Jump 2 Python

:2010 12 20 2:58:11
: pahkey

1990 .
Monty Python's Flying Circus
. (Python) (Parnassus)
, .
.

, (Google)
(Infoseek) ,
.
.
,
.
wikidocs.net PDF, page : 1

00.
01.
1) Endless-Edition
2)
3)
02. ?
1)
2) ?
3)
4)
03.
1)
[1] (Number)
[2] (String)
[3] (List)
[4] (tuple)
[5] (Dictionary)
[6]
[7]
2)
[1] if
[2] while
[3] for
04.
1)
2)
3)
05.
1)
2)
3)
4)
[1]
[2]
06. ?
[01] ?
[02]
[03] tab 4 space
[04] 12345 12,345
[05]
[06] ?
07.
[1] ?
[2] PyUnit
1
2
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[3] SubDate
[4]
08.
[1]
[2] django
01)
02) (Templates)
03) (Models)
04) (Forms)
05) (Sessions)
06)
09. Tips
[01] API
[02]
[03]
[04] SMS
10. Quiz
[01]
[02]
[03] PrimaryArithmetic
[04] Spiral Array
[05] Four Boxes
[06] Slurpy
[07] Eight Queen
[08] Tug Of War
[09] LCD Display
90.
01. 3.0
99.
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00.
2001 []
:
" "" "
** () **
[2010.12.23] PDF .
2010 . ^^
2010.12.22 " " PDF .
B5 .
PDF
[2010.12.21] django .
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http://wikidocs.net/read/1511
[2010.05.10] .
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:pahkey@gmail.com
[2009.02] Endless Edition .
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7.
Simple TDD ,
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8.
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9. Tips
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10. Quiz
Quiz .
90.

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1) Endless-Edition
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Happy Python!
02. ?
1990 .
Monty Python's Flying Circus
. (Python) (Parnassus)
, .
.

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(Google) (Infoseek) ,
.

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#simple.py
languages=['python','perl','c','java']
forlanginlanguages:
iflangin['python','perl']:
print"%6sneedinterpreter"%lang
eliflangin['c','java']:
print"%6sneedcompiler"%lang
else:
print"shouldnotreachhere"
.
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1.
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2. GUI(Graphic User Interface)

GUI .
GUI .
Tkinter . Tkinter
GUI . Tkinter 5
. wxPython, PyQT, PyGTK Tkinter
.
3. C/C++
(glue) . .
C , C
.
C . ChartDirector
C .
Legacy()
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4. CGI
WWW .
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CGI . CGI
(, ) . CGI Common Gateway
Interface . CGI
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5.
. C
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Sybase, Infomix, , MySQL, Postgresql
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Python2.7(r27:82525,Jul42010,09:01:59)[MSCv.150032bit(Intel)]onwin32
Type"help","copyright","credits"or"license"formoreinformation.
>>>

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( Ctrl + D).
sys .
>>>importsys
>>>sys.exit()
2
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1 2 3 .
>>>1+2
3
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1.25
>>>3*9
27
>>>
a 1 b 2 a b 3 .
>>>a=1
>>>b=2
>>>a+b
3
a "Python" print a a .
>>>a="Python"
>>>printa
Python
>>>a=2+3j
>>>b=3
>>>a*b
(6+9j)
a 2+3j . 2+3j .
i 2 + 3i j .
2 + 3j 3 . 6+9j .
if .
>>>a=3
>>>ifa>1:
...print"a>1"
...
a>1
"..." .
for [1, 2, 3] .
>>>forain[1,2,3]:
...printa
...
1
2
3
([]) . "[1, 2, 3]
a print a . a 1,
2, 3 print a .
while .
>>>i=0
>>>whilei<3:
...i=i+1
...printi
...
1
2
3
while ~ . "i 3 " "i = i +

1" "print i" .i = i + 1 i 1 . i 3
while .
>>>defsum(a,b):
...returna+b
...
>>>printsum(3,4)
7
def . sum
. sum(a, b) a, b a+b .
3, 4 3+4 7 .
.

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#hello.py
print"Helloworld"
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py .
py . hello.py
hello.py .
( hello.py C:\Python .)
C:\WINDOWS>cd\Python
C:\Python>pythonhello.py
Helloworld
.
PATH , hello.py
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.)
"Hello world"
.
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Python2.6.4(r264:75706,Dec72009,18:45:15)[GCC4.4.1]onlinux2
>>>
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py , "python .py" .
home, home .
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'' 'simple calculator.py' , python
/home/ABC//"simple calculator.py" . ( .
UNIX Linux .)
03.
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1)
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[1] (Number)
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123.45,-1234.5,3.4e10
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>>>a=123
>>>a=-178
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(Floating-point)
.
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E .)
>>>a=1.2
>>>a=-3.45
>>>a=4.24E10#4.24*1010
>>>a=4.24e-10#4.24*1010
8 (Octal)
8 0( 0) .
>>>a=0177
16 (Hexadecimal)
16 0x .
>>>a=0x8ff
>>>b=0xABC
8 16 .
(Complex number)
j i . i j
. j 'J' .
>>>a=1+2j
>>>b=3-4J
.
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.
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>>>a=1+2j
>>>a.real
1.0
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>>>a=1+2j
>>>a.imag
2.0
.conjugate() .
>>>a=1+2j
>>>a.conjugate()
(1-2j)
abs() . (1+2j 1^2+2^2 .)
>>>a=1+2j
>>>abs(a)
2.2360679774997898

(+, -, *, /) .
.
>>>a=3
>>>b=4
>>>a+b
7
>>>a*b
12
'/'. 3 / 4 0.75
.
.
>>>3/4
0
>>>3/4.0
0.75
>>>3.0/4
0.75
. float .
>>>a=3
>>>b=4
>>>float(a)/b
0.75
. , float(a) a 3
3.0 . 4
.
** . x ** y x y
. .
>>>a=3
>>>b=4
>>>a**b
81
% . %
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.
>>>7%3
1
>>>3%7
3
[2] (String)
. .
"Lifeistooshort,YouneedPython"
"a"
"123"
() . 123"
? ()
.
4
()
. .
HelloWorld
'Pythonisfun'
"""Lifeistooshort,Youneedpython"""
'''Lifeistooshor,Youneedpython'''
()
(') (""", ''')
.
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(') (")
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1) (')
Python'sfavoritefoodisperl

1 . Python's (')
. (" ") . (" ")
(') .
>>>food="Python'sfavoritefoodisperl"
(") (') . 'Python'

(Syntax Error) .
>>>food='Python'sfavoritefoodisperl'
2) (")
"Pythonisveryeasy."hesays.
2 (") (") ?
(' ') .
>>>say='"Pythonisveryeasy."hesays.'
(' ') (")

.
3) \() (') (")
>>>food='Python\'sfavoritefoodisperl'
>>>say="\"Pythonisveryeasy.\"hesays."
(') (") '\'() . (\')

(')
. (\") . .
.

.
?
Lifeistooshort
Youneedpython
Pythonispowerfullanguage
?
1) '\n'
>>>multiline="Lifeistooshort\nYouneedpython\nPythonispowerfullanguage"
'\n'
. () .
2) (""")
multiline=
Lifeistooshort
Youneedpython
Pythonispowerfullanguage
[]
'\n'
.
,
.
.
---------------------------------------
---------------------------------------\n()
\v
\t
\r
\f
\a
\b
\000
\\"\"
\'(')
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---------------------------------------\n,\t,\\,\',\".
.

.
. .
.
1) (Concatenation)
>>>head="Python"
>>>tail="isfun!"
>>>printhead+tail
Pythonisfun!
1 . . Python"
head " is fun" tail . Python is fun!. , head
tail "+" .
.
2)
>>>a="python"
>>>printa*2
pythonpython
* .
* .
. "print a * 2" a .
. .
#multistring.py
print"="*50
print"MyProgram"
print"="*50
==================================================
MyProgram
==================================================
.
?

(indexing) , (slicing)
. .
>>>a="Lifeistooshort,YouneedPython"
Lifeistooshort,YouneedPython
0123
0123456789012345678901234567890123
. "Life is too short, You need Python"

'L' 0 'i' 1
. "short" s 12 .
>>>a="Lifeistooshort,YouneedPython"
>>>a[3]
'e'
a[3] a 'e' .
a[3] 3 .
, .
0 .
a[0]: 'L', a[1]: 'i', a[2]: 'f', a[3]: 'e', a[4]: ' ', a[5]: 'i', a[6]: 's',
a[7]: ' ',....
0 .
a[3] .
(Indexing) .
.
>>>a[0]
'L'
>>>a[12]
's'
>>>a[-1]
'n'
a[-1] ?
(-) . a[-1]
. a "Life is too short, You need Python"
'n' .
a[-0] ?
. 0 -0 a[-0] a[0]
.
>>>a[-0]
'L'
>>>a[-2]
'o'
>>>a[-5]
'y'

. "Life is too short, You need Python"
'Life' 'You' ?
.
>>>b=a[0]+a[1]+a[2]+a[3]
>>>b
'Life'
.
(Slicing) .
. ( -
>>> a = "Life is too
short, You need Python" )
>>>a[0:4]
'Life'
a[0:4] a , "Life is too short, You need Python" 0

4 . .
a[0] 'L', a[1] 'i', a[2] 'f', a[3] 'e' a[0:3] 'Life'
?
.
>>>a[0:3]
'Lif'
. a[: ]
.
a[0:3] .
0 <= a < 3
a a[0], a[1], a[2] . a[0:3] 'Lif' a[0:4]

'Life' .
.
.
>>>a[0:5]
'Life'
a[0] + a[1] + a[2] + a[3] + a[4] . a[4] ' '

'Life' 'Life ' . 'L', 'i' , 'f', 'e'
. 'Life' 'Life ' .
'0' .
>>>a[0:2]
'Li'
>>>a[5:7]
'is'
>>>a[12:17]
'short'
a[:] .
>>>a[19:]
'YouneedPython'
a[:] .
>>>a[:17]
'Lifeistooshort'
a[:]
>>>a[:]
'Lifeistooshort,YouneedPython'
a[:]
.
'-' .
>>>a[19:-7]
'Youneed'
a[19:-7] a[19] a[-7] . a[-7] .
>>>a="20010331Rainy"
>>>date=a[:8]
>>>weather=a[8:]
>>>date
'20010331'
>>>weather
'Rainy'
a . '8' a[:8], a[8:]

. a[:8] a[8] a[8:] a[8] 8
. "20010331Rainy"
'20010331' 'Rainy' .
"20010331Rainy" 2001 0331
Rainy .
>>>a="20010331Rainy"
>>>year=a[:4]
>>>day=a[4:8]
>>>weather=a[8:]
>>>year
'2001'
>>>day
'0331'
>>>weather
'Rainy'
4 8 "20010331Rainy" .
.
.
Pithon Python" ?
"Pithon" "Python" ?
.
>>>a="Pithon"
>>>a[1]
'i'
>>>a[1]='y'
a "Pithon" a[1] 'i'

a[1] 'y' . ?
.
. ? . .
"Pithon" "Python"
.
>>>a="Pithon"
>>>a[:1]
'P'
>>>a[2:]
'thon'
>>>a[:1]+'y'+a[2:]
'Python'
'Pithon' 'P' 'thon'

'y' 'Python' .
(Formatting)
, .
.
18.
20 .
20

. 20 18 .

.
.
.
1)
>>>print"Ieat%dapples."%3
Ieat3apples.
3
. 3 % . 3
"%d" .
. .
2)
>>>print"Ieat%sapples."%"five"
Ieatfiveapples.
%d
%s . .
%d %s .
3)
>>>number=3
>>>print"Ieat%dapples."%number
Ieat3apples.
1 3 .
.
?
4)
>>>number=10
>>>day="three"
>>>print"Ieat%dapples.soIwassickfor%sdays."%(number,day)
Ieat10apples.soIwassickforthreedays.
4 % ( )
.

4
. .
-------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------%s (String)
%c (character)
%d (Integer)
%f (floating-point)
%o 8
%x 16
%% Literal % ( '%s' )
--------------------------------------------------
%s .
.
>>>print"Ihave%sapples"%3
Ihave3apples
>>>print"Todaysrateis%s"%3.234
Todaysrateis3.234
3 %d 3.234 %f
%s . %s %d, %f
. %s
.
[] %d % %%
>>>print"Erroris%d%."%98
"Error is 98%."
. %d %
% %% % .
. %d %
.
>>>print"Erroris%d%%."%98
Erroris98%.

%d, %s
. .
.
1)
>>>print"%10s"%"hi"
hi
^^^^^^^^^^
"%10s" 10
. "%-10s" . .
>>>print"%-10sjane."%'hi'
hijane.
^^^^^^^^^^
2)
>>>print"%0.4f"%3.42134234
3.4213
, 3.42134234 4 . '.'
4 . '.'
.
>>>print"%10.4f"%3.42134234
3.4213
^^^^
3.42134234 10 4
.
.
.

.
.
(upper)
>>>a="hi"
>>>a.upper()
'HI'

.
'.' . upper()
. .
(count)
>>>a="hobby"
>>>a.count('b')
2
b .
1(find)
>>>a="Pythonisbestchoice"
>>>a.find('b')
10
'b' .
-1 .
2(index)
>>>a="Lifeistooshort"
>>>a.index('t')
8
't' .
. find
.
(join)
>>>a=","
>>>a.join('abcd')
'a,b,c,d'
"abcd" a ',' .
(lower)
>>>a="HI"
>>>a.lower()
'hi'
(lstrip)
>>>a="hi"
>>>a.lstrip()
'hi'
. lstrip 'l'
left.
(rstrip)
>>>a="hi"
>>>a.rstrip()
'hi'
. rstrip 'r'
right.
(strip)
>>>a="hi"
>>>a.strip()
'hi'
(replace)
>>>a.replace("Life","Yourleg")
'Yourlegistooshort'
replace( , )
.
(split)
>>>a.split()
['Life','is','too','short']
>>>a="a:b:c:d"
>>>a.split(':')
['a','b','c','d']
a.split() .
a.split(':')
. . ['Life', 'is', 'too', 'short'] ['a',
'b', 'c', 'd'] .
(swapcase)
>>>a="Himan"
>>>a.swapcase()
'hIMAN'
.

. .
.
a ( a )
a.upper()
a.count(x)
a.find(x)
a.index(x)
a.join(s)
a.lower()
a .
a x .
a x
. -1 .
a x
. .
s
a .
a .
a.lstrip()
a.rstrip()
a.strip()
a.replace(s, r)
a.split([s])
a.swapcase()
a
a
a
a
.
a
.
.
.
s r
.
a ,
.
[3] (List)
.
. 1 10 1, 3, 5, 7, 9
. .
. .
1, 3, 5, 7, 9 .
>>>odd=[1,3,5,7,9]
([ ])
.
>>>a=[]
>>>b=[1,2,3]
>>>c=['Life','is','too','short']
>>>d=[1,2,'Life','is']
>>>e=[1,2,['Life','is']]
a ([]) b
, c d
e . ,
.

. .
.
.

a [1, 2, 3] .
>>>a=[1,2,3]
>>>a
[1,2,3]
>>>a[0]
1
a[0] 'a' .
a[0] a[2] .
>>>a[0]+a[2]
4
1 + 3 4 .
0 a[1] a
a[0] a . a[-1]
a .
>>>a[-1]
3
a 1, 2, 3 ['a', 'b', 'c']

.
>>>a=[1,2,3,['a','b','c']]
>>>a[0]
1
>>>a[-1]
['a','b','c']
>>>a[3]
['a','b','c']
a[-1] ['a', 'b', 'c'] . a[3] a

a[-1] .
a ['a', 'b', 'c'] 'a'

?
.
>>>a[-1][0]
'a'
'a' . a[-1] ['a', 'b', 'c']

[0] .
>>>a[-1][1]
'b'
>>>a[-1][2]
'c'
>>>a=[1,2,['a','b',['Life','is']]]
a ['a', 'b', ['Life', 'is']]

['Life', 'is'] . .
'Life' .
>>>a[2][2][0]
'Life'
a ['a', 'b', ['Life', 'is']]

['Life', 'is'] .
.

.
.
, .
>>>a=[1,2,3,4,5]
>>>a[0:2]
[1,2]
>>>a="12345"
>>>a[0:2]
'12'
.
.
>>>a=[1,2,3,4,5]
>>>b=a[:2]
>>>c=a[2:]
>>>b
[1,2]
>>>c
[3,4,5]
b a 2 . a[2]
'3' . c 2 .
>>>a=[1,2,3,['a','b','c'],4,5]
>>>a[2:5]
[3,['a','b','c'],4]
>>>a[3][:2]
['a','b']
a[3] ['a', 'b', 'c'] a[3][:2] ['a', 'b', 'c'] a[0]

a[2] , ['a', 'b'] .
(+) (*)
+ * .
.
1)
>>>a=[1,2,3]
>>>b=[4,5,6]
>>>a+b
[1,2,3,4,5,6]
+ . +
. "abc" + "def" = "abcdef" .
2)
>>>a=[1,2,3]
>>>a*3
[1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3]
[1, 2, 3]
. "abc" * 3 = "abcabcabc" .
- 1
4 .
1) 1
>>>a=[1,2,3]
>>>a[2]=4
>>>a
[1,2,4]
a[2] '3' '4' .
2) 2
>>>a[1:2]
[2]
>>>a[1:2]=['a','b','c']
>>>a
[1,'a','b','c',4]
a[1:2] a[1] a[2] a[2] a = [1, 2, 4]

2 . , a[1:2] ['a', 'b', 'c'] a 2 ['a',
'b', 'c'] .
- a[1] = ['a', 'b', 'c']

. a[1] = ['a', 'b', 'c'] a
['a', 'b', 'c'] a[1:2] a[1] a[2] ['a',
'b', 'c'] . a[1] = ['a', 'b', 'c']
a [1, ['a', 'b', 'c'], 4] .
3) 1
>>>a[1:3]=[]
>>>a
[1,'c',4]
a [1, 'a', 'b', 'c', 4]. a[1:3] a[1] a[3]

a[1:3] ['a', 'b']. a[1:3] []
a a ['a', 'b'] [1, 'c', 4] .
4) 2
>>>a
[1,'c',4]
>>>dela[1]
>>>a
[1,4]
del a[x] x . del

.
del
( - .)
del a[x:y] x y . 4 a[1]
.
[]
.
>>>a=[1,2,3]
>>>a[2]+"hi"
Traceback(innermostlast):
File"",line1,in?
a[2]+"hi"
TypeError:numbercoercionfailed
TypeError . ?a[2] 3
"hi" . ( )
. Type . .
'3hi' 3 '3'
.
>>>str(a[2])+"hi"
>>>`a[2]`+"hi"
str
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.

