cfos/ lgb]{lzsf, @)^^

-klxnf] ;+zf]wg, @)^* ;lxt_

g]kfn ;/sf/

cy{ dGqfno

cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu

nflhDkf6, sf7df8f}+
@)^*

k|yd ;+:s/0fsf] e"ldsf

cfos/ lgb]{lzsf, @)^^ sf] xfdLn] ut cfly{s jif{ g} kl/dfh{g ug]{ k|of; u/]sf lyof}+ .
ah]6 k|:t'tLsf] l9nfOn] ubf{ utjif{ o;sf] kl/dfh{g x'g ;s]g . o;y{, o; jif{sf] cfly{s
ljw]osn]] u/]sf] ;+zf]wg ;d]t ldnfP/ ah]6 k|:t't ePsf] kGw| lbgdf g} cfjZos
kl/dfh{g u/L of] lgb]{lzsf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . 5f]6f] ;do leq g} kl/dfh{g u/L o;nfO{
clGtd ?kdf cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf] j]e ;fO6 ;d]taf6 ;fj{hlgs ug{ kfpFbf
ljefunfO{ v'zL nfu]sf] 5 . s/ k|0ffnL cy{tGqdf t6:ytf sfod ug]{ ljQ gLltsf]
dxTjk"0f{ pks/0f ePsf]n] o;sf] ;lx k|of]uaf6 /fHon] bLuf] s/fwf/ kfpF5 eg] s/bftfn]
;/n s/ sfg"gsf] k|of]u ug{ kfpFbf s/ ;xeflutf nfutdf sld cfO{ ljZj ahf/df
g]kfnL cy{Joj:yf k|ltikwL{ aGg k'U5 . g]kfnsf] cfos/ gLltn] :j]lR5s s/ kl/kfngfsf]
kl/sNkgf u/]sf] x+'Fbf of] lgb]{lzsfn] To;sf] kl/kfng ug{ / u/fpg klg d2t ub{5 .
g]kfndf cfos/ k|0ffnLsf] YffngL ePsf] krf; jif{sf] ljsf;qmddf of] lgb]{lzsf t];|f]
x'g]5 . ljut Ps jif{df xfdLn] cfd s/bftf / o;sf] k|uf]ustf{x?sf] dfFemdf hl6n
elgPsf] cfos/ sfg"gsf] lj:t[t JofVof ;lxtsf] of] lgb]{lzsf hf/L ubf{ cfd s/bftfaf6
/fd|f] k|lts[of k|fKt uof} . To;}u/L ;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfjx? klg kfof}+ . ljefun] of]
sfo{nfO{ cfd s/bftf k|ltsf] xfd|f] bfloTj / sQ{Josf] ?kdf lnPsf] 5 . oL ;'emfjx?
;d]tnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL o; k6s kl/dfh{g ubf{ cln a9L kl/is[t / kl/dfh{g ug{ vf]h]sf
5f}+ . o;n] cfos/ sfg"gsf] kl/kfngf ug]{ Joj;foL, o;nfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg] s/
dWo:ystf{, gLltsf] kl/kfngfsf] cg'udg ug]{ lgsfox? / gLlt lgdf{0f Pj+ sfof{Gjog
ug]{ ;DalGwt lgsfox?nfO{ s/ sfg"gsf] JofVof ug{ / To;sf] Jojxfl/s kIfsf] 1fg lbg
;xof]u k'ofpg] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' .
of] lgb]{lzsf lgdf{0fsf r/0fdf xfdLn] o;sf] e"ldsfdf eg]sf klg lyof}+ ls c;n s/
k|0ffnLsf] lgdf{0fsf] nflu lg/Gt/ k|oTg ug]{, s/bftfsf] s/ ;xeflutf nfut / ;dodf
sld Nofpg s/ ;'wf/sf sfo{ ;"rLx?nfO{ cu|efudf /fvL sfo{of]hgf agfpg], s/
sfg"gsf h6Ln kIfx?sf] JofVof u/L ;/n agfpg] sfo{x? ljefusf] k|fyldstfdf
/xg]5g\ . ljefun] s/ sfg"gx?sf] kl/kfngf ug{ u/fpgsf nflu ;xh ;]jfsf ?kdf
ljB'tLo ;]jf, s/ sfg"gsf] af/]df s/bftf;+usf] cGt/;+jfbdf ;lqmotf / /fHok|lQ
pQ/bfoL ePsf] s/ k|zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf of] ljefu b[9 /xg]5 . xfdLn] cfos/
sfg"gleq /x]sf d"No x:tfGt/0f, :yfoL ;+:yfkg tyf bL3{sfnLg s/f/ ;DalGw
lgb]{lzsfsf] lgdf{0f / g]kfnsf] s/ ;xeflutf nfutsf] cg'dfg, p7\g' kg]{ s/ /sd /
p7]sf] s/ /sd aLrsf] cGt/ h:tf ljifoaf/] cWoogsf] yfngL klg ul/;s]sf 5f}+ .
pNn]lvt sfo{x? ;dodf ;DkGg ug{ ;lsPsf] cj:yfdf o; sfg"gsf] JofVof / o;sf]
kl/kfngfdf k"0f{tf cfpg] ljZjf; lng ;lsG5 . lgb]{lzsfsf] cWoog ug]{ tl/sf / o;sf
ljz]iftfx?sf af/]df o; cufl8sf] e"ldsfdf ;+u|lxt ePsf]n] oxfF bf]xf]]ofpg cfjZos
b]lvPg .
s/ k|0ffnLsf] ;'wf/sf] nflu ;/ntf Pj+ kf/bzL{tf sfod ug]{ / cfd s/bftf;Fu ;w} 6f9f
xf]Og glhs x'g' kb{5 eGg] efj b]vfpg] cy{ ;lra >L s[i0fxl/ af:sf]6fsf] lqmoflzntfsf

sf/0fjf6 of] lgb]{lzsf kl/dfh{g ;Dej ePsfn] jxfFk|lt ljefu kl/jf/ cfef/ JoQm
ub{5 . ;'wf/sf nflu ;bf pT;fx k|bfg ug]{ dfggLo pk k|wfgdGqL tyf cy{dGqL k|lt
ljefu xflb{s cfef/ k|s6 ub{5 . cfos/ sfg"g hl6n ljifo /x]sf] / o:tf] hl6n
ljifonfO{ s/bftf, n]vf Joj;foL, s/ k|zf;g Pj+ o;sf] sfg"gL JofVof ug]{ sfg"g
lj1x? / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] klg a'em\g] u/L tof/ ug]{ n]vflj1 >L ejgfy bfxfnsf]
k/fdz{ k|;+zgLo /x]sf] 5 . cfos/ k|0ffnLsf] ;'wf/df lg/Gt/ ;xof]u k'ofpg] hd{g
bft[;+:yf GIZ / o;sf kbflwsf/L tyf o; lgsfosf lj1, s/ k|zf;gsf] ;'wf/sf] nflu
;b}j rf;f] /flv/xg] >L kBgfe l;+x sfsL{nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . cGTodf, o:tf]
s7Lg tyf h6Ln sfddf ;+nUg eO{ k|:t't lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/dfh{g u/L k|sfzgof]Uo
agfpgsf nflu o; ljefusf pkdxflgb]{zs >L s[i0f k|;fb b]jsf]6fsf] ;lqmo g]t[Tjdf
cfkm\gf] bfloTj k"/f ug{ v/f] pqg' ePsf d]/f] ljefusf lgb]{zsx? >L ljZj /fh kf08], >L
ab|L k|;fb uf}td, 7'nf s/bftf sfof{nosf k|d'v s/ clws[t >L uf]kfn k|;fb l3ld/], s/
clws[t >L slkn k|;fb ;'j]bL, >L ;"o{ k|;fb kf]v/]n of] kf}/vL sfdsf] nflu wGojfbsf
kfq x'g'x'G5 . dnfO{ / o; ;d"xnfO{ ;w} pT;flxt / pk|]l/t jgfO{ sfo{ ug]{ u/fpg] /
cToGt nug / d]xgt ug]{ ljefusf pk dxlgb]{zs o >L v'd/fh k'FhfnL / >L nId0f
cof{n tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw lj1 >L slkn b]j >]i7nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
of] lgb]{lzsfdf yk ;'wf/sf] ;Defjgf ;+w} g} /xg] 5 . o;sf] nflu ljefu ;w}+ g} s/bftf
tyf o;sf] cEof;stf{sf] ;'emfjx?sf] kvf{Odf /xg]]5 . 6+s0f sfo{df ePsf uNtLsf nflu
eljZodf ;'wfg]{ afrf klg ub{5' . o;sf] k|of]un] :j]lR5s s/ ;xeflutsf] cem a[l4
x'g]5 eGg] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . h;n] xfdLn] lt/]sf] s/ xfd|} ljsf;sf nflu, cfw'lgs /
;d[4 g]kfn lgdf{0fsf nflu eGg] xfd|f] cleofgnfO{ ;3fpFg] ljZjf; klg lnPsf] 5' .
ldltM @)^*.)$.!%
/fhg vgfn
dxflgb]{zs
cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu

e"ldsf
g]kfndf cfos/sf] yfngL ePsf] sl/a krf; jif{ Joltt ePsf] 5 . cfw'lgs s/
k|0ffnLsf cfwf/e"t cjwf/0ff;Fu o;sf] cGt/ldnfg eg] cfos/ P]g, @)%* n] u/]sf]
5 . cfos/ P]gsf] of] ljsf;n] cfos/sf] gLltut dfu{bz{g dfq gb]vfO{ ;du|
sfo{k|0ffnLsf] ;'wf/sf] 9f]sf klg vf]Nf]sf] 5 . o; P]gsf] sfof{Gjogn] ;fF3'/f] cj:yfdf
/x]sf] s/fwf/nfO{ km/flsnf] agfpb} nu]sf] 5 . s/bftfnfO{ ul/g] s/ Jojxf/df
;d?ktf sfod u/]sf] 5, /fli6o s/ k|0ffNfLsf] cGt/fli6o s/ k|0ffnL;Fu ;f]emf] ;DjGw
:yflkt u/]sf] 5, nufgL d}qL s/ gLltsf] kIfkf]if0f u/]sf] 5, s/bftfsf] :j]lR5s s/
;xeflutfsf] k|j4{g u/]sf] 5 . o; P]gn] k/Dk/fut ?kdf s/ clwsf/L;Fu /lx/x]sf
cjlzi6 clwsf/x?sf] cGTo ub}{ cfos/ P]gnfO{ ljlwsf] zf;gsf] ?kdf s/ k|zf;g
tyf s/bftfnfO{ o; P]g cGt{ut pQ/bfoL / hjfkmb]xL agfPsf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm
o; P]gsf] sfof{Gjog kl5 /fh:j ;+sngdf cfos/sf] a9f]Q/Ln] g]kfnsf] /fh:j
kl/rfngdf xfnnfO{ bf];|f] 7"nf] /fh:jsf] ;|f]t agfPsf] 5 eg] eljiodf d"n /fh:j
kl/rfngsf] cfwf/ klg agfpb} nfg] b]lvG5 . of] P]gn] c;n s/ k|0ffnLsf cfwf/e"t
dfGotfx? h:t} ;/ntf, t6:ytf, ;dtf, :jR5tf, lglZrttf / kf/bzL{tfnfO{ c+ufNb}
Go"gtd s/sf] cGt/nfO{ 36fO{ ;dtfd"ns, s/ ;+sngdf ;'ljwf / bIftf ;lxtsf]
ldtJooL / cy{tGqsf] la:tf/ tyf cfly{s a[l4sf] bIftf sfod u/fpg] lbzfdf
cled'vLs/0f u/fPsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] s/ k|0ffnLsf] cfw'lgstfsf] lbzfdf o;n] k|yd
kfOnf /fv]sf]n] o;sf] ;fdlostf / kl/dfh{gsf] cfjZostfsf] eg] lg/Gt/ vfFrf]
b]lvG5 .
cfos/sf] ;}4flGts cfwf/ eg]sf] cfosf] ljt/0fd'lv Gofosf] Kf|Tofe"lt lbg], ;dli6ut
cfly{s :yfloTj sfod ug]{, /fHosf] ljQLo ;+/rgfnfO{ ;Gt'lnt / cg's"n agfpg],
;dfhdf kf/bzL{ cy{Joj:yfsf] lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ agfO{ ;bfrf/ k|bz{g ug{ ;3fpg] /x]sf]
x'G5 . cfly{s gLltsf] k|d'v gLlt ;+oGqsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ljQLo gLltsf] dxTjk"0f{ gLlt
pks/0f cfos/ ePsfn] o;n] /fh:jsf] lbuf] cfwf/sf] nflu km/flsnf] s/fwf/sf]
kl/sNkgf ub{5, h;n] cfly{s lqmofsnfknfO{ k|j4{g u/fpg] gLltx?;u klg
cGt/ldnfgsf] ck]Iff /fVb5 . ljZjJoflks/0fsf] jt{dfg kl/j]zdf g]kfnn] cfos/sf
sfg"gL Joj:yfx?nfO{ cGt/fli6o dfkb08 cg'?ksf] agfO{ nufgLd}qL jftfj/0fsf]
lgdf{0f ug]{, g]kfnsf] s/b]oL Ifdtfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ / k|lt:kwL{ tyf l:y/ s/ gLltsf]
dfWodaf6 g]kfn /fHosf nflu cflwsfl/s /fh:j ;+sng ug]{ clei6 /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;j}
k|sf/sf cfo tyf cfosf ;|f]tx?df ;dfgtfsf cfwf/df s/f/f]k0f ug]{, cfos/nfO{
nrstf ;lxt pTkfbsTj a9fpg], Joj;foLsf] s/ ;xeflutf nfut / ;/sf/sf] s/
;+sng nfutnfO{ 36fO{ Joj;fosf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf clea[l4 ug]{, cfos/nfO{ t6:y
agfO{ cy{ Joj:yfsf] bIftf a9fpg], ;/n, ;xh / kf/bzL{ cfw'lgs s/ k|0ffnLsf]

ljsf; ug]{, n]vfdf cfwfl/t :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0fsf] ljsf; u/L Joj;flos pQ/bfloTjsf]
efjgf hfu[t u/fpg] / ;du| cfos/ k|0ffnLsf sfo{x? sfg"gL ljlw / k|lqmofdf
cfwfl/t agfO{ pQ/bfoL / kf/bzL{ s/ k|0ffnLsf] k|j4{g ug]{ P]gsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .
cfos/ k|zf;gsf] cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] qmddf cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] th'{df eO{
sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] sl/a cf7 jif{ eGbf a9L ;do Joltt ePsf] ePtf klg o;sf
;f/e"t kIfx? cem} klg gjLgtf g} h:tf] cg'e"t x'g] ePsf]n] o;sf ljz]iftfx? g}
ga'emL of] P]gsf] ;du|tf ga'lemg] ePsfn] o;sf df}lns ljz]iftfx? j'lemPdf dfq
P]gsf ;du| kIfnfO{ a'Ef\mg ;lsG5 . cfos/ ;DjGwL ;j} Joj:yfsf] k|flwsf/ o;}
P]gaf6 lgb]{lzt x'g] u/L sfg"gL ;jf]{RRftf o; P]gnfO{ lbPsf] 5 . k|fs[lts JolQm /
lgsfosf ;j} k|sf/sf cfo cfh{gsf >f]tx? tyf sf/f]af/nfO{ s/sf] bfo/fdf ;d]l6Psf
5g\ eg] /fHon] cfos/ 5'6 pknJw u/fpg' kg]{ ePdf lglZrt tyf tf]lsPsf] sfg"gdf
;+zf]wg u/L lbg ;Sg] u/L dfu{k|z:t ;d]t u/]sf] 5 . cfo cfh{gsf] l;nl;nfdf
ePsf ;j} vr{x?nfO{ ;dfGo sL tyf ljz]if sLsf Joj:Yffx?af6 sfg"gL ;'lglZrttf
lbOg'sf] ;fy} /f]huf/L, Joj;fo tyf nufgLsf] cfo u0fgfsf :ki6 cfwf/x? lgwf{/0f
ul/Psf] 5 . of] P]gn] PAY-AS-YOU-EARN eGg] l;G4fGtnfO{ cjnDjg u/]sf] 5 . cfo
tyf vr{sf] n]vfg ug]{ cfwf/ Pj+ dfu{ lgb]{zgx? lgwf{l/t ub}{ g]kfnsf] s/ k|0ffnLnfO{
cGt/fli6o s/ k|0ffnL;Fu cfj4 ug]{ cfwf/sf] lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 . k/Dk/fut ?kdf cfo
tyf ;DklQsf] kl/efiffx?df /x]sf c:ki6tfx?nfO{ sfg"gL ?kdf ;':ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 .
cfos/ k|0ffnLdf cfo cfh{g stf{nfO{ :ki6 ?kdf pQ/bfoL agfpb} s/ k|zf;gsf
:jljj]sLo clwsf/sf] cGTo u/L sfg"gL zf;gdf cfwl/t s/ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;df hf]8
lbPsf] 5 . s/ of]hgf Pj+ 5nLnfO{ b]jfgL / kmf}hbf/L s;"/sf] aLr :ki6 lje]b u/L
;/sf/L jlsn dfkm{t d'2f rnfpg] cfwf/x? tf]lsPsf 5g\ . kof{Kt ;"rgf Pj+ k|df0f
ePdf s/ clws[tnfO{ ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ / ;+;o s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ clwsf/
lbPsf] 5 eg] cfosf] kl/df0fLs/0f / rfl/qLs/0f, cfosf] v08Ls/0f, Transfer Pricing,
Dividend Striping, General Anti Avoidance Rule / cfo tyf vr{sf ljz]if Joj:yfn]
Quarantine ug]{ ePsf]n] s/sf] h]flvd kIfx?sf] lgoGq0f u/]sf] 5 . s/ nfUg] JolQmsf]
;DjGwdf lgsfo / k|fs[lts JolQmsf] af/]df s/ tyf n]vf k|0ffnLsf] :ki6 Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5, cfos/df s/bftfsf sfg"gL clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / o;sf] k"0f{ k|Tofe"lt, s/
Jojxf/nfO{ sfof{Gjog ubf{ k"0f{tM k|fs[lts Gofosf dfGo l;4fGtsf] cg'z/0f ug'{ kg]{
ePsfn] s/bftfnfO{ b'O{ txsf] k'g/fj]bgsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} ljefusf
dxflgb]{zsnfO{ ;Ifd clwsf/Lsf] ?kdf P]gsf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/L pQ/bfoL
agfPsf] 5 / :yL/ tyf cg'dfgof]Uo s/ gLlt / o;sf] Joj:yfkgsf] kl/sNkgf cfos/
P]gn] u/]sf] 5 . of] g} cfly{s ljsf;sf] cfwf/ x'g ;Sg] cfwf/e"t ;f]rsf] ?kdf
k|:tfjgfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
cfos/ P]gsf] k|f/DesfnLg r/0fdf o;sf] ;j]bgzLntf dfly hl6ntfsf] u'gf;f] /xL
cfPsf] oyfy{tfnfO{ cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu ;bfsf] nflu cGTo ug]{ ;f]rdf /x]sf]
kmn:j?k of] nIo k|fKt ug]{ klxnf] v'l8\snf]sf] ?kdf sl/a Ps jif{sf] cys d]xgtaf6

