FIRE ALARM USING THERMISTOR

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO

WALCHAND COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING SANGLI

As a Partial Fulfillment Of

ELECTRONICS CIRCUIT DESIGN

BY MISS. DHAVALIKAR DEVIKA C. (ROLL NO. 03, W43450) MISS. GULAVANI POOJA S. (ROLL NO. 04, W43455) MISS. KOLEKAR SUPRIYA S. (ROLL NO. 09, W43468) MISS. PATIL AMRUTA S. (ROLL NO. 15, W43484) MISS. RAJPUT TRUPTI R. (ROLL NO. 16, W43490) (DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS)

Under the guidance of MR. DHAYGUDE S.B. MR. HAJARE S.S.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING WALCHAND COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING SANGLI

.

NOVEMBER 2009

D LA A EC R TIO N

We, the undersigned, hereby declare that the project report entitled

FIRE ALARM USING THERMISTOR

written and submitted by us to Walchand College Of Engineering Sangli, as a partial fulfillment for ELECTRONICS CIRCUIT DESIGN under the guidance of Mr. Dhaygude S.B. & Mr. Hajare S.S. is our original work. The empirical results in this project report are based on the data collected by us. We understand that any such copying is liable to be punished as the authorities deem fit. Date : Place : SANGLI. By: Miss. Dhavalikar Devika C. Miss. Gulavani Pooja S. Miss. Kolekar Supriya S. Miss. Patil Amruta S. Miss. Rajput Trupti R.

Forwarded through: Head, of Department. Electronics Engineering, W.C.E. Dean Academics

C R IF A E E T IC T
This is to certify that the project report entitled

FIRE ALARM USING THERMISTOR

Submitted by Miss. KOLEKAR SUPRIYA S. (Roll No. 09, W43468) As a Partial Fulfillment of ELECTRONICS CIRCUIT DESIGN to WALCHAND COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING SANGLI, has been completed under my guidance and supervision. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the matter presented in this project report is original and has not been submitted elsewhere for any other purpose. Date: Place: SANGLI. MR.DHAYGUDE S.B.

Dept. of Electronics Engineering

A K O LED EM T C N W G EN

Gratitude is the hardest emotion to express and often one doesnt find adequate words to convey all that one feels. It is our foremost duty to express our deep sense of gratitude and respect to the guide Mr. Dhaygude S.B. & Mr. Hajare S.S.for his uplifting tendency and inspiring us for taking up this project work completely successful. We are also grateful to Dr. B.V.Pawar, Head of Department of Electronics Engineering for providing all necessary facilities to carry out the project work and whose encouraging part has been a perpetual source of inspiration. We are indebted to the library personnels for offering all the help on completing the project work. Last but not the least we are thankful to our colleagues and those who helped us directly or indirectly throughout this project work.

By: Miss. Dhavalikar Devika C. Miss. Gulavani Pooja S. Miss. Kolekar Supriya S. Miss. Patil Amruta S. Miss. Rajput Trupti R.

FIRE ALARM USING THERMISTOR

1. INTRODUCTION
Fire causes tremendous destruction in domestic, industrial fields. It is necessary to reduce this destructions. We have constructed fire alarm as a preventive measure to detect fire on small scale.

1.1 AIM:
To construct a FIRE ALARM using thermistor to detect fire or increased temperature.

1.2 COMPONENTS: IC 555 Thermistor Resistors Capacitors Transistors Speaker Diode Light Emitting Diode Power Supply IC 7806

2. DETAILS OF COMPONENTS: IC 555:

The IC 555 Timer is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delay or oscillations. It is available in two package styles, 8-pin circular style TO-99 can or 8-pin mini DIP or as 14-pin DIP. The 556 timer contains two 555 timers and is a 14-pin DIP. A single 555 timer can provide time delay ranging from microseconds to hours. The SE 555 is designed for the operating temperature range from -550C to +1250C, while the NE 555 operates over a temperature range of 00C to 700C.

The 555 timer can be used with supply voltage in the range of +5 V to +18 V and can drive load up to 200mA (source or sink). It is compatible with both TTL and CMOS logic circuits.

THERMISTOR:

Symbol

A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance varies with temperature. The word is a portmanteau of thermal and resistor. Thermistors are widely used as inrush 6

current limiters, temperature sensors, self-resetting overcurrent protectors, and selfregulating heating elements. Thermistors differ from resistance temperature detectors (RTD) in that the material used in a thermistor is generally a ceramic or polymer, while RTDs use pure metals. The temperature response is also different; RTDs are useful over larger temperature ranges, while thermistors typically achieve a higher precision within a limited temperature range [usually -90C to 130C].

RESISTORS :

Symbol

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its terminals that is proportional to the electric current through it in accordance with Ohm's law: V = IR Resistors are elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel/chrome). The primary characteristics of a resistor are the resistance, the tolerance, maximum working voltage and the power rating. Resistors can be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits, as well as integrated circuits. Size, and position of leads (or terminals) are relevant to equipment designers; resistors must be physically large enough not to overheat when dissipating their power.