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append . append(x)
x .
>>>a=[1,2,3]
>>>a.append(4)
>>>a
[1,2,3,4]
.
.
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>>>a
[1,2,3,4,[5,6]]
(sort)
sort .
>>>a=[1,4,3,2]
>>>a.sort()
>>>a
[1,2,3,4]
>>>a=['a','c','b']
>>>a.sort()
>>>a
['a','b','c']
>>>a=['abc',123,'youneedpython']
>>>a.sort()
>>>a
[123,'abc','youneedpython']

. 123 'abc' 'you need
python' 'a' 'y' 'a' 'y'
'abc' .
(reverse)
reverse .
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>>>a.reverse()
>>>a
['b','c','a']
(index)
index(x) x .
>>>a=[1,2,3]
>>>a.index(3)
2
>>>a.index(1)
0
a 3 a[2] 2 , 1 a[0]
0 .
0 a .
>>>a.index(0)
File"",line1,in?
a.index(0)
ValueError:list.index(x):xnotinlist
Tracebace ValueError .
(insert)
insert(a, b) a b .
>>>a=[1,2,3]
>>>a.insert(0,4)
[4,1,2,3]
0 4 .
a a[3], 5 .
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[4,1,2,5,3]
(remove)
remove(x) x . a 3
3 .
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[1,2,1,2,3]
3 .
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[1,2,1,2]
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pop() .
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3
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[1,2]
a [1,2,3] 3 [1, 2]
.

pop(x) x .
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2
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[1,3]
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>>>a.count(1)
2
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>>>a
[1,2,3,4,5]
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.
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, t2 =
(1,) (',') t4 = 1, 2, 3
() .
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>>>t1[0]
1
>>>t1[3]
'b'
, t1[0], t1[3] .
2)
>>>t1=(1,2,'a','b')
>>>t1[1:]
(2,'a','b')
3) ()
>>>t2=(3,4)
>>>t1+t2
(1,2,'a','b',3,4)
4) ()
>>>t2*3
(3,4,3,4,3,4)
() .
.
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1)
>>>delt1[0]
File"",line1,in?delt1[0]
TypeError:objectdoesn'tsupportitemdeletion
del .
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2)
>>>t1[0]='c'
File"",line1,in?t1[0]='c'
TypeError:objectdoesn'tsupportitemassignment
[5] (Dictionary)
= , =
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Associative array, Hash .
. , people , baseball
Key Value
. Key 'baseball' Value '' .
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value . key value . baseball
baseball
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key name, phone, birth value pey,

0119993323, 1118 .
.
< dic >
key
name
phone
value
pey
01199993323
birth
1118
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Key 1 Value 'hi' .
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Value .

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>>>grade={'pey':10,'julliet':99}
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10
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99

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Value "[Key]" Value .
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'a'
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'b'
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] 1 Key 1 .
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1
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2
a Key Value
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a a[Key] Key Value .
Key Value .
>>>dic={'name':'pey','phone':'0119993323','birth':'1118'}
>>>dic['name']
'pey'
>>>dic['phone']
'0119993323'
>>>dic['birth']
'1118'
,
Key Value Key Value
. 1 3 .
. .
.
.
1) 1
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>>>a[2]='b'
>>>a
{2:'b',1:'a'}
{1: 'a'} a[2] = 'b' 2 : 'b' .
2) 2
>>>a['name']='pey'
{'name':'pey',2:'b',1:'a'}
a 'name': 'pey' .
3) 3
>>>a[3]=[1,2,3]
{'name':'pey',3:[1,2,3],2:'b',1:'a'}
Key 3 Value [1, 2, 3] .
4) 1
>>>dela[1]
>>>a
{'name':'pey',3:[1,2,3],2:'b'}
4 . del a[key] key:value

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>>>a
{1:'b'}
Key:Value Key
Value Key Key Value
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. Key Key
. Key TypeError .
>>>a={[1,2]:'hi'}
Traceback(mostrecentcalllast):
File"",line1,in?
TypeError:unhashabletype
Key . Value
.
Key (keys)
>>>a={'name':'pey','phone':'0119993323','birth':'1118'}
>>>a.keys()
['birth','name','phone']
a.keys() a Key .
.
['birth', 'name', 'phone'] . Key value
.
Value (values)
>>>a.values()
['1118','pey','0119993323']
value a.values() values .
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[('birth','1118'),('name','pey'),('phone','011993323')]
items key value .
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{}
clear() . [] ()
{} .
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'pey'
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'0119993323'
get(x) x key value . a.get('name')

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.
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True
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False
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0 .
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False
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True
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1 a, b . 2 .
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5
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3
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.

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watch = 0 .
x in s, x not in s
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True
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False
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True
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True
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['paper', 'handphone', 'money'] 'money' 'money' in pocket

if .
elif ( )
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else .
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<3>
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...print"."
...
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
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while treeHit < 10 . treeHit 10 while

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....
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>>>money=300
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...print"."
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...print".."
...break
...
money 300 while money: money 0

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coffee - 1 coffee . coffee 0 if not
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while .
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#-*-coding:euc-kr-*-
#coffee.py
coffee=10
while1:
money=int(raw_input(":"))
ifmoney==300:
print"."
coffee=coffee-1
elifmoney>300:
print"%d."%(money-300)
coffee=coffee-1
else:
print"."
print"%d."%coffee
ifnotcoffee:
print".."
break
.
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)) money
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1
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10 while .
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1
3
5
7
9
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...
one
two
three
['one', 'two', 'three'] 'one' i print i

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for .
5 60
. .
5 .
mark=[90,25,67,45,80]
1 90 5 80.

. .
#marks1.py
marks=[90,25,67,45,80]
number=0
formarkinmarks:
number=number+1
ifmark>=60:
print"%d."%number
else:
print"%d."%number
number . marks
mark for . for
number 1 mark 60 60
.
for continue
while continue for . , for
continue for .
60
.
#marks2.py
marks=[90,25,67,45,80]
number=0
formarkinmarks:
number=number+1
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60 mark < 60 continue .

print for .
for range
for range .
range .
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>>>a
[0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
range(10) 0 9 .
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>>>a=range(1,11)
>>>a
[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
for range 1 10 .
) 1 10
>>>sum=0
>>>foriinrange(1,11):
...sum=sum+i
...
>>>printsum
55
range(1, 11) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] .

i sum = sum + i
sum 55 .
60 range
. .
#marks3.py
marks=[90,25,67,45,80]
fornumberinrange(len(marks)):
ifmarks[number]<60:continue
print"%d.."%(number+1)
len len .
len(marks) 5 range(len(marks)) range(5) . number
0 4 makrs[number] 90, 25, 67, 45, 80
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for
>>>a=[(1,2),(3,4),(5,6)]
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...printfirst+last
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3
7
11
a (first, last)
.
>>>(first,last)=(1,2)
for range
for range 4 .
>>>foriinrange(2,10):
...forjinrange(1,10):
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...print'\n'
...
24681012141618
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4812162024283236
51015202530354045
61218243036424854
71421283542495663
81624324048566472
91827364554637281
for . range(2, 10) [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

i . i 2 for . range(1, 10) [1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9] j print i*j .
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7
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7
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sum_many(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10) 55 .
>>>defsum_many(*args):
...sum=0
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...returnsum
...
>>>
sum_many . args
. sum_many(1, 2, 3)
args (1, 2, 3) sum_many(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10) args (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, 10) . *args . *pey, *python
. args arguments
.
>>>result=sum_many(1,2,3)
>>>printresult
6
>>>result=sum_many(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10)
>>>printresult
55
def sum_many(*args) *args . .
>>>defsum_mul(choice,*args):
...ifchoice=="sum":
...result=0
...foriinargs:
...result=result+i
...elifchoice=="mul":
...result=1
...foriinargs:
...result=result*i
...returnresult
...
>>>
choice *args . .
sum_mul('sum', 1,2,3,4) sum_mul('mul', 1,2,3,4,5) choice 'sum' 'mul'
.
>>>result=sum_mul('sum',1,2,3,4,5)
>>>printresult
15
>>>result=sum_mul('mul',1,2,3,4,5)
>>>printresult
120

.
.
>>>defsum_and_mul(a,b):
...returna+b,a*b
>>>a=sum_and_mul(3,4)
a+b a*b a ?
. . .
.
a sum_and_mul .
a=(7,12)
, (7, 12) .
.
>>>sum,mul=sum_and_mul(3,4)
sum, mul = (7, 12) sum 7 mul 12

.
, .
...returna+b
...returna*b
...
>>>
?
.
...returna+b
...
>>>
, return return .
return
return .
.
>>>defsay_nick(nick):
...ifnick=="":
...return
...print"%s."%nick
...
>>>
nick .
. ( . ,
return .) ''
.
return .

.
.
defsay_myself(name,old,sex=1):
print"%s."%name
print"%d."%old
ifsex:
print"."
else:
print"."
( - '>>>' .)
. . sex=1
. .

.
say_myself("",27)
say_myself("",27,1)
, 27 name " old 27 sex

1 .
.
say_myself("",27,0)
0 sex 0 .
defsay_myself(name,sex=1,old):
print"%s."%name
print"%d."%old
ifsex:
print"."
else:
print"."
.
.
say_myself(,27)
name "
sex 27 old 27 .
SyntaxError: non-default argument follows default argument

. (name, old, sex=1) (name, sex=1, old)
. .

?
.
a=1
defvartest(a):
a=a+1
vartest(a)
printa
a 1 . 1
vartest a . a .
vartest a 1 2
1 .
. def
vartest(a) a
a .
a vartest b vartest
.
defvartest(b):
b=b+1
.
vartest a 1 1 a 2
a a .
defvartest(a):
a=a+1
vartest(3)
printa
?
. vartest(3) vartest a 4
print a . a
.
. .
vartest a 1 ?
. .
a=1
defvartest(a):
a=a+1
returna
a=vartest(a)
printa
return . vartest 1
. a = vartest(a) a vartest .
vartest a a .
a=1
defvartest():
globala
a=a+1
vartest()
printa
global . vartest global

a a .
global . .
. global
. .
2)

.
() () .
---> (, ) --->
.
.
input
>>>a=input()
'Lifeistooshort,youneedpython'
>>>a
Lifeistooshort,youneedpython
>>>a=input()
3
>>>a
3
>>>
input . input
(') (") . (
.) 3 (') (") .
>>>a=input()
youneedpython
File"",line1,in?
File"",line1
youneedpython
^
SyntaxError:invalidsyntax
you need python 'you need python' ''

.
raw_input
>>>a=raw_input()
>>>a
>>>
raw_input . (') (") .

raw_input .
raw_input input ?
input . ,
. raw_input
. .
>>>a=raw_input()
3
>>>a
'3'
>>>
3 a '3' .
raw_input .
.
raw_input ( )
. 3 .
input(prompt), raw_input(prompt)
.
. input raw_input .
.
>>>number=raw_input(":)
:
print
print .
print .
>>>a=123
>>>printa
123
>>>a="Python"
>>>printa
Python
>>>a=[1,2,3]
>>>printa
[1,2,3]
print .
(") +
>>>print"life""is""tooshort"--------------------
lifeistooshort
>>>print"life"+"is"+"tooshort"--------------------
lifeistooshort
. ,
'+' .
>>>print"life","is","tooshort"
lifeistooshort
(,) .

print (,)
.
>>>foriinrange(10):
...printi,
...
0123456789
3)
,
.
. .
,
.
#file1.py
f=open(".txt",'w')
f.close()
open .
open
.
= open(, )
,
. .txt"
".txt"
.
.txt" C:\Python
.
f=open("C:\Python\.txt",'w')
f.close() .
.
. .
.

.
.
#file2.py
f=open(".txt",'w')
foriinrange(1,11):
data="%d.\n"%i
f.write(data)
f.close()
foriinrange(1,11):
data="%d.\n"%i
printdata
data .

. . print f
write .
.txt" .
. .
.txt
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 .
7 .
8 .
9 .
10 .

. .

readline() . .
#file2.py
f=open(".txt",'r')
line=f.readline()
printline
f.close()
".txt"
.txt" . f.open(".txt",
'r') f . f
readline()
line .
#file3.py
f=open(".txt",'r')
while1:
line=f.readline()
ifnotline:break
printline
f.close()
while 1 f.readline() .
break . f.readline()
.
while1:
data=raw_input()
ifnotdata:break
printdata
.
. .
.

readlines() . .
#file4.py
f=open(".txt",'r')
lines=f.readlines()
forlineinlines:
printline
f.close()
f.readlines()
. lines [1 .,2 .,
, , 10 .] . f.readlines() f.readline() 's'
.

read() . .
#file5.py
f=open(".txt",'r')
data=f.read()
printdata
f.close()
f.read() . data .

w
.
('a') . .
#file6.py
f=open(".txt",'a')
foriinrange(11,20):
data="%d.\n"%i
f.write(data)
f.close()
.txt" ('a') ,
write .
.txt" .
.txt"
.
[] tell seek
tell seek . tell
, seek
.
. .
>>>f=open("test.txt",'w')
>>>f.write("thisisoneline\n")
>>>f.write("twoline\n")
>>>f.write("threeline\n")
>>>f.close()
test.txt write
test.txt .
test.txt .
this is one line

two line
three line
>>>f=open("test.txt",'r')
>>>f.tell()
0
, tell
. 0 .
>>>f.readline()
'thisisoneline\n'
>>>f.tell()
18
.
.
tell 18 .
>>>f.readline()
'twoline\n'
>>>f.tell()
28
28 .
>>>f.seek(0)
>>>f.readline()
'thisisoneline\n'
>>>
seek . f.seek(0)
0 .
.
sys
.
C:\> type a.txt
type .
[1 2]
. ()
. .
sys . sys
import sys import .
.
#sys1.py
importsys
args=sys.argv[1:]
foriinargs:
printi
C:\Python
.
C:\Python>python sys1.py aaa bbb ccc
.
:
aaa
bbb
ccc

sys argv . , argv[0]
sys1.py argv[1] argv .
for .
#sys2.py
importsys
args=sys.argv[1:]
foriinargs:
printi.upper(),
upper()
. . (: sys2.py C:\Python
.)
C:\Python> python sys2.py life is too short, you need python
LIFE IS TOO SHORT, YOU NEED PYTHON
05.
,
.

.
1)
(class) .
.

.
classSimple:
pass
.
(instance) . (
. )
?

. .
a=Simple()
Simple() a .
.

.
""
.
.

(, ) .
() ( ) ( )
( ) .
( ),
( ) .

.
.
.
>>>classService:
...secret=".
Service. Service
. .
.
>>>pey=Service()
pey Service .
Service .
pey .
>>>pey.secret
"
secret '.'( )
.

Service
.
.
.
>>>classService:
...secret=""
...defsum(self,a,b):
...result=a+b
...print"%s+%s=%s."%(a,b,result)
...
>>>
.
.
>>>pey=Service()
>>>pey.sum(1,1)
1+1=2.
.
.
. .
...result=a+b

sum self
.
>>>pey=Service()
>>>pey.sum(1,1)
pey sum
. Service (sum)
.
.
. . ... pey
. , .
sum . sum
.
...result=a+b
sum self
. sum 3.
pey sum .
pey.sum(pey,1,1)
sum .
pey sum pey
. sum pey
.
sum pey .
>>>pey.sum(1,1)
pey.sum(pey, 1, 1) pey.sum(1, 1) .
? pey.sum(1, 1) self
(, pey ) .
[] self .
'self' .

" self ."
self
.

. 1 + 2 = 3
. .
Service
.
Service . sum
.
>>>classService:
...secret=""
...defsetname(self,name):
...self.name=name
...result=a+b
...print"%s%s+%s=%s."%(self.name,a,b,result)
...
>>>
.
.
pey .
>>>pey=Service()
pey .
>>>pey.setname()
>>>pey.sum(1,1)
1+1=2.
.
setname .
...self.name=name
pey
>>>pey=Service()
>>>pey.setname(")
setname .
pey '' .
pey ''
.
self.
pey " setname

.
self.name=name
self pey .
pey.name=name
name " .
pey.name="
pey .
pey .
1 + 1 = 2 .
.
...result=a+b
1 + 1 = 2 . sum ,
self.name . self.name ?
sum .
pey " sum

.
>>>pey=Service()
>>>pey.setname()
>>>pey.sum(1,1)
sum .
pey .
. , '',
.
sum pey
? . setname
setname pey.name
. sum self.name pey.name sum pey
.
__init__ ?
, .
.
. .
>>>babo=Service()
>>>babo.sum(1,1)
babo.setname()

. .

babo.setname(") .
__init__
. .
>>>classService:
...secret=""
...def__init__(self,name):
...self.name=name
...result=a+b
...
>>>
Service . setname
setname __init__ . __init__
. .
. , .
>>>pey=Service()
pey = Service() __init__ pey =

Service() .
>>>pey=Service()
>>>pey.setname()
>>>pey.sum(1,1)
__init__ .
>>>pey=Service()
>>>pey.sum(1,1)

.
self .
self ,
__init__ . pey = Service()
pey .
.

.
. .
.
(Instance)
.
(Instance) .
. ,
() . , ,
.
.
.
2 . .
.
class[()]:
<1>
<2>
...
def1(self[,1,2,,,]):
<1>
<2>
...
def2(self[,1,2,,,]):
<1>
<2>
...
...
class
. .
. .
.

.
. , , ,
. .
FourCal . a =
FourCal() a .
>>>a=FourCal()
a.setdata(4, 2) 4 2 a
>>>a.setdata(4,2)
a.sum() (4 + 2)
>>>printa.sum()
6
a.mul() (4 * 2)
>>>printa.mul()
a.sub() (4 - 2)
>>>printa.sub()
2
a.div() (4 / 2) .
>>>printa.div()
2
FourCal .
-

.
.

.
! . a = FourCal()
. . .
>>>classFourCal:
...pass
...
>>>
pass FourCal .
a = FourCal() a
. .
>>>a=FourCal()
>>>type(a)
<type'instance'>
a = FourCal() a type(a) a
. a . ( type .)
a . , ,
, .
a
.
(4, 2) .
>>>a.setdata(4,2)
>>>classFourCal:
...defsetdata(self,first,second):
...self.first=first
...self.second=second
...
>>>
FourCal pass setdata

. . .
( setdata FourCal . ) setdata
.
defsum(a,b):
returna+b
. . setdata
.
defsetdata(self,first,second):
self.first=first
self.second=second
self, first, second .

. self
.
>>>a=FourCal()
>>>a.setdata(4,2)
a a.setdata(4,2) FourCal
setdata setdata a
.
setdata self, first, second a.setdata(4,2)

a setdata self
.
self:a,first:4,second:2
. setdata 3
a.setdata(4,2) ? .
.
.
setdata .
self.first=first
self.second=second
. first 4 second 2
.
self.first=4
self.second=2
self. self a.setdata(4, 2)

a . self.first ?
a.first . self.second a.second .
a.first=4
a.second=2
>>>a=FourCal()
>>>a.setdata(4,2)
>>>printa.first
4
>>>printa.second
2
>>>classFourCal:
...self.first=first
...
>>>
4 .
.
. !
.
>>>a=FourCal()
>>>a.setdata(4,2)
>>>printa.sum()
6
FourCal .
>>>classFourCal:
...self.first=first
...defsum(self):
...result=self.first+self.second
...returnresult
...
>>>
sum . .
defsum(self):
result=self.first+self.second
returnresult
self result. a.sum() sum

a . sum
self a .
result=self.first+self.second
result=a.first+a.second
a.setdata(4, 2)
a.first=4
a.second=2
result=4+2
>>>printa.sum()
6 .
80% .
.
, , .
>>>classFourCal:
...self.first=first
...defsum(self):
...result=self.first+self.second
...returnresult
...defmul(self):
...result=self.first*self.second
...returnresult
...defsub(self):
...result=self.first-self.second
...returnresult
...defdiv(self):
...result=self.first/self.second
...returnresult
...
>>>
mul, sub, div sum .

.
>>>a=FourCal()
>>>a.setdata(4,2)
>>>a.sum()
6
>>>a.mul()
8
>>>a.sub()
2
>>>a.div()
2

.
. .
.
HousePark . pey .
>>>pey=HousePark()
pey.lastname " .
>>>printpey.lastname
pey.fullname .
>>>pey.setname("")
>>>printpey.fullname
travel travel
.
>>>pey.travel(")
,.
. .
.
>>>classHousePark:
...pass
...
>>>
pey = HousePark() .
pey.lastname "" .
>>>classHousePark:
...lastname=""
...
>>>
lastname . lastname HousePark

lastname " . .
>>>pey=HousePark()
>>>pes=HousePark()
>>>printpey.lastname
>>>printpes.lastname
HousePark lastname ""

.
-
>>> print HousePark.lastname
print pey.fullname .
>>>classHousePark:
...lastname=""
...self.fullname=self.lastname+name
...
>>>
setname .
>>>pey=HousePark()
>>>pey.setname(")
setname "" self.fullname +

.
self.fullname=self.lastname+name
name .
self.fullname=self.lastname+
self setname pey

.
pey.fullname=pey.lastname+"
pey.lastname " .
pey.fullname="+
pey.setname() .
>>>printpey.fullname
.
travel HousePark .
>>>classHousePark:
...lastname=""
...deftravel(self,where):
...print"%s,%s.%(self.fullname,where)
...
>>>
travel . where .
.
>>>pey=HousePark()
>>>pey.setname(")
>>>pey.travel()
,.
travel . travel self

where .
self:pey
where:
self.fullname pey.fullname pey.fullname pey.setname()

. pey.travel()
.

