the Instrument ........................................................................................... 87 9.2. Instrument Calibration.............................................................................................. 87

13. Recycling 14. Accessories and Options

14.1. Options ...................................................................................................................... 97 14.1.1. Measurement and Interface Cables ..................................................................... 97

Bridge 2816, 2818

15. Revisions and Corrections 16. Appendix A: Test Circuit Examples

17. Appendix B: Interfaces

Tettex Test AG Tettex Instruments Division

Bridge 2816, 2818

IEEE 488 Interface ............................................................................................ 121

18. Appendix C: Troubleshooting

19. Schematic Diagram 20. Instrument Photographs

21. Catalogue of Literature 22. Index 23. Notes

133 135 137

Tettex Test AG Tettex Instruments Division

Bridge 2816, 2818

Tettex Test AG Tettex Instruments Division

Bridge 2816, 2818

Tettex Test AG Tettex Instruments Division

Bridge 2816, 2818

Tettex Test AG Tettex Instruments Division

Bridge 2816, 2818

Tettex Test AG Tettex Instruments Division

Bridge 2816, 2818

Conditions for Accuracy Specifications

+5...+40 20...80* non-condensing 70...106* < 50 115 / 230 10% 5 50 / 60 5%

-20...+70 20...80 non-condensing 70...106

101,3* <5 115 / 230 1% 3 50 / 60 1%*

horizontal 30* negligible*

31A< ICN <15mA 31A< ICX <15A 0,5 ... 2000

Tettex Test AG Tettex Instruments Division

Bridge 2816, 2818

Technical Data, Accuracy Specifications

60 Hz 44nF 530nF 1.8F 1F 11.7F 0.01pF 0.05% rdg 1 dig

*1 0.5% rdg 2 dig 1.0% rdg 110 1.0% rdg 110

18 mm LCD 18 mm LCD 18 mm LCD *2 4 digits 18 mm LCD 18 mm LCD

1.0% rdg 2 dig 1.0% rdg 2 dig

4 digits 4 digits 4 digits 4 digits 4 digits 4 digits 4 digits

Tettex Test AG Tettex Instruments Division