of] cfos/ lgb]{lzsf k|:t't ug{ ;lsPsf] 5 . cfos/ ljifo hl6n klg ePsf]n] o;df
vf]h] hltsf] ;/ntf Nofpg g;s] klg pNn]v ul/Psf ;/n JofVof / pbfx/0fx?n]
;s];Dd ;/n agfpg] k|of; ePsf] 5 . of] lgb]{lzsfsf] k|of]un] cfos/sf] If]qdf sfo{
;~rfng s'zntf ;lxt Ps?ktf cfpg] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . casf lbgdf o;
lgb]{lzsfn] s/ k|zf;g tyf s/bftfnfO{ yk hjfkmb]xL agfpg] 5 . s/sf] cf}krfl/stf
k"/f ug{ s/bftfnfO{ ;Ifd agfpg] ePsf]n] s/bftfsf] :j]lR5s s/ ;xeflutf k|j4{g
u/fpg] b]lvG5 . ;du| s/ k|zf;gdf NofOPsf] of] cfGtl/s ;/n k|lqmofsf] Joj:yfn]
c;n s/ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;df klg ;3fpg] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . of] lgb]{lzsf k|yd
k':tfsf] ;fdu|L ePsf]n] cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf ljljw kIfx?sf] s/ k|zf;gdf sfo{/t
sd{rf/L, s/ Joj;foL, cfd s/bftf / o;sf] k|of]u ug]{ Joj;flos ju{n] vf]h] cg'?k
x'g g;s] klg clwsf+z ck]Iffx? k'/f ug]{ cfzf lnPsf] 5' . o; lgb]{lzsfdf ePsf sdL
sdhf]/L x6fpg ;Dk"0f{ pkof]uL ju{af6 /fo, ;'emfj / ;Nnfxsf] o; ljefu ;b}j
ck]Iff ub{5 . ;'wf/ eg]sf] uGtJo xf]O{g of] t lg/Gt/ ofqf ePsf]n] o; lgb]{lzsfnfO{
k|To]s jif{df cfos/ P]g lgoddf cfpg] kl/jt{g kl5 yk kl/dfh{g ub}{ k|To]s jif{
k|sfzdf Nofpg] sfo{df ljefu k|ltj4 /x]sf] 5 .
of] lgb]{lzsf tof/ ug{ k"/} Ps jif{sf] ;do / 7"nf] ;fwg ;|f]t tyf hgzlQmsf] pkof]u
ePsf] 5 . of] lgb]{lzsf tof/ kfg{sf nflu ljQLo tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg]
hd{g k|fljlws ;xof]uf/f ;+rflnt /fh:j k|zf;g ;xof]u kl/of]hgf -RAS_ tyf
o;sf k|f]h]S6 Dofg]h/ 8f= yf]d; tf/f;]:sLnfO{ ljefusf] tkm{af6 wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
of] lgb]{lzsf tof/ ug]{ sfo{df ;+nUg k/fdz{bftfx? Pkm=l;=P= >L ;'bz{g /fh kf08],
Pkm=l;=P= >L lzjgfy kf08] tyf jl/i7 clwjQmf >L kjg s'df/ cf]emfk|lt ljeffusf]
tkm{af6 xflb{s cfef/ k|s6 ug{ rfxG5' . of] lgb]{lzsfnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo agfpg] sfo{df
ljefusf] tkm{af6 ;xof]u ug{ ul7t Quality Circle df /x]sf ;fyLx?, ljefusf pk
dxflgb]{zso >L gj/fh e08f/L / >L nId0f cof{n tyf o; sfo{df ;+nUg ;Dk"0f{
kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . of] lgb]{lzsf tof/ kfg]{ qmddf z'?sf] ;dob]lv
cGTo;Dd lg/Gt/ ?kdf nugzLn eO{ nflu/xg] /fh:j k|zf;g ;xof]u kl/of]hgf RAS_ sf k|f]h]S6 sf]cl8{g]6/ >L kgfe l;+x sfsL{, o; ljefusf lgb]{zs >L uf]kfn
k|;fb l3ld/] tyf zf=c= >L slkn k|;fb ;'j]bL ljz]if wGojfbsf kfq x'g'x'G5 . of]
lgb]{lzsf tof/sf] qmddf ;Nnfx tyf ;'emfj pknAw u/fO{ ;xof]u ul/lbg' x'g] ICAN,
FNCCI, Chamber of Commerce nufotsf ;+:yfx?, cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nox?
tyf cGo ;Dk"0f{ dxfg'efjx?df ;d]t ljefusf] tkm{af6 xflb{s wGoafb lbg rfxG5' .
of] lgb]{lzsf lgdf0f{sf] nflu ljefusf] cg'/f]wnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L cfk\mgf] cToGt sfo{
Jo:ttfsf afjh'b klg cys d]xgt tyf nugsf ;fy cfk"mn] /f]k]sf] km"nnfO{ ;'Gb/
au}rfdf /fVg] o; cleofgdf u'0ffTds k/LIf0fsf] g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ ePsf
o; ljefusf k"j{ dxflgb]{zs tyf k"j{ cy{ ;lra >L ljBfw/ dlNnsHo" k|lt o;
ljefusf] kl/jf/sf] tkm{af6 cGt/x|[bo b]lv wGojfb ;lxt cfef/ JoQm ub{5' . eljiodf
;d]t o;sf] kl/dfh{gsf] nflu clek|]/0ffsf] ck]Iff ;d]t /fv]sf] 5' . of] lgb]{lzsf

agfpg ;b}j pTk|]/0ff lbg' x'g] / ;fwg tyf ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg jftfj/0f agfpg]
sfo{df lg/Gt/sf] ;xof]u k'ofpg] dfggLo cy{dGqL >L ;'/]Gb| kf08], cy{ ;lra >L
/fd]Zj/k|;fb vgfn / /fh:j ;lra >L s[i0fx/L afF:sf]6f k|lt o; ljefu xflb{s cfef/
JoQm ub{5 .
cGTodf, g]kfnsf] cfos/ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;sf] nflu o; P]gsf] th'{dfsf] avt b]lv
sfo{Gjogsf ljleGg r/0fx?df klg cGt/fli6o d'b|f sf]if tyf sf]ifsf sfg"g lj1 8f=
lk6/ Xofl/;, hd{g k|fljlws ;xof]uf/f ;+rflnt /fh:j k|zf;g ;xof]u kl/of]hgf
-RAS_ tyf k|f]h]S6 sf]cl8{g]6/ >L kgfe l;+x sfsL{sf] ;xof]unfO{ o; ljefun]
g]kfnsf] cfos/ ljsf;sf] ofqfdf ;b}j ;lDem/xg] g} 5 .

kmfNu'0f %, @)^^

zfGt axfb'/ >]i7

dxflgb]{zs

ljifo;"rL
kl/ro

kl/efiffx?

cfo, gf]S;fgL, nfe / e'QmfgLsf] >f]t

43

s/sf] cfwf/ tyf cfosf lzif{sx?

54

cfo, lgwf{/)fof]Uo cfo tyf s/of]Uo cfo

60

cfodf ;dfa]; x'g] /sdx?

70

/sdx?sf] kl/df)fLs/)f, af+*kmf+* / rfl/lqs/)f

90

s/ n]vf+sg / ;do

115

%'^ x'g] /sdx? / cGo %'^x?

130

Joj;flos %'^ tyf ;'ljwfx?

140

s/bftf k|fs[lts JolQm

153

cjsfz sf]if

171

lgsfo / lat/)f

187

cGt/fli^<o s/ Pj+ j}b]lzs s/ ldnfg

214

bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tf ;DaGwL Joj:yf

240

e'QmfgLdf s/ sL

254

/f]huf/Laf^ ePsf] cfosf] u)fgf

295

Aoj;foaf^ ePsf] cfosf] u)fgf

342

a}+ls+u tyf jLdf Aoj;fo ;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yfx?

390

bL#{sfnLg s/f/sf] cfosf] u)fgf

411

nufgLaf^ ePsf] cfosf] u)fgf

419

;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{af^ x'g] nfesf] lgwf{/)f

450

s/sf] u)fgf

493

ls:tfaGbL / clu|d s/

514

cfo laa/)f

536

s/ lgwf{/)f

550

s/sf] e'QmfgL

565

s/ ;+sng, ldGxf / lkmtf{

580

z'Ns, Jofh tyf hl/jfgf

615

k'g/fjnf]sg / k'g/fj]bg

634

cfos/sf] k|zf;g, cflwsfl/s sfuhft / clen]v tyf ;"rgf ;+sng

644

lalaw

666

cg';"lrx?

677

kl/R%]b 1

kl/ro
(Introduction)

!=!

g]kfndf cfos/sf] cjwf/0ff ;j{k|yd lj=;+= @)!& ;fndf k|f/De ePsf] lyof] .
lj=;+= @)#! b]lv nfu' ePsf] cfos/ P]g xfnsf] cfos/ P]g, @)%* nfu' x'g' k"j{
k|rngdf /x]sf] lyof] . jt{dfg cfos/ P]g, @)%* eGbf cufl8 k|rngdf /x]sf]
cfos/ P]g, @)#! s/ sfg"gsf] cljlzi6tfsf] cfwf/df :t/Lo lyPg . tTsfnLg
cj:yfdf s'g} JolQmsf] s/ lgwf{/0f ug{sf nflu cfos/ P]gsf] cltl/Qm ;DalGwt
cfo jif{sf] cfly{s P]g, cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, >d P]g, jf]g; P]g nufot bh{gf}
P]gx? Pj+ tL P]g cGtu{t ag]sf lgodfjnLdf ePsf s/ ;DalGw k|fjwfgnfO{ ;d]t
cfwf/ dfGg' kg]{ cj:yf lyof] . s/ 5'6 lbg] ;DalGw Joj:yf ljleGg P]gx?df
/x]sf]n] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf ;d]t sl7gfO{ lyof] .
s/sf] b/ a[l4 u/]/ xf]Og s/sf] bfo/f a[l4 u/]/ /fh:j kl/rfng ug'{k5{ eGg]
jt{dfg /fh:j gLltsf] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . o;} dfGotfsf] cfwf/df JolQmsf] s'g}klg
lsl;dsf] cfo rfx] Tof] >d nufgL u/]/ k|fKt u/]sf] xf]; jf >d jf kF"hLsf]
;ld>0faf6 k|fKt u/]sf] xf]; jf >f]t Pj+ ;DklQ k|jfx u/L k|fKt u/]sf] xf];, h;/L
cfo cfh{g u/]sf] ePtf klg To:tf ;a} lsl;dsf cfo cfh{gnfO{ cfos/ P]g,
@)%* n] cfos/sf] bfo/fdf ;dflxt u/]sf] 5 .
cfos/ P]g, @)%* cfos/sf] cfw'lgs cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] 5 . JolQmsf]
cfo s'g} lglZrt ef}uf]lns If]qdf dfq gx'g], k"FhL Pj+ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u b]zsf]
l;dfleq dfq l;ldt g/xg] jt{dfg ljZj cy{ Joj:yf, ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf]
dfGotf Pj+ v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{o'Qm cy{ Joj:yfsf] sf/0faf6 JolQm ljz]ifsf] cfo
hxfF;'s} x'g] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . cfos/ P]g, @)%* n] cfos/sf] Residence
Principle nfO{ c+ufn]sf] 5 . o; l;4fGt cg';f/ g]kfnsf] jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] cfo
;+;f/e/ hxfF eP klg g]kfndf s/ ltg'{ kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . o;n] JolQmnfO{ bf]xf]/f]
s/af6 d'lQm lbg g]kfn aflx/ cflh{t cfodf ljb]zL d'n'sdf lt/]sf] cfos/ ldnfg
ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
ljutsf] cfos/ P]gdf s'g}klg JolQmn] cfo cfh{g u/]sf] cfo jif{df s/ ltg'{ gkg]{
t/ ;f]sf] cfo ljj/0f bflvnf ubf{ s/ ltg]{ JolQmn] bflvnf u/]sf] cfo ljj/0fsf]
cfwf/df s/ sfof{non] s/ lgwf{/0f u/] cg';f/ s/ ltg'{kg]{ Joj:yf lyof] . cfos/
P]g, @)%* n] cfo cfh{g u/]sf] cfodf tyf cfo cfh{g u/]sf] cj:yfdf g} s/
ltg]{ cyf{t Pay as you Earn sf] l;4fGtnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . o;af6 JolQmsf] cfo
lgwf{/0f / ;f] cfodf nfUg] s/ e'QmfgL ;+u;+u} ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;af6
JolQmnfO{ cfos/ jfktsf] bfloTj /lx/x+b}g eg] ;/sf/nfO{ cfos/sf] ?kdf k|fKt
x'g] /fh:j ;dodf g} k|fKt x'G5 . ljz]if u/L k|fs[lts JolQmsf] ljljw k|sf/sf]
cfodf e'QmfgL k|fKt ubf{ s} jvtdf >f]tdf s/ sLsf] dfWodaf6 s/ sL e}
bflvnf x'g] Joj:yf 5 . o;n] ubf{ k|fs[lts JolQmsf] sltko cfodf sL ePsf]
clu|d s/ g} clGtd s/ sL x'g] x'Fbf s/ bflvnfsf] nflu sfof{nodf cfpg' kb}{g .
o;n] ubf{ s/ bflvnfsf] nflu k6s k6s sfof{no wfpg' gkg]{ cj:yfaf6 ;dosf]

jrt Pj+ e'QmfgL ubf{ nfUg] nfutdf ;d]t sdL cfPsf] 5 eg] ;/sf/nfO{ ;d]t
s/ ;+sng jfkt nfUg] vr{df sld NofPsf] 5 .
cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf ljljw ljz]iftfx? /x]sf 5g\ . of] P]g cfos/sf] cfw'lgs
l;4fGt Pj+ dfGotfdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] 5 . xfd|f] ;Gbe{df of] P]g lgtfGt gofF /
gf}nf] k|:t'tLsf] ?kdf cfPsf] 5 .
cfos/ P]g, @)%* nfu' ePsf] em08} Ps bzs eO{;s]sf] 5 . o; cjlwdf P]gsf]
sfof{Gjogn] y'k|} k|sf/sf cf/f]x cj/f]x kf/ u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] cnfjf P]gsf
k|fjwfgx? Pslqt ?kdf k|:t't ug{ ;fy} lgodfjnLdf Aoa:yf ul/Psf lgodx?nfO{
Pslqt u/L ;j}n] a'em\g] u/L ;/n / ;xh tl/sfn] AofVof u/L lgb]{lzsf tof/
kf/L nfu" ug'{kg]{ ePsf] ;Gbe{df P]gsf] bkmf !#( n] P]gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf]
lgldQ ljefun] cfjZos lgb]{lzsf agfO{ hf/L ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'Fbf
ljefun] P]gsf] ljleGg bkmfx?nfO{ JofVof ;d]t u/L of] lgb]{lzsf agfO{ hf/L u/]sf]
5 . k|:t't ;+zf]wgdf cfly{s ljw]os @)^* n] cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] Joj:yfdf
u/]sf] ;+zf]wg Pj+ yk Joj:yfx?nfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L of] lgb]{lzsf hf/L ul/Psf]
5 . of] lgb]{lzsfsf] d'Vo p2]Zo cfjZostf cg';f/ cfos/ P]g, @)%* tyf
cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)%( df ePsf k|fjwfgx?sf] dd{ k|ltlalDat x'g]u/L JofVof
ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . P]gsf] s'g} vf; bkmfdf pNn]lvt Joj:yf / ;f] bkmfn] ;d]6]sf P]gsf
cGo bkmf ;d]tnfO{ To; Joj:yf;Fu qmdj4 ;dfj]; u/L ;/n 9+uaf6 ;a}n]
;lhn};Fu a'em\g ;Sg] u/L JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
o; lgb]{lzsfdf P]g, lgodsf] JofVof ubf{ cfly{s ljw]os, @)^* n] u/]sf]
;+zf]wgnfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ lnOPsf] 5 .
!=@

lgb]{lzsfsf] k|:t'tL / o;sf] :yfg

cfos/ P]g, @)%* nfu' eP kZrft xfn;Dd klg P]gsf sltko k|fjwfgx?sf]
;DaGwdf s/ k|zf;g, s/bftf Pj+ s/ n]vfk/LIfsx?sf] ljrdf km/s km/s
cjwf/0ff /x]sf] 5 . s/ k|zf;g, s/bftf Pj+ s/ n]vfk/LIfssf] ljrdf cfos/
P]gsf] k|fjwfgdf lljwf pTkGg geO{ P]gsf] dg;fo cg';f/ sfof{Gjogdf cfPdf
s/ k|zf;gnfO{ P]gn] Joj:yf u/] adf]lhd s/ /fh:j k|fKt x'G5 / s/bftfn] ltg'{
kg]{ s/ ;xh ?kdf ltg{ ;Sg'sf ;fy} lghnfO{ z'Ns Pj+ Jofh h:tf s/sf
cltl/Qm bfloTjaf6 pGd'lQm x'g hfG5 . o;} sf/0f cfos/;+u k|ToIf ?kn]
ufFl;Psf s/ k|zf;g, s/bftf Pj+ s/ n]vfk/LIfsnfO{ cfos/ P]g, @)%* Pj+
lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] dd{nfO{ cfTd;ft x'g] u/L P]g Pj+ lgodsf ;a} Joj:yfx?sf
;DaGwdf o; lgb]{lzsfdf :ki6 ul/Psf] 5 . cfos/ lgb]{lzsf, @)^^ -;+zf]wg
;lxt_ n] cfos/ P]g, @)%* tyf lgodfjnL, @)%( sf ;a} Joj:yfx?nfO{ P]g jf
lgodsf] bkmf Pj+ qmdj4tfsf] cfwf/df pNn]v gu/L s/bftfsf] cfosf] k|sf/,
s/bftfsf] k|sf/, s/ k|zf;g Pj+ o;sf cflwsfl/s sfuhft cflbsf] cfwf/df
ljleGg #@ kl/R5]bdf ljefhg u/L k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . k|To]s kl/R5]b cGtu{t
kl/R5]bn] ;d]6]sf] ljifo;+u ;DalGwt P]gsf] bkmf Pj+ lgodfjnLsf] lgodx? pNn]v
u/L ;f]sf] dg;fo pNn]v ePsf] 5 . P]g Pj+ lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yfnfO{ ;/n ?kn]
a'e\mg ;xof]u k'ofpg] p2]Zon] ;se/ ;a} Joj:yfnfO{ ;fGble{s pbfx/0faf6 :ki6

kfl/Psf] 5 . lgb]{lzsfdf k|:t't P]g Pj+ lgodfjnLsf Joj:yf Pj+ pbfx/0fsf]