HousePark
setname .
>>>pey=HousePark()
>>>pey.travel()
. travel self.fullname
self.fullname setname setname
.
. pey
setname .
__init__ .
__init__ , .
.
>>>classHousePark:
...lastname=""
...print"%s,%s."%(self.fullname,where)
...
>>>
setname __init__ .
. .
>>>pey=HousePark()
TypeError:__init__()takesexactly2arguments(1given)
.
1 . 1 pey . !
. pey = HousePark() __init__
. __init__(self, name) __init__ .
__init__ ?
>>>pey=HousePark(")
setname .
" . __init__
.
>>>pey=HousePark(")
>>>printpey.travel()
,.
__del__ , .
.
.
>>>pey=HousePark(")
>>>delpey
del pey .
.
del
.
>>>classHousePark:
...lastname=""
...def__del__(self):
...print"%s%self.fullname
...
>>>
>>>pey=HousePark(")
>>>delpey
__del__
.
(Inheritance)
. .
.
. HousePark
HouseKim .
. HousePark . HouseKim
HousePark .
>>>classHouseKim(HousePark):
...lastname="
...
>>>
" . .
HouseKim
classHouseKim(HousePark):
>>>classHouseKim:
...lastname=""
...def__del__(self):
...print"%s%self.fullname
...
>>>
, HousePark .
HouseKim .
...lastname="
...
>>>
>>>julliet=HouseKim("")
>>>julliet.travel(")
,.
HousePark . ?
, .

. ?
travel
.
>>>julliet=HouseKim(")
>>>julliet.travel(",3)
,3.
HouseKim .
...lastname=""
...deftravel(self,where,day):
...print"%s,%s%d."%(self.fullname,where,day)
...
>>>
travel travel HouseKim

. .

(+, -, *, /, , , )
. .
>>>pey=HousePark("")
>>>julliet=HouseKim(")
>>>pey+julliet
,
, .
#house.py
classHousePark:
lastname=""
def__init__(self,name):
deftravel(self,where):
print"%s,%s."%(self.fullname,where)
deflove(self,other):
print"%s,%s"%(self.fullname,other.fullname)
def__add__(self,other):
def__del__(self):
print"%s"%self.fullname
lastname=""
deftravel(self,where,day):
print"%s,%s%d."%(self.fullname,where,day)
pey=HousePark("")
julliet=HouseKim("")
pey.love(julliet)
pey+julliet
,
,

pey=HousePark("")
pey.love(julliet)
pey+julliet
pey = HousePark() pey julliet

. pey.love(julliet) love .
love
. pey.love(julliet)
self pey other julliet . ",
.
! .
pey+julliet
'+' . '+'
__add__ .
HousePark .
pey + julliet __add__(self, other) self pey other julliet

. ", .
__del__
, .
, . .

3 .
.
pey=HousePark(")
julliet=HouseKim(")
pey.travel(")
julliet.travel(",3)
pey.love(julliet)
pey+julliet
pey.fight(julliet)
pey-julliet
.
3 .
,
,
,
,

fight pey - julliet __sub__

'-' .
, .
classHousePark:
lastname=""
def__init__(self,name):
deftravel(self,where):
print"%s,%s."%(self.fullname,where)
deffight(self,other):
def__sub__(self,other):
def__del__(self):
print"%s"%self.fullname
lastname=""
deftravel(self,where,day):
print"%s,%s%d."%(self.fullname,where,day)
pey=HousePark("")
pey.travel("")
julliet.travel("",3)
pey.love(julliet)
pey+julliet
pey.fight(julliet)
pey-julliet
, .
, 3 .
,
,
,
,

.
.
[] ?
__init__
__del__
(Constructor),

(Destructor)
(X, Y )
__add__
__or__
__repr__
"+"
"|"
print
X + Y
X | Y
print X
__call__
__getattr__
__getitem__
__setitem__
__getslice__
X()
X.
X[i]
X[key] = value
X[i:j]
__cmp__
X > Y
. .
.
. .
2)
, .
.
.

.
.
#mod1.py
defsum(a,b):
returna+b
sum mod1py . MS
mod1.py .
mod1.py .
mod1.py . import
. .
mod1.py ? import
.
import
mod1.py ".py" mod1 .
>>>importmod1
>>>printmod1.sum(3,4)
7
mod1.py import mod1 . import mod1.py

. import
. mod1.py sum mod1.sum

'.'( ) .
mod1.py .
defsafe_sum(a,b):
iftype(a)!=type(b):
print"."
return
else:
result=sum(a,b)
returnresult
.
return
None .
mod1.py .
>>>importmod1
>>>printmod1.safe_sum(3,4)
7
import mod1 mod1.py . mod1.safe_sum(3, 4) safe_num .
>>>printmod1.safe_sum(1,'a')
.
None
>>>
return
None .
sum .
30
mod1.sum, mod1.safe_sum sum, safe_sum

. from import .
fromimport
>>>frommod1importsum
>>>sum(3,4)
7
from ~ import ~
. mod1.py sum . sum
safe_sum ? .
frommod1importsum,safe_sum
from import 1, 2
. .
frommod1import*
* . '*'
. from mod1 import * mod1.py
. mod1.py 2
.
if__name__ == "__main__":
mod1.py .
#mod1.py
defsum(a,b):
returna+b
defsafe_sum(a,b):
iftype(a)!=type(b):
print"."
return
else:
result=sum(a,b)
returnresult
printsafe_sum('a',1)
printsafe_sum(1,4)
printsum(10,10.4)
mod1.py C:\Python
.
C:\Python> python mod1.py

.
None
5
20.4
. mod1.py import
.
C:\WINDOWS> cd \Python
C:\Python> python
Python 2.1 (#15, Apr 16 2001, 18:25:49) [MSC 32 bit (Intel)] on win32
Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import mod1
.
None
5
20.4

. mod1.py sum safe_sum
import mod1 mod1.py .
.
mod1.py .
if__name__=="__main__":
printsafe_sum('a',1)
printsafe_sum(1,4)
printsum(10,10.4)
C:\Python> python mod1.py __name__ ==

"__main__" if
__name__ == "__main__" if
.
.
.
>>>importmod1
>>>

.
.
#mod2.py
PI=3.141592
classMath:
defsolv(self,r):
returnPI*(r**2)
defsum(a,b):
returna+b
printPI
a=Math()
printa.solv(2)
printsum(PI,4.4)
, . mod2.py C:\Python
.
C:\Python> python mod2.py

3.141592
12.566368
7.541592
C:\Python>python
Python2.1(#15,Apr162001,18:25:49)[MSC32bit(Intel)]onwin32
Type"copyright","credits"or"license"formoreinformation.
>>>importmod2
>>>
__name__ == "__main__" .
>>>printmod2.PI
3.141592
mod2.PI mod2.py PI .
>>>a=mod2.Math()
>>>printa.solv(2)
12.566368
mod2.py Math .
'.'()
.
>>>printmod2.sum(mod2.PI,4.4)
7.541592
mod2.py sum .

. mod2.py
. ! .
#modtest.py
importmod2
result=mod2.sum(3,4)
printresult
import mod2 mod2

. modtest.py mod2.py
.

. .
C:\Python\Mymodules
.
mod2.py C:\Python\Mymodules
.
sys .
>>>importsys
sys . sys 3
. sys
.
>>>sys.path
>>>sys.path
['','c:\\','c:\\python21\\dlls','c:\\python21\\lib','c:\\python21\\lib\\plat-win',
'c:\\python21\\lib\\lib-tk','c:\\python21']
sys.path .
.
sys.path C:\Python\Mymodues ?
sys.path .
>>>sys.path.append("C:\Python\Mymodules")
>>>sys.path
['','c:\\','c:\\python21\\dlls','c:\\python21\\lib','c:\\python21\\lib\\plat
-win','c:\\python21\\lib\\lib-tk','c:\\python21','C:\\Python\\Mymodules']
>>>
sys.path.append C:\Python\Mymodules sys.path

sys.path C:\\Python\\Mymodules
.
>>>importmod2
7
.
sys.path.append() .
reload
reload (import)
. .
reload .
.
>>>importmod2
>>>printmod2.PI
3.141592
mod2.py PI .
PI=3.14
PI (3.14) .
.
>>>reload(mod2)
>>>printmod2.PI
3.14
. reload import
? . reload
import .
mod2.py import
mod2 .
3)
(try, except)
.
. ,
. try, except
.
.
?
.
.
.
>>>f=open('','r')
File"",line1,in?
IOError:[Errno2]Nosuchfileordirectory:'\xb3\xaa\xbe\xf8\xb4\xc2\xc6\xc4\xc0\xcf'
IOError .
'' .
.
'\xb3\xaa\xbe\xf8\xb4\xc2\xc6\xc4\xc0\xcf'
0 .
>>>4/0
File"",line1,in?
ZeroDivisionError:integerdivisionormodulobyzero
>>>
4 0 ZeroDivisionError .
. .
>>>a=[1,2,3]
>>>a[4]
File"",line1,in?
IndexError:listindexoutofrange
>>>
a [1, 2, 3] a[4] a IndexError

. .

, .
try, except .
try:
...
except[[,]]:
...
try except .
try except .
except .
except [ [, ]]:
[ [, ]] .
try, except

try:
...
except:
...
except

try
...
except:
...
except .

try
...
except,:
...

except except
except
.
try:
4/0
exceptZeroDivisionError,e:
printe
4 0 ZeroDivisioError except
except e .
: integer division or modulo by zero

.

. ?
>>>try:
...f=open(".txt",'r')
...exceptIOError:
...print"."
...f=open(".txt",'w')
...
.
try try f = open(".txt, 'r')

IOError . except
. except
except . , "
.txt .
.
try, except
.
(raise)
. raise
. Bird
fly ( ) .
classBird:
deffly(self):
raiseNotImplementedError
Bird fly fly

.

Bird fly .
classEagle(Bird):
deffly(self):
return"veryfast"
4)
.
. .
.

.
.
,
.
.
.
.
[1]
. print, del, type .
import .
.
.
.
.
abs
abs(x) , .
>>>abs(3)
3
>>>abs(-3)
3
>>>abs(1+2j)
2.2360679774997898
>>>
abs(a + bj) = sqrt (a^2+b^2)
apply
apply(function, (args))
.
>>>defsum(a,b):
...returna+b
>>>
apply
.
>>>apply(sum,(3,4))
7
chr
chr(i) .
>>>chr(97)
'a'
>>>chr(48)
'0'
>>>
cmp
cmp(x,y) . x .
0 .
>>>cmp(4,3)
1
>>>cmp(3,4)
-1
>>>cmp(3,3)
0
dir
dir .
() .
.
>>>dir([1,2,3])
['append','count','extend','index','insert','pop','remove','reverse','sort']
>>>dir({'1':'a'})
['clear','copy','get','has_key','items','keys','setdefault','update','values']
divmod
divmod(a,b)
.
>>>divmod(7,3)
(2,1)
>>>divmod(1.3,0.2)
(6.0,0.099999999999999978)
enumerate
enumerate (, , ) enumerate
. enumerate ,
.
enumerate for .
>>>fori,nameinenumerate(['boby','foo','bar']):
...printi,name
...
0boby
1foo
2bar

enumerate .
eval
eval(expression) (1+2, 'hi' + 'a' )
.
>>>eval('1+2')
3
>>>eval("'hi'+'a'")
'hia'
>>>eval('divmod(4,3)')
(1,1)
execfile
execfile(file) . ,
sum.py ,
#sum.py
defsum(a,b):
returna+b
printsum(3,4)
>>>execfile('sum.py')
7
filter
filter(function, list)
, . filter
. filter . .
#positive.py
defpositive(l):
result=[]
foriinl:
ifi>0:
result.append(i)
returnresult
printpositive([1,-3,2,0,-5,6])
[1, 2, 6]
, positive
.
filter .
#filter1.py
defpositive(x):
returnx>0
printfilter(positive,[1,-3,2,0,-5,6])
[1, 2, 6]
filter ,
(, , ) . filter
. 1,
2, 6 x > 0 [1, 2, 6] .
lambda . (lambda .)
>>>printfilter(lambdax:x>0,[1,-3,2,0,-5,6])
[1,2,6]

hex
hex(x) (hexadecimal) .
>>>hex(234)
'0xea'
>>>hex(3)
'0x3'
id
id(object) () .
>>>a=3
>>>id(3)
135072304
>>>id(a)
135072304
>>>b=a
>>>id(b)
135072304
a, b 3 .
4 id(4) .
>>>id(4)
135072292
input
input([prompt]) . raw_input " "
.
.
>>>a=input()
'hi'
>>>a
'hi'
>>>b=input("Enter:")
Enter:'hi'
>>>b
'hi'
int
int(x) .
.
>>>int('3')
3
>>>int(3.4)
3
int(x, radix) x radix() .
'11' .
>>>int('11',2)
3
'1A' .
>>>int('1A',16)
26
isinstance
isinstance(object, class)
True, False .
>>>classPerson:pass
...
>>>a=Person()
>>>b=3
>>>isinstance(a,Person)
True
a Person .
>>>isinstance(b,Person)
False
b Person .
lambda
lambda def
. lambda def def
. lambda .
lambda 1, 2,,, :
>>>sum=lambdaa,b:a+b
>>>sum(3,4)
7
lambda sum a, b a b . lambda

sum def .
>>>defsum(a,b):
...returna+b
...
>>>
def lambda ? . lambda def

def lambda .
lambda .
>>>l=[lambdaa,b:a+b,lambdaa,b:a*b]
>>>l
[at0x811eb2c>,at0x811eb64>]
lambda . l[0]
lambda .
>>>l[0]
at0x811eb2c>
>>>l[0](3,4)
7
l[1] lambda .
>>>l[1](3,4)
12
lambda .
len
len(s) (, , ) ( )
.
>>>len("python")
6
>>>len([1,2,3])
3
>>>len((1,'a'))
2
list
list(s)
. .
>>>list("python")
['p','y','t','h','o','n']
>>>list((1,2,3))
[1,2,3]
>>>a=[1,2,3]
>>>b=list(a)
>>>b
[1,2,3]
>>>id(a)
9164780
>>>id(b)
9220284
List(a) . a b
id .
long
long(x) (long integer)
.
>>>long('34567890')
34567890L
>>>long(34567890)
34567890L
map
map (, , )
.
deftwo_times(l):
result=[]
foriinl:
result.append(i*2)
returnresult
2 .
#two_times.py
deftwo_times(l):
result=[]
foriinl:
result.append(i*2)
returnresult
result=two_times([1,2,3,4])
printresult
[2, 4, 6, 8]
>>>deftwo_times(x):returnx*2
...
>>>map(two_times,[1,2,3,4])
[2,4,6,8]
map
. . 1 two_times
1 * 2 2 [] . [2] ,
2 two_times 4
[2] [2, 4] . 4 [2, 4, 6,
8] [2, 4, 6, 8] . map
. map .
lambda .
>>>map(lambdaa:a*2,[1,2,3,4])
[2,4,6,8]
[map 1 ]
#map_test.py
defplus_one(x):
returnx+1
printmap(plus_one,[1,2,3,4,5])
: [2,3,4,5,6]
max
max(s) (, , ) .
>>>max([1,2,3])
3
>>>max("python")
'y'

min
min(s) max .
>>>min([1,2,3])
1
>>>min("python")
'h'
oct
oct(x) 8 .
>>>oct(34)
'042'
>>>oct(12345)
'030071'
open
open(filename, [mode]) .
(mode) ('r') .
.
mode
w
r
a
b
w+, r+, a+ .
b w, r, a .
>>>f=open("binary_file","rb")
>>>fwrite=open("write_mode.txt",'w')
>>>fread=open("read_mode.txt",'r')
>>>fread2=open("read_mode.txt")
fread fread2 . , 'r' .
>>>fappend=open("append_mode.txt",'a')
ord
ord(c) .
>>>ord('a')
97
>>>ord('0')
48
pow
pow(x, y) x y .
>>>pow(2,4)
16
>>>pow(3,3)
27
range
range([start,] stop [,step]) for
.
>>>range(5)
[0,1,2,3,4]
( .
. )
>>>range(5,10)
[5,6,7,8,9]
- .
>>>range(1,10,2)
[1,3,5,7,9]
>>>range(0,-10,-1)
[0,-1,-2,-3,-4,-5,-6,-7,-8,-9]
raw_input
raw_input([prompt]) prompt .
('\n') .
>>>a=raw_input()
youneedpython
>>>a
'youneedpython'
>>>b=raw_input("--->")
--->youneedpython
>>>b
'youneedpython'
input raw_input .
reduce
reduce(function, sequence) function

.
#reduce1.py
deftest(x,y):
returnx+y
deftest2(x,y):
returnx*y
printreduce(test,[1,2,3,4,5])
printreduce(test2,[1,2,3,4,5])
15
120
reduce(test, [1,2,3,4,5]) .
((((1+2)+3)+4)+5)
reduce(test2, [1,2,3,4,5]) .
((((1*2)*3)*4)*5)
reload
reload(module) (import) .
.
#test.py
defa():
print"lifeistooshort"
>>>importtest
>>>test.a()
'lifeistooshort'
test.py .
#test.py
defa():
print"youneedpython"
>>>test.a()
'lifeistooshort'
>>>reload(test)
>>>test.a()
'youneedpython'
,
.
repr
repr(object) .
eval . str str eval
.
>>>repr("hi".upper())
"'HI'"
>>>eval(repr("hi".upper()))
'HI'
>>>eval(str("hi".upper()))
File"",line1,in?eval(str("hi".upper()))
File"",line0,in?
NameError:Thereisnovariablenamed'HI'
str eval .
sorted
sorted .
>>>sorted([3,1,2])
[1,2,3]
>>>sorted(['a','c','b'])
['a','b','c']
>>>sorted("zero")
['e','o','r','z']
>>>sorted((3,2,1))
[1,2,3]
sort . sort
.
sorted sort .
>>>a=[3,1,2]
>>>result=a.sort()
>>>printresult
None
>>>a
[1,2,3]
str
str(object) .
. repr .
>>>str(3)
'3'
>>>str('hi')
'hi'
>>>str('hi'.upper())
'HI'
tuple
tuple(sequence) .
.
>>>tuple("abc")
('a','b','c')
>>>tuple([1,2,3])
(1,2,3)
>>>tuple((1,2,3))
(1,2,3)
type
type(object) .
>>>type("abc")
>>>type([])
>>>type(open("test",'w'))
'file' .
zip
zip .
.
>>>zip([1,2,3],[4,5,6])
[(1,4),(2,5),(3,6)]
>>>zip([1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9])
[(1,4,7),(2,5,8),(3,6,9)]
>>>zip("abc","def")
[('a','d'),('b','e'),('c','f')]
[2]

.
. . , .
.
.
.
. ,
.
.
.
( .)
(sys.argv)
sys
.
sys.argv
C:\Python21> python test.py abc pey guido
python test.py sys.argv

.
)
1. . (C:\Python\Mymoduels
.)
#argv_test.py
importsys
printsys.argv
2. .
C:\Python\Mymodules> python argv_test.py you need python

['argv_test.py', 'you', 'need', 'python']
python sys.argv
. 2 .
(sys.exit)
>>> sys.exit()
sys.exit Ctrl-Z Crtl-D . ,

.
(sys.path)
sys.path . , xxx.py
.
>>>importsys
>>>sys.path
['','c:\python21','c:\python21\dlls','c:\python21\lib','c:\python21\l
ib\plat-win','c:\python21\lib\lib-tk']
>>>
'' .
#path_append.py
importsys
sys.path.append("C:\Python\Mymodules")
sys.path.append .
C:\Python\Mymodules xxx.py .
(pickle)
pickle
.
data pickle.dump
.
>>>importpickle
>>>f=open("test.txt",'w')
>>>data={1:'python',2:'youneed'}
>>>pickle.dump(data,f)
>>>f.close()
pickle.dump (data)
.
>>>importpickle
>>>f=open("test.txt",'r')
>>>data=pickle.load(f)
>>>printdata
{2:'youneed',1:'python'}
(string)
string . 2
. string
. string .
>>>importstring
>>>dir(string)
['_StringType','__builtins__','__doc__','__file__','__name__','_float','_idmap','_idmapL','_int',
'_long','atof','atof_error','atoi','atoi_error','atol','atol_error','capitalize','capwords',
'center','count','digits','expandtabs','find','hexdigits','index','index_error','join','joinfield
'letters','ljust','lower','lowercase','lstrip','maketrans','octdigits','printable','punctuation',
'replace','rfind','rindex','rjust','rstrip','split','splitfields','strip','swapcase','translate',
'upper','uppercase','whitespace','zfill']
dir(string)
. , .
>>>importstring
>>>string.split("youneedpython")
['you','need','python']
>>>"youneedpython".split()
['you','need','python']
string split split

. string .
atof
.
>>>string.atof('3')
3.0
atof . .
>>>float('3')
3
atoi
atof . int
.
>>>string.atoi('3')
3
>>>int('3')
3
zfill
0 . zfill zero +
fill 0 .
>>>string.zfill(3,8)
'00000003'
>>>string.zfill('a',3)
'00a'
string.zfill(a, b) (a) (b) .