 CAPACITORS:

Symbol

A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric. When a voltage potential difference exists between the conductors, an electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical force between the plates. The effect is greatest between wide, flat, parallel, narrowly separated conductors. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, which is measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current. Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits to block the flow of direct current while allowing alternating current to pass, to filter out interference, to smooth the output of power supplies, and for many other purposes.

TRANSISTORS:

Symbol

A transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals. A transistor is made of a solid piece of a semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be much more than the 8

controlling (input) power, the transistor provides amplification of a signal. Some transistors are packaged individually but most are found in integrated circuits. The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and its presence is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems.

SPEAKER:

Symbol

A loudspeaker (or "speaker") is an electro-acoustic transducer that converts an electrical signal into sound. The speaker pulses in accordance with the variations of an electrical signal and causes sound waves to propagate through a medium such as air or water. Loudspeakers (and other electro-acoustic transducers) are the most variable elements in a modern audio system and are usually responsible for most distortion and audible differences when comparing sound systems.

DIODE:

Symbol

In electronics a diode is a two-terminal electronic component which conducts electric current asymmetrically or unidirectionally; that is, it conducts current more easily in one direction than in the opposite direction. The term usually refers to a semiconductor diode, the most common type today, which is a two-terminal semiconductor P-N junction.

The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current in one direction (called the forward direction) while blocking current in the opposite direction (the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be thought of as an electronic version of a check valve. This unidirectional behavior is called rectification, and is used to convert alternating current to direct current, and remove modulation from radio signals in radio receivers.

POWER SUPPLY:

Symbol

An electrical battery is a combination of one or more electrochemical cells, used to convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of the first Voltaic pile in 1800 by Alessandro Volta, the battery has become a common power source for many household and industrial applications, Batteries may be used once and discarded, or recharged for years as in standby power applications. Miniature cells are used to power devices such as wristwatches and portable electronic devices; larger batteries provide standby power for telephone exchanges or computer data centers

IC 7806:

The LM 78XX series of three terminal regulators are available with several fixed output voltages. These ICs are designed as fixed voltage regulators and with adequate heat sinking can deliver output currents excess in 1A. In the series, XX indicates voltage options. These are available in output voltage range of 5, 6, 8, 12, 10

15, 18, 24 volts with input voltage in the range of 30-35 volts. These ICs have internal thermal shutdown and short circuit current limiting.

3. SPE IFIC T N C A IO S:

N o. 1. 2.

N e of Com am ponent IC 555 Therm istor

N otation IC1 TH 1 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 C1 C2 C3 T1 T2 T3 LS1 D 1 LED 1 BA T1 IC2

V alue 10K 470 33K 470 560 47K 2.2K 470 470 10F 0.04F 0.01F BC548 BC558 SL100B 8 1W , 1N 4001

3.

Resistor

4. 5.

Capacitors Transistors

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Speaker D iode Light Em itting D iode Pow Supply er IC 7806

9V olts 6 V olts

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4. C C IT D G A : IR U IA R M

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5. W R IN : O K G In this fire alarm circuit, a thermistor works as the heat sensor. When temperature increases, its resistance decreases and vice versa. At normal temperature, the resistance of the thermistor (TH1) is approximately 10 kilo-ohms, which reduces to a few ohms as the temperature increases beyond 100C. The circuit uses readily available components and can be easily constructed on any general purpose PCB. Timer IC NE555 (IC1) is wired as an astable multivibrator oscillating in audio frequency band. Switching transistors T1 and T2 drive multivibrator NE555 (IC1).The output of IC1 is connected to npn transistor T3, which drives the loudspeaker(LS1) to generate sound. The frequency of IC1 depends on the values of resistorsR5 and R6 and capacitor C2.When thermistor TH1 becomes hot, it provides a low-resistance path to extend positive voltage to the base of transistorT1 via diode D1 and resistor R2. Capacitor C1 charges up to the positive voltage and increases the on time of alarm. The higher the value of capacitor C1, the higher the forward voltage applied to the base of transistor T1 (BC548).Since the collector of transistor T1 is connected to the base of transistor T2, transistor T2 provides positive voltage to reset pin 4 of IC1 (NE555).Resistor R4 is used such that IC1 remains inactive in the absence of positive voltage. Diode D1 stops discharging of capacitor C1 when the thermistor connected to the positive supply cools down and provides a high-resistance(10-kilo-ohm) path. It also stops the conduction of T1. To prevent the thermistor from melting, wrap it up in mica tape. The circuit works off a 6V-12V regulated power supply. LED1 is used to indicate that power to the circuit is switched on.

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6. SUMMARY & CONCLUSION:

Using IC 555 and thermistor, we have constructed fire alarm. A thermistor works as the heat sensor. Timer IC NE555 (IC1) is wired as an astable multivibrator oscillating in audio frequency band. The output of IC1 is connected to npn transistor T3, which drives the loudspeaker(LS1) to generate sound. By using this circuit, we can prevent hazardous effects of fire.

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7. COSTING

Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Name of component IC 555 Thermistor Resistors Capacitors Transistors Diode Light Emitting Diode Loudspeaker Power Supply IC 7806 Connectors Total

Quantity 1 1 8 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 21

Price(Rs.) 15/10/8/6/14/2/1/15/20/15/5/111/-

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