;DaGwdf bf]xf]/f] cy{ gnfuf]; eGgsf nflu ;/n ?kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
o; lgb]{lzsfdf kl/R5]bsf] ljefhg cfosf zLif{s, vr{sL, >f]tdf s/ sL h:tf
zLif{sx?sf cfwf/df ul/Psf] 5 . s'g} JolQmsf] cfk\mgf] cfosf] zLif{s Pj+ cfk\mgf]
x}l;ot (Status) :ki6 x'g ;/n k'ofpg] p2]Zon] P]g, lgodfjnL Pj+ pbfx/0fsf]
k|:t'tL kl/R5]bsf] zLif{ssf] cfwf/df bf]xf]l/Psf] 5 . h:t} /f]huf/Lsf] cfo u0fgfdf
/f]huf/Lsf] cfo ;dfj]z x'g] cfosf] ;fy ;fy} /f]huf/bftfn] /f]huf/Lsf] e'QmfgL
ubf{ >f]tdf s/ sL ug'{ kg]{ ljifo ;d]t pNn]v ePsf] 5 eg] >f]tdf s/ sL
zLif{sdf /f]huf/Lsf] cfo u0fgf Pj+ ;f]df s6\6f ug'{ kg]{ s/ ;d]t pNn]v ePsf]
5 . o;/L k|:t'tL ubf{ P]g, lgodsf Joj:yf Pj+ pbfx/0f bf]xf]/f] (Duplicate) ;d]t
ePsf] 5 . o;/L k|:t'tL ug'{sf] p2]Zo s'g} JolQmn] P]gsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ kfngf
ug'{kg]{ st{Ao s] s] x'g\ egL ;du| lgb]{lzsf cWoog ug{ gk/f]; eGg] /x]sf] 5 .
k|:t't lgb]{lzsfdf cfos/ P]g k|f/De eP b]lv P]gsf] Joj:yf :ki6 kfg]{ p2]Zon]
ljleGg ;dodf ul/Psf] kl/kq, ;fj{hlgs kl/kq, s/bftfnfO{ pknAw u/fPsf]
k"jf{b]zsf] cfzo, ljutdf k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg Pj+ cbfntaf6 ePsf km};nfsf
ljifo Pj+ cfzonfO{ ;d]t ;d]l6Psf] 5 . s/ k|zf;g, s/bftf Pj+ s/
Joj;foLx?nfO{ cfk\mgf] st{Jo kfngf ug'{ kg]{ ;Gbe{df k6s k6s k/]sf]
lljwfx?nfO{ sd ug]{ p2]Zon] P]gsf Joj:yf Pj+ lgodfjnLsf Joj:yfx?nfO{ :ki6
kfl/Psf]n] lgb]{lzsfsf] k|sfzgaf6 cfos/;+u ;DalGwt JolQmx?nfO{ cfk\mgf] sfo{
;Dkfbgdf ;xof]u k'Ug hfg] ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5 .
;fdfGotofM lgb]{lzsfsf] k|To]s kl/R5]b;+u ;DalGwt P]gsf bkmfx? ;d]t ;+nUg
/fvL AofVof ul/Psf] 5 . tyfkL ;f] kl/R5]b;+u ;DalGwt cGo k|fjwfgnfO{ cem
la:t[t ?kdf cWoog Pj+ AofVof ug{ cfaZostf cg';f/ cGo kl/R5]b;+usf]
;DaGwnfO{ ;d]t ;f]xL kl/R5]bdf v'nfO{Psf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf] lgldQ /f]huf/Lsf] cfo
u0fgf;+u ;DalGwt kl/R5]b !& df /f]huf/Laf6 ePsf] s/of]Uo cfosf] u0fgfdf
casfz sf]if Pa+ >f]tdf s/ sL ;DaGwL k|fjwfg pNn]v ul/Psf] ePtfklg P]gsf
oL Aoa:yfx?sf] 5'} dxTj ePsf] / o; Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf ;d]t la:t[t cWoog
u/]sf] v08df /f]huf/Lsf] cfo u0fgf Pj+ s/ bfloTj ;DaGwdf cem la:t[t AofVof
;xh x'g] x'+bf kl/R5]b !@ -cjsfz sf]if_ tyf kl/R5]b !^ -e'QmfgLdf s/ sL_
h:tf kl/R5]bnfO{ ;d]t cWoog ug{ plrt x'g] s'/f kl/R5]b !& df pNn]v ul/Psf]
5.
of] lgb]{lzsf ljifout ?kdf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L lgb]{lzsf tof/ ubf{ P]gdf
/x]sf] bkmf, ;f] bkmf;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] cGo bkmf / ;DalGwt lgod Ps} 7fpFdf
;dfj]; u/L k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o; lgb]{lzsfdf P]gsf] bkmfx? pNn]v ubf{ Uff9f
cIf/ (Bold Letter) k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 lgodnfO{ 58\s] Uff9f cIf/ (Bold Italic
Letter) k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 eg] AofVof, tyf cGo pbfx/0fx?nfO{ ;fdfGo cIf/ k|of]u
ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L P]g tyf lgodfjnLsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ JofVof ug]{ qmddf
cfjZostfsf cfwf/df pbfx/0fx? ;d]t ;dfa]; ul/Psf 5g\ . o:tf pbfx/0fdf
pNn]vLt gfdx? sfNklgs x'g\ tyf o:tf gfdx? jf:tljstf;Fu d]n vfPdf ;+of]u
dfq x'g]5 .

cfos/ P]g, @)%* / cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] k|of]u k|rng / JofVofsf]
qmddf o; lgb]{lzsfsf] k|of]u ul/g' k5{ . cfos/ ;Gbe{df cfos/ P]g, @)%*
-;+=;=_ tyf cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)%( -;+=;=_ kl5 o;sf] :yfg x'g]5 .
!=#
k|fyldstf ;DaGwL Aoa:yfx?
cfos/ c;'nL ;DaGwL sfo{ Goflos sfo{ xf] . cfos/ c;'n pk/ ;DaGwL sf/jfxL
/ lg0f{o ubf{ sfg"g / s/ ;DaGwL Goflos l;4fGtnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg h?/L x'G5 . s/
;DaGwL sf/jfxL / lg0f{o c4{ Goflos sfo{ dflgG5 . To;}n] ;f] k|of]hgdf sfo{/t
/xg] s/ clws[tn] Goflos dg nufP/ sfg"gsf] jf:tljstf kQf nufP/ ;f] cg'?k
s/ sfg"gsf] k|of]u u/L lg0f{o ug'{ kb{5 . To:tf] gePdf s/ clws[tf/f ePsf
lg0f{o, sfd sf/jfxL ab/ x'G5g\ . To;}n] cfos/ sfg"gsf] ;lx k|of]u ug{ h?/L
x'G5 . o; b[li6n] s]lx k|fylds hfgsf/L /fVg'kg]{ s'/f oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
!=#=! sfg"g aflemPsf] cj:yf M sltko cj:yfdf sfg"g Ps cfk;df aflemPsf x'G5g\ .
sfg"g eGg] zAbn] ;+ljwfg, P]g, lgod, pklgod, ljlgod, cfb]z, ;"rgf, kl/kq
OToflb ;Dk"0f{nfO{ a'emfpFb5 . t;y{ sfg"g zAbn] hl6ntf / Jofkstf jf]w
u/fpF5 . sfg"g s'g} alnof] s'g} sdhf]/ x'g] qmddf /x]sf x'G5g\ . ;+ljwfg ;a}
eGbf ;jf]{k/L xG5, To;kl5 P]g clg lgodfjlnsf] qmd x'G5 . b'O{j6f sfg"g
aflemPdf hf] dflyNnf] qmddf 5 Tof] alnof] x'G5 clg Tof] sfod x'G5 . t/ ;dfg
:t/sf sfg"g afem]sf] cj:yfdf eg] ;DalGwt ljifo jf kIf;Fu s'g sfg"g ljlzi7
9+un] hf]l8Psf] / glhs ePsf] 5 < s'g cl3sf] xf] / s'g kl5sf] xf] < h:tf
s'/faf6 lgwf{/0f ug'{ kb{5 . h:t}] ;+ljwfg / P]g aflemPsf]df ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf
nfu' x'G5, P]g / lgod aflemPsf] cj:yfdf P]g nfu' xG5 / P]g;Fu P]g aflemPsf]df
eg] ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'sf nflu ag]sf]] ljlzi7 P]g nfu' x'G5 .
!=#=@= bf]xf]/f] s/ gnfUg] af/]df ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf k|fjwfg / cfos/ P]gsf Joj:yf
aflemPdf ;Demf}tfsf Joj:yf nfu" x'G5 .
!=#=#= jfWofTds / OR5flwg u/L sfg"g b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . afWofTds sfg"gsf] k|of]u /
k|rng ug'{ clgjfo{ x'G5 eg] OR5flwg sfg"gsf] k|of]u ug{ jf gug{ ;DalGwt
clwsf/L :jtGq x'G5 . s'g} sfg"gdf x'g]5 jf ug]{5 jf ug'{ kg]{5 -c+u|]hLdf Shall /
Will) eGg] n]lvPsf] /x]5 eGg] Tof] afWofTds x'G5 / h'g sfg"gdf ug{ ;lsg]5 jf
;Sg]5 -c+u|]hLdf May) eGg] n]lvPsf] /x]5 eg] To:tf]df k|of]ustf{ ;f] sfg"gsf]
k|of]u ug{df :jtGq x'G5, p;n] ;f] sfg"gsf] kfngf ug'{kg]{ 7xofPdf jf b]v]df
dfq kfngfk|of]u ug{ ;Qm5 .
!=#=$ ljj]ssf] k|of]u ubf{ lgs} ljrf/ k'ofpg' kb{5 . clws[tnfO{ sfg"gn] ljj]s k|of]u
ug]{ k|z:t cj;/ lbG5 . To:tf] ljj]s k|of]u ubf{ hyfefjL gu/L ts{ Pj+ Gofo
;+ut 9+un] ug'{ kb{5 . sfg"gsf] k|of]u ubf{ lnPsf cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfpg' k5{ .
ts{;+ut cfwf/ / sf/0f j]u/ ul/Psf] lg0f{o ab/ x'G5 .
!=#=%= sfg"gsf] JofVofsf] l;4fGt cGtu{t Ps jrgn] ax'jrg / ax'jrgn] Ps jrgnfO{
hgfpFb5 .
!=#=^= ghL/M ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt sfg"g ;/x x'G5 . t;y{, clwsf/Laf6
To;sf] kfngf x'g'kb{5 . t/ /fh:j GofofwLs/0faf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGtsf] kfngf
ug'{ kg]{ sfg"gL afWotf x'Fb}g . tyflk Gofoflws/0fn] k|lt:kwf{ k|0ffnL cGtu{t
k/:k/ jx; 5nkmn u/L jf u/fO{ sfg"g / Gofosf d"No dfGotfsf] cfwf/df km};nf
4

ug]{ x'Fbf Gofoflws/0faf6 JoQm /fo, 7x/ jf sfg"gsf] Joj:yf jf k|ltkflbt l;4fGt
kfngf ug'{ ljefusf] nflu plrt x'g] b]lvg cfpF5 . Gofosf dfGo l;4fGtx?n]
Goflos s[ofsnfkdf lgs} 7"nf] e"ldsf /fVb5g\ . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn]
Goflos lg0f{o ubf{ Gofo l;4fGtnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg' kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t;y{ s'g}
lg0f{o, sfd sf/jflxsf] qmddf s'g} Goflos l;4fGtsf] k|Zg pkl:yt ePdf To;k|lt
ljrf/ u/L plrt / pko'Qm b]lvPdf k|of]u ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
!=#=&= k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtM Goflos lg0f{o ug]{ qmddf k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt lgs}g}
dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . o;sf d'Vo b'O{ pkl;4fGt 5g\ kIfkftsf] l;4fGt / ;'gjfO{sf]
l;4fGt . k|fs[lts Gofosf l;4fGtsf] k|lts'n ul/Psf s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z lg0f{o
ab/ x'G5g\ . s/ lgwf{/0fsf ;Gbe{df ;'gjfO{sf] l;4fGtsf] kfngf ug{ clgjfo{
x'G5 .
!=#=*= ;fj{hlgs kl/kqM cfos/ P]gsf] sfof{Gjogdf Ps?ktf NofO{ s/ k|zf;gnfO{ ;/n
agfpg] Pj+ s/ clws[t tyf s/bftfnfO{ dfu{lgb]{zg ug{ cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefun]
;fj{hlgs kl/kq hf/L ug]{ ub{5 . To:tf kl/kqx? lnlvt x'G5g\ / ltgn]
cfjZostfg';f/ cfos/ P]g, lgodsf] JofVof ub{5g\ .
;fj{hlgs kl/kq P]g, lgod;Fu afem]df afem]sf] xb;Dd cdfGo x'G5g\ . Pa+
laefuaf6 of] lgb]{lzsf hf/L ePsf ldlt;Dd hf/L ePsf ;fj{hlgs kl/kqx? o;
lgb]{lzsf;+u aflemg uPsf] ca:yfdf o; cl3 hf/L ePsf ;fj{hlgs kl/kqx?
Vff/]h ePsf] dflgg]5 .
!=#=(= k"jf{b]zM cfos/ P]g, @)%* f/f Jojl:yt of] gofF Joj:yf xf] . k"jf{b]z klg
ljefuf/f g} hf/L x'G5 . s'g} vf; s/bftfn] cfos/sf k|fjwfg nfu' x'g] gx'g],
nfu' x'g] eP gLhsf] xsdf s;/L s'g xb;Dd x'g] eGg] s'/fsf ;DaGwdf pTkGg
lljwf x6fO{ dfUg jf lg/fs/0fsf nflu ljefu ;dIf cfj]bg ug{ kfpF5 . ljefun]
cfgf] wf/0ff k"jf{b]zsf] ?kdf To:tf] s/bftfnfO{ pknAw u/fO{ lbG5 . ljefuaf6
k"jf{b]z hf/L ePsf]df To:tf] cfb]z axfn /x];Dd gLh JolQmsf] xsdf ;f] adf]lhd
ug{ ljefu afWo x'G5 .
;fj{hlgs kl/kq / k"jf{b]z aflemPsf] l:yltdf k"jf{b]z hf/L ul/Psf] JolQmsf]
xs;Dd ;f] k"jf{b]zsf] Joj:yf nfu' x'G5 . laefuaf6 of] lgb]{lzsf hf/L ePsf ldlt
;Dd hf/L ePsf k"jf{b]zx? o; lgb]{lzsf;+u aflemg uPsf] ca:yfdf laefun] k"gM
pQm AolQmnfO{ k"jf{b]z glbP;Dd ;f] AolQmsf]nflu pQm k"jf{b]zg} sfod /xG5 .
cyf{t AolQmut tj/af6 laefun] o; c3L hf/L ePsf] k"jf{b]z vf/]h ePsf]
hfgsf/L gu/fP;Dd o; cl3 hf/L eO;s]sf k"jf{b]z vf/]h ePsf] dflgb}g .
!=$
;+lIfKt gfd, lj:tf/ / k|f/De M
!-!_ o; P]gsf] gfd cfos/ P]g, @)%* /x]sf] 5 .
!-@_ of] P]g g]kfne/ nfu' x'g]5 / g]kfn jflx/ hxfF;'s} j;]sf] ePklg jfl;Gbf
JolQmnfO{ ;d]t nfu' x'g]5 .
o; P]gn] g]kfndf / ljb]zdf >f]t ePsf] cfo Pj+ jfl;Gbf / u}x| jfl;Gbf
JolQmsf] :ki6 ?kdf JofVof u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf >f]t ePsf] cfodf hf] ;'s}n]
cyf{t\ jfl;Gbf tyf u}x|jfl;Gbf ;j}n] g]kfndf s/ ltg'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5
eg] jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] xsdf ;f] JolQm hxf+ ;'s} j;]sf] ePklg g]kfndf s/

nfU5 . cyf{t jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] hxf+;'s} cfh{g u/]sf] eP klg ;f] cfodf /
u}x|jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] g]kfndf >f]t ePsf] cfodf g]kfndf s/ nfU5 .
!-#_ of] P]g t'?Gt k|f/De x'g]5 .
of] P]g @)%* ;fn r}q !( ut] b]vL nfu' ePsf] xf] . of] lgb]{lzsf hf/L ePsf
jvt ;Dd cfos/ P]g, @)%* df lgDgfg';f/ ;zf]wg ePsf]5 . oL
;+zf]wgx? ;+zf]wg ug]{ cfly{s P]g h'g h'g cjlw e/ nfu' x'G5g\, cfos/
P]gdf ePsf ;+zf]wgx? klg ;f]xL ;f]xL cjlw e/sfnfuL nfu' x'G5g\ .
cfos/ P]g, @)%* nfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ hf/L ul/Psf cfly{s P]g jf cWofb]zx?M
!= cfly{s cWofb]z, @)%( -cfiff9_ @)%(.)#.@$
@= cfly{s cWofb]z, @)%( -kf}if_ @)%(.)(.@!
#= cfly{s cWofb]z, @)^)->fj0f_ @)^).)$.)!
$ cfly{s cWofb]z, @)^) -df3_ @)^).!).)!
%= cfly{s cWofb]z, @)^! ->fj0f_ @)^!.)$.)!
^= cfly{s cWofb]z, @)^! -df3_ @)^!.!).)!
&= cfly{s cWofb]z, @)^@ ->fj0f_ @)^@.)$.)!
*= cfly{s cWofb]z, @)^@ -cflZjg_* @)^@.)^.!^
(= cfly{s cWofb]z, @)^@ -df3_ @)^@.!).)!
!)= cfly{s ljw]os, @)^# ->fj0f_ @)^#.)#.@*
!!= cfly{s ljw]os, @)^$ -cfiff9_ @)^$.)#.@*
!@= cfly{s ljw]os, @)^% -cflZjg_ @)^%.)^.)#
!#= cfly{s ljw]os, @)^^ ->fj0f_ @)^^.)$.)!
!$= cfly{s cWofb]z, @)^& -dfu{_ @)^&.
!%= cfly{s ljw]os, @)^& -==========_ @)^&. ========
!^= cfly{s ljw]os, @)^* -cfiff9_ @)^*.#.#!
* /fh:j ;DjGwL s]xL g]kfn P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug]{ cWofb]z @)^@ n] ;+zf]wg
ePsf] bkmfx?nfO{ cfly{s cWofb]z, @)^@ -cflZjg_ elgPsf] .