2001-04-04 04 04 0 .
zfill .
(StringIO)
StringIO . .
[]
StringIO (import).
>>>importStringIO
StringIO StringIO StringIO .

. .
>>>f=StringIO.StringIO()
write "life is too short" .
>>>f.write("lifeistooshort")
getvalue value .
getvalue StringIO .
>>>value=f.getvalue()
>>>value
'lifeistooshort'
close .
>>>f.close()
[] StringIO

.
.
StringIO.
StringIO .
? (os.environ)

os environ. .
>>>importos
>>>os.environ
{'CMDLINE':'WIN','PATH':'C:\WINDOWS;C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND;C:\PROGRA~1\ULTRA
EDT;C:\JDK1.3\BIN;C:\ESSOLO.COM;C:\VIM\VIM\VIM57;C:\PYTHON21','BLASTER':
'A240I10D1','TEMP':'C:\WINDOWS\TEMP','COMSPEC':'C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND.CO
M','PROMPT':'$p$g','WINBOOTDIR':'C:\WINDOWS','WINDIR':'C:\WINDOWS','TMP
':'C:\WINDOWS\TEMP'}
>>>
. os.environ .
.
. PATH.
C:\WINDOWS\autoexec.bat .
>>>os.environ['PATH']
'C:\WINDOWS;C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND;C:\PROGRA~1\ULTRAEDT;C:\JDK1.3\BIN;C:\ESS
OLO.COM;C:\VIM\VIM\VIM57;C:\PYTHON21'
>>>
(os.chdir, os.getcwd)
.
>>>os.chdir("C:\WINDOWS")
os.getcwd()
>>>os.getcwd()
'C:\WINDOWS'
(os.system, os.popen)
os.system
. os.system()
. dir .
>>>os.system("dir")
dir
os.popen
os.popen .
>>>files=os.popen("dir")
>>>files
>>>
>>>printfiles.read()
os
os.mkdir()
os.rmdir()
.,
.
os.unlink()
os.rename(src, dst)
src dst
.
(shutil)
shutil .
shutil.copy(src, dst)
src dst . dst src
dst .
>>>importshutil
>>>shutil.copy("src","dst")
(glob)

glob.
glob(pathname)
glob . *, ?
.
C:\Python Q
.
>>>importglob
>>>glob.glob("C:\Python\Q*")
['C:\Python\quiz.py','C:\Python\quiz.py.bak']
>>>
(tempfile)
tempfile. tempfile.mktemp()
.
>>>importtempfile
>>>filename=tempfile.mktemp()
>>>filename
'C:\WINDOWS\TEMP\~-275151-0'
tempfile.TemporaryFile() . w+b
. f.close() .
>>>importtempfile
>>>f=tempfile.TemporaryFile()
(time)
time . .
time.time
time.time() UTC(Universal Time Coordinated )
. 1970 1 1 0 0 0
.
>>>importtime
>>>time.time()
988458015.73417199
time.localtime
time.localtime time.time() , , , , , ,..
.
>>>time.localtime(time.time())
(2001,4,28,20,48,12,5,118,0)
time.asctime
time.localtime
. .
>>>time.asctime(time.localtime(time.time()))
'SatApr2820:50:202001'

time.ctime
time.asctime .
>>>time.ctime()
'SatApr2820:56:312001'
time.strftime
time.strftime(' ', time.localtime(time.time())) strftime
.
%a
Mon
%A
Monday
%b
Jan
%B
January
%c
(
)
06/01/01 17:22:21
%d
(day)
[00,31]
%H
(hour)-24
[00,23]
%I
(hour)-12
[01,12]
%j
[001,366]
%m
[01,12]
%M
[01,59]
%p
AM or PM
AM
%S
[00,61]
%U
1 -
[00,53]
%w
[0(),6]
%W
1 -
[00,53]
%x
06/01/01
%X
17:22:21
%Y
2001
%Z
%%
%y
01
>>>importtime
>>>time.strftime('%x',time.localtime(time.time()))
'05/01/01'
>>>time.strftime('%c',time.localtime(time.time()))
'05/01/0117:22:21'
time.sleep
time.sleep
. .
#sleep1.py
importtime
foriinrange(10):
printi
time.sleep(1)
1 0 9 . time.sleep
. 1 1 0.5 0.5 .
(calendar)
.
2001 .
>>>importcalendar
>>>printcalendar.calendar(2001)
>>>calendar.prcal(2001)
2001 4 . .
.
>>>calendar.prmonth(2001,4)
April2001
MoTuWeThFrSaSu
1
2345678
9101112131415
16171819202122
23242526272829
30
calendar . weekday(, , )
. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6 .
>>>calendar.weekday(2001,4,28)
5
2001 4 28 .monthrange(, )
1 .
>>>calendar.monthrange(2001,4)
(6,30)
2001 4 1 30 .
.
(random)
random . random randint .
0.0 1.0 .
>>>importrandom
>>>random.random()
0.53840103305098674
1 10 .
>>>random.randint(1,10)
6
1 55 .
>>>random.randint(1,55)
43
#random_pop.py
importrandom
defrandom_pop(data):
number=random.randint(0,len(data)-1)
returndata.pop(number)
data=[1,2,3,4,5]
whiledata:printrandom_pop(data)
2
3
1
5
4
random_pop
. .
(thread)
(Process) .
,
. .
#thread_test.py
importthread
importtime
defsay(msg):
while1:
printmsg
time.sleep(1)
thread.start_new_thread(say,('you',))
thread.start_new_thread(say,('need',))
thread.start_new_thread(say,('python',))
foriinrange(100):
printi
time.sleep(0.1)
. 1 'you', 'need', 'python'

. 0.1 0 99 . for
Main .
0
you
need
python
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
you
need
python
11
12
...
thread.start_new_thread ,
. apply
.
(webbrowser)
webbrowser .
URL http://www.yahoo.co.kr .
>>>importwebbrowser
>>>webbrowser.open(http://www.yahoo.co.kr)
webbrowser open
.
open_new .
>>>webbrowser.open_new(http://www.yahoo.co.kr)
06. ?
.
.

.
.
.

.
[01] ?
.
, ,
?

.
.
. 5
. .
,
.
.
.
.

. .
. 2 2
.
. .
. .
. , GuGu 2 result
.
result=GuGu(2)
. 2 2,4,6,,,18 .
. result = [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16,
18] .
. .
defGuGu(n):
printn
GuGu(2) 2 . 2
.
defGuGu(n):
result=[]
result 2, 4, 6,,, 18 .
.
defGuGu(n):
result=[]
result.append(n*1)
result.append(n*2)
result.append(n*3)
...
result.append(n*9)
returnresult
2 .
. 1 9 ?
1 9 .
>>>i=1
>>>whilei<10:
...printi
...i=i+1
. GuGu .
defGuGu(n):
result=[]
i=1
whilei<10:
result.append(n*i)
i=i+1
returnresult
printGuGu(2)
.

.
,
. .
.
. , 4
.
[02]
.
#memo.py
importsys
importtime
defusage():
print"""
Usage
=====
%s-v:Viewmemo
%s-a:Addmemo
"""%(sys.argv[0],sys.argv[0])
ifnotsys.argv[1:]orsys.argv[1]notin['-v','-a']:
usage()
elifsys.argv[1]=='-v':
try:printopen("memo.txt").read()
exceptIOError:print"memodoesnotexist!"
elifsys.argv[1]=='-a':
word=raw_input("Entermemo:")
f=open("memo.txt",'a')
f.write(time.ctime()+':'+word+'\n')
f.close()
print"Added"
python memo.py -v
"memo does not exist!" . python memo.py -a
memo.txt .
python memo.py -v python memo.py -a
usage() . sys.argv try.. except
.
[03] tab 4 space

(Tab) (4 Space)
. VI
. 8
. .
#tabto4.py
importre
importsys
defusage():
print"Usage:python%sfilename"%sys.argv[0]
try:f=open(sys.argv[1])
except:usage();sys.exit(2)
msg=f.read()
f.close()
p=re.compile(r'\t')
changed=p.sub(""*4,msg)
f=open(sys.argv[1],'w')
f.write(changed)
f.close()
re . p
= re.compile(r'\t') . r'\t' \t .
r raw . .
p=re.compile('\\t')
p sub " "*4 ,

. sub .
p.sub(""*4,msg)
[04] 12345 12,345

123,456
.
#commanumber.py
importstring
defcomma_number(number):
ifnumber[0]in['+','-']:
sign_mark,number=number[:1],number[1:]
else:
sign_mark=''
try:
tmp=string.split(number,'.')
num=tmp[0];decimal='.'+tmp[1]
except:
num=number;decimal=''
head_num=len(num)%3
result=''
forposinrange(len(num)):
ifpos==head_numandhead_num:
result=result+','
elif(pos-head_num)%3==0andpos:
result=result+','
result=result+num[pos]
returnsign_mark+result+decimal
printcomma_number("12345678.345678")
12,345,678.345678
'+', '-' sign_mark .

'.' ','
decimal .
head_num=len(num)%3

'.' 3 .
forposinrange(len(num)):
ifpos==head_numandhead_num:
result=result+','
elif(pos-head_num)%3==0andpos:
result=result+','
result=result+num[pos]
.
','
(num)
3
3 ',' .
.
3
.
for head_num,
head_num 0 ',' .
.
.
.
. Simple ?
.
?
(at 2008.02 by )
importunittest
defcomma_number(no):
t=no.split(".")
decimal=t[0]
sosu=""
iflen(t)>1:sosu=t[1]
ifsosu:
returncomma(decimal)+"."+sosu
else:
returncomma(decimal)
defcomma(no):
result=[]
numbers=list(str(no))
numbers.reverse()
fori,ninenumerate(numbers):
ifi%3==0andi:result.insert(0,",")
result.insert(0,n)
return"".join(result)
classCommaTest(unittest.TestCase):
deftest1(self):
self.assertEquals("",comma_number(""))
self.assertEquals("1",comma_number("1"))
self.assertEquals("1,234",comma_number("1234"))
self.assertEquals("1,234.02",comma_number("1234.02"))
self.assertEquals("3,312,345.3234",comma_number("3312345.3234"))
unittest.main()
[05]
PC
.( .)

.
importos
defsearch(dirname):
flist=os.listdir(dirname)
forfinflist:
next=os.path.join(dirname,f)
ifos.path.isdir(next):
search(next)
else:
doFileWork(next)
defdoFileWork(filename):
ext=os.path.splitext(filename)[-1]
ifext=='.py':printfilename
search("d:/")

. search
doFileWork .
d .py .
.py "ABC" "DEF" doFileWork
.
defdoFileWork(filename):
ext=os.path.splitext(filename)[-1]
ifext!=".py":return
f=open(filename)
before=f.read()
f.close()
after=before.replace("ABC","DEF")
f=open(filename,"w")
f.write(after)
f.close()
[06] ?
"2007 1 1" "" .
.
1 2
1 48
UI . .
importdatetime
defelapsed_time(sdate):
e=datetime.datetime.now()
ifnotsdateorlen(sdate)<14:return0,0,0,0
s=datetime.datetime(int(sdate[:4]),int(sdate[4:6]),int(sdate[6:8]),
int(sdate[8:10]),int(sdate[10:12]),int(sdate[12:14]))
days=(e-s).days
sec=(e-s).seconds
hour,sec=divmod(sec,3600)
minute,sec=divmod(sec,60)
returndays,hour,minute,sec
, , ,
.
datetime"-".
(datetime.datetime.now()-datetime.timedelta(7)).strftime("%Y%m%d")
datetime now() timedelta() 1 datetime

YYYYMMDD .
datetime
.
07.
.
.
.
TDD(Test Driven Development) .
[1] ?
, , IT
.
.
,
.
, .
TDD?
.
IT
" . "TDD"
. TDD Test Driven Development
" " .
.
TDD ", ?
! !". !
TDD .
",
!"
TDD
"" . TDD " "
, .
TDD
. TDD
.
.
.
TDD ,
.

.

. ( )
TDD
TDD , . .
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. . ( )
5. .
TDD
Simple Code TDD . (Kent Beck, ExtremeProgramming .
.), (Ward Cunningham)
(Extreme Programming) (Ron Jeffries) Simple Code
.
Clean code that works! ( !)

Simple Code .
. "~
!" .
. TDD
Simple .
,
. TDD .
[2] PyUnit
pyunit
.
importunittest
classSimpleTest(unittest.TestCase):
deftest1(self):
self.assertEquals(1,1)
unittest.main()
.
1. pyunit unittest import.
2. unittest.TestCase SimpleTest .
3. (:test1, test
. unittest.main() unittest
test .).
4. self.assertEquals TestCase 1 1
.
5.
1 1 unittest
.
TestCase assertEquals .
.
assertEquals(x,y)
x y
assertTrue(x)
assertFalse(x)
fail(msg)
, msg
failIf(x)
pyunit TDD .
[3] SubDate
Sub Date
(YYYYMMDD) . .
20030515 sub 20030501 = 14

20030501 sub 20030515 = 14
20030301 sub 20030515 = 31 + 30 + 14
TDD .
?
.
. 28 29 ,,
= absolute( - )
, 0 .
TODO
.
.
.
.
.
. 20030515
.
2003 5 15 = 2002 + 2003 1 4

+ 15
TDD Start
TODO
(YYYYMMDD) .
.
.
.
.
TODO TDD . TODO

. .
importunittest
classSubDateTest(unittest.TestCase):
deftestGetDayByYear(self):
subdate=SubDate()
self.assertEquals(0,subdate.getTotalDayByYear(1))
self.assertEquals(365,subdate.getTotalDayByYear(2))
unittest.main()
0 1 0 . ( 1 1
1 .) 2 1 1 1 2 1 1
365 .
classSubDate:
defgetTotalDayByYear(self,year):
ifyear==1:return0
else:return365
self.assertEquals(365*3+366, subdate.getTotalDayByYear(5))
1 4
.
TODO

deftestLeapYear(self):
subdate=SubDate()
self.assertTrue(subdate.isLeapYear(0))
self.assertFalse(subdate.isLeapYear(1))
classSubDate:
ifyear==1:return0
else:return365
defisLeapYear(self,year):
if(year==0):returnTrue
if(year==1):returnFalse
if(year==4):returnTrue
returnFalse
duplication . 0, 1, 4
. .
ifyear%4==0:returnTrue
returnFalse
4 4
.
. 4
.
.
400 .
100 .
4 .
.
1200 400 100 400

. 700 100 . 400, 100, 4
.
subdate=SubDate()
self.assertFalse(subdate.isLeapYear(700)) .
ifyear%100==0:returnFalse
returnFalse
assertTrue(subdate.isLeapYear(1200)) .
.
returnFalse
.
? . .
.
. ( . ... )
#self.assertEquals(365*3+366,subdate.getTotalDayByYear(5))
result=0
foriinrange(1,year):
ifself.isLeapYear(i):result+=366
else:result+=365
returnresult
getTotalDayByYear
.
getTotalDayByYear=>getTotalDayLessThanYearOf
, . .
deftestGetDayByMonth(self):
subdate=SubDate()
self.assertEuqlas(0,subdate.getTotalDayLessThanMonthOf(1))
self.assertEquals(31,subdate.getTotalDayLessThanMonthOf(2))
defgetTotalDayLessThanMonthOf(self,month):
ifmonth==1:return0
else:return31
. 2,
? . ,
subdate=SubDate()
self.assertEquals(0,subdate.getTotalDayLessThanMonthOf(1,True))
self.assertEquals(31,subdate.getTotalDayLessThanMonthOf(2,False))

2 .
.
defgetTotalDayLessThanMonthOf(self,month,isLeap):
ifmonth==1:return0
else:return31
subdate=SubDate()
self.assertEquals(31+28,subdate.getTotalDayLessThanMonthOf(3,False))
self.assertEquals(31+29,subdate.getTotalDayLessThanMonthOf(3,True))
3 .
.
monthDays=[31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31]
result=0
foriinrange(1,month):
ifisLeapandi==1:
result+=monthDays[i-1]+1
else:
result+=monthDays[i-1]
returnresult
monthDays=[31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31]
result=0
result+=self.monthDays[i-1]
ifisLeapandmonth>2:result+=1
returnresult
monthDays global ,
.
.
.
deftestGetTotalDay(self):
subdate=SubDate()
self.assertEquals(1,subdate.getTotalDayOf("00010101"))
1 1 1 1 , 2 1 1 366 .
defgetTotalDayOf(self,date):
year=int(date[:4])month=int(date[4:6])
day=int(date[6:])
returnself.getTotalDayLessThanYearOf(year)+\
self.getTotalDayLessThanMonthOf(month,self.isLeapYear(year))+day
.
.
deftestSubDate(self):
subdate=SubDate()
self.assertEquals(1,subdate.getSubDate("20021231","20030101"))
self.assertEquals(31+28+30+31+14,subdate.getSubDate("20030101","20030515"))

20021231 200311 1. ,
defgetSubDate(self,date1,date2):
returnabs(self.getTotalDayOf(date1)-self.getTotalDayOf(date2))
.
Congratulations!!
importunittest
classSubDateTest(unittest.TestCase):
deftestGetDayByYear(self):
subdate=SubDate()
self.assertEquals(0,subdate.getTotalDayLessThanYearOf(1))
self.assertEquals(365,subdate.getTotalDayLessThanYearOf(2))
self.assertEquals(365*3+366,subdate.getTotalDayLessThanYearOf(5))
subdate=SubDate()
subdate=SubDate()
self.assertEquals(31+28,subdate.getTotalDayLessThanMonthOf(3,False))
self.assertEquals(31+29,subdate.getTotalDayLessThanMonthOf(3,True))
deftestGetTotalDay(self):
subdate=SubDate()
deftestSubDate(self):
subdate=SubDate()
self.assertEquals(1,subdate.getSubDate("20021231","20030101"))
unittest.main()
classSubDate:
defgetTotalDayLessThanYearOf(self,year):
result=0
foriinrange(1,year):
ifself.isLeapYear(i):result+=366
else:result+=365
returnresult
returnFalse
monthDays=[31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31]
result=0
result+=self.monthDays[i-1]
ifisLeapandmonth>2:result+=1
returnresult
defgetTotalDayOf(self,date):
year=int(date[:4])
month=int(date[4:6])
day=int(date[6:])
returnself.getTotalDayLessThanYearOf(year)+\
self.getTotalDayLessThanMonthOf(month,self.isLeapYear(year))+day
defgetSubDate(self,date1,date2):
returnabs(self.getTotalDayOf(date1)-self.getTotalDayOf(date2))
[4]
HTTP .
HTTP www(World Wide Web) ,
www.naver.com, www.google.com HTTP .
.
( or firefox) .
.
.
?
.
.
importunittest
unittest.main()
unittest import main() .
classTestMiniWeb(unittest.TestCase):
deftest1(self):
miniweb=MiniWeb(port=8080)
test1 MiniWeb .
() MiniWeb .
MiniWeb .
classMiniWeb:
def__init__(self,port):
self.port=port
deftest1(self):

. 8080 .
classMiniWeb:
self.port=port
defstart(self):
s=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM)
s.bind(("localhost",self.port))
s.listen(1)
conn,addr=s.accept()
deftest1(self):
miniweb.start()
start socket 8080 .

