ULTRASONIC METAL WELDING PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRIGING VAN DE GRAAD VAN DOCTOR IN DE TECHNISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN AAN DE TECHNISCHE HOGESCHOOL EINDHOVEN OP GEZAG VAN DE RECTOR MAGNIFICUS, PROF, DR. P. VAN DER LEEDEN, VOOR EEN COMMISSIE AANGEWEZEN DOOR HET COLLEGE VAN DEKANEN IN HET OPENBAAR TE VERDEDIGEN OP VRIDAG !4 APRII, 1978 TE 16.00 UUR DOOR JOHANNES LEENDERT HARTHOORN GEBOREN TE ‘S-HEERENHOEKDIT PROEFSCHRIFT 1S GOEDGEKEURD DOOR DE PROMOTOREN PROF. DR. P.C, VEENSTRA EN PROF. IR. B.L. TEN HORNCONTENTS 21, 2.2. 2.3. 24, 25, . Ultrasonic metal welding . . Historical background . 1,3. Aim and contents of the present study . . Ultrasonic welding equipment Contents List of symbols INTRODUCTION Bue A REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON THE PHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH ULTRASONIC WELDS AND MECHANISMS OF WELD FOR- MATION Mechanical properties of ultrasonic welds 2.1.1. Tensile shear strength |... 2.1.2. Crosstension strength... - 2.1.3, Fatigue strength oe Leak tightness . . 2.15. Reproducibility . The influence of machine settings on tensile shear sng Metallographic studics . 2.3.1, Thermal effects . 2.3.2, Plastic deformation and hardness measurements in the weld 2 zones * cracks 2. eee 10 2.3.3. Contaminating surface layers a Quantities measured during welding 12 24.1. Temperature 00.0.0... 12 24,2. Acoustic power and vibrational amplitude . 13 Welding mechanism... 2.2... cece eevee ae 13 25.1, Welding mechanism and possible welding operations 13 25.2. Mechanism of ultrasonic welding . 14 25.3, Metallic adhesion ..... 15 25.3.1. The area of real contact _ 15 2.5.3.2. Surface contaminants ..... 17 2.5.3.3. Formation of metal to metal bonds . 7 2.5.3.4. Residual stresses 19 2.5.3.5. Conclusions 20 WELDING AND MEASURING EQUIPMENT . The generator and power amplifier The vibrating system The anvil and the clamping mechanism