kl/R%]b 2

kl/efiffx?
(Definitions)

@=!

@=@

-s_

-v_

cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -s_ b]lv v08 -s j_ ;Dd P]gdf k|of]u
ePsf d'Vo zAbfjnLx?nfO{ kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . P]gdf s'g} vf; bkmf jf vf;
pkbkmf jf v08sf nflu nfu' x'g] zJbx?sf] cy{ ;f]xL bkmf, pkbkmf jf v08df g}
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . PseGbf a9L bkmf pkbkmfdf ;dfg cy{df k|of]u ul/g]
zJbx?sf] kl/efiff P]gsf] bkmf @ df ul/Psf] 5 . P]gdf kl/eflift ul/Psf laleGg
zAbfjnLx?sf] AofVof o; kl/R5]bdf ul/Psf] 5 .
kl/efiff Pj+ AofVof
ljifo jf k|;+un] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df P]gsf] bkmf @ df ul/Psf kl/efiff / ;f]sf
AofVof lgDgfg';f/ a'em\g' kb{5 M
clu|d s/ sL ug]{ JolQm,
clu|d s/ sL ug]{ JolQm eGgfn] /f]huf/L, nufgL k|ltkmn, ;]jf z'Ns tyf 7]Ssf
jf s/f/ ;d]tsf] e'QmfgL ubf{ kl/R5]b!& adf]lhd clu|d s/ sL ug]{ st{Jo
ePsf] JolQm ;Demg' k5{ .
cfos/ P]g, @)%* n] clu|d s/ sL ug{ tf]lsPsf dfyL pNn]v ul/P jdf]lhdsf
ljleGg zLif{ssf e'QmfgLdf clu|d s/ sL u/]/ dfq e'QmfgL ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L clu|d s/ sL u/]/ dfq e'QmfgL ug'{ kg]{ /sd e'QmfgL ubf{
P]gdf tf]lsPsf] b/ cg';f/ x'g] /sd sf u/]/ af+sL /sd dfq e'QmfgL ug'{ kg]{
x'G5 . o; kl/efiff cg';f/ clu|d s/ sL ug]{ JolQm (Withholding Agent) eGgfn]
clu|d s/ sL u/]/ dfq e'QmfgL ug'{ kg]{ bfloTj ePsf] JolQmnfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu s'g} lgsfon] cfkm\gf] sd{rf/LnfO{ kfl/>lds e'QmfgL ubf{ s/nfUg]
kfl/>lds ljt/0f ug]{ eP sd{rf/LnfO{ kfl/>lds e'QmfgL ug]{ To:tf] lgsfo clu|d
s/ sL ug]{ JolQm x'G5 . s'g} sDkgLn] s'g} k/fdz{bftfnfO{ s'g} sfd nufP jfkt
;]jfz'Ns e'QmfgL u5{ eg] To:tf] sDkgL ;]jf z'Ns e'QmfgLdf clu|d s/ sL ug]{
st{Jo ePsf] JolQm x'g] x'Fbf pQm sDkgLnfO{ clu|d s/ sL ug]{ JolQm dflgG5 .
o; ;DjGwL lj:t[t JofVof o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !^ df ul/Psf] 5 .
clws[t
clws[t eGgfn] laefudf /xg] bkmf &@ df pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf dxflgb]{zs,
pk dxflgb]{zs, k|d'v s/ k|zf;s, lgb]{zs, k|d'v s/ clws[t, s/ clws[t tyf
cGo clws[tnfO{ ;Demg' k5{ .
P]gsf] bkmf &@ df o; P]gsf] sfof{Gjog tyf k|zf;g ug]{ sfdsf] nflu cfGtl/s
/fh:j laefu lhDd]jf/ x'g] Aoa:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ljefu eGgfn] cfGtl/s /fh:j
ljefusf ;fy} cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nox?, 7'nf s/bftf sfof{no Pj+ s/bftf ;]jf
sfof{no klg ;Demg' k5{ . P]gsf] sfof{Gjogsf] nfuL cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu tyf
cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nox?df dxflgb]{zs, pk dxflgb]{zs, k|d'v s/ k|zf;s,
lgb]{zs, k|d'v s/ clws[t, s/ clws[t tyf cGo clws[t Pj+ cGo sd{rf/Lx?

-u_

-3_

/xg ;Sg] Aoa:yf 5 . P]gsf] bkmf &@ sf] pkbkmf -$_ sf] v08 -u_ adf]lhd
dxflgb]{zsn] s]xL clwsf/ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] s'g} clws[t sd{rf/Ln] k|of]u ug{
kfpg] u/L tf]Sg ;Sg] Aoa:yf ;d]t 5 . o; ;DalGw lj:t[t ljj/0f kl/R5]b #! Dff
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
clGtd ?kdf s/ sL x'g] e'StfgL
clGtd?kdf s/ sL x'g] e'StfgL eGgfn] bkmf (@ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd
nfef+z, ef8f, nfe, Jofh tyf u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmnfO{ ul/Psf] s/ sL x'g'kg]{
e'QmfgL ;Demg' k5{ .
clu|d s/ sL ePsf] /sdnfO{ of] P]gn] s/ ldnfg x'g] s/ sL /sd / clGtd x'g]
s/ sL (Final Withholding Tax) /sd u/L b'O{ lsl;dn] Jojxf/ u/]sf]5 . s/
ldnfg x'g] s/ sL /sd eGgfn] clu|d sL ul/Psf] s/ /sd s/bftfn] aflif{s
ltg'{ kg]{ s/ /sddf ldnfg ug{ kfpg] s/ /sd xf] eg] clGtd x'g] s/ sL /sd
eGgfn] P]gdf tf]lsPsf] b/ cg';f/ e'QmfgLsf] ;dodf sfl6Psf] /sd g} s/sf]
clGtd e'QmfgL x'g] /sd xf] . ldnfg x'g] s/ sL ePsf] s/bftfn] cfo ljj/0f
bflvnf ug'{ kg]{, ;f] cfo ljj/0fdf o;/L s/ sf6L e'QmfgL kfPsf] /sdnfO{ Psd'i6
?kdf cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{ tyf sfl6Psf] s/nfO{ aflif{s nfUg] s/af6 36fpg'
kg]{ x'G5 . clGtd s/ sL ePsf] s/bftfnfO{ sL ul/Psf] s/ g} clGtd x'g] x'+bf
To:tf s/bftfn] cfo ljj/0fdf To;/L s/ sL u/L k|fKt ePsf] /sd cfosf] ?kdf
;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g tyf sL ul/Psf] s/ /sd cGo s/ bfloTjjf6 36fpg ;d]t
kfO+{b}g .
clGtd ?kdf s/ sL x'g] e'QmfgLsf] la:t[t AofVof o; lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !^ df
ul/Psf]5 .
cjsfz sf]if
cjsfz sf]if eGgfn] lgsfosf] lxtflwsf/L k|fs[lts JolQm jf lghsf] cfl>tnfO{
sf]ifaf6 cjsfz e'QmfgL k|bfg ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu cjsfz of]ubfg /sd :jLsf/
ug]{ / ;f] /sd nufgL ug]{ p2]Zon] dfq :yfkgf ePsf] lgsfo ;Demg' k5{ .
casfz sf]if dfq kl/rfng ug]{ p2]Zon] ;+rfng ul/Psf] lgsfonfO{ casfz sf]if
(Retirement Fund) elgG5 . o:tf] casfz sf]ifn] lgDgfg';f/sf] sfo{ dfq ug]{ ub{5 M
!_ ;f] lgsfodf k|fs[lts JolQmn] cjsfz of]ubfg hDdf ug{ NofPdf To:tf]
of]ubfg hDdf lng],
@_ o;/L hDdf ug]{ JolQm cyf{t\ lxtflwsf/LnfO{ jf lghsf] cfl>tnfO{ lgh
cjsfz eP kl5 jf lghsf] d[To' eP kl5 cjsfz e'QmfgL ug]{, /
#_ hDdf ePsf] cjsfz of]ubfg nufgL ug]{ .
s/ k|of]hgsf cfwf/df cjsfz sf]ifsf ;+/rgf b'O{ k|sf/sf /x]sf 5g\M :jLs[t
cjsfz sf]if tyf l:js[t glnPsf] cjsfz sf]if . casfz sf]ifsf pbfx/0fsf] nflu
sd{rf/L ;+rosf]if tyf gful/s nufgL sf]ifn] ;+rfng u/]sf] casfz sf]if tyf
laefuaf6 casfz sf]if ;+rfng ug{ l:js[tL kfPsf lgsfonfO{ lng ;lsG5 .
laefuaf6 casfz sf]if ;+rfng ug{ l:js[tL kfPsf lgsfo, sd{rf/L ;+rosf]if tyf
gful/s nufgL sf]ifn] ;+rfng u/]sf] casfz sf]if h:tf lgsfonfO{ :jLs[t casfz
8

-_

sf]if (Approved Retirement Fund) elgG5 eg] laefuaf6 :jLs[t glnO{ casfz sf]if
;+rfng ug]{ lgsfonfO{ :jLs[t glnPsf] casfz sf]if (Unapproved Retirement
Fund) elgG5 . lgsfosf] lxtflwsf/L k|fs[lts AolQm eGgfn] ;f] lgsfoaf6 cfo k|fKt
ug]{ xs ePsf] k|fs[lts AolQm eGg] a'emfp5 . h:t}, ;f] lgsfodf casfz of]ubfg
hDdf ug]{ k|fs[lts AolQm .
casfz sf]ifsf] ;DaGwdf o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !@ df lj:t[t JofVof ul/Psf]5 .
cjsfz e'StfgL
cjsfz e'StfgL eGgfn] b]xfosf JolQmnfO{ lbOg] e'QmfgL ;Demg' k5{ M
-!_ k|fs[lts JolStn] cjsfz lnPsf] cj:yfdf lghnfO{ lbO{g] e'QmfgL, jf
-@_ k|fs[lts JolQmsf] d[To' ePsf] cj:yfdf lghsf] cfl>tnfO{ lbOg] e'QmfgL .
cjsfz e'QmfgL (Retirement Payment) eGgfn] s'g} k|fs[lts JolQm l;4fGttM s'g}
/f]huf/L, k]zf jf Joj;fo ug{ ;Ifd gx'g] cj:yfdf k'uL /f]huf/L, k]zf jf
Joj;fojf6 cjsfz lnP kl5 ul/g] e'QmfgL xf] . To;} u/L s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmsf]
d[To' ePdf lghn] kfpg] /sd lghsf] cfl>tnfO{ e'QmfgL ul/Psf] /sdnfO{ klg
cjsfz e'QmfgL elgG5 . ;fdfGotofM casfz e'QmfgLsf pbfx/0fdf cjsfz sf]ifdf
of]ubfg u/] jfkt cjsfz sf]ifaf6 ul/g] e'QmfgL, pkbfg, ;+rosf]if, ;+lrt ljbf
jfktsf] e'QmfgL, cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{, bL3{ ;]jf ;'lawf (Long Service Gratuity),
sNof0fsf/L sf]ifaf6 e'QmfgL jf casfzsf] ;dodf k|fKt x'g] o:t} k|s[ltsf cGo
e'QmfgL kb{5g\ . o:tf casfz e'QmfgLx? g]kfn ;/sf/af6, :jLs[t casfz
sf]ifaf6, :jLs[t glnPsf] casfz sf]ifaf6, /f]huf/bftfaf6 jf cGo s'g} sf]ifaf6 x'g
;Sb5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ul/g] casfz e'QmfgLM g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{
adf]lhd ;/sf/L ;]jfaf6 ;]jf lga[Q ePkl5 ul/g] e'QmfgLx?, h:t}, pkbfg,
cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{, labf afktsf /sd, aLdf cfbL kb{5g\ .
:jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifjf6 ul/g] cjsfz e'QmfgLM gful/s nufgL sf]if jf sd{rf/L
;+rosf]ifn] ;+rfng u/]sf] cjsfz sf]ifaf6 jf laefuaf6 :jLs[lt lnO{ ;+rfng
ul/Psf] cjsfzsf]ifaf6 cjsfz e'QmfgL ul/G5 . o:tf] e'QmfgL lgod @)
pklgod @ sf] v08 -3_ df tf]lsP adf]lhd b]xfosf cj:yfdf dfq ug{ ;lsg]
5 M
-!_ sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/n] ;]jfaf6 cjsfz k|fKt u/]df,
-@_ lxtflwsf/Lsf] pd]/ cG7fpGg jif{ k'u]df, jf
-#_ lxtflwsf/Lsf] d[To' ePdf jf lgh :yfoL ?kdf ckf+u ePdf
:jLs[lt glnPsf] cjsfz sf]ifjf6 ul/g] cjsfz e'QmfgLM cjsfzsf] ;dodf
e'QmfgL lbg] p2]Zo /x]sf] t/ laefuaf6 eg] :jLs[t glnO{ ;+rflnt cjsfz
sf]ifaf6 ul/g] cjsfz e'QmfgLx? o; ;d"xdf kb{5g\ .
cGo casfz e'QmfgLM g]kfn ;/sf/ afx]ssf cGo /f]huf/bftfn] /f]huf/stf{nfO{
casfzsf] ;dodf ug]{ u/]sf cGo e'QmfgLx?, h:t}, bL3{ ;]jf ;'lawf, labf
afktsf] e'QmfgL, cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ cfbL e'QmfgLx? o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ .
9

-r_

dfly pNn]v eP cg';f/ lgod @) sf] pklgod @ sf] v08 -3_ sf] k|fjwfg k'/f
gu/L cyf{t, sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/ ;]jfaf6 casfz x'g' cl3 g} k|fKt ug]{ e'QmfgL,
h:t} Long Service Gratuity, Leave Encashment, Medical Expenses h:tf
e'QmfgLx? ;]jfsfndf g} k|fKt u/]sf] ca:yfdf To:tf e'QmfgLx? cjsfz e'QmfgL
cGtu{t kb}{gg\, To:tf e'QmfgL /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 . To:t} cjsfz
of]ubfg ug]{ sd{rf/L afx]s cGo k|fs[lts AolQm -lxtflwsf/L_ n] cG7fpGg aif{
pd]/ k'u]kl5 jf d[To' jf :yfoL ?kdf ckf+u ePsf] ca:yfdf afx]s cGo ca:yfdf
e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]df To:tf e'QmfgL casfz e'QmfgL dflgg]5}g / To:tf] /sd
e'QmfgL k|fKt ePsf] ;dodf cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . t/ casfz sf]ifsf]
:jLs[t lalgod adf]lhd casfz sf]ifaf6 o:tf lxtflwsf/Ln] lnPsf] shf{ eg]
cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb}{g . :jLs[t glnPsf] casfz sf]ifdf of]ubfg ubf{ of]ubfg
ul/g] /sddf s/ 5'6 gx'g] x'Fbf To:tf sf]ifaf6 cjsfz e'QmfgL ubf{ nfedf dfq %
k|ltztsf b/n] clGtd ?kn] s/ nfUg] (Final Withholding) x'G5 / To;/L k|fKt /sd
cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb}{g .
casfz e'QmfgLsf] ;DaGwdf o; lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !@ df lj:t[t JofVof
ul/Psf]5 . casfz e'QmfgLdf s/ sL ;DaGwL k|fjwfgx? o; lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b
!^ df lj:t[t JofVof ul/Psf]5 .
cjsfz of]ubfg /sd
cjsfz of]ubfg /sd eGgfn] cjsfz e'QmfgLsf] Joj:yf jf ;f]sf] eljiodf
ul/g] Joj:yfsf] nflu cjsfz sf]ifdf ul/Psf] e'QmfgL ;Demg' k5{ .
k|fs[lts AolQmn] cfkm}n] jf ;Da4 AolQm cyf{t /f]huf/stf{sf] xsdf /f]huf/bftfn]
hDdf ul/lbPsf] cjsfz of]ubfg /sdnfO{ ;d]t hgfp5 .
pbfx/0f @=!M dfgf}+, xl/x/ uf]n] dfl;s ?= @),))) kfl/>lds kfpg] u/L sdn
P08 s+= k|f= ln= df sfo{/t /x]5g\ . pQm sDkgLaf6 ?= @,))) k|lt dlxgf
lghsf] gfddf cjsfz sf]ifdf hDDff ul/g] / ;f] sf]ifdf lghsf] tkm{af6 ;d]t ?=
@,))) nufgL Aoa:yf /x]sf] eP b'j} u/L x'g] ?= $,))) nfO{ lgh xl/x/sf]
cjsfz of]ubfg /sd dflgG5 .