.
?
s.accept() s.accept() .
! Thread .
importunittest
importsocket
importthreading
classMiniWeb(threading.Thread):
threading.Thread.__init__(self)
self.port=port
defrun(self):
s.bind(("localhost",self.port))
s.listen(1)
conn,addr=s.accept()
deftest1(self):
miniweb.start()
unittest.main()
import threading Thread

start run . Thread start()
run() .
.
accept()
accept() . .
! .
importunittest
importsocket
importthreading
self.port=port
self.s=None
defrun(self):
self.s=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM)
self.s.bind(("localhost",self.port))
self.s.listen(1)
conn,addr=self.s.accept()
defstop(self):
ifself.s:self.s.close()
deftest1(self):
miniweb.start()
miniweb.stop()
unittest.main()
stop
.
start stop start stop

.
importtime
...
deftest1(self):
miniweb.start()
time.sleep(0.5)
miniweb.stop()
Interupt .
self.join() . while
.
importunittest
importsocket
importthreading
importtime
self.port=port
self.s=None
defrun(self):
self.s.listen(1)
while1:
try:
conn.close()
exceptsocket.error:
break
defstop(self):
self.join()
deftest1(self):
miniweb.start()
time.sleep(0.5)
miniweb.stop()
unittest.main()
deftest1(self):
miniweb.start()
s.connect(("localhost",8080))
s.send("abc")
s.close()
time.sleep(0.5)
miniweb.stop()
"abc" .
.
setUp tearDown
.
defsetUp(self):
self.server=MiniWeb(port=8080)
self.server.start()
deftearDown(self):
time.sleep(0.5)
self.server.stop()
deftest1(self):
s.send("abc")
s.close()
HTTP .
.
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: SimpleHttpServer
Content-type: text/plain
Content-Length: 2
HI
"HI"
.
...
defrun(self):
self.s.listen(1)
while1:
try:
recvmsg=conn.recv(1024)
conn.send(self.simpleResponse(recvmsg))
conn.close()
exceptsocket.error:
break
defsimpleResponse(self,msg):
return"""HTTP/1.1200OK
Server:SimpleHttpServer
Content-type:text/plain
Content-Length:%s
%s"""%(len(msg),msg)
...
deftest1(self):
s.send("abc")
self.assertEquals(self.server.simpleResponse("abc"),s.recv(1024))
s.close()
...

.
.
#unittest.main()
MiniWeb(port=8080).start()
http://localhost:8080 .
miniweb.py
importunittest
importsocket
importthreading
importtime
self.port=port
self.s=None
defrun(self):
self.s.listen(1)
while1:
try:
recvmsg=conn.recv(1024)
conn.send(self.simpleResponse(recvmsg))
conn.close()
exceptsocket.error:
break
defsimpleResponse(self,msg):
return"""HTTP/1.1200OK
Server:SimpleHttpServer
Content-type:text/plain
Content-Length:%s
%s"""%(len(msg),msg)
defstop(self):
self.join()
defsetUp(self):
self.server=MiniWeb(port=8080)
self.server.start()
deftearDown(self):
time.sleep(0.5)
self.server.stop()
deftest1(self):
s.send("abc")
self.assertEquals(self.server.simpleResponse("abc"),s.recv(1024))
s.close()
#unittest.main()
MiniWeb(port=8080).start()
08.
(LAN Cable) .
.
.
.
, ?
.
image : http://ds.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/events/sciencesummer06/
()
, .
[1]
MySQL MySQL
MySQLdb . MySQL
MySQL . MySQL
.
MySQLdb
MySQLdb Mysql .
. www.mysql.com
. C:\mysql mysql
.
C:\mysql\bin\mysqld
mysql MySQLdb .
.
MySQLdb .
MySQLdb - http://sourceforge.net/projects/mysql-python/files
windows installer Gerhard's Homepage .

MySQLdb . MySQLdb-python-0.3.5-win32-2.zip(
) .
C:\temp\mysqldb-python-0.3.5>> python setup.py install
>>>importMySQLdb
>>>
MySQLdb .
MySQLdb -http://sourceforge.net/projects/mysql-python
.
MySQL-python-0.3.5.tar.gz
.
1. $ tar xvzf MySQL-python-0.3.5.tar.gz
2. $ cd MySQL-python-0.3.5
3. $ python setup.py build
4. # python setup.py install
install .
>>>importMySQLdb
>>>

MySQLdb .
C:\WINDOWS>cd \
C:\>cd mysql
C:\mysql>cd bin
C:\mysql\bin>mysql
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2 to server version: 3.23.38
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer
mysql>
- C:\mysql\bin>mysql mysqld
mysqld mysql .
book .
mysql>CREATEDATABASEbook;
QueryOK,1rowaffected(0.01sec)
book use .
mysql>usebook;
Databasechanged
mysql>createtableurllink(categoryvarchar(80),authorvarchar(80),
->subjectvarchar(80),urlvarchar(150));
QueryOK,0rowsaffected(0.01sec)
.
category :
author :
subject :
url : URL
mysql>describeurllink;
+----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
|Field|Type|Null|Key|Default|Extra|
+----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
|category|varchar(80)|YES||NULL||
|author|varchar(80)|YES||NULL||
|subject|varchar(80)|YES||NULL||
|url|varchar(150)|YES||NULL||
+----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4rowsinset(0.05sec)
. mysql .
mysql>quit
. mysql .
MySQLdb
MySQLdb , connect host localhost db
book book m .
>>>importMySQLdb
>>>m=MySQLdb.connect(host='localhost',db='book')
( - user, passwd()
m=MySQLdb.connect(host='localhost',user='',passwd='',db='book')
m cursor c .
>>>c=m.cursor()
c .
>>>c.execute("select*fromurllink")
0L
c execute mysql>
.urllink
0L . 0L 'long int'.
. .
category : python
author : Eung-Yong
subject : EungYong HomePage
url : http://tdd.or.kr/tddlog
mysql>insertintourllinkvalues('python','Eung-Yong','EungYongHomepage','http://tdd.or.kr/tddlog')
. c
execute urllink .
1L .
>>>c.execute("select*fromurllink")
1L
c fetchall c.execute("select * from urllink")

. .
>>>c.fetchall()
(('python','Eung-Yong','EungYongHomePage','http://tdd.or.kr/tddlog'),)
MySQLdb . .
1. import MySQLdb .
2. MySQLdb.connect .
3. .
4. mysql fetchall .
fetchone . fetchall
readlines fetchone readline .
MySQL .
[2] django
"" .
(Spring), (Struts), ROR(Ruby On Rails) django

.
django .
django django django
.
(http://www.djangobook.com/en/2.0/) .
. ( " django")
django
django .
django ( ) . django
django ?
django
. django
.
django
? .
django .
01)
django .
?:

MVC

. django
:

Web (HTTP)
HTML

. ?
.
django
.
django book :
http://www.djangobook.com/en/2.0/

. .
.
.
"" " Django " :

http://wikidocs.net/mybook/read/index?pageid=4901
django
:
http://www.djangoproject.com/download/

:
Django-1.1.tar.gz
. tar.gz
.
C:\Django-1.1
C:\Django-1.1>c:\python2.6\pythonsetup.pyinstall
.
django-admin.py
. django-admin.py .
\python2.6\Lib\site-packages\django\bin
(django-admin.py) C:\work
.
C:\work>c:\python2.6\pythonc:\python2.6\Lib\site-packages\django\bin\django-admin.pystartprojectmysite
c:\work mysite
.
.
2009-07-2902:09557manage.py
2009-07-2902:092,852settings.py
2009-07-2902:09554urls.py
2009-07-2902:090__init__.py
C:\work\mysite>c:\python2.6\pythonmanage.pyrunserver
Validatingmodels...
0errorsfound
Djangoversion1.1,usingsettings'mysite.settings'
Developmentserverisrunningathttp://127.0.0.1:8000/
QuittheserverwithCTRL-BREAK.
127.0.0.1 8000 .
Hello World .
mysite views.py .
mysite\views.py
fromdjango.httpimportHttpResponse
defhello(request):
returnHttpResponse("Helloworld")
mysite urls.py .
fromdjango.conf.urls.defaultsimport*
frommysite.viewsimporthello
urlpatterns=patterns('',
('^hello/$',hello))
http://127.0.0.1:8000/hello "Hello World"

.
:
urls.py url . url regex()
views.py .
HttpResponse .
Hello World .
02) (Templates)
django . HTML
django .
django
django mysite/settings.py .
mysite/settings.py
TEMPLATE_DIRS=(
'C:/work/mysite/templates',
)
c:/work/mysite/templates .
test1.html .
( UTF-8 .
)
mysite/templates/test1.html
<html>
<head>
<title>djangoexample#1</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>
.
</p>
<p>
{{message}}
</p>
</body>
</html>
views.py .
mysite/views.py
#-*-coding:utf-8-*fromdjango.httpimportHttpResponse
fromdjango.template.loaderimportget_template
fromdjango.templateimportContext
defhello(request):
returnHttpResponse("Helloworld")
deftemplate_test(request):
t=get_template('test1.html')
html=t.render(Context({'message':""}))
returnHttpResponse(html)
urls.py .
mysite/urls.py
frommysite.viewsimporthello,template_test
('^hello/$',hello),
('^test1/$',template_test),)
http://127.0.0.1:8000/test1 .
.
:
.
get_template Template .
get_template
fp=open('c:/work/mysite/templates/test1.html')
t=Template(fp.read())
fp.close()
Context .
.
.
.
mysite/templates/test1.html
<html>
<head>
<title>djangoexample#1</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>
.
</p>
<p>
{{message}}
</p>
<p>
.
</p>
<ul>
{%foriteminitem_list%}
<li>{{item}}</li>
{%endfor%}</ul>
</body>
</html>
views.py .
mysite/views.py
deftemplate_test(request):
t=get_template('test1.html')
c=Context({
'message':"",
"item_list":["one","two","three"],
})
html=t.render(c)
returnHttpResponse(html)

http://127.0.0.1:8000/test1 .
:
{% for .. %}, {% endfor %}
03) (Models)
?
.
"User" "", "", ""
.
classUser:
def__init__(self):
self.name=""
self.email=""
self.address=""
django ?

django "" .
django ?
SQL .
django SQL . SQL django
SQL .
. "". SQL
. SI
SQL . SQL django ?
?
django . django
.
django :
1. PC
2.
MySQL .
MySQL :
http://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/MySQL-5.1/mysql-essential-5.1.36-win32.msi/from/pick#mirrors
MySQL .
http://sourceforge.net/projects/mysql-python/
. ( .
)
django & Models

django Models .
- mypage_page
- pageid (int)
- page_name (varchar(100))
- page_content (text)

app
. app
app .
pythonmanage.pystartappmypage
C:\work\mysite>cdmypage
C:\work\mysite\mypage>dir
C.
:D075-1035
C:\work\mysite\mypage
2009-08-1005:18.
2009-08-1005:18..
2009-08-1005:1860models.py
2009-08-1005:18537tests.py
2009-08-1005:1827views.py
2009-08-1005:180__init__.py
4624
24,267,645,952
mypage 4 .
models.py .
mysite/mypage/models.py
fromdjango.dbimportmodels
#Createyourmodelshere.
classPage(models.Model):
pageid=models.IntegerField(primary_key=True)
page_name=models.CharField(max_length=100)
page_content=models.TextField()
[] - primary_key TextField .
. Field
(__init__) primary_key
. TextField, CharField Field
.
python2.6\Lib\site-packages\django\db\models\fields\__init__.py
classField(object):
#Designateswhetheremptystringsfundamentallyareallowedatthe
#databaselevel.
empty_strings_allowed=True
#ThesetrackeachtimeaFieldinstanceiscreated.Usedtoretainorder.
#Theauto_creation_counterisusedforfieldsthatDjangoimplicitly
#creates,creation_counterisusedforalluser-specifiedfields.
creation_counter=0
auto_creation_counter=-1
def__init__(self,verbose_name=None,name=None,primary_key=False,
max_length=None,unique=False,blank=False,null=False,
db_index=False,rel=None,default=NOT_PROVIDED,editable=True,
serialize=True,unique_for_date=None,unique_for_month=None,
unique_for_year=None,choices=None,help_text='',db_column=None,
db_tablespace=None,auto_created=False):
settings.py .
mysite/settings.py
DATABASE_ENGINE='mysql'#'postgresql_psycopg2','postgresql','mysql','sqlite3'or'oracle'.
DATABASE_NAME='django'#Orpathtodatabasefileifusingsqlite3.
DATABASE_USER='root'#Notusedwithsqlite3.
DATABASE_PASSWORD='1'#Notusedwithsqlite3.
DATABASE_HOST=''#Settoemptystringforlocalhost.Notusedwithsqlite3.
DATABASE_PORT=''#Settoemptystringfordefault.Notusedwithsqlite3.
INSTALLED_APPS=(
#'django.contrib.auth',
#'django.contrib.contenttypes',
#'django.contrib.sessions',
#'django.contrib.sites',
'mysite.mypage',
)
mysql . mysql .
, , . INSTALLED_APPS
mysite.mypage .
C:\work\mysite>c:\python2.6\pythonmanage.pysqlallmypage
c:\python2.6\lib\site-packages\MySQLdb\__init__.py:34:DeprecationWarnin
g:thesetsmoduleisdeprecated
fromsetsimportImmutableSet
BEGIN;
CREATETABLE`mypage_page`(
`pageid`integerNOTNULLPRIMARYKEY,
`page_name`varchar(100)NOTNULL,
`page_content`longtextNOTNULL
)
;
COMMIT;
C:\work\mysite>
manage.py sqlall SQL

.
SQL django .
C:\work\mysite>c:\python2.6\pythonmanage.pysyncdb
c:\python2.6\lib\site-packages\MySQLdb\__init__.py:34:DeprecationWarning:thesetsmoduleisdeprecated
Creatingtablemypage_page
syncdb .
mysql>descmypage_page;
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
|pageid|int(11)|NO|PRI|||
|page_name|varchar(100)|NO||||
|page_content|longtext|NO||||
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3rowsinset(0.00sec)
.
. ( !)
C:\work\mysite>c:\python2.6\pythonmanage.pyshell
shell .
Python2.6.2(r262:71605,Apr142009,22:40:02)[MSCv.150032bit(Intel)]onwin32
(InteractiveConsole)
>>>
shell .
frommypage.modelsimportPage
>>>p1=Page(pageid=1,page_name='testpage',page_content='testpagecontent')
>>>p1.save()
Page save .
.
mysql>select*frommypage_page;
+--------+-----------+-------------------+
|pageid|page_name|page_content|
+--------+-----------+-------------------+
|1|testpage|testpagecontent|
+--------+-----------+-------------------+
1rowinset(0.00sec)
p1.save() ?
?
.
p1.save() .
>>>p1.save()
.
. . save
?
save() .
p1 p2 save .
"".
>>>p2.save()
. p3
save .
>>>p3.save()
+--------+-----------+-------------------+
+--------+-----------+-------------------+
+--------+-----------+-------------------+
2rowsinset(0.00sec)
save
.
? . .
>>>p4=Page(pageid=3,page_name='',page_content='testpagecontent')
>>>p4.save()
. .
mysql .
+--------+-----------+-------------------+
+--------+-----------+-------------------+
|3|??|testpagecontent|
+--------+-----------+-------------------+
3rowsinset(0.00sec)
>>>page_list=Page.objects.all()
>>>page_list
[<Page:Pageobject>,<Page:Pageobject>,<Page:Pageobject>]
>>>forpageinpage_list:printpage.page_name
...
testpage
testpage
. mypage_page
pageid 1,2,3 max(pageid)+1
.
.
order_by .
>>>pageid_list=Page.objects.order_by("pageid")
>>>pageid_list
[<Page:Pageobject>,<Page:Pageobject>,<Page:Pageobject>]
pageid order_by pageid .
-1 .
>>>pageid_list[-1].pageid
File"",line1,in
File"c:\python2.6\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\query.py",line126,in__getitem__
"Negativeindexingisnotsupported."
AssertionError:Negativeindexingisnotsupported.
Negative . .
? .
>>>page_list[len(page_list)-1].pageid
3L
len(page_list)-1 . 3+1
4 .
. max(pageid)+1 order by
.
oder by desc limit 1 max .
>>>Page.objects.order_by("-pageid")[0].pageid
3L
desc "-" .
SQL .
selectmax(pageid)+1frommypage_page
. .
>>>fromdjango.db.modelsimportMax
>>>Page.objects.all().aggregate(Max("pageid"))
{'pageid__max':3}
.
filter get
. filter, get like join subquery
,,, .
.
04) (Forms)
(Forms) .
(Forms) . (
..)
HTML form .
HTML .
<formname="pageform"action="/save_page/"method="post">
<inputtype="text"name="page_name"id="page_name"/>
<textareaname="page_content"id="page_content"rows="5"cols="20"></textarea>
</form>
, /save_page/ URL .
.
HTML .
mysite/views.py
...
defpage_form(request):
t=get_template('page_form.html')
returnHttpResponse(t.render(Context({})))
mysite/urls.py
frommysite.viewsimporthello,page_form
('^hello/$',hello),
('^page_form/$',page_form),
)
mysite/templates/page_form.html
<html>
<head>
<title>pageform</title>
</head>
<body>
<formname="pageform"action="/save_page/"method="post">
<table>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>
<inputtype="text"name="page_name"id="page_name"/>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>
<textareaname="page_content"id="page_content"rows="5"cols="20"></textarea>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdcolspan="2">
<inputtype="submit"/>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</form>
</body>
</html>
http://localhost:8000/page_form/
.

"" /save_page URL .

.
mysite/views.py
fromdjango.db.modelsimportMax
...
defsave_page(request):
page_name=request.POST['page_name']
page_content=request.POST['page_content']
pageid=int(Page.objects.all().aggregate(Max("pageid")).get("pageid__max"))+1
page=Page(pageid=pageid,page_name=page_name,page_content=page_content)
page.save()
returnpage_form(request)
post request.POST[''] . get

request.GET[''] .
mysite/urls.py
frommysite.viewsimporthello,page_form,save_page
('^hello/$',hello),
('^page_form/$',page_form),
('^save_page/$',save_page),
)
"Submit"
.
.
from django import forms .
.
05) (Sessions)
.
(Cookie) .
HTTP .
"" .
[ - ]
HTTP
. "".
HTTP
. HTML .
HTML . .
.

. (Cookie).
. HTTP
Cookie . Cookie
. ()
.

