Chapter 6: The Cell 1. How do biologists isolate cell components?

- The goal of cell fractionation is to take cells apart and separate the major organelles from one another. - Uses an ultracentrifuge which spins as fast as 130,000 rpm. Forces of gravity separate cell components. 2. What are four things all cells have in common? - Golgi Apparatus - Ribosomes - Mitochondrion - Endoplasmic Reticulum 3. How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ? - Only Bacteria and Archaea consists of prokaryotic cells. Protists, fungi, animals, and plants consist of eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic: DNA contained in the nucleoid which has no membrane to separate it form the rest of the cell. Eukaryotic: DNA contained in a membrane-bound nucleus; bigger.

4. What is a limiting factor to cell size? - Cellular metabolism. 5. How do ribosomes differ in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

6. What is the adaptive value of the endomembrane system?

7. For each of the cellular structures, indicate a few significant aspects. Include major functions and structures.
Nuclear Membrane Nuclear Pores Nuclear Lamina Chromatin Nucleolus Ribosome Smooth ER only found in animal cells; encloses the nucleus and sepearates it from the cytoplasm. line each pore of the nuclear envelope and regulate the entry and exit of certain large macromolecules and particles. netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope. complex of proteins and DNA that makes up chromosomes. synthesizes rRNA; found inside the nucleus. particles made of rRNA and protein; carry out protein synthesis. differs from rough ER because it lacks ribosomes; makes lipids; metabolizes carbohydrates; detoxifies drugs and poisons.

Rough ER Golgi Apparatus Lysosome Vacuole Mitochondria Chloroplast Peroxisome Cytoskeleton Microtubule Microfilament Intermediate Filament Extracellular Matrix Plasmodesmata Tight Junction Desmosomes Gap Junctions

has ribosomes; synthesizes secretory proteins; produces membranes like phospholipids. composed of cisternae; has 2 poles - a cis face and a trans face which receive and expel ribosomes. membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest all kinds of macromules. prominent in older plant cells; used for energy storage, breakdown of waste products, hydrolysis of macromules, plant growth. site of cellular respiration (creation of ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels). found only in plants; site of photosynthesis (conversion of solar energy to chemical energy). microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm; organizes structure and activities of the cell; composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. hollow tubes in the cytoskeleton; maintain cell shape; moves chromosomes in cell division. two intertwined strands of actin in the cytoskeleton; maintains or changes cell shape; muscle contraction; cleavage formation in cell division. proteins coiled into thicker cables in the cytoskeleton; maintains cell shape; anchors nucleus; forms nuclear lamina. in animal cells only; composed of glycoproteins like collagen; equivalent to a plant cell's adjacent cell wall. channels in plant cells that connect one cell to another. in animals; membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other; prevent leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of epithelial cells. in animals; fasten cells together into strong sheets. in animals; provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell; necessary for communication between cells in many types of tissues.

8. Trace the path of production of a protein-based secretion from a secretory cell. (List the organelles involved.) - Bound ribosomes made out of RNA and a protein are synthesized by the Rough ER. - Golgi apparatus takes the products in through its cis face. - Proteins are sent through its cisternae, which pinches off into vesicles containing the proteins. - Vesicles exit out the trans face of the Golgi in their vesicles which transports them to a place in the cell where they are needed for secretion.