-5_

-h_

-h!_

cjsfz of]ubfgsf] ;DaGwdf o; lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !@ tyf kl/R5]b !^ df

lj:t[t JofVof ul/Psf]5 .
c;Ifd JolQm
c;Ifd JolQm eGgfn] zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s c:j:ytfsf] sf/0fn] cfgf] Jojxf/
ug{ ;Ifd gePsf] JolQm ;Demg' k5{ .
cfo
cfo eGgfn] s'g} JolQmn] /f]huf/L, Joj;fo, nufgL jf cfsl:ds nfeaf6 k|fKt
u/]sf] cfo / o; P]g adf]lhd u0fgf ul/Psf] ;f] cfosf] s"n /sd ;Demg' k5{ .
cfsl:ds nfe
cfsl:ds nfe eGgfn] lr7\7f, pkxf/, k'/:sf/, alS;;, lhtf}/L tyf cGo s'g}
klg cfsl:ds ?kdf k|fKt x'g] nfe ;Demg' kb{5 .
10

-em_

-`_

s'g} nfe k|fKt x'g] lglZrttf gePsf] / k|fks JolQmsf] >d jf k"Flhsf] pkof]u
gu/L k|fKt x'g] lr7\7f, pkxf/, k'/:sf/, alS;;, lhtf}/L jf cGo /sdnfO{ cfslDds
nfe dflgG5 .
cfo jif{
cfo jif{ eGgfn] s'g} ;fnsf] >fj0f Ps ut] b]lv csf]{ ;fnsf] cfiff9 d;fGt
;Ddsf] cjlw ;Demg' k5{ .
cfo jif{df >fj0f ! ut] / csf]{ jif{sf] cfiff9 d;fGtsf] cjlw /x]sf] x'G5 . t/ of]
cjlwsf] jLrdf :yfkgf ePsf] jf cfo cfh{g ;'? u/]sf] JolQmsf] cfo jif{ ;f]
:yfkgf ldlt jf cfo cfh{g ;'? u/]sf] ldlt / tTsfn kl5sf] cfiff9 d;fGt;Ddsf]
cjlw x'G5 .
pkxf/
pkxf/ eGgfn] s'g} k|ltkmn ljgfsf] e'QmfgL jf k|ltkmn ;lxtsf] e'QmfgL ePdf
k|ltkmnsf] ahf/ d"No eGbf e'QmfgLsf] ahf/ d"No j9L ePdf a9L ePsf] xb;Ddsf]
e'QmfgL ;Demg' k5{ .
pbfx/0f @=@M dfgf}+, lbjfs/ eGg] AolQmn] ?= @%,))) kg]{ Pp6f l6=le= lsg]sf
/x]5g\ . pQm l6=le= laqm]tfn] uf]nf k|yfaf6 5fgL lghnfO{ Pp6f ?= %,)))
ahf/ d"No kg]{ lx6/ yk /sd glnO{ pknAw u/fPsf /x]5g\ . o;/L k|fKt ePsf]
yk k|ltkmnnfO{ pkxf/ elgG5 .

-6_

-7_

-8_

C0f bfloTj
C0f bfloTj eGgfn] C0f bfaL ;/xsf] bfloTj ;Demg' k5{ .
s'g} AolQmn] cGo AolQmnfO{ s'g} k|aGw afkt e'QmfgL ug]{ bfloTj /x]sf] / ;f]
bfloTj s'g} lglZrt cawL jf ca:yf kl5 ;f] AolQmnfO{ e'QmfgL ug'{ kg]{ k|aGw
ul/Psf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] bfloTjnfO{ C0f bfloTj dflgG5 . h:t}, s'g} AolQmn]
a}+saf6 shf{ lnPsf] 5 eg] shf{sf] ;+emf}tf adf]lhd e'Qmfg ug'{ kg]{ To:tf]
/sdnfO{ C0f bfloTj dflgG5 . To:tf] /sddf k"+hLsf] cnfjf ;f] k"+hLsf] k|ltkmn
cyf{t Aofh ;d]t ;dfa]; x'G5 .
C0f bfaL
C0f bfaL eGgfn] s'g} Ps JolQmn] csf]{ JolQmjf6 e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/
;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] s'g} Ps JolQmn] csf]{ JolQmnfO{ lbPsf] /sd lkmtf{ lng]
clwsf/, a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?df hDdf ePsf] lgIf]k, lng' kg]{ /sd, C0fkq,
ljlgdokq, j08, jflif{s j[lQ cGtu{tsf] clwsf/, ljQLo kf / ls:tfaGbL
ljqmLaf6 /sd k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 .
sDkgL
sDkgL eGgfn] k|rlnt sDkgL sfg"g adf]lhd ;+:yflkt sDkgL ;Demg' k5{ /
s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu b]xfosf ;+:yfx? ;d]tnfO{ sDkgL ;/x Joaxf/ ul/g]5 M
-!_ k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd :yflkt ;+ul7t ;+:yf,

11

-9_

-@_ s'g} c;+ul7t ;+3, ;ldlt, ;+:yf jf ;dfh jf btf{ ul/Psf jf gul/Psf
Psnf}6L kmd{ / ;fem]bf/L jfx]ssf] JolQmx?sf] ;d"x jf 6i6,
-#_ jL; jf ;f]eGbf j9L ;fem]bf/x? eO{ k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd btf{ eP jf
gePsf] ;fem]bf/L kmd{, cjsf; sf]if, ;xsf/L ;+:yf, o'lg6 6i6, ;+o'Qm pBd,
-$_ ljb]zL sDkgL,
-%_ dxflgb]{zsn] tf]s]sf] cGo s'g} ljb]zL ;+:yf .
cfos/ k|of]hgsf] lgldQ k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd btf{ ul/Psf ;+ul7t ;+:yf, h:t},
k|fO{e]6 lnld6]8 sDkgL, klAns sDkgL, ;+:yfg, ;+3 (Association), u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yf (NGOs), cGt/fli6o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf (INGOs) h:tf ;+:yfx? ;d]t sDkgL
dflgg] 5g\ . csf]{ zJbdf Psnf}l6 kmd{ / jL; eGbf sd ;fe]mbf/ /x]sf] ;fem]bf/L
kmd{ jfx]ssf h'g;'s} ;+ul7t ;+:yfx? sDkgL dflgG5g\ .
s/
s/ eGgfn] o; P]g adf]lhd nfUg] s/ ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] b]xfo adf]lhdsf
e'QmfgLnfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 M
-!_ s/ jSof}tf /x]sf] JolQmsf] ;DklQsf ;DaGwdf bfaL / lnnfd laqmL afkt
laefun] u/]sf bkmf !)$ sf] pkbkmf -*_ sf] v08 -s_ df plNnlvt vr{x?,
-@_ clu|d s/ s6[L ug]{ JolQm jf s/ sL x'g] JolQmn] bkmf () adf]lhd a'emfpg'
kg]{ /sd jf ls:tfaGbLdf bflvnf ug]{ JolStn] bkmf ($ adf]lhd a'emfpg'
kg]{ /sd jf clu|d s/ bflvnf ug'{kg]{ JolQmn] bkmf (%s adf]lhd a'emfpg'
kg]{ /sd jf bkmf ((, !)) / !)! adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f eP cg';f/ a'emfpg'
kg]{ /sd,
-#_ bkmf !)& sf] pkbkmf -@_, bkmf !)* sf] pkbkmf -#_ jf -$_, bkmf !)( sf]
pkbkmf -!_ / bkmf !!) sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd t];|f] kIfsf] s/ bfloTjsf]
;DaGwdf ljefunfO{ a'emfpg' kg]{] /sd,
-$_ z'Ns tyf Jofh jfkt a'emfpg' kg]{ kl/R5]b @@ adf]lhdsf] /sd, /
-%_ ljefun] cfb]z lbP adf]lhd bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ bkmf !@( adf]lhdsf] hl/jfgf
/sd .

P]gsf] bkmf !)$ df s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmsf] ;DklQdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf]

bfaL /xg] Aoa:yf /x]sf] / o:tf ;DklQ bfaL / lnnfd laqmL ubf{ ljefun]
u/]sf vr{ ;DalGwt s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmaf6 c;'n ug{ ;Sg] k|fjwfg
pkbkmf -*_ sf] v08 -s_ n] Aoa:yf u/]sf]n] To:tf vr{x?nfO{ ;d]t s/
dflgg] 5 . lnnfdLsf] ;"rgf ;DaGwL vr{, lnnfdL ubf{ nfu]sf sfg"gL vr{
cfbL o:tf vr{sf] pbfx/0f x'g\ .

P]gsf] bkmf () adf]lhd clu|d s/ sL ug'{ kg]{ AolQmn] clu|d s/ sL u/]sf]

/sd / gu/]sf] eP klg clu|d s/ sL u/]sf] dflgg] s/ sL /sd ;f] dlxgf
;dfKt ePsf] @% lbg leq bflvnf ug'{ kb{5 . o:tf] clu|d s/ sL ePsf] jf
ePsf] dflgg] /sd tf]lsPsf] ;dodf hDdf gu/]df jf clu|d s/ sL gu/L
e'QmfgL k|fKt ePsf] cj:yfdf e'QmfgLstf{n] ;f] /sd ;f] dlxgf ;dfKt ePsf]
12

@% lbgleq s/ bflvnf gu/]df k|fksn] e'QmfgLstf{n] bflvnf ug'{kg]{ Dofb ;f] dlxgf ;dfKt ePsf] @% lbg_ kZrft !% lbgleq clu|d s/sf] /sd
a'emfpg' kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . ;f] bkmf adf]lhd bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ /sd ;d]tnfO{
s/ dflgPsf] 5 .

P]gsf] bkmf ($ adf]lhd s'g} Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 s'g} cfo jif{df

lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfo ePsf] jf x'g] JolQmn] ls:tfdf s/ bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ Aoa:yf
u/]sf]n] To:tf] /sdnfO{ ;d]t s/ dflgPsf] 5 .

P]gsf] bkmf (( adf]lhd :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ a'emfpg' kg]{ /sd, bkmf !))
adf]lhd u/]sf] ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ a'emfpg' kg]{ /sd Pj+ :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f
/ ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0fdf bkmf !)! adf]lhd ljefun] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] ca:yfdf a'emfpg' kg]{ /sdnfO{ ;d]t s/ dflgPsf] 5 .

P]gsf] bkmf !)& sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd s'g} lgsfon] s/ a'emfO{ ;Sg'kg]{
ldlt;Dd s/ ga'emfPdf ;f] lgsfosf tTsfn jxfn /x]sf jf ^ dlxgf
cl3;Dd jxfn /x]sf ;f] lgsfosf Joj:yfks jf ;f] x}l;otdf sfo{ ug]{
k|To]s clws[tx? ;+o'Qm jf 5'f5'} ?kdf ;f] s/ a'emfpg lhDd]jf/ x'g]
Aoa:yf /x]sf] / o:tf] /sdnfO{ ;d]t s/ dflgPsf] 5 .

bkmf !)* sf] pkbkmf -#_ tyf -$_ adf]lhd s'g} k|fksn] sAhf u/]sf] ;DklQ
laqmL u/L k|fKt u/]sf] /sdaf6 ;a{k|yd clu|d s/ sL ul/Psf] s/ /sd
5'6\ofpg' kb{5 . tTkZrft clu|d sL ul/Psf] s/ jfx]s cGo jSof}tf s/sf]
xsdf s/ eGbf cu|flwsf/ kfpg] ;'/lIft C0f (Secured Creditors) eP ;f]
e'Qmfg u/L laefun] s/ bflvnf ug]{ ;"rgf lbPsf] To:tf] s/ /sd 5'6\ofpg
/ s/ a'emfpg k|fks lhDd]jf/ x'g]5 . k|fksn] k|fKt u/]sf] To:tf] /sdaf6
clu|d s/sf] /sd g5'ofO{ e'QmfgL ePsf] /x]5 eg] ;f] /sd k|fksaf6 c;'n
ul/g] 5 . k|fksaf6 l;w} jf lgsfoaf6 k|fks dfkm{t bflvnf ul/g] o:tf]
/sdnfO{ ;d]t s/ dflgPsf] 5 .
pbfx/0f @=#M dfgf}+, lasf; eGg] AolQm s'g} l;ldt bfloTj ePsf] sDkgL
(Limited Liability Company) sf] lnlSj8]6/sf] ?kdf lgo"Qm ePsf /x]5g\ .
pQm sDkgLsf] lnlSj8];gsf] ca:yf;Dddf ?= !) nfv clu|d sL
ul/Psf] s/ / ?= #) nfv cGo s/ aSof}tf /x]5 . pQm sDkgLsf] s/
aSof}tf /x]sf] / s/ bflvnf ug]{ ;"rgf laefun] lgh k|fksnfO{ lbO{ ;s]sf]
/x]5 . pQm sDkgLsf] ;DklQ laqmL u/L lnlSj8];gsf] vr{ s6fp+bf ?= Ps
s/f]8 afFsL eP5 . s/ aSof}tf afx]ssf ;f] sDkgLsf] ?= #) nfv ;f]xL
;DklQ lwtf] /flvPsf] s/ eGbf cu|flwsf/ kfpg] shf{ (Secured Loan)
/x]5 / ?= %) nfv cGo c;'/lIft bfloTj (Unsecured Liabilities) /x]5
eg] lgh k|fksn] ;DklQ laqmL u/L k|fKt u/]sf] /sdaf6 lnlSj8]zgsf]
vr{ s6fpg' cufj} ?= !) nfv clu|d sL ul/Psf] s/ r'Qmf ug'{ kb{5 .
tTkZrft lnlSj8]zg vr{ / s/ eGbf cu|flwsf/ k|fKt ?= #) nfvsf]
;'/lIft C0f r"Qmf u/L afFsL /x]sf] /sdaf6 klxnf ?= #) nfv cGo s/
aSof}tf / To; kl5 afFsL /sd cyf{t ?= #) nfvaf6 bfdf;fxLn] cGo
c;'/lIft bfloTj r'Qmf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
13

bkmf !)( sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd s'g} s/ aSof}tf /fVg] JolQmn] s/
a'emfO{;Sg' kg]{ ldlt;Dd s/ ga'emfO{ jfFsL /fv]df To:tf] JolQmnfO{ e'QmfgL
lbg] JolQm jf jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmsf] ;DklQ /fVg] JolQm jf s/ jSof}tf /fVg]
JolQmnfO{ a'emfpg] u/L s'g} t]>f] JolQmsf] tkm{af6 ;DklQ /fVg] JolQm jf s/
jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmnfO{ /sd a'emfpg] clVtof/L kfPsf] h'g;'s} JolQmnfO{
ljefun] lnlvt ;"rgf lbP/ s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmsf] tkm{af6 a'emfpg' kg]{
s/ bflvnf ug{ cfb]z lbg ;Sb5 . o;/L ljefunfO{ a'emfpg' kg]{ /sdnfO{
;d]t s/ dflgPsf] 5 .

-0f_

-t_

bkmf !!) sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd s'g} s/ jSof}tf /fVg] u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmn]
s/ a'emfO{ ;Sg' kg]{ ldlt;Dd s/ ga'emfO{ jfFsL /fv]df ljefun] To;/L s/
jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] s'g}klg ;DklQ cfgf] sAhfdf /fVg]
s'g} JolQmnfO{ lnlvt ;"rgf lbP/ ;f] ;DklQsf] ahf/ d"No a/fj/sf] /sdaf6
To:tf] s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmn] a'emfpg' kg]{ s/sf] /sdeGbf a9L gx'g] u/L
;f] t];|f] kIfsf] s/ bfloTj ;DaGwdf s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmsf] tkm{af6 ;f]
;"rgfdf plNnlvt ldltleq s/ a'emfpg cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 . o:tf] /sdnfO{
;d]t s/ dflgPsf] 5 .
s/ sL x'g] JolQm,
s/ sL x'g] JolQm eGgfn] /f]huf/L, nufgL k|ltkmn, ;]jf z'Ns tyf 7]Ssf jf
s/f/ ;d]tsf] e'QmfgL ubf{ kl/R5]b!& adf]lhd s/ sL u/L e'StfgL k|fKt ug]{ jf
e'StfgL k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ ePsf] JolSt ;Demg' k5{ .
s/ sL x'g] AolQm eGgfn] e'QmfgL k|fKt ubf{ >f]td} s/ sf eO{ e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{
JolQmnfO{ hgfp+5 . o;/L e'QmfgLdf s/ sL ug]{ AolQmsf ;DaGwdf o;} kl/R5]bsf]
a'+bf @=@ -s_ df k|sfz kfl/;lsPsf] 5 / e'QmfgLdf s/ sL ug'{ kg]{ k|fjwfg
;DaGwL la:t[t AofVof o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !^ df ul/Psf] 5 .
s/ lgwf{/0f
s/ lgwf{/0f eGgfn] o; P]g adf]lhd ul/g] s/ lgwf{/0f ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn]
bkmf !@@ adf]lhd ul/Psf] z'Ns tyf Jofhsf] lgwf{/0f ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 .
t/ o; zAbn] bkmf !)! adf]lhd ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0fn] k|lt:yfkg u/]sf]
;flassf] s/ lgwf{/0fnfO{ hgfpFg] 5}g .
P]gdf tLg lsl;dsf] s/ lgwf{/0fsf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5M
-!_ bkmf (( adf]lhd :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f cyf{t s/ bfloTj ePsf] AolQm :jo+n]
cfkm\gf] s/ lgwf/0f ug]{ (Self Assessment) Aoa:yf,
-@_ s/bftfn] cfo ljj/0f bflvnf ug{ kfpg] ;do cufj} s'g} cfo jif{sf] jf cfo
jif{sf] c+zsf] bkmf !)) adf]lhd ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0f (Jeopardy Assessment)
ug]{ Joj:yf,
-#_ :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f -bkmf ((_ jf ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0f -bkmf !))_ ePsf] JolQmsf]
s/sf] bfloTj o; P]gsf] p2]Zo adf]lhd Gofof]lrt cfwf/df ;dfof]hg ug{
ljefun] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ Joj:yf .