(Sessions).
.
.
settings.py .
mysite/settings.py
MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES=(
...
'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
...
)
INSTALLED_APPS=(
...
'django.contrib.sessions',
...
)
django_session .
C:\work\mysite>c:\python2.6\pythonmanage.pysyncdb
Creatingtabledjango_session
mysql>descdjango_session;
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
|session_key|varchar(40)|NO|PRI|||
|session_data|longtext|NO||||
|expire_date|datetime|NO||||
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3rowsinset(0.00sec)
.
mysite/urls.py
frommysite.viewsimporthello,page_form,save_page,session_test
...
('^session_test/$',session_test),
)
mysite/views.py
defsession_test(request):
ifrequest.GET.has_key("data"):
request.session['data']=request.GET['data']
ifnotrequest.session.has_key('data'):
returnHttpResponse(u".")
else:
returnHttpResponse(u":%s"%request.session['data'])
" " Get .

.
URL .
http://localhost:8000/session_test/?data=ok
data "ok" .
2 .
django_session expire_date 2
.
.
mysite/settins.py
SESSION_EXPIRE_AT_BROWSER_CLOSE=True
06)
. .

.
django .
!
.
django
.
.
"".
"" .
pahkey@gmail.com
09. Tips
Tips .
[01] API
.
" " .

. OpenAPI .
1.
.
OpenAPI OpenAPI .
URL URL .(
.)
http://flickr.com/services/api/keys/
( URL: http://lab.pyframe.org/example/openapi/flickrcallback)
multipart/form .
<formname="imageForm"action="/example/openapi/upload"method="post"enctype="multipart/form-data">
form submit (:/example/openapi/upload) .

( .)
/example/openapi/upload
importmd5
...
defupload(self):
filename,content=self.getfile("filename")
session=self.getSession()
session['file_content']=content
session['file_filename']=filename
m=md5.new()
sig="%sapi_key%sperms%s"%(API_SECRET,API_KEY,"write")
m.update(sig)
api_sig=m.hexdigest()
authurl="http://www.flickr.com/services/auth/?api_key=%s&perms=write&api_sig=%s"\
%(self.getAppCfg().API_KEY,api_sig)
self.redirect(authurl)
self.getfile pyframe API .

( pyframe .)
authurl authurl .
authurl API_SECRET, API_KEY flickr .
flickr callback URL .
(: /example/openapi/flickrcallback)
callback .
/example/openapi/flickrcallback
importflickrapi
...
defflickrcallback(self):
m=md5.new()
frob=self.get("frob")
sig="%sapi_key%sfrob%smethodflickr.auth.getToken"%\
(API_SECRET,API_KEY,frob)
m.update(sig)
api_sig=m.hexdigest()
authurl="http://api.flickr.com/services/rest/?method=flickr.auth.getToken&api_key=%s&frob=%s&api_sig=
(API_KEY,frob,api_sig)
f=urllib2.urlopen(authurl)
data=f.read()
f.close()
t=flickrapi.XMLNode.parseXML(data)
flickr_token=t.auth[0].token[0].elementText
flickr=flickrapi.FlickrAPI(API_KEY,API_SECRET)
flickr.token=flickr_token
content=session['file_content']
filename=session['file_filename']
r=flickr.upload(filename=filename,payload=content,callback=None)
photoid=r.photoid[0].elementText
xmlnode=flickr.photos_getSizes(photo_id=photoid)
p=flickrapi.XMLNode.parseXML(xmlnode.xml)
imageurl=str(p.sizes[0].size[-1].attrib["source"])
delsession['file_content']
delsession['file_filename']
API flickrapi .
see also :http://flickrapi.sourceforge.net/flickrapi.html
flickr.upload ( ) .
photoid imageurl . (
photoid . flickrapi
)
imageurl .
2.
(picasa)
.
,
open api
.
picasa api gdata .
http://code.google.com/p/gdata-python-client/downloads/list
Picasa .
. .
multipart/form .
<formname="imageForm"action="/example/openapi/upload"method="post"enctype="multipart/form-data">
form submit (:/example/openapi/upload) .

.
/example/openapi/upload
importgdata.photos.service
importgdata.media
importgdata.geo
...
defupload(self):
filename,content=self.getfile("filename")
session['file_content']=content
session['file_filename']=filename
authSubUrl=self.picasaAuth()
self.redirect(authSubUrl)
defpicasaAuth(self):
next='http://%s/example/openapi/picasaAuthAfter'\
%self.getAppCfg().DOMAIN_NAME
scope='http://picasaweb.google.com/data/'
secure=False
session=True
gd_client=gdata.photos.service.PhotosService()
returngd_client.GenerateAuthSubURL(next,scope,secure,session)
upload .
picasaAuth . picasa api .
picasaAuthAfter next URL .
/example/openapi/picasaAuthAfter
defpicasaAuthAfter(self):
authsub_token=self.get("token")
#tokenupdate
gd_client=gdata.photos.service.PhotosService()
gd_client.auth_token=authsub_token
gd_client.UpgradeToSessionToken()
#addalbum
#entry=gd_client.InsertAlbum('example','example')
content=session['file_content']
filename=session['file_filename']
f=cStringIO.StringIO(content)
album_url='/data/feed/api/user/%s/album/%s'%("default","example")
entry=gd_client.InsertPhotoSimple(album_url,filename,
'Uploadedbyexample',f,content_type='image/jpeg')
delsession['file_content']
delsession['file_filename']
self.redirect(entry.content.src)
picasaAuthAfter token
.
api .
gd_client.InsertAlbum('example','example')
InsertAlbum . picasa
example . ( (?)
.) api api .
.
API .
[02]
1.
postgresql .
backup.sh
#!/bin/bash
#---------------------------------------------------------------#pg_dump&restore
#[postgrespostgres]$pg_dump-Fc-fmydb.dumpmydb
#[postgrespostgres]$dropdbmydb
#[postgrespostgres]$pg_restore-Fc-C-dtemplate1mydb.dump
#---------------------------------------------------------------BACKUP_DIR=/var/lib/postgresql/backup
DB_NAME=mydb
DATE=$(date+%Y%m%d)
/usr/bin/pg_dump-Fc-f$BACKUP_DIR/$DB_NAME.$DATE.dump$DB_NAME
backup.sh mydb /var/lib/postgresql/backup

mydb.YYYYMMDD.dump . (YYYYMMDD sh )
sh .
2.
email_backup.py
#!/usr/bin/envpython
#-*-coding:utf-8-*#Importsmtplibfortheactualsendingfunction
importsmtplib
importtime
importglob
importmimetypes
#Herearetheemailpackagemoduleswe'llneed
fromemail.mime.baseimportMIMEBase
fromemail.mime.multipartimportMIMEMultipart
fromemailimportencoders
BACKUP_DIR="/var/lib/postgresql/backup"
deftodaytime(fmt):returntime.strftime(fmt)
#Createthecontainer(outer)emailmessage.
msg=MIMEMultipart()
msg['Subject']='BACKUPMYDB[%s]'%todaytime("%Y/%m/%d")
#me==thesender'semailaddress
#family=thelistofallrecipients'emailaddresses
msg['From']=""
msg['To']="pahkey@gmail.com"
filenames=glob.glob("%s/*%s*"%(BACKUP_DIR,todaytime("%Y%m%d")))
forfilenameinfilenames:
ctype='application/octet-stream'
maintype,subtype=ctype.split('/',1)
mb=MIMEBase(maintype,subtype)
fp=open(filename,'rb')
mb.set_payload(fp.read())
fp.close()
encoders.encode_base64(mb)
mb.add_header('Content-Disposition','attachment',filename=filename)
msg.attach(mb)
mailServer=smtplib.SMTP("smtp.gmail.com")
mailServer.ehlo()
mailServer.starttls()
mailServer.ehlo()
mailServer.login("","")
mailServer.sendmail(msg["From"],msg["To"],msg.as_string())
(Gmail) .
.
3. crontab
0003***/var/lib/postgresql/backup.sh
2003***/var/lib/postgresql/email_backup.py
3 backup.sh 3 20 .
[03]
.
?
Copy & Paste. Copy & Paste
.
MetaWebLogApi.
MetaWebLogApi API, . ,
MetaWebLogApi . ,
.
MetaWebLogApi .
(MetaWebLogApi XML-RPC . XML-RPC .)
1.
metaWeblog.newPost (blogid, username, password, struct, publish)

returns string
metaWeblog XML-RPC .
metaWeblog .
metaWeblog=xmlrpclib.Server("http://pahkey.tistory.com/api").metaWeblog#
5.
1. blogid : ( , .
)
2. username : ( )
3. password : ( ,
)
4. struct : (, ..)
5. publish : ,
struct .
category :
description :
title :
( struct . mt_keywords()
.)
struct .
datastruct={'category':'','description':'','title':'.'}
postid( id) .
2.
metaWeblog.editPost (postid, username, password, struct, publish)

returns true
5.
postid - id
4
postid
.
boolean .
3.
metaWeblog.getPost (postid, username, password) returns struct
3.
postid - id
2
struct .
category :
description :
title :
URL .
http://www.xmlrpc.com/metaWeblogApi
MetaWebLog API .
#-*-coding:utf-8-*importxmlrpclib
#tistory
tistory=xmlrpclib.Server("http://pahkey.tistory.com/api")
datastruct={'category':'','description':".",
'title':'.',"mt_keywords":"mytodo,"}
no=tistory.metaWeblog.newPost("blogid","username",
"passwd",datastruct,True)
r=tistory.metaWeblog.getPost(no,"username","passwd")
printr
#egloos
egloos=xmlrpclib.Server("https://rpc.egloos.com/rpc1")
datastruct={'category':'','description':".",
'title':'.'}
no=egloos.metaWeblog.newPost("","username","passwd",datastruct,True)
r=egloos.metaWeblog.getPost(no,"username","passwd")
printr
[04] SMS
SMS .
SMS ( ) .
.
.
SMS
.
, ?
.
.
#-*-coding:utf-8-*try:
fromxml.etreeimportElementTree#forPython2.5users
exceptImportError:
fromelementtreeimportElementTree
importgdata.calendar.service
importgdata.service
importatom.service
importgdata.calendar
importatom
importgetopt
importsys
importstring
importtime
classGoogleCalendarSMS:
def__init__(self,email,password):
self.cs=gdata.calendar.service.CalendarService()
self.cs.email=email
self.cs.password=password
self.cs.source="mytodo"
self.cs.ProgrammaticLogin()
defsend(self,calendar_name,sms_content,sms_time='',reminder_use=True):
calendar=self.get_calendar(calendar_name)
event=gdata.calendar.CalendarEventEntry()
event.title=atom.Title(text=sms_content)
event.content=atom.Content(text="")
#event.where.append(gdata.calendar.Where(value_string=calendar_name))
ifnotsms_time:
sms_time=time.strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.000Z',time.gmtime(time.time()+60))#1minlater.
event.when.append(gdata.calendar.When(
start_time=sms_time,end_time=sms_time))
ifreminder_use:
reminder=gdata.calendar.Reminder(minutes='0')
reminder._attributes['method']='method'
reminder.method='sms'
event.when[0].reminder.append(reminder)
returnself.cs.InsertEvent(event,calendar.GetAlternateLink().href)
defsenddate(self,calendar_name,sms_content,stime,etime):
calendar=self.get_calendar(calendar_name)
event=gdata.calendar.CalendarEventEntry()
event.title=atom.Title(text=sms_content)
event.content=atom.Content(text="")
event.where.append(gdata.calendar.Where(value_string=calendar_name))
event.when.append(gdata.calendar.When(
start_time=stime,end_time=etime))
returnself.cs.InsertEvent(event,calendar.GetAlternateLink().href)
defget_calendar(self,calendar_name):
feed=self.cs.GetAllCalendarsFeed()
fori,a_calendarinenumerate(feed.entry):
ifa_calendar.title.text==calendar_name:
returna_calendar
calendar=gdata.calendar.CalendarListEntry()
calendar.title=atom.Title(text=calendar_name)
calendar.summary=atom.Summary(text=calendar_name)
returnself.cs.InsertCalendar(new_calendar=calendar)
gss=GoogleCalendarSMS("pahkey@gmail.com","xxxxxxxx")#parameter:,
gss.send("MYTODO","")#parameter:,SMS
gss=GoogleCalendarSMS("pahkey@gmail.com","xxxxxxxx")#parameter:,
gss.send("MYTODO","")#parameter:,SMS
SMS
.
URL .
http://googlekoreablog.blogspot.com/2008/08/google.html
API .
http://code.google.com/p/gdata-python-client/
(http://mytodo.org) TODO
SMS .
10. Quiz
Quiz.
Quiz .
.
( )
[01]
.
[]
.
.
(nested list) .
, .
.
[1, 2, [3, 4, [5]], 6, [[7,8]]]
, , F
.
, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8] .
[]
. 2
. .
.
.
,
, ? (
F --
)
[]
result=[]
defforLife(l):
foriteminl:
iftype(item)==list:
forLife(item)
else:
result.append(item)
forLife([1,2,[3,4,[5]],6,[[7,8]]])
printresult
[02]
[]
n , d(n) n n
.
d(91) = 9 + 1 + 91 = 101
, n d(n) (generator) . 91 101

.
, 101 91
100 . , ,
Kaprekar (self-number) .
1,3,5,7,9,20,31 .
1 5000 .
[]
#-*-coding:euc-kr-*importunittest
defadd_digit(no):
returnsum(map(int,''.join(str(no)).split()))
deff(no):
returnadd_digit(no)+no
refer={}
foriinrange(1,5001):refer[i]=f(i)
defgetgen(no):
result=[]
forninrange(1,no+1):
#iff(n)==no:result.append(n)
ifrefer[n]==no:result.append(n)
returnresult
defselfno(limit):
result=[]
foriinrange(1,limit+1):
ifnotgetgen(i):result.append(i)
returnresult
classGeneratorTest(unittest.TestCase):
deftest1(self):
self.assertEquals(2,add_digit(200))
self.assertEquals(10,add_digit(91))
self.assertEquals(101,f(91))
self.assertEquals(101,f(100))
self.assertEquals([1],getgen(2))
self.assertEquals([91,100],getgen(101))
self.assertEquals([1,3,5,7,9],selfno(10))
print"result:",sum(selfno(5000))
unittest.main()
[03] PrimaryArithmetic
About PrimaryArithmetic

. 10 1
.
.
Input
. '0
0' .
output
Sample Input
123 456
555 555
123 594
0 0
Sample Output
No carry operation.
3 carry operations.
1 carry operation.
[]
importunittest
classNumber:
def__init__(self,num):
self.num=list(str(num))
def__getitem__(self,index):
try:returnint(self.num[index])
exceptIndexError:return0
def__len__(self):
returnlen(self.num)
classAdder:
def__init__(self):
self.carries=[0]*10
defadd(self,src,target):
foriinrange(1,max(len(src),len(target))+1):
ifsrc[-i]+target[-i]+self.carries[-i]>=10:
self.carries[-i-1]=1
defcarryCount(self):
returnself.carries.count(1)
classCarryTest(unittest.TestCase):
deftest1(self):
adder=Adder()
adder.add(Number(1),Number(1))
self.assertEquals(0,adder.carryCount())
deftest2(self):
adder=Adder()
deftest3(self):
adder=Adder()
deftest4(self):
adder=Adder()
deftest5(self):
adder=Adder()
deftest6(self):
adder=Adder()
importsys
suite=unittest.TestSuite()
suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(CarryTest))
unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=2,stream=sys.stdout).run(suite)
[04] Spiral Array

Spiral Array
.
6 6
0
19
18
17
16
15
1
20
31
30
29
14
2
21
32
35
28
13
3
22
33
34
27
12
4
23
24
25
26
11
5
6
7
8
9
10
6 6 6X6 .
[]
. .
, .
Direction , Spiral Array .
changeDirection,
. sin
.
importunittest
"""
66
012345
19202122236
18313233247
17303534258
16292827269
151413121110
"""
classSpiralArray:
def__init__(self,row,col):
self.maxcol=col-1
self.maxrow=row-1
self.factors={
"right":(0,1),
"down":(1,0),
"left":(0,-1),
"up":(-1,0)
}
self.init()
definit(self):
self.cur=0
self.curPoint=0,0
self.map={}
forrinrange(self.maxrow+1):
forcinrange(self.maxcol+1):
self.map[r,c]=-1
self.map[self.curPoint]=0
self.setDirection("right")
defsetDirection(self,direction):
self.directFactor=direction
defgetDirection(self):
returnself.directFactor
defgetCol(self):
returnself.curPoint[1]
defgetRow(self):
returnself.curPoint[0]
defisDown(self,nextPoint):
returnself.getDirection()=="right"\
and(self.getCol()==self.maxcolorself.hasValue(nextPoint))
defisLeft(self,nextPoint):
returnself.getDirection()=="down"\
and(self.getRow()==self.maxroworself.hasValue(nextPoint))
defisUp(self,nextPoint):
returnself.getDirection()=="left"\
and(self.getCol()==0orself.hasValue(nextPoint))
defisRight(self,nextPoint):
returnself.getDirection()=="up"\
and(self.getRow()==0orself.hasValue(nextPoint))
defchangeDirection(self):
nextPoint=self.nextPoint()
ifself.isDown(nextPoint):self.setDirection("down")
elifself.isLeft(nextPoint):self.setDirection("left")
elifself.isUp(nextPoint):self.setDirection("up")
elifself.isRight(nextPoint):self.setDirection("right")
defnextPoint(self):
factor=self.factors[self.directFactor]
returnself.getRow()+factor[0],self.getCol()+factor[1]
defallPointed(self):
returnself.map.values().count(-1)==0
defpoint(self):
ifself.allPointed():raiseRuntimeError()
self.changeDirection()
self.curPoint=self.nextPoint()
self.cur+=1
self.setValue(self.curPoint)
defhasValue(self,point):
returnself.getValue(point)!=-1
defsetValue(self,point):
self.map[point[0],point[1]]=self.cur
defgetValue(self,point):
returnself.map[point[0],point[1]]
defrun(self):
while1:
try:self.point()
except:break
def__str__(self):
result=[]
forrowinrange(self.maxrow+1):
forcolinrange(self.maxcol+1):
result.append("%4s"%self.map[row,col])
result.append('\n')
return''.join(result)
classSpiralArrayTest(unittest.TestCase):
deftestChangeDirect(self):
sa=SpiralArray(2,2)
self.assertEquals((0,0),sa.curPoint)
sa.setDirection("right")
sa.point()
sa.point()
self.assertEquals(1,sa.getValue((0,1)))
sa.point()
try:
sa.point()
self.fail("shouldnotreachhere")
except:
pass
deftest1(self):
sa=SpiralArray(6,6)
sa.run()
printsa
importsys
suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(SpiralArrayTest))
[05] Four Boxes

[]
4 .
.
.
, . RECT.EXE .
.
, .
x, y,
x, y., x y
1 1000 .
4 .
1 2 4 4
2 3 5 7
3 1 6 5
7 3 8 6
26
[]
.
n(AUBUCUD) = n(A)+n(B)+n(C)+n(D)
-(n(AB)+n(AC)+n(AD)+n(BC)+n(BD)+n(CD))
+(n(ABC)+n(ABD)+n(ACD)+n(BCD))
-n(ABCD)
intersect Rect intersect

. combination comb . (generator
.)
importunittest
classRectError(RuntimeError):
pass
classRect:
def__init__(self,lx,ly,rx,ry):
self.lx=lx
self.ly=ly
self.rx=rx
self.ry=ry
defsize(self):
returnabs(self.rx-self.lx)*abs(self.ry-self.ly)
defintersect(self,other):
try:
lx,rx=self.get(self.lx,self.rx,other.lx,other.rx)
ly,ry=self.get(self.ly,self.ry,other.ly,other.ry)
returnRect(lx,ly,rx,ry)
exceptRectError:
returnRect(0,0,0,0)
def__eq__(self,other):
returnself.lx==other.lx\
andself.ly==other.ly\
andself.rx==other.rx\
andself.ry==other.ry
def__repr__(self):
returnstr((self.lx,self.ly))+str((self.rx,self.ry))
defget(self,sleft,sright,oleft,oright):
ifoleft<=sleft<=oright:
ifsright<=oright:returnsleft,sright
else:returnsleft,oright
elifsleft<=oleft<=sright:
iforight<=sright:returnoleft,oright
else:returnoleft,sright
else:
raiseRectError("intersectiondoesnotexists!")
defcomb(fromSet,choice):
ifchoice==0:
yield[]
else:
fori,pivotinenumerate(fromSet):
foreachincomb(fromSet[i+1:],choice-1):
yield[pivot]+each
defintersectSum(*rect):
result=0
forrectGroupinrect:
fortargetRectinrectGroup:
seed=targetRect[0]
fortintargetRect[1:]:
seed=seed.intersect(t)
result+=seed.size()
returnresult
defcalc(*rect):
result=0
foriinrange(len(rect)):
sign=i%2and-1or1
result+=sign*intersectSum(comb(rect,i+1))
returnresult
classSumOfRectTest(unittest.TestCase):
deftestTwoRectNoIntersect(self):
A=Rect(0,0,1,1)
B=Rect(1,1,2,2)
self.assertEquals(2,A.size()+B.size())
self.assertEquals(0,A.intersect(B).size())
deftestTwoRectIntersect(self):
A=Rect(0,0,2,2)
B=Rect(1,1,3,3)
self.assertEquals(8,A.size()+B.size())
deftestInterSect1(self):
A=Rect(0,0,2,2)
B=Rect(1,1,3,3)
C=Rect(1,1,2,2)
self.assertEquals(C,A.intersect(B))
self.assertEquals(C,B.intersect(A))
self.assertEquals(C,A.intersect(C))
self.assertEquals(C,C.intersect(B))
self.assertEquals(C,C.intersect(A))
self.assertEquals(C,B.intersect(C))
deftestThreeRect1(self):
A=Rect(-1,-1,1,1)
B=Rect(0,0,2,2)
C=Rect(1,1,3,3)
self.assertEquals(4+4+4,A.size()+B.size()+C.size())
self.assertEquals(1,B.intersect(C).size())
self.assertEquals(0,A.intersect(C).size())
self.assertEquals(0,A.intersect(B).intersect(C).size())
deftestThreeRect2(self):
A=Rect(0,0,2,2)
B=Rect(1,1,3,3)
C=Rect(0,1,2,3)
deftestFourRect1(self):
A=Rect(0,0,2,2)
B=Rect(1,1,3,3)
C=Rect(1,0,3,2)
D=Rect(-1,0,1,3)
self.assertEquals(0,A.intersect(B).intersect(C).intersect(D).size())
self.assertEquals(2,A.intersect(D).size())
self.assertEquals(0,B.intersect(D).size())
self.assertEquals(0,C.intersect(D).size())
self.assertEquals(4+4+4+6,A.size()+B.size()+C.size()+D.size())
self.assertEquals(12,A.size()+B.size()+C.size()+D.size()-(1+2+2+2+0+0)+1)
deftestFourRect2(self):
A=Rect(0,0,2,2)
B=Rect(0,-1,2,1)
C=Rect(-1,-1,1,1)
D=Rect(-1,0,1,2)
self.assertEquals(2,A.intersect(D).size())
self.assertEquals(1,B.intersect(D).size())
self.assertEquals(2,C.intersect(D).size())
self.assertEquals(1,A.intersect(B).intersect(D).size())
self.assertEquals(1,A.intersect(C).intersect(D).size())
self.assertEquals(1,B.intersect(C).intersect(D).size())
self.assertEquals(1,A.intersect(B).intersect(C).intersect(D).size())
self.assertEquals(4+4+4+4,A.size()+B.size()+C.size()+D.size())
self.assertEquals(9,4+4+4+4-(2+1+2+2+1+2)+(1+1+1+1)-1)
self.assertEquals(9,calc(A,B,C,D))
deftest1(self):
A=Rect(0,0,2,1)
B=Rect(0,0,1,2)
C=Rect(-1,-1,1,1)
D=Rect(-2,0,-1,3)
deftest2(self):
A=Rect(0,0,2,2)
B=Rect(1,1,3,3)
C=Rect(2,2,4,4)
D=Rect(3,3,5,5)
deftest3(self):
A=Rect(1,2,4,4)
B=Rect(2,3,5,7)
C=Rect(3,1,6,5)
D=Rect(7,3,8,6)
E=Rect(1,2,4,4)
self.assertEquals(26,calc(A,B,C,D,E))
importsys
suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(SumOfRectTest))
.
.
~

cell .
, .
classRectBox:
def__init__(self):
self.box={}
defadd(self,x1,y1,x2,y2):
forxinrange(x1,x2):
foryinrange(y1,y2):
self.box[(x,y)]=1
defarea(self):
returnlen(self.box)
[06] Slurpy
Slurpy
(Slurpy) .
.
(Slump) .
1. 'D' 'E'.
2. 'F' .
3. 'F' 'G' . 'F' 'G'
. ,DFFEFFFG 'D' 'F' ,
'EFFFG' .
4. .
(Slimp) .
1. 'A'.
2. , 'H'.
3. .
'A' + 'B' + + 'C'.
'A' + + 'C'.
4. .
(Slurpy) (Slimp) (Slump) .
Slumps : DFG, EFG, DFFFFFG, DFDFDFDFG, DFEFFFFFG

Not Slumps: DFEFF, EFAHG, DEFG, DG, EFFFFDG
Slimps: AH, ABAHC, ABABAHCC, ADFGC, ADFFFFGC, ABAEFGCC, ADFDFGC
Not Slimps: ABC, ABAH, DFGC, ABABAHC, SLIMP, ADGC
Slurpys: AHDFG, ADFGCDFFFFFG, ABAEFGCCDFEFFFFFG
Not Slurpys: AHDFGA, DFGAH, ABABCC
N 1 ~ 10 .
N . 1 ~ 60
.
"SLURPYS OUTPUT" . N
"YES" "NO" . "END OF OUTPUT"
.
Sample Input
AHDFG
DFGAH
Sample Output
SLURPYS OUTPUT
YES
NO
END OF OUTPUT
[]
#-*-coding:euc-kr-*'''
*slurpy(slimpandslump)
*slump-(DorE)andF+and(slumporG)
*slimp-Aand(Hor((BandslimpandC)or(slumpandC))
**findslurpy!
[example]
Slumps:DFG,EFG,DFFFFFG,DFDFDFDFG,DFEFFFFFG
NotSlumps:DFEFF,EFAHG,DEFG,DG,EFFFFDG
Slimps:AH,ABAHC,ABABAHCC,ADFGC,ADFFFFGC,ABAEFGCC,ADFDFGC
NotSlimps:ABC,ABAH,DFGC,ABABAHC,SLIMP,ADGC
Slurpys:AHDFG,ADFGCDFFFFFG,ABAEFGCCDFEFFFFFG
NotSlurpys:AHDFGA,DFGAH,ABABCC
'''
importunittest
classUnitPattern:
def__init__(self,*args):
self.args=args
self._remain=''
defmatch(self,target):
raiseNotImplementedError
defremain(self):
returnself._remain
classWord(UnitPattern):
ifnottarget:returnFalse
self._remain=target[1:]
returnself.args[0][0]==target[0]
classAnd(UnitPattern):
forarginself.args:
ifnotarg.match(target):
returnFalse
target=arg.remain()
self._remain=target
returnTrue
classOr(UnitPattern):
forarginself.args:
ifarg.match(target):
self._remain=arg.remain()
returnTrue
returnFalse
classMore(UnitPattern):
ifnottarget:returnFalse
moreword=self.args[0][0]
forcount,tinenumerate(target):
ift!=moreword:
ifcount==0:returnFalse
break
self._remain=target[count:]
returnTrue
classMultiPattern:
returnself.pat.match(target)
defremain(self):
returnself.pat.remain()
classSlump(MultiPattern):
'''slump-(DorE)andF+and(slumporG)'''
def__init__(self):
self.pat=And(
Or(Word('D'),Word('E')),
More('F'),
Or(self,Word('G'))
)
classSlimp(MultiPattern):
'''slimp-Aand(Hor((BandslimpandC)or(slumpandC))'''
def__init__(self):
self.pat=And(
Word('A'),
Or(
Word('H'),
Or(
And(Word('B'),self,Word('C')),
And(Slump(),Word('C'))
)
)
)
classSlurpy(MultiPattern):
'''slurpy(slimpandslump)'''
def__init__(self):
self.pat=And(Slimp(),Slump())
defisSlurpy(target):
pat=Slurpy()
result=pat.match(target)
ifpat.remain():returnFalse
returnresult
###testcode##########################################################
classSlurpyTest(unittest.TestCase):
deftestWord(self):
word=Word('D')
self.assertEquals(True,word.match('DEF'))
self.assertEquals('EF',word.remain())
deftestAnd(self):
D=Word('D')
E=Word('E')
andDE=And(D,E)
self.assertEquals(True,andDE.match('DE'))
deftestMore(self):
self.assertEquals(True,More('F').match('FFFF'))
self.assertEquals(True,And(Word('D'),More('F')).match('DFFF'))
more=More('F')
more.match('FGHG')
self.assertEquals('GHG',more.remain())
deftestOr(self):
self.assertEquals(True,Or(Word('F'),Word('E')).match('F'))
self.assertEquals(True,Or(Word('F'),Word('E')).match('E'))
self.assertEquals(True,
And(More('K'),Or(Word('F'),Word('E'))).match('KKKKE'))
deftestSlump(self):
#Slumps:DFG,EFG,DFFFFFG,DFDFDFDFG,DFEFFFFFG
self.assertEquals(True,Slump().match('DFG'))
self.assertEquals(True,Slump().match('EFG'))
self.assertEquals(True,Slump().match('DFFFFFG'))
self.assertEquals(True,Slump().match('DFDFDFDFG'))
self.assertEquals(True,Slump().match('DFEFFFFFG'))
#NotSlumps:DFEFF,EFAHG,DEFG,DG,EFFFFDG
self.assertEquals(False,Slump().match('DFEFF'))
self.assertEquals(False,Slump().match('EFAHG'))
self.assertEquals(False,Slump().match('DEFG'))
self.assertEquals(False,Slump().match('DG'))
self.assertEquals(False,Slump().match('EFFFFDG'))
deftestSlimp(self):
#Slimps:AH,ABAHC,ABABAHCC,ADFGC,ADFFFFGC,ABAEFGCC,ADFDFGC
self.assertEquals(True,Slimp().match('AH'))
self.assertEquals(True,Slimp().match('ABAHC'))
self.assertEquals(True,Slimp().match('ABABAHCC'))
self.assertEquals(True,Slimp().match('ADFGC'))
self.assertEquals(True,Slimp().match('ADFFFFGC'))
self.assertEquals(True,Slimp().match('ABAEFGCC'))
self.assertEquals(True,Slimp().match('ADFDFGC'))
#NotSlimps:ABC,ABAH,DFGC,ABABAHC,SLIMP,ADGC
self.assertEquals(False,Slimp().match('ABC'))
self.assertEquals(False,Slimp().match('ABAH'))
self.assertEquals(False,Slimp().match('DFGC'))
self.assertEquals(False,Slimp().match('ABABAHC'))
self.assertEquals(False,Slimp().match('SLIMP'))
self.assertEquals(False,Slimp().match('ADGC'))
deftestSlurpy(self):
#Slurpys:AHDFG,ADFGCDFFFFFG,ABAEFGCCDFEFFFFFG
self.assertEquals(True,isSlurpy('AHDFG'))
self.assertEquals(True,isSlurpy('ADFGCDFFFFFG'))
self.assertEquals(True,isSlurpy('ABAEFGCCDFEFFFFFG'))
#NotSlurpys:AHDFGA,DFGAH,ABABCC
self.assertEquals(False,isSlurpy('AHDFGA'))
self.assertEquals(False,isSlurpy('DFGAH'))
self.assertEquals(False,isSlurpy('ABABCC'))
importsys
suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(SlurpyTest))
[07] Eight Queen

Eight Queen Problem
Queen .
8 X 8 8 Queen . Queen
. ( Queen , Queen .)
. (X Queen .)
X
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
X
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
X
O
O
O
O
O
X
O
O
O
O
X
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
X
O
O
X
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
X
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
X
O
O
O
O
X
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
X
O
O
X
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
X
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
X
X
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
X
O
O
O
XX. .
[]
importunittest
count=0
classBoard:
def__init__(self,row,col):
self.row=row
self.col=col
self.map={}
forrinrange(self.row):
forcinrange(self.col):
self.map[r,c]='O'
defisQueenAvailable(self,point):
ifself.isQueenExistAtLine(point):returnFalse
ifself.isQueenExistAtDiagonal(point):returnFalse
returnTrue
defsetQueen(self,point):
self.map[point]='X'
defisExistQueen(self,point):
returnself.map[point]=='X'
defisQueenExistAtLine(self,point):
ifself.isExistQueen((point[0],c)):returnTrue
ifself.isExistQueen((r,point[1])):returnTrue
returnFalse
defisQueenExistAtDiagonal(self,point):
ifself.isQueenExistAtDiagonalLeftUp(point):returnTrue
ifself.isQueenExistAtDiagonalRightUp(point):returnTrue
returnFalse
defgetStartForDiagonalSearchLeftUp(self,(row,col)):
while1:
ifrow==0orcol==0:break
row=row-1
col=col-1
returnrow,col
defgetStartForDiagonalSearchRightUp(self,(row,col)):
while1:
ifrow==0orcol==self.col-1:break
row=row-1
col=col+1
returnrow,col
defisQueenExistAtDiagonalLeftUp(self,point):
startRow,startCol=self.getStartForDiagonalSearchLeftUp(point)
foriinrange(8):
r=startRow+i
c=startCol+i
ifr==self.row:break
ifc>=self.col:break
ifself.isExistQueen((r,c)):returnTrue
returnFalse
defisQueenExistAtDiagonalRightUp(self,point):
startRow,startCol=self.getStartForDiagonalSearchRightUp(point)
foriinrange(8):
r=startRow+i
c=startCol-i
ifr==self.row:break
ifc<0:break
ifself.isExistQueen((r,c)):returnTrue
returnFalse
defsearchNext(self,(row,col)):
forcinrange(col,self.col):
ifself.isQueenAvailable((row,c)):
self.copyAndRerun((row,c))
defrun(self):
forrinrange(0,self.row):
forcinrange(0,self.col):
ifself.isQueenAvailable((r,c)):
self.searchNext((r,c+1))
self.setQueen((r,c))
self.printEightQueen()
defprintEightQueen(self):
ifself.map.values().count('X')==self.row:
globalcount
count+=1
printcount
printself
defcopyAndRerun(self,nextPoint):
other=Board(self.row,self.col)
other.map=self.map.copy()
other.setQueen(nextPoint)
other.run()
def__str__(self):
result=[]
result.append("%2s"%self.map[r,c])
result.append('\n')
return''.join(result)
classEightQueenTest(unittest.TestCase):
deftestSetQueen(self):
bd=Board(8,8)
bd.setQueen((0,0))
self.failUnless(bd.isExistQueen((0,0)))
defassertCantSet(self,bd,point):
self.failIf(bd.isQueenAvailable(point))
defassertSet(self,bd,point):
self.failUnless(bd.isQueenAvailable(point))
deftestLineSet(self):
bd=Board(8,8)
bd.setQueen((0,0))
self.assertCantSet(bd,(0,1))
deftestDiagonalSetLeftUp(self):
bd=Board(8,8)
bd.setQueen((4,4))
deftestDiagonalSetRightUp(self):
bd=Board(8,8)
bd.setQueen((2,3))
deftestNormalSet(self):
bd=Board(8,8)
self.assertSet(bd,(0,0))
deftestRun(self):
bd=Board(8,8)
bd.run()
importsys
suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(EightQueenTest))
[08] Tug Of War

About TugOfWar
.
. ,
. .
Input
, .
n .
n . 1 450
. 100.
output
,
. ,
. .
Sample Input
3
100
90
200
6
45
55
70
60
50
75
4
92
56
47
82
5
2
3
4
7
8
4
50
50
100
200
Sample Output
190 200
175 180
138 139
12 12
150 250
worst case 100 . 1 450 .
80
434
253
166
441
102
356
107
144
93
380
387
14
302
330
1
298
262
154
184
362
381
231
76
52
84
115
135
153
129
359
438
131
394
427
213
321
276
256
24
79
175
418
150
415
387
143
38
252
222
326
331
147
78
378
232
17
228
316
360
140
178
301
384
239
78
286
77
385
420
51
88
428
371
217
206
267
133
140
267
25
438
442
10
217
300
127
280
88
149
244
89
330
405
140
149
26
134
384
435
TugOfWar ( ) 10 .
worst case output
11402 11403
[]
.

. .
.
importunittest
classTeam:
def__init__(self,weights):
self.weights=weights
defsumOfWeight(self):
returnsum(self.weights)
defpull(self,index):
returnself.weights.pop(index)
defpush(self,weight):
self.weights.append(weight)
def__str__(self):
return"Sum:[%d]==>%s"%(self.sumOfWeight(),str(self.weights))
classJudge:
def__init__(self,blue,red):
self.blue=blueself.red=red
defchangeWeight(self,blueIndex,redIndex):
blueWeight=self.blue.pull(blueIndex)
redWeight=self.red.pull(redIndex)
self.blue.push(redWeight)
self.red.push(blueWeight)
defforBestBalance(self):
currentGap=abs(self.blue.sumOfWeight()-self.red.sumOfWeight())
minGap=450*len(self.blue.weights)
found=False
blueSum=self.blue.sumOfWeight()
redSum=self.red.sumOfWeight()
forblueIndex,blueWeightinenumerate(self.blue.weights):
forredIndex,redWeightinenumerate(self.red.weights):
gap=blueWeight-redWeight
nextGap=abs((blueSum-gap)-(redSum+gap))
ifnextGap<currentGapandnextGap<minGap:
minGap=nextGap
found=True
foundBlueIndex=blueIndex
foundRedIndex=redIndex
iffound:returnfoundBlueIndex,foundRedIndex
defmakeBalacedTeam(self):
count=0
whileTrue:
foundIndex=self.forBestBalance()
iffoundIndex:
blueIndex,redIndex=foundIndex
self.changeWeight(blueIndex,redIndex)
count+=1
#print"count:%d,gap:%d"%(count,
#abs(self.blue.sumOfWeight()-self.red.sumOfWeight()))
else:
break
deftugOfWar(data):
all=map(int,data.split())
half=len(all)/2
blue,red=Team(all[:half]),Team(all[half:])
Judge(blue,red).makeBalacedTeam()
result=[]
result.append('*'*78)
result.append(str(all))
result.append('-'*78)
result.append(str(blue))
result.append(str(red))
result.append('*'*78)
print
print'\n'.join(result)
importrandom
classTugWarTest(unittest.TestCase):
deftestTeam(self):
A=Team([1,2,3])
self.assertEquals(6,A.sumOfWeight())
self.assertEquals(1,A.pull(0))
self.assertEquals(5,A.sumOfWeight())
deftestJudge(self):
A=Team([1,2,3])
B=Team([4,5,6])
judge=Judge(A,B)
judge.changeWeight(1,0)
self.assertEquals([1,3,4],A.weights)
self.assertEquals([5,6,2],B.weights)
deftestJudgeforBestBalance(self):
blue=Team([1,2,3])
red=Team([4,5,6])
judge=Judge(blue,red)
self.assertEquals((0,1),judge.forBestBalance())
judge.changeWeight(0,1)
self.assertEquals(10,blue.sumOfWeight())
self.assertEquals(11,red.sumOfWeight())
deftestJudgeUntilBalance(self):
blue=Team([1,2,3])
red=Team([4,5,6])
judge=Judge(blue,red)
judge.makeBalacedTeam()
self.assertEquals([2,3,5],blue.weights)
self.assertEquals([4,6,1],red.weights)
defgetRandomData(self,n):
return''.join([str(random.randint(1,450))foriinrange(n)])
deftestTugOfWar(self):
tugOfWar("""123456""")
tugOfWar("""10090200""")
tugOfWar("""455570605075""")
tugOfWar("""92564782""")
tugOfWar("""23478""")
tugOfWar("""5050100200""")
tugOfWar(self.getRandomData(100))
#tugOfWar(self.getRandomData(500))
#tugOfWar(self.getRandomData(1000))
importsys
suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(TugWarTest))
[09] LCD Display