14

-t!_

-y_

-b_

o; bkmf cGtu{t ul/g] s/ lgwf{/0fn] ;flassf] s/nfO{ k|lt:yfkg ug]{ x'+bf

;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] ca:yfdf ;f] ;+zf]wg cl3 ul/Psf] :jo+ s/
lgwf{/0f -bkmf ((_ jf ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0f -bkmf !))_ s/ lgwf{/0f dflgg] 5}g .
pk/f]Qm afx]s P]gn] tf]s]sf] Dofb leq :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f u/L cfo ljj/0f k]z gug]{
s/bftfsf] xsdf cfo ljj/0f k]z ug'{ kg]{ clGtd lbgdf :jtM s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf]
dflgg] Joj:yf P]gsf] bkmf ((-@_ n] u/]sf] 5 .
P]gsf] bkmf !@@ adf]lhd laefun] u0fgf ug]{ z'Ns tyf Aofh ;d]tnfO{ s/
lgwf{/0f dflgPsf] 5 . z'Ns tyf Aofh ;DaGwL lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
-!_ bkmf !!& adf]lhd sfuhft g/fv]df jf l9nf] laa/0f a'emfP afktsf] z'Ns,
-@_ bkmf !!* adf]lhd ls:tfaGbLdf s/ bflvnf ug]{n] cg'dflgt s/ sd x'g] u/L
a'emfPdf nfUg] Aofh, tyf
-#_ bkmf !!( adf]lhd s/ ga'emfPdf nfUg] Jofh .
-$_ bkmf !!(s cg';f/ o; P]g / o; P]g cGtu{t jg]sf lgodx?sf s'g}
Joj:yfnfO{ kfngf gug]{ JolQmnfO{ bkmf !@* jdf]lhd tf]lsPsf] hl/jfgf
;/xsf] z"Ns .
-%_ bkmf !@) adf]lhd em'7\7f jf e|dk"0f{ ljj/0f bflvnf ug]{nfO{ nfUg] z'Ns .
-^_ bkmf !@! adf]lhd o; P]gdf pNn]lvt s'g} s;'/ ug]{ JolQmnfO{ hfgfhfg jf
nfk/jfxL u/L d2t ug]{ jf ;xfotf lbg] jf k|f]T;fxg ug]{ jf ;Nnfx lbg]
dltof/nfO{ nfUg] z'Ns .
sf/f]af/
sf/f]af/ eGgfn] s'g} cfojif{sf] /f]huf/L, nufgL jf Joj;fosf] cfo u0fgf ug]{
k|of]hgsf]nflu bkmf &, * jf ( adf]lhd ;dfj]z ul/g] hDdf /sd a/fa/sf]
sf/f]af/ ;Demg' k5{ .
u}/ afl;Gbf JolQm
u}/ afl;Gbf JolQm eGgfn] afl;Gbf JolQm afx]ssf] JolQm ;Demg' k5{ .
afl;Gbf JolQm afx]s cGonfO{ u}/ afl;Gbf AolQm dflgPsf] / afl;Gbf JolQmsf]
AofVof o;} kl/R5]bsf] a'+bf @=@ -s _ df ul/Psf]5 .
u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ
u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ eGgfn] b]xfosf ;DklQ afx]ssf hUuf, ejg tyf
s'g} lgsfodf /x]sf] lxt jf ;'/If0f ;Demg' k5{ M
-!_ Joj;flos ;DklQ, x|f; of]Uo ;DklQ jf Jofkfl/s df}Hbft,
-@_ s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] lgDg cj:yfsf] lghL ejg
-s_ cljlR5Gg b; jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L cjlw :jfldTjdf /x]sf], /
-v_ ;f] JolQmn] cljlR5Gg jf k6s k6s u/L s'n b;jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L
a;f]af; u/]sf],

15

:kli6s/0fM o; pkv08sf] k|of]hgsf nflu lghL ejg eGgfn] ejg /

ejgn] rr]{sf] If]qkmn a/fa/sf] hUuf jf Ps /f]kgL hUuf dWo] h'g 36L x'G5
;f] nfO{ a'emfpg] 5 .
-#_ s'g} lxtflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz sf]ifdf /x]sf] lxt,
-$_ s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] tL; nfv ?k}ofFeGbf sd d"Nodf lg;u{ u/]sf] hUuf
tyf lghL ejg, jf
-%_ tLg k':tfleq ePsf] vl/b ljqmLafx]s cGo lsl;dn] x:tfGt/0f u/L lg;u{
u/]sf] ;DklQ .
s/ k|of]hgsf nflu # ju{sf % k|sf/sf ;DklQ dflgPsf x'G5g\ .

Joj;fodf k|of]u ePsf ;DklQ M Jofkfl/s df}Hbft, x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ tyf

Joj;flos ;DklQ (Trading Stock, Depreciable Assets and Business assets)

nufgLdf k|of]u ePsf ;DklQ M u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ tyf x|f;of]Uo
;DklQ

JolQmut ;DklQ M k|fs[lts JolQmsf] JolQmut k|of]hgsf ;DklQx?

k|fs[lts JolQmsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] ejg lg;u{ ePdf b]xfosf cj:yfdf dfq
u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ dflgG5 M
!=
cjlw M :jfldTj cjlw / cfkm" a;f]jf; u/]sf] cjlw bz jif{eGbf sd
ePsf] ejg
pbfx/0f @=$M dfgf}+, /dg l;Ub]nn] sf7df8f}+df @)%% ;fn sflt{s @# ut]
b'O{ s/f]8 ?k}ofF kg]{ Ps ejg vl/b u/]sf /x]5g\ . lgh /dgn] ;f] ejg
@)^% ;fn k'if @^ ut] ltg s/f]8 ?k}ofFdf laqmL u/]sf /x]5g\ . lgh /dg
@)%% ;fn sflt{s @# ut] b]lv b]lv @)^% ;fn k'if @^ ut] ;Dd k6s
k6s u/L s'n !@) lbg lab]z uPsf /x]5g\ . o; ;DklQsf ;Gbe{df lgh
/dg ;f] ejgsf] bz aif{ eGbf a9Lsf] :jfdL (Owner) ePtf klg ;f]
ejgdf lgh /dg clalR5Gg jf k6s k6s u/L bz aif{ eGbf sd
a;f]af; u/]sf] sf/0f pk/f]Qm ejg u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ
dflgG5 . t/ lgh /dgn] pQm ejg b'O{ dlxgf k5L laqmL u/]sf] eP
lghn] k6s k6s u/L bz jif{ eGbf a9L a;f]af; u/]sf] cj:yf klg k'/f
x'g] x'Fbf ;f] ejg u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ dflgb}gYof] .
@=

If]qkmn M ejg dfq ljlqm ePsf] jf hUuf ;lxtsf] ejg ljlqm ePsf]
cj:yfdf hUufsf] If]qkmn ejgn] rr]{sf] If]qkmn a/fa/ dfq jf
a9Ldf ! /f]kgL -%,$&^ ju{lkm6 jf %)*=&$ ju{ ld6/_ eGbf a9L
ePsf]
pbfx/0f @=$=! dflysf] pbfx/0fdf ejgdfq ePsf] eP ;f] ejg / hUuf
;lxtsf] ejg ePsf] eP ejgn] rr]{sf] hUuf jf Ps /f]kgL;Ddsf] hUuf
dWo] h'g 36L x'G5 ;f] xb;Ddsf] ;DklQ u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ
dflgb}gYof] .
16

#=

/sd ;Ldf M lg;u{sf] ;dodf lg;u{ jfkt k|fKt u/]sf] /sd jf k|fKt
u/]sf] dflgg] /sd ?= #) nfv jf ;f]eGbf a9L ePsf]
pbfx/0f @=$=@ dflysf] pbfx/0fsf] ejg ?= #) nfveGbf sddf ljlqm
ePsf] eP klg u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ dflgb}gYof] .
$= k':tf M lg;u{ ul/Psf] ejg lg;u{ ug]{ JolQm / lg;u{af6 k|fKt ug]{
JolQmaLrdf tLgk':t] ;DaGw /x]sf] / lg;u{ s]jn lgMz'Ns x:tfGt/0f
-kfl/jfl/s x:tfGt/0f_ ePdf ;f] ;DklQ u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo
;DklQ x'b}g . oxf+ x:tfGt/0f eGgfn] ;fdfGotofM c+za08f, ck'tfnL,
as; kq, d[To'kl5sf] x:tfGt/0f cfbL kb{5 . tLg k':tf afx]s
cGoaf6 as; kq h:tf k|s[ofaf6 x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf] ;DklQsf]
xsdf eg] To:tf ;DklQnfO{ u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ dflgG5 .
pbfx/0f @=$=# dflysf] pbfx/0fsf] ejg ljqmL x'+bf u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo
;DklQ eof] . olb pQm ejg tLg k':tfleq lgMz'Ns x:tfGt/0f ePsf] eP
u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ dflgb}gYof] .

k|fs[lts JolQmsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] hldg lg;u{ ePdf b]xfosf cj:yfdf dfq
u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ dflgG5 M
!= /sd ;Ldf M lg;u{sf] ;dodf lg;u{ jfkt k|fKt u/]sf] /sd jf k|fKt
u/]sf] dflgg] /sd ?= #) nfv jf ;f]eGbf a9L ePsf] hUuf u}/
Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ dflgG5 .
pbfx/0f @=%M dfgf}+, /dg l;Ub]nn] sf7df8f}+df @)^$ dfu{ # ut] jL; nfv
?k}ofF kg]{ hUuf vl/b u/]sf /x]5g\ . lgh /dgn] ;f] hUuf @)^^ cflZjg ^
ut] k}+tfln; nfv ?k}ofFdf laqmL u/]sf /x]5g\ . pk/f]Qm hUufsf] laqmL d"No
tL; nfv ?k}ofFeGbf a9L ePsf] x'bf pk/f]Qm hUuf u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo
;DklQ xf] .
@= k':tf M lg;u{ ul/Psf] hUuf lg;u{ ug]{ JolQm / lg;u{af6 k|fKt ug]{
JolQmaLrdf tLgk':t] ;DaGw /x]sf] / lg;u{ lgMz'Ns x:tfGt/0faf6 kfl/jfl/s x:tfGt/0faf6_ ePdf ;f] ;DklQ u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo
;DklQ x'b}g . oxf+ x:tfGt/0f eGgfn] ;fdfGotofM c+za08f, ck'tfnL,
as; kq, d[To'kl5sf] x:tfGt/0f cfbL kb{5 . tLg k':tf afx]s
cGoaf6 as; kq h:tf k|s[ofaf6 x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf] ;DklQsf]
xsdf eg] To:tf ;DklQnfO{ u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ dflgG5 .
pbfx/0f @=^M dfgf}+, Ps AolQmn] Ps aif{ cl3 vl/b u/]sf] cfkm\gf] gfddf
/x]sf] kfFr s/f]8 ?k}ofF kg]{ hUuf cfkm\gf] 5f]/fsf] 5f]/f -gftL_ nfO{ js;
kq4f/f x:tfGt/0f u/L lbPsf /x]5g\ . x:tfGt/0fsf] ;dodf pQm ;DklQsf]
ahf/ d"No 5 s/f]8 ?k}ofF /x]5 eg] klg pQm ;DklQ u}/ Joj;flos
s/of]Uo ;DklQ dflgb}g .

k|fs[lts JolQmsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] ;]So'l/6L -z]o/, a08, l8j]Gr/_ tLg

k':tfleqsf] lgMz'Ns xs x:tfGt/0f afx]s tLg k':tfleq jf aflx/sf]

17

-w_

vl/bljlqm jf cGo xs x:tfGt/0f4f/f lg;u{ ePsf cj:yfdf ;f] ;DklQ u}/

Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ dflgG5 .
5'6 kfpg] ;+:yf
5'6 kfpg] ;+:yf eGgfn] b]xfosf lgsfo ;Demg' k5{ M
-!_ s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf] ?kdf ljefudf btf{ ePsf b]xfo adf]lhdsf
lgsfoM
-s_ gfkmf gsdfpg] p2]Zon] :yfkgf ePsf ;fj{hlgs k|s[ltsf
;fdflhs, wfld{s, z}lIfs jf k/f]ksf/L ;+:yf,
-v_ ;fdflhs jf v]ns"b ;DaGwL ;'ljwf k|j4{g ug]{ p2]Zon] ;f] ;+:yf jf
To;sf ;b:ox?n] nfe glng] u/L u7g ePsf] cJoj;foL -Pd]Rof]/_
v]ns"b ;+:yf,
-@_ lgjf{rg cfof]udf btf{ ePsf] /fhgLlts bn,
-#_ ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf jf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt,
t/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf] p2]Zo cg';f/ sfo{ ;DkGg x'Fbf jf s'g} JolQmf/f ;f]
;+:yfnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf ;DklQ jf ;]jf jfktsf] s'g} e'QmfgL ubf{ afx]s ;f]
;+:yfsf] ;DklQ / ;f] ;+:yfn] k|fKt u/]sf] /sdaf6 s'g} JolQmnfO{ s'g}
kmfObf k'ofPsf] eP To:tf] ;+:yfnfO{ s/ 5'6 x'g] 5}g .
cfos/ lgodfanL, @)%( sf] lgod # df ljefudf s/ 5'6 sf] nflu lgj]bg lbg]
k|s[of ;DalGw Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 . lgod $ n] k"jf{b]z4f/f s/ 5'6 kfpg] lgsfo
;DaGwL Aoa:yf u/]sf] tyf lgod % n] o:tf lgsfon] ljQLo ljj/0f k]z ug'{ kg]{
Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 . s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfn] s/ 5'6 kfpgsf] nflu lgDgfg';f/
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 M
-s_ s/ 5'6 k|fKt ug]{ ;+:yfx?, gfkmf gsdfpg] p2]Zon] :yfkgf ePsf,
;fj{hlgs k|s[ltsf ;fdflhs, wfld{s, z}lIfs jf k/f]ksf/L ;+:yf Pj+
;fdflhs jf v]ns"b ;DaGwL ;'ljwf k|j4{g ug]{ p2]Zon] ;f] ;+:yf jf
To;sf ;b:ox?n] nfe glng] u/L u7g ePsf] cJoj;foL -Pd]Rof]/_ ;+:yf
x'gkg]{ 5 .
-v_ s/ 5"6 kfpg] ;+:yfn] kfPsf] rGbf, pkxf/, jf pQm ;+:yfjf6 k|ltkmn k|fKt
ug]{ jf k|ltkmnsf] cfz gu/L To:tf] ;+:yfsf] sfo{;+u k|ToIf ?kn] ;DalGwt
cGo of]ubfgx? dfq s/ 5'6sf nflu of]Uo x'g] 5g\ .
-u_ sDkgL P]g cg';f/ btf{ ePsf sDkgLx? -d'gfkmf lat/0f gug]{ sDkgL eP
klg_ s/ 5'6sf] nflu of]Uo x'g] 5}g .
pbfx/0f @=&M dfgf}+, g]kfn lasf; kmfp08]zg gfd u/]sf] ;+:yf sDkgL
P]g, @)^# df /x]sf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ d'gfkmf ljt/0f gug]{ sDkgLsf] ?kdf
btf{ ePsf] ;+:yf /x]5 . pQm ;+:yfsf] d'gfkmfaf6 z]o/wgLn] nfef+z
gkfpg] Aoa:yf ePtf klg To:tf ;+:yfnfO{ s/ 5'6 x'g] ;+:yfsf] ?kdf
btf{ ug{ ;lsg] 5}g / pQm ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf] s/of]Uo cfodf s/ ltg'{ kg]{
x'G5 .
18

-3_

s/ 5'6 k|fKt ug]{ ;+:yfn] k|fKt u/]sf] s/ nfUg] e'QmfgLdf P]g cg';f/
e'QmfgL lbg] lgsfon] clu|d s/ sL ug'{kg]{ e'QmfgL eP s/ sL ug'{kg]{
x'G5 .
pbfx/0f @=*M dfgf}+, s'g} s/ 5'6 kfPsf] ;+:yfn] s'g} ;fdflhs sfo{sf]
cg';Gwfg ug{ Pp6f Aoa;flos lgsfo;+u Ps nfv ?k}ofF k|fKt u/]sf]
/x]5 . olb pQm cg';Gwfg ug]{ sfo{ ;f] ;+:yfsf] p2]Zodf gePsf] v08df
To:tf] /sd e'QmfgL lbg] lgsfon] ;f] e'QmfgLdf !% k|ltztn] x'g] /sd ?=
!%,))) s/ sL u/L afFsL /sd dfq ;f] ;+:yfnfO{ e'QmfgL lbg' kg]{5 .

-_

s/of]Uo sf/f]jf/ ug]{ JolQm tyf ;+:yf;+u k|lt:kwf{ u/L k|fKt u/]sf]
cg'bfgnfO{ s/ 5'6sf] ?kdf dfGotf glbg] .
pbfx/0f @=(M dfgf}+, s'g} cGt/fli6o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfn] s/ 5'6 k|df0fkq
k|fKt u/]sf] Ps u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ ;8s jfnjflnsfnfO{ sDKo'6/ lzIff
k|bfg ug]{ tflnd ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu k|lt:kwf{af6 5gf}6 u/]sf] /x]5 .
tflnd sfo{sf nflu ;f] u}/;/sf/L ;+:YffnfO{ lbPsf] /sd s/ 5'6
k|df0fkq k|fKt ePsf] lgsfonfO{ pknAw u/fPsf] cg'bfg geO{ ;]jf z'Ns
ePsf]n] o:tf] /sddf s/ 5'6 x'Fb}g .

-r_

-g_

gljs/0fsf] nflu l;kmfl/zsf] dfu ubf{ ;+:yfsf] ljut cfly{s jif{sf] n]vf
k/LIf0f ePsf] ljQLo ljj/0f clgjfo{ ?kdf k]z ug'{kg]{ .
-5_ s/ 5'6 k|df0fkq k|fKt u/]sf] ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf] ljwfgdf pNn]v ePsf] p2]Zo
ljkl/t sfo{ u/]df To;/L sfo{ u/] jfkt k|fKt e'QmfgLdf s/ 5'6 x'+b}g .
-h_ s/ 5'6 k|fKt ;+:yfsf] n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ n]vf k/LIfsn] cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bgdf
;f] ;+:yfn] P]g cg';f/ clu|d s/ sL u/]sf] / ;+:yfsf] p2]Zo cg';f/sf]
sfo{ u/]sf] jf gu/]sf] ljifodf pNn]v ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
lgjf{rg cfof]udf btf{ ePsf] /fhgLlts bn tyf ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf,
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt eg] P]g adf]lhd g} s/ 5'6 kfpg] lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf
5g\ . oL lgsfox? laefudf 5'6 kfpg] lgsfosf] ?kdf btf{ x'g' kb}{g . o;sf]
cnfjf P]gsf] bkmf !) sf] v08 -5_ df g]kfn /fi6 j}+sn] cfgf] p2]Zo cg'?k
cfh{g u/]sf] /sd Pj+ v08 -em_ df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] h'g;'s} k|sf/sf] cfodf ;d]t
s/ gnfUg] Aoa:yf u/]sf] x'+bf oL b'O{ lgsfo ;d]t 5'6 kfpg] lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf
5g\ .
t/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf] p2]Zo cg';f/ sfo{ ;DkGg x'Fbf jf s'g} JolQmf/f ;f]
;+:yfnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf ;DklQ jf ;]jf jfktsf] s'g} e'QmfgL ubf{ afx]s ;f]
;+:yfsf] ;DklQ / ;f] ;+:yfn] k|fKt u/]sf] /sdaf6 s'g} JolQmnfO{ s'g} kmfObf
k'ofPsf] eP To:tf] ;+:yfnfO{ s/ 5'6 x'g] 5}g . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, s'g} s/ 5'6
k|fKt ;+:yfsf] cWoIfn] ;f] ;+:yfsf] ;+lrt /sd cfkm\gf] gLlh sfo{df k|of]u u/]sf]
/x]5 eg] To:tf] ;+:yf s/ 5'6 x'g] ;+:yfsf] ?kdf /x+b}g .
6i6
6i6 eGgfn] 6i6Ln] ;DklQ wf/0f ug]{ k|aGw ;Demg' kb{5 .

19

-k_

-km_

t/ o; zAbn] ;fem]bf/L, ;+ul7t ;+:yf jf v08 -8_ sf] pkv08 -#_ adf]lhd
plNnlvt ;+:yfnfO{ hgfpg] 5}g .
zfl//Ls jf dfgl;s ?kn] c;Ifd JolQm jf d[t JolQmdf /x]sf] lgsfosf] ;DklQ
wf/0f u/L ;xof]u ug]{ k|aGwnfO{ 6i6 elgPsf] 5 . s]xL c;fdfGo cj:yfsf
s/bftfn] s/ ltg]{ k|of]hgdf :jtM v8f x'g] lgsfo 6i6 xf] .
pbfx/0fsf ?kdf ehg a|bz{sf] k|f]kfO6/sf] df3 @$ ut] d[To' eof] . of] cj:yfdf
s/ ltg]{ k|of]hgsfnflu lghn] >fj0f ! b]lv df3 @$ ;Dd kmd{af6 u/]sf] sfo{
tyf bkmf $$ adf]lhd d[To'sf] tTsfn cl3 kmd{sf ;a} ;DklQ ahf/d"Nodf ljqmL
ePsf] dflg ul/g] nfe ;lxtsf] cfo ljj/0f s;}n] a'emfO lbg' kb{5 / lghsf]
;DklQ klg s;}n] lhDdf lng' kb{5 . d[t JolQmsf] s/ nfUg] cjlwsf] s/ ltg{
h;sf] ;xof]u lnOG5 jf o:tf] cj:yfdf ;f] ;DklQ lhDdf lng] JolQm jf JolQmsf]
;d"x s/ k|of]hgsf nflu 6i6 xf] .
cfos/ P]g, @)%* df b'O{ y/L 6i6sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 M btf{ ePsf] jf gePsf]
6i6 / csf]{sf] ;DklQ /]vb]v ul/lbg] JolQm . klxnf] k|sf/sf] 6i6sf] s/ lgwf{/0f
sDkgLsf] ;/x ul/G5 . bf]>f] k|sf/sf] 6i6df h;sf] ;DklQ wf/0ff ul/ Joj:yfkg
ul/lbPsf] xf] ;f]xL JolQmnfO{ s/ nufO{ s/ ltg]{ k|of]hgsf nfuL dfq 6i6sf]
cjwf/0ff sfod ul/Psf] 5 .
6i6L
6i6L eGgfn] PSn} jf cGo k|fs[lts JolQm, u'7L jf cGo ;+ul7t ;+:yf;Fu ldnL
;+o'Qm?kdf ;DklQ cdfgtsf] ?kdf /fVg] k|fs[lts JolQm, u'7L jf cGo ;+ul7t
;+:yf ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] b]xfosf] JolQm ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 M
-!_ d[ts JolStsf] hfoh]yfsf] ;+rfngstf{ jf k|zf;s,
-@_ lnlSj8]6/, k|fks jf 6i6L,
-#_ lghL jf cflwsfl/s x}l;otdf c;Ifd JolStsf] ;DklQsf] ;+/Ifs, lgb]{zg,
lgoGq0f jf Joj:yfkg ug]{ s'g} JolSt,
-$_ lghL k|lti7fg jf o:t} k|lti7fg cGtu{t ;DklQsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ s'g} JolQm,
/
-%_ pkv08 -!_, -@_, -#_ / -$_ df plNnlvt JolQm ;/xsf] h:t} l:yltdf /x]sf]
cGo s'g} JolQm .
6i6L eGgfn] s'g} 6i6sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ lhDd]jf/L ;'lDkPsf] AolQmnfO{ hgfp5 .
6i6Ln] PSn} jf cGo AolQm;+u ;+o'Qm ?kdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ lhDd]jf/L k|fKt ug{
;Sb5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, 6i6sf ;+rfnsx?, gfafns -jf o:t} c;Ifd AolQm_
sf] ;+/Ifs, cfbL .
bL3{sfnLg s/f/
bL3{sfnLg s/f/ eGgfn] s/f/sf] axfnL cjlw afx| dlxgf eGbf a9L ePsf] bkmf
@^ adf]lhdsf] s/f/ ;Demg' k5{ .
P]gsf] bkmf @^ df pNn]v ul/Psf] :ki6Ls/0f adf]lhd s/f/sf] axfnL cjlw afx|
dlxgf eGbf a9L ePsf] / ;f] s/f/ pTkfbg, h8fg jf lgdf{0fsf nflu jf To:tf]
20

-a_

-e_

-d_

-o_

k|To]s sfdsf ;DaGwdf ;Da4 ;]jfsf] ;Dkfbgsf nflu ul/Psf] jf ;dfj]z gePsf]
s/f/ -nufgL aLdf s/f/, cjsf;sf]if s/f/ tyf lgsfodf lxt lglxt /x]sf] s/f/_
afx]ssf] k|ltkmn ljnlDat x'g] s/f/nfO{ bL3{sfnLg s/f/ dflgPsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf]
nflu, Ps aif{ eGbf a9L ;do nfUg] s'g} hnlaB"t cfof]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ s'g}
lgdf{0f sD+kgLnfO{ lbO{g] s/f/ bL3{sfnLg s/f/ cGtu{t kb{5 . bL3{sfnLg s/f/ Pj+
To:tf] s/f/sf] cfo u0fgfsf ;DaGwdf o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b @) df AofVof
ul/Psf] 5 .
gft]bf/
gft]bf/ eGgfn] k|fs[lts JolQmsf] klt, kTgL, 5f]/f, 5f]/L -wd{k'q, wd{k'qL ;d]t_,
afj', cfdf, afh], aHo}, bfh', efO{, efph', a'xf/L, lbbL, jlxgL, ;f;', ;;'/f, ;fnf,
h]7fg, ;fnL, h]7L;f;', sfsf, sfsL, elthf, elthL, gftL / gfltgL ;Demg' k5{ .
lgsfo -OlG66L_
lgsfo -OlG66L_ eGgfn] b]xfosf ;+:yf jf ;+u7g ;Demg' k5{ M
-!_ ;fem]bf/L, 6i6 jf sDkgL,
-@_ ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf jf lhNnf lasf; ;ldlt,
-#_ g]kfn ;/sf/,
-$_ s'g} ljb]zL ;/sf/ jf ;f] ;/sf/ cGtu{tsf k|fGtLo jf :yfgLo ;/sf/ jf
s'g} ;GwLf/f :yfkgf ePsf] ;fj{hlgs cGt/f{li6o ;+u7g, jf
-%_ cfkm" afl;Gbf ePsf] d'n'sdf cjl:yt g/x]sf] pkv08 -!_, -@_, -#_ / -$_ df
pNn]v ePsf] ;+:yf jf ;+u7gsf] :yfoL ;+:yfkg .
;fdfGotofM lgsfo (Entity) eGgfn] k|fs[lts AolQm afx]s cGo AolQmnfO{ a'emfp+5 .
o; ;DaGwL la:t[t AofVof o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !# df AofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
lgsfodf /x]sf] lxt
lgsfodf /x]sf] lxt eGgfn] s'g} lgsfosf] cfo jf k"+hL k|fKt ug]{ ;f+of]lus
-slG6Gh]G6_ clwsf/ ;d]tsf] clwsf/ ;Demg' k5{ .
lgsfodf /x]sf] lxt (Interest on Entity) eGgfn] ;fem]bf/L kmd{sf] xsdf ;f] kmd{sf]
d'gfkmf nufot ;f] kmd{sf] ;DklQdf ;fem]bf/sf] clwsf/nfO{ hgfp+5 . sDkgLsf
xsdf z]o/xf]N8/n] pQm sDkgLdf u/]sf] nufgLsf] k|ltkmn nufot pQm sDkgL
vf/]hL (Liquidation) x'+bfsf] ca:yfdf k|fKt ug]{ lgoldt jf yk /sd k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]
;f+of]lus clwsf/ (Contingent Right) nfO{ hgfp5 . casfz sf]ifdf ;f] sf]ifdf
nufgLstf{ -lxtflwsf/L_ n] nufgL u/] afkt nufgL ul/Psf] /sd tyf ;f]sf]
k|ltkmnnfO{ hgfp5 . To;}u/L 6i6df lxtflwsf/Lsf] lxt /xG5 eg] ljb]zL :yfoL
;+:yfkgdf ;f] ;+:yfkgsf] dflnssf] lxt /x]sf] x'G5 .
lg;u{
lg;u{ -l8:kf]hn_ eGgfn] bkmf $) df pNn]v eP adf]lhd s'g} ;DklQ jf
bfloTjsf] laqmL jf x:tfGt/0f ;d]tsf] lg;u{ ;Demg' k5{ .

21

-/_

-n_

-j_

-z_

;+DklQsf] xsdf laqmL jf ls:tfaGbLdf laqmL u/L, cGo ;DklQ jf bfloTjdf ufleO{,
gfl;O{, x/fO{, c+za08f jf xs x:tfGt/0f u/L, ;f6f;f6 u/L jf s'g} tj/af6
cfkm\gf] :jfldTj x6\g] dfWodnfO{ ;DklQsf] lg;u{ (Disposal) dflgG5 . To:t},
bfloTjsf] xsdf, bfloTj e'Qmfg u/L, bfloTjaf6 d'Qm eO{, cGo ;DklQ jf bfloTjdf
ufleO{, bfloTj /2 eO{ jf s'g} klg dfWodaf6 bfloTj d'Qm ePsf] v08df bfloTjsf]
lg;u{ (Disposal) dflgG5 .
;DklQ tyf bfloTjsf] lg;u{sf ;DaGwdf lj:t[t AofVof o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b
@@ df ul/Psf] 5 .
lglxt :jfldTj
lglxt :jfldTj eGgfn] b]xfosf] :jfldTj ;Demg' k5{ M
-!_ s'g} lgsfosf] ;DaGwdf s'g} k|fs[lts JolQm jf k|fs[lts JolQmsf] lxt
g/x]sf] lgsfon] ;f] lgsfodf k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf Ps jf a9L dWo:y
lgsfox?f/f /fv]sf] lxtsf cfwf/df l;lh{t :jfldTj, jf
-@_ s'g} lgsfosf] :jfldTj /x]sf] ;DklQsf] ;DaGwdf ;f] lgsfodf lglxt
:jfldTj /x]sf JolStx?sf] :jfldTjsf] ;dfg'kftsf] cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ePsf]
;DklQsf] :jfldTj .
lglxt :jfldTjsf ;Gbe{df la:t[t AofVof o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !# df ul/Psf]
5.
kf
kf eGgfn] s'g} JolQmn] csf]{ JolQmsf] gubL ;DklQ afx]ssf] ;DklQ k|of]u ug]{
c:yfoL clwsf/ ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] Ohfhtkq, ef8f ;Demf}tf, 5gf}6, /f]oN6L
;Demf}tf jf jxfnjfnfsf] xs ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 .
Pp6f JolQmsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] ;DklQ dflysf] k|of]u ug]{ clwsf/ csf]{ JolQmnfO{
lbg'nfO{ kf (Lease) elgG5 . kf b'O{ y/Lsf] x'G5 ef8f jf /f]oN6L a'emfpg]
cfjlws kf (Operating Lease) / ljQLo kf (Finance Lease) .
k|fs[lts JolQm
k|fs[lts JolQm eGgfn] k|fs[lts JolQm ljz]if ;Demg' k5{ / o; P]gsf] k|of]hgsf]
nfuL ;f] zAbn] btf{ eO{ jf geO{ k|fs[lts JolQmsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] Psnf}6L kmd{
tyf Pp6} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] ?kdf dflgg] u/L bkmf %) adf]lhd 5gf}6 ePsf]
bDklQ ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 .
k|fs[lts AolQm (Natural Person) eGgfn] k|fs[lts ?kaf6 g} l;lh{Psf cyf{t sfg"gL
?kdf s[lqd tj/n] v8f gul/Psf] AolQm laz]ifnfO{ a'emfpF5 . k|fs[lts JolQm
eGgfn] k|fs[lts JolQmsf] Psnf}6L kmd{, P]gsf] bkmf %) adf]lhd 5gf}6 u/]sf]
ca:yfsf] bDklQ tyf cfl>tnfO{ e/0fkf]if0f ug'{kg]{ cj:yfsf ljw'/ / ljwjfnfO{
;d]t dflgPsf] 5 .
k|fs[lts ;|f]t afktsf] e'StfgL
k|fs[lts ;|f]t afktsf] e'StfgL eGgfn] b]xfosf] s'g} e'StfgLsf] /sd ;Demg' k5{ M

22

-if_

-;_

-x_

-!_ hldgaf6 kfgL, vlgh kbfy{ jf cGo hLljt jf lgh{L{j ;|f]t lgsfNg] clwsf/
k|fKt u/] jfktsf] e'QmfgL, jf
-@_ hldgaf6 ;du| jf cf+lzs ?kdf lgsflnPsf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t / vlgh kbfy{sf]
hLljt jf lghL{j ;|f]tsf] kl/df0f jf d"Nosf cfwf/af6 u0fgf ul/Psf] /sd .
ahf/ d"No
ahf/ d"No eGgfn] s'g} ;DklQ jf ;]jfsf ;DjGwdf c;DalGwt JolQmx?aLr
;fdfGo ahf/ Jojxf/sf] l;nl;nfdf ;]jf jf ;DklQsf] ;fdfGo sf/f]jf/ d"No
;Demg' k5{ .
ef8f
ef8f eGgfn] 3/ axfn ;d]tsf d"t{ ;DklQsf] axfndf nufPsf] kf cGtu{t
ul/Psf lk|ldod nufotsf ;a} e'QmfgL ;Dg' k5{ .
t/ o; zAbn] k|fs[lts ;|f]t afkt ePsf] e'QmfgLnfO{ hgfpFg] 5}g .
e'QmfgL
e'QmfgL eGgfn] b]xfosf] sfd sf/afxL ;Demg' k5{ M
-!_ s'g} Ps JolQmsf] /sd jf ;DklQ csf]{ JolQmsf] gfpFdf / s'g} csf]{
JolQmsf] bfloTj ;f] JolQmsf] gfpFdf x:tfGt/0f ePdf,
-@_ s'g} Ps JolQmjf6 l;lh{t ;DklQ ;f] ;DklQsf] l;h{gfkl5 csf]{ JolQmsf]
:jfldTjdf ePdf jf s'g} Ps JolQmsf] bfloTjsf] ef/ csf]{ JolQmn] axg
u/]df,
-#_ Ps JolQmn] csf]{ JolQmnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg u/]df,
-$_ s'g} Ps JolQmsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] ;DklQ csf]{ JolQmn] k|of]u u/]df jf
k|of]usf] nflu pknAw ePdf .
P]gsf] bkmf @$ sf] pkbkmf -!_ df Joj;fo jf nufgLjf6 ePsf] cfosf] u0fgfsf]
n]vf+sg Ps|'on cfwf/df ubf{ e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ l;h{gf x'gf;fy To:tf]
e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf] dfgL cfosf] u0fgfdf ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{ Aoa:yf u/]sf]5 . g]kfn
n]vfdfg ! (Nepal Accounting Standard on Presentation of Financial Statements)
df ;d]t Accrual cfwf/df n]vf+sg ug'{ kg]{ Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 . AolQmsf] cfo u0fgf
ubf{ tyf vr{ sL bfaL ubf{ e'QmfgL sf] e'ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . e'QmfgL
(Payment) zAbn] oyfy{df s'g} AolQmn] csf]{ AolQmnfO{ nfeflGjt u/fpg ;Sg] x/]s
dfWodnfO{ ;dfa]; u/]sf] 5 . tnsf pbfx/0faf6 o; ;DaGwdf yk k|sfz kfl/Psf]
5.
pbfx/0f @=!)M dfgf}+, lbud jfGtjf eGg] AolQmn] :s6 g]kfn k|f=ln= gfdsf]
;+:yfnfO{ ?= %),))) d"No a/fa/sf] ;]jf pknAw u/fPsf /x]5g\ . pQm ;+:yfn]
lgh lbudnfO{ ;f] ;]jfsf] d"No gubdf e'QmfgL glbO{ lghsf] 5f]/f;+u ;f] ;+:yfn]
lng' kg]{ /sd;+u ldnfg u/]sf] /x]5 eg] ;f] ca:yfdf lgh jfGtjfn] /sd
e'QmfgL glnP klg e'QmfgL k|fKt u/] ;/x dflgg]5 .