LCD Display
.
. LCD
. LCD
.
.
s n n ( 0<= n <=
99,999,999 ),s ( 1<= s < 10 ) .0
.
'-' , '|'
LCD . s+2 ,
2s+3 .
.
.
.
.
2 12345
3 67890
|
|
-|
|
--
-|| ||
|| ||
-- -||
| |
||
| |
-- --
--
-|
|
--
--- --- --- --- --|

|| || || |
|
|| || || |
|
|| || || |
----- --| | || | || |
| | || | || |
| | || | || |
----- --- ---
[]
importunittest
classNumber:
@staticmethod
defget(num):
info={
0:['U','D','LU','LD','RU','RD'],
1:['RU','RD'],
2:['U','C','D','LD','RU'],
3:['U','C','D','RU','RD'],
4:['C','LU','RU','RD'],
5:['U','C','D','LU','RD'],
6:['U','C','D','LU','LD','RD'],
7:['U','RU','RD'],
8:['U','C','D','LU','LD','RU','RD'],
9:['U','C','D','LU','RU','RD']
}
returnNumber(info[num])
def__init__(self,info):
self.info=info
defhasValue(self,value):
returnself.info.count(value)
classLcd:
def__init__(self):
self.numbers=[]
self.result=[]
defadd(self,number):
self.numbers.append(number)
definit(self,*numbers):
fornumberinnumbers:
self.add(Number.get(number))
defmakeHorizon(self,zoom,C):
fornumberinself.numbers:
self.result.append('')
ifnumber.hasValue(C):self.result.append('-'*zoom)
else:self.result.append(''*zoom)
self.result.append(''*2)
self.result.append('\n')
defmakeVertical(self,zoom,L,R):
foriinrange(zoom):
fornumberinself.numbers:
ifnumber.hasValue(L):self.result.append('|')
else:self.result.append('')
self.result.append(''*zoom)
ifnumber.hasValue(R):self.result.append('|')
else:self.result.append('')
self.result.append('\n')
defmake(self,zoom):
self.makeHorizon(zoom,'U')
self.makeVertical(zoom,'LU','RU')
self.makeHorizon(zoom,'C')
self.makeVertical(zoom,'LD','RD')
self.makeHorizon(zoom,'D')
defgetResult(self):
return''.join(self.result)[:-1]
classLcdTest(unittest.TestCase):
deftestNormal(self):
lcd=Lcd()
lcd.add(Number.get(8))
lcd.make(1)
expect="""
||
||
"""
self.assertEquals(expect[1:-1],lcd.getResult())
deftestZoom(self):
lcd=Lcd()
lcd.add(Number.get(8))
lcd.make(2)
expect="""
-||
||
-||
||
-"""
self.assertEquals(expect[1:-1],lcd.getResult())
deftestAllNumberWithZoom(self):
lcd=Lcd()
lcd.init(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)
lcd.make(2)
print
printlcd.getResult()
importsys
suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(LcdTest))
90.
?
.
. ,
.
www.python.org .
Swig, Zope, Jython, PIL, Numeric Python .

.
.

.
.
.
.

.

.
. .
.
.
.

http://www.python.org/doc/howto .
. .
Advocacy
,
.
Curses Programming with Python

Curses

Editor Configuration for Python
.
Regular Expression HOWTO

.
Socket Programming HOWTO

.
Sorting Mini-HOWTO
sort() .
XML HOWTO
XML
Why Python? Eric. S. Raymond

http://www2.linuxjournal.com/lj-issues/issue73/3882.html
,
.
Learning to Program - by Alan Gauld

http://www.crosswinds.net/~agauld/

. .
Non-Programmers Tutorial - Josh Cogliati

http://www.honors.montana.edu/~jjc/easytut/easytut/
.

Instant Python - by Magnus Lie Hetland
http://www.hetland.org/python/instant-python.php
.
Python for experienced programmers - Mark Pilgrim

http://diveintopython.org/toc.html

.
How to think like a computer scientist Python Version by Allen B.Downey and Jeffrey Elkner
http://www.ibiblio.org/obp/thinkCSpy/
.
.
comp.lang.python
, 100 .
.
.
. comp.lang.python .
URL comp.lang.python .
.
http://groups.google.com/groups?oi=djq&as_ugroup=comp.lang.python
www.python.org
.
, . Topic Guide
Tkinter, XML, Databases, Web Programming SIGs(Special Interest
Groups)
, .
(python.kr)
.
.
.

?
.
.
, VI
.
.

.
(Edit Plus)
.
.
http://www.editplus.com/kr
URL .
.
. " .
.
1.
.
. .
.
==> "Python" .
python
.
.
. .
.
2.
.
Syntax . Syntax .
http://www.editplus.com/kr/javacpp.html
pythonfiles.zip . python.stx
. C:\Program Files\EditPlus 2( EditPlus 3)
. Syntax
. .
Syntax .
Python" . 'py' . (N)
Python Syntax C:\Program Files\EditPlus 2\python.stx
. ... .
. .
.
.
test.py Ctrl-1
.

Guido van Rossum. ( )
Python Java, JavaScript, Perl, Tcl Samlltalk .

C++, Common Lisp Scheme .
. . ,
(, , )
. , .
Java ()
Python Java . Python
. Python Java 3-5 .
Python .
, Python ,
Python (polymorphic list)
Python . Python
Java . , a+b ,
a b .
. (overloaded) . ,
Java , . a b , +
.
, Python '' , Java
. . Java (components)
Python ; Python Java .
, Java Python (implementation) .
Java Python . , Python Java
(Python ).
Javascript ()
Python '' JavaScript . JavaScript ( Java
), Python ,
. JavaScript . Python, ,

.
Perl ()
Python Perl ( ).
. . Perl
(: , ), Python
( ) .
(elegant) . ,
Python Perl . Python Perl
.
Tcl ()
Python Tcl , (extension language)
. , Tcl Python
. Tcl (name space) ,

. Tcl
C C++ . Python
' Python' . Python C C++
. Tcl Tk . Python Tk GUI
.
Tcl 8.0 ,
.
Smalltalk ()
Python Smalltalk Python '(mainstream)'
. Python Smalltalk (binding) . Python
. , Python ,
. Smalltalk
, Python WWW (email, HTML, FTP)
.
Python . Smalltalk
' ' , Python
. , GUI
, GUI Python .
C++
Java C++ . Python Java 3-5 ,
C++ 5-10 !! Python C++ 1
. Python C++
.
Common Lisp and Scheme

Python .
: Lisp ? Python Lisp
(capabilities) , Python
. , : Common Lisp
( ). Scheme .
Python , , . Scheme Moshe
Zadka Python vs. Scheme .
01. 3.0
: http://bluekyu.textcube.com/111
: Bluekyu
** 3
. .
1. PEP 3105 : Print Is A Function

Print . .
print([object,...],*,sep='',end='\n',file=sys.stdout)
print "Hello, Python.", "I like Python" 3.0

print("Hello, Python.", "I like Python") . sep
. ' ' Hello,
Python. I like Python sep='' Hello, Python.I like Python
. print
sep .
print "softspace" .(softspace print

.)
2. Views And Iterators Instead Of Lists

API . , dict.keys(),
dict,itmes(), dict,values() views . k = d.keys(), k.sort()
. k = sorted(d) .
views , .
a = {'one' : 1, 'two' : 2} , b = a.keys() a
b . views (iterated)
, . dict.iterkeys() dict.iteritmes(), dict.itervalues()
. keys items, values
views iter() . , map() filter()
. list() .
range() xrange()
. xrange() . zip()
3. Ordering Comparisons
3.0 . (<, >, <=, >=)
TypeError . 1 < 'a', 0 < None
False 3.0 .
. , = !=
.
sorted() list.sort() cmp . key
. key reverse . cmp
__cmp__() . __lt__(), __eq__(), __hash__()
. cmp() (a > b) - (a < b)
cmp() .
4. Integers
long int . , int .
long . , 1/2 . ,
1//2 .
sys.maxint . sys.maxsize sys.maxint
. long repr() long
L . 8 0123 0o123
.
5. Text Vs. Date Instead Of Unicode Vs. 8-bit

1) 3.0 .
. (, .) str
, . ,
.
http://diveintopython3.org/strings.html#byte-arrays
2) 2
TypeError . 2 8 8
8
UnicodeDecodeError .
3) u'...' .
b'...' .
4) ,
str.encode() bytes(s, encoding = ...) ,

bytes.decode() str(b, encoding=...) .
5) . , bytearray
. bytes API bytearray
. API collections.MutableSequence .
6) raw . ur'\u20ac'
3 r'\u20ac' 6 . , '\u20ac'
.
7) 2.3 basestring . str . 2to3

str .
(basestring 2
.)
8) () ()
. b
. , I/O
. , . (
2() .
.)
. (
( ) UTF-8 ,
.) codecs
.
9) .
. ,
API(open() os ) . API
. , os.listdir()
. , os.listdir()
UnicodeError .
10) os.environ sys.argv API ,

.
.
11) PEP 3138

repr escape .
control character code points escape . , repr('')

"''" "'\\xxx\\xxx\\xxx\\xxx'" .
"''" . , '\n' "'\\n'" .
12) PEP 3120, PEP 3131

UTF-8 . . ,
. (However, the standard library remains ASCII-only
with the exception of contributor names in comments.)
13) StringIO cStringIO . , io io.StringIO

io.BytesIO .
6. Overview Of Syntax Changes

< >
1) , PEP 3107 . .

deffoo(a:expression,b:expression=5)->expression:
...
: expression , -> expression

.
( expression 1+2
.)
__annotations__ . ,
__annotations__
. ,
.
2) PEP 3102 .
.
deff(a,b,c=key):
...
, c , c (*args)
. , ,
. ,
* .
deff(a,b,*,c=key):
...
3) PEP 3104 . nonlocal () .

.
>>>defbank_account1(initial_balance):
balance=initial_balance
defdeposit(amount):
balance=balance+amount
returnbalance
defwithdraw(amount):
balance=balance-amount
returnbalance
returndeposit,withdraw
>>>d,w=bank_account1(100)
>>>print(d(100))
, balance = balance + amount . balance

,
. balance
. nonlocal .
>>>defbank_account1(initial_balance):
balance=initial_balance
defdeposit(amount):
nonlocalbalance
balance=balance+amount
returnbalance
defwithdraw(amount):
nonlocalbalance
balance=balance-amount
returnbalance
returndeposit,withdraw
>>>d,w=bank_account1(100)
>>>print(d(100))
200
nonlocal balance balance

.
4) PEP 3132 . .
*arg
.
a,*rest,b=range(5)
3 . a=0, rest=[1,2,3], b=4

.
5) PEP 0274 . .
.
{k:vfork,vinstuff}
dict(stuff) , PEP
.
6) set . set(['a', 'b'])
3 {'a', 'b'} . , {} .
set set() . , set . , {x for x in
stuff} . set(stuff) .
7) 8 . 0o720 0720 .
2.6 .
8) 2 . 0b1010 bin() .
2.6 .
9) . b'...' B'...' ,
bytes() .
< >
1) PEP 3109, PEP 3134 . raise .
.
2) as with .
3) True False, None .
4) PEP 3110. except exc, var except exc as var .

.
5) PEP 3115. .
classC:
__metaclass__=M
...
classC(metaclass=M):
...
. __metaclass__ .
6) [... for var in item1, item2, ...] .
[... for var in (item1, item2, ...)] .
(semantics) . . ,
surrounding scope loop control .
7) (ellipsis) (...) .
. ... , . . .
.( .)
< >
1) PEP 3113. . def foo(a, (b, c)) : ...
, def foo(a, b_c) : b, c = b_c ... .
.
2) backtick (`) . repr .
3) <> . != .
4) exec . . , exec() stream
. print 1 f ,
exec f print 1 ,
exec(f.read()) .
5) l, L, u, U .
6) from (module) import * .
. , from (module) import (name) .
7) from .[module] import name . (.)

.(2.5
.)
8) Classic Class .
7. Changes Already Present In Python 2.6

2.6 .
1) PEP 343 : The 'with' statement
with . __future__ .
2.5 http://bluekyu.textcube.com/108 .
2) PEP 366 : Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module
-m .
.
__package__ . , __name__
.
3) PEP 370 : Per-user site-packages Directory
site-packages .
site-packages ,
. site-packages 3rd .
site-packages dist-packages . (
. site.py
dist-packages .)
. Unix Mac ~/.local/ ,
%APPDATA%/Python . unix, mac lib/python2.6/site-packages
, Python26/site-packages .
PYTHONUSERBASE , -s
. (-S site-packages
.)
site.py site-packages .
site.py .
4) PEP 371 : The multiprocessing Package
multiprocessing .
. threading . .
5) PEP 3101 : Advanced String Formatting
. str.format() %
3.2 . 2.6 3 str
str bytes .
.
http://bluekyu.textcube.com/136
6) PEP 3105 : print As a Function

.
7) PEP 3110 : Exception-Handling Changes
, .
8) PEP 3112 : Byte Literals
, C .
.
9) PEP 3116 : New I/O Library
io . sys.stdin, sys.stdout, sys.stderr
io.TextIOBase . open() io.open()
. mode IOError ValueError
. .
10) PEP 3118 : Revised Buffer Protocol
buffer() , memorryview() .
.
11) PEP 3119 : Abstract Base Classes
, . .
12) PEP 3127 : Integer Literal Support and Syntax
.
13) PEP 3129 : Class Decorators
.
14) PEP 3141 : A Type Hierarchy for Numbers
. ABC
. ABC Number . Complex Number . Real
Complex . Rational Real . Integer Rational
. fractions .
.
8. Library Changes
. .
PEP 3108 .
1) md5 sha hashlib .
2) cPickle _pickle .
3) StringIO cStringIO io .
4) .
< dbm >
Current Name Replacement Name
anydbm dbm.__init__
dbhash dbm.bsd
dbm dbm.ndbm
dumbdm dbm.dumb
gdbm dbm.gnu
whichdb dbm.__init__
< urllib >
urllib2 urllib.request, urllib.error
urlparse urllib.parse
urllib urllib.parse, urllib.request, urllib.error
robotparser urllib.robotparser
< tkinter >
Dialog tkinter.dialog
FileDialog tkinter.filedialog
FixTk tkinter._fix
ScrolledText tkinter.scrolledtext
SimpleDialog tkinter.simpledialog
Tix tkinter.tix
Tkconstants tkinter.constants
Tkdnd tkinter.dnd
Tkinter tkinter.__init__
tkColorChooser tkinter.colorchooser
tkCommonDialog tkinter.commondialog
tkFileDialog tkinter.filedialog
tkFont tkinter.font
tkMessageBox tkinter.messagebox
tkSimpleDialog tkinter.simpledialog
turtle tkinter.turtle
PEP 3108 .
1) sets . set .
2) sys . sys.exitfunc(), sys.exc_clear(), sys.exc_type, sys.exc_value,

sys.exc_traceback .
3) array.array . read(), write() , fromfile(), tofile()

. c b u .
4) operator . sequenceIncludes() isCallable() .
5) thread . acquire_lock() release_lock() , acquire()

release() .
6) random . jumpahead() .
7) new .
8) tmpfile os.tmpnam(), os.tempnam(), os.tmpfile() .
9) tokenize . (Main Entry Point)

generate_tokens tokenize.tokenize() .
10) string.letters string.lowercase, string.uppercase . ,

string.ascii_letters .
11) __builtin__ builtins . global

__builtins__ . builtin __builtins__ builtins
.
9. Changes To Exceptions
.
1) PEP 0352
BaseException . .
2) Exception . , BaseException SystemExit
KeyboardInterrup .
except Exception .
3) StandardError .
4) . args .
( p. 481 16
.)
print(a[0],a[0].__class__.__name__,id(a[0]))
5) PEP 3109
raise Exception, args raise Exception(args) .
traceback . , __traceback__
.
6) PEP 3110
except Exception, variable except Exception as variable . ,
. except variable
. ,
exceptEasN:
foo
exceptEasN:
try:
foo
finally:
N=None
delN

.
7) PEP 3134
. , (implicit)
, (explicit) . (2 ) except finally
.
>>>try:
...raiseException('first')
...except:
...raiseException('second')
...
File"<stdin>",line2,in<module>
Exception:first
Duringhandlingoftheaboveexception,anotherexceptionoccurred:
Exception:second
try , except , 2
except try . 3
, .

__context__ .
. raise EXCEPTION from CAUSE
,
exc = EXCEPTION
exc.__cause__ = CAUSE
raise exc
. , CAUSE EXCEPTION
__cause__ .
>>>try:
...1/0
...exceptExceptionasvar:
...raiseException('1/0isError!')fromvar
...
ZeroDivisionError:intdivisionormodulobyzero
Theaboveexceptionwasthedirectcauseofthefollowingexception:
Exception:1/0isError!
try , except var

. , 2
1 .
2 1 . ( IDLE
.)
8) PEP 3134
traceback __traceback__ . traceback
sys.exc_traceback sys.exc_info()[2]
__traceback__ . .
defdo_logged(file,work):
try:
work()
exceptException,exc:
write_exception(file,exc)
raiseexc
fromtracebackimportformat_tb
defwrite_exception(file,exc):
...
type=exc.__class__
message=str(exc)
lines=format_tb(exc.__traceback__)
file.write(...type...message...lines...)
...
9) , .
10. Miscellaneous Other Changes

< Operators And Special Methods >
1) == NotImplemented , != == .
2) (unbound methods) .
.
3) __getslice__(), __setslice__(), __delslice__() . a[i:j]

a.__getitem__(slice(i, j)) . , __setitem__()
__delitem__() .
4) PEP 3114. next() __next__() . ,

. a.next()
next(a) .
5) __oct__() __hex__() . , oct() hex() __index__()

.
6) __members__ __methods__ .
7) func_X __X__ . ,
.
8) __nonzero__() __bool__() .
< Builtins >

1) PEP 3135. super() .
,
. , super() .
2) PEP 3111. raw_input() input() . , input() sys.stdin

(newline) . (prematurely)
EOFError . input() eval(input())
.
3) __next__() next() .
4) intern() sys.intern() .
5) apply() . , apply(f, args) f(*args) .
6) callable() . callable(f) isinstance(f, collections.Callable)

. operator.isCallable() .
7) coerce() . classic
.
8) execfile() . execfile(fn) exec(open(fn).read()) .
9) file . open() . io open

(stream) .
10) reduce() . functools.reduce() . ( "

, 99% for " .)
11) reload() . , imp.reload() .
12) dict.has_key() . , in .
11. Build and C API Changes

.
.
3 . , ABC
.
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/kr/library/l-python3-1/
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/kr/library/l-python3-2/
, 3 2.5 10% ...........

(int) .
. ^^
99.
.
-doolyes
. TDD... . By. Mr. Lonley.
. Python .
.
.^^ - ItsMe
^*^
3.0 ....
Pythone , .. ^^)
.
python .^^;
.
.
. ( ^^;)
XML C
. ,
scope, call by reference, call by value , id()
=> ID , sys.getrefcount()
. ^^
. -2009.04.01 (-_-; ......) .

. . 2009.04.12 by
Robinson
3.0
. . by Lak
. by simon
C . . 3.0
.
( ) .
. :) 10.01.15 by

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" "" "

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[2009.02] Endless Edition .

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4 1,2,3,4 "4 ." .

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Life is too short, You need python.

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2. GUI(Graphic User Interface)

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