23

pbfx/0f @=!!M Ps d]l8sn 8fS6/ Pp6f sDkgLsf] sd{rf/Lsf] lgoldt :jf:Yo

pkrf/sf] nflu lgo"Qm ePsf /x]5g\ . ;f] sDkgLn] lgh 8fS6/nfO{ pk/f]Qm ;]jf
jfkt s'g} e'QmfgL lbg] u/]sf] /x]g5 t/ ;f] sDkgLn] ? @),))) cfkm}n] ef8f
lt/L Pp6f sf]7f lgh 8fS6/nfO{ pknJw u/fPsf] /x]5 . pQm sf]7faf6 lgh
8fS6/n] cfk\mgf] k]zf ;d]t ;+rfng ubf{ /x]5g\ . ;f] sDkgLn] cfkm'n] l;h{gf
u/]sf] ;DklQ (Lease Right) lgh 8fS6/nfO{ pknAw u/fPsf] x'+bf ? @),)))
lgh 8fS6/n] e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
pbfx/0f @=!@M Pp6f uf8L dd{t ug]{ ;+:yfdf Ps hgf jlsn sfg"gL
k/fdz{bftfsf] ?kdf lgo"Qm ePsf /x]5g\ . lgh jlsnn] ;f] ;+:yfaf6 s'g}
kfl/>lds lng] gu/]sf] t/ cfkm\gf] ;jf/L ;fwgsf] lgoldt dd{t ;+ef/ ;f]xL
;+:yfaf6 ljgf d"Nodf u/fpg] u/]sf /x]5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;f] ;+:yfn] pknAw
u/fPsf] dd{t ;DjGwL ;]jfsf] d"No lgh jlsnn] e'QmfgL kfPsf] dflgg]5 .
-If_

d'gfkmfsf] ljt/0f
d'gfkmfsf] ljt/0f eGgfn] d'gfkmfsf] k"FhLs/0f ;d]t bkmf %# adf]lhd ePsf] s'g}
lgsfosf] d'gfkmfsf] ljt/0f ;Demg' k5{ .
P]gsf] bkmf %# df lgsfoaf6 cfgf] s'g} lxtflwsf/LnfO{ s'g} klg x}l;otn] ul/Psf]
e'QmfgL jf d'gfkmfsf] k"FhLs/0fnfO{ lat/0f dflgPsf] 5 . lgsfon] cfkm\gf
lxtflwsf/LnfO{ af]g; z]o/ lat/0f u/]sf] ca:yf ;d]t d'gfkmfsf] lat/0f ePsf]
dflgG5 . t/, lgsfon] lxtflwsf/Laf6 s'g} k|ltkmn k|fKt u/]sf] /x]5 / To:tf]
k|ltkmn afkt ahf/ d"Nosf cfwf/df ;f] lgsfon] lxtflwsf/LnfO{ u/]sf] e'QmfgL
eg] d'gfkmfsf] lat/0f dflgg] 5}g .
pbfx/0f @=!#M dfgf}+, g]kfn 38L sDkgL ln= n] ;fwf/0f ;efdf cfkm\gf
z]o/wgLnfO{ gub nfef+z glbO{ ?= !%,))) d"No kg]{ 38L ?= %,))) d"No lnO{
cfkm\gf z]o/wgLnfO{ lat/0f u/]sf] /x]5 eg] ahf/ d"No / lxtflwsf/Laf6 k|fKt
d"No larsf] km/s, cyf{t ?= !),))) nfO{ d'gfkmfsf] lat/0f dflgg] 5 .
pbfx/0f @=!$M dfgf}+, g]kfn sDkgL ln= n] cfkm\gf] Ps z]o/wgLsf] ejg
sfof{no k|of]hgsf] lgldQ ef8fdf lnPsf] /x]5 . pQm ejgsf] rng rNtL ef8f
?= !),))) k|lt dlxgf ;f] sDkgLn] lgh z]o/wgLnfO{ e'Qmfg ug]{ u/]sf] /x]5
eg] o:tf] e'QmfgLnfO{ eg] d'gfkmfsf] lat/0f dflgb}g .

-q_

-1_

lgsfoaf6 d'gfkmfsf] lat/0f ;DaGwL yk AofVof o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !# df

ul/Psf] 5 .
o"lg6 6i6
o"lg6 6i6 eGgfn] sDtLdf aL; hgf JolStx?sf nfesf] nflu 6i6Ln] ;DklQ
wf/0f ug]{ Aoj:yf eO{ cfo jf k"FhLdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] JolStx?sf] clwsf/nfO{
wf/0f u/]sf] OsfO{x?sf] ;+Voff/f lgwf{l/t cfwf/df ljefhg x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
6i6 ;Demg' k5{ .
/f]huf/L
/f]huf/L eGgfn] s'g} klg lsl;dsf] ljut, jt{dfg jf efjL /f]huf/L ;Demg' k5{ .
24

;fdfGotofM Contract of Service n] /f]huf/L a'emfp+5 eg] Contract for Service n]

k/fdz{bftf (Consultant) tkm{ O{lu+t ub{5 . /f]huf/L zAbn] sfd ug]{ (Employee)
tyf sfd nufpg] (Employer) larsf] ;DaGw v'Ng] Pj+ /f]huf/Lsf] zt{ cg';f/
cfkm\gf] 1fg, cg'ej, lzk, hfFu/ tyf >d k|of]u u/L Aoa:yfksLo, ;'k/Lj]If0f,
k|zf;sLo, k|fljlws jf o:t} cGo s'g} sfd u/L ;f] AolQm jf lgsfosf] lnlvt jf
clnlvt sd{rf/L ;]jf ;t{ tyf ;'lawf jf o:t} cGo ;t{ tyf ;'lawf ;DaGwL
k|fjwfg nfu' x'g] u/L ;f] lgsfoaf6 sfd ug]{ AolQmn] tnj jf Hofnf jf o:t} cGo
e'QmfgL kfpg ;Sg] k|aGwnfO{ hgfp5 . o:tf] sfddf nufpg] AolQm jfl;Gbf jf u}/
jfl;Gbf x'g ;S5 .
P]gsf] bkmf @@ sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd k|fs[lts JolQmn] lghsf] /f]huf/L tyf
nufgLjf6 k|fKt x'g] cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu gub cfwf/df n]vf+sg
ug'{' kg]{5 . t;y{ /f]huf/Lsf] ;Gbe{df hltv]/ gub e'QmfgL x'G5 ;f]xL ;dodf,
cyf{t laut aif{sf] /f]huf/L, at{dfg /f]huf/L jf elaiodf /f]huf/L ug]{ u/L xfn
k|fKt ePsf] gub e'QmfgLnfO{ xfnsf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .
pbfx/0f @=!%M ljut /f]huf/Lsf] pbfx/0fM dfgf} nlnt eGg] AolQmn] Pp6f
sDkgLdf @)%# ;fn b]lv /f]huf/L ub}{ cfPsf /x]5g\ . @)^! ;fn b]lv lghn]
sfd ug]{ ;+:yfsf] Joj;fo lju|g uO{ cfly{s cj:yf v/fj ePsf] / ;f] sDkgLn]
cfkm\gf sd{rf/LnffO{ vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tnasf] %)% dfq tna e'Qmfg u/L
cfPsf] /x]5 . cf=a= @)^%.^^ ;fndf pQm sDkgLsf] Aoj;fo pNn]Vo ?kdf
j[4L ePsf] sf/0f ljut @)^! ;fn b]lv afFls /x]sf] %)% tna lgh nlntnfO{
@)^% ;fn df3 dlxgfdf e'Qmfg u/]sf] /x]5 . o; cj:yfdf ;f] sDkgLn]
Accrual cfwf/df x'g cfpg] tna ;DjlGwt cfo aif{df g} vr{ n]Vg ;Sg] eP
klg lgh nlntn] eg] ljutsf] /f]huf/Lsf] e'QmfgL @)^% ;fn df3df gub
k|fKt u/]sf] x'+bf gub e'QmfgLsf cfwf/df cf=a= @)^%.^^ sf] cfodf ;dfj];
ug{' kb{5 .
pbfx/0f @=!^M eljiosf] /f]huf/Lsf] pbfx/0fM dfgf}, ;'j0f{ eGg] AolQmn] Ps
sDkgLdf sfd ug]{ u/]sf /x]5g\ . lghnfO{ /sdsf] cfaZostf k/]sf] / cfufdL
aif{ tna e'QmfgL glng] zt{df ;f] sDkgLaf6 Ps aif{sf] tna clu|d e'QmfgL
lnPsf /x]5g\ . lghn] ;f] /sd elaiodf /f]huf/L ug]{ zt{df k|fKt u/]sf] x'+bf
o:tf] /sd lghn] ;f] /sd k|fKt u/]sf] cfo jif{sf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf u0fgf
ug'{kb{5 .
/f]huf/L ;DaGwL lj:t[t AofVof o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !& df ul/Psf] 5 .
-s s_ /f]oN6L
/f]oN6L eGgfn] cd"t{ ;DklQsf] kf cGtu{t ul/Psf] s'g} e'QmfgL ;Demg' k5{ /
;f] zAbn] b]xfosf p2]Zosf nflu ul/g] s'g} e'QmfgL ;d]tnfO{ hgfp5 M
-!_ k|ltlnlk clwsf/, k]6]G6, l8hfOg, df]8]n, of]hgf, uf]Ko ;"q jf k|lqmof jf
6]8dfs{sf] k|of]u jf k|of]u ug]{ clwsf/ /fVg] , /
-@_ k|ljlwsf] 1fg k|bfg ug]{,

25

-#_

rnlrqhGo lkmNd, lel8of] 6]k, Wjlg l/sl8{ jf s'g} cGo o:t} dfWodsf]
k|of]u jf k|of]u ug]{ clwsf/ / cf}Bf]lus, Jofkfl/s jf j}1flgs cg'ej
k|of]u ug]{ jf k|bfg ug]{,
-$_ pkv08 -!_, -@_ jf -#_ adf]lhdsf s'/fdf ;xfos x'g] lsl;dn] s'g} ;xof]u
k|bfg ug]{, jf
-%_ pkv08 -!_, -@_, -#_ jf -$_ adf]lhdsf s'/fsf ;DaGwdf k"0f{ jf cf+lzs
aGb]h dfGg] .
t/ o; zAbn] k|fs[lts ;|f]tafktsf] e'StfgLnfO{ hgfpg] 5}g .
/f]oN6L zAbn] cd"t{ ;DklQsf] kf cGtu{tsf e'QmfgL jf cd't{ ;DklQsf] pkof]u
afktsf e'QmfgLnfO{ a'emfp5 . h:tf], Trade Name k|of]u ug]{ clwsf/ lbP afkt
k|fKt x'g] e'QmfgL, ufos, uLtsf/ jf ;+lutsf/sf uLt s'g} /]l8of] :6]zgn] ahfP
afkt lbO{g] e'QmfgL cfbLnfO{ hgfp5 .
-s v_ nufgL
nufgL eGgfn] b]xfo adf]lhd afx]s Ps jf Ps eGbf a9L ;DklQ wf/0f ug]{ jf
To:tf] ;DklQ nufgL ug]{ sfo{ ;Demg' k5{ M
-!_ ;DklQdf :jfldTj /fVg] JolQmaf6 lghL k|of]udf NofOPsf] ;DklQ /fVg] sfo{,
-@_ /f]huf/L jf Joj;fo .
t/ u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ /fVg] sfo{ nufgL dflgg] 5 .
;DklQ wf/0f (Hold) u/L cfo cfh{g ug]{ sfo{nfO{ nufgL elgG5 . ;DklQdf
:jfldTj /fVg] JolQmaf6 lghL k|of]udf NofOPsf] ;DklQ /fVg] sfo{ jf /f]huf/L jf
Joj;fodf k|of]u ul/Psf ;DklQ afx]ssf ;DklQdf :jfldTj /fVg] Pj+ u}/
Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ /fVg] sfo{ h:tf sfo{nfO{ nufgL elgG5 . ;fdfGotofM
nufgLsf] cfo cfh{g ug]{ sfo{df cfo cfh{g ug]{ AolQmsf] lg/Gt/ ;xeflutf
(Active Engagement) /xb}g . nfef+z, Jofh, k|fs[lts ;|f]t afktsf] e'StfgL, ef8f,
/f]oN6L, nufgL jLdfaf6 k|fKt nfe, :jLs[lt k|fKt gu/]sf] cjsfz sf]ifsf] lxtaf6
k|fKt nfe, :jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifaf6 ul/Psf] cjsfz e'StfgL jf u}/ Joj;flos
s/of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{ (Disposal) af6 k|fKt v"b nfe h:tf cfo nufgLsf] cfo
jf k|ltkmn x'G5 . Aoazfo / nufgLdf w]/} ;dfgtf b]lvg cfpg] ePtfklg tnsf]
pbfx/0fn] nufgLnfO{ k|i6 kfb{5 M
pbfx/0f @=!&M dfgf}+, k|;Gg b]jsf]6f eGg] AolQmsf] k'tnL;8s, sf7df8f}+df kfFr
s/f]8 ?k}ofFdf vl/b u/]sf] Pp6f 3/ /x]5 . lghn] pQm 3/ ef8fdf nufpg]
p2]Zon] Pp6f Ph]G6nfO{ ef8fsf] kfFr k|ltztn] sld;g kfpg] u/L lgo"Qm
u/]sf] /x]5 . lghnfO{ cfly{s aif{ @)^%.^^ df pQm 3/sf] axfn afkt ?= bz
nfv k|fKt ePsf] /x]5 . lghn] ;f] axfn cfosf] kfFr k|ltztn] x'g cfpg]
sld;g ?= %),))) pQm Ph]06nfO{ e'Qmfg u/]sf /x]5g\ . k|;Gg b]jsf]6fsf] o;
cfonfO{ nufgLsf] cfo dflgg] 5 / bkmf ( adf]lhd nufgLsf] cfodf ;dfa];
ug'{ kg]{ 5 . tyfkL P]gsf] bkmf (@ adf]lhd Joj;fo ;+rfng ul//x]sf] afx]s
cGo k|fs[lts JolQmnfO{ g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] 3/ axfn afktsf] s/ sL u/L
k|fKt u/]sf] ef8f e'QmfgL clGtd ?kn] s/ sL x'g] e'QmfgL dflgg] ePsf] x'+bf
26

lghn] ;f] axfn cfDbfgLnfO{ cfodf ;dfa]; eg] ug'{ kb}{g .

pbfx/0f @=!*M dfyL pbfx/0f @=!& df pNn]lvt k|;Gg b]jsf]6f eGg] AolQmsf]
;f] 3/ nufot cGo 3/x? klg /x]sf] / lt 3/x? klg ef8fdf nufO{ ;lqmo
?kdf To;sf] Aoa:yfkg (Active Engagement) ul/cfPsf /x]5g\ eg] o;/L 3/
axfndf nufpg] lghsf] Joj;fo dflgG5 . o; ca:yfdf lghn] k|fKt ug]{ ef8f
cfDbfgLnfO{ Joj;fosf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ k5{ / P]gsf] bkmf & adf]lhd
Joj;fosf] cfodf u0fgf ug'{ k5{ . ;f] ca:yfdf lghn] 3/sf] x|f; sL nufot
o;/L 3/ ef8f nufpg] sfo{;+u ;DalGwt vr{x? sL bfaL ug{ kfp5 / lghn]
>f]tdf s/ sL u/L dfq ef8f e'QmfgL ug]{ ePtfklg Joj;fo ;+rfng;+u
;DalGwt 3/ axfn cfDbfgL ePsf] x'bf o:tf] ef8f e'QmfgL clGtd ?kn] s/
sL x'g] e'QmfgL eg] dflgb}g .
nufgL dflgg ;DklQ wf/0fsf] k|s[ltnfO{ Wofg lbg' k5{ . ;fdfGoofM nufgLsf]
k|of]hgsf] nflu wf/0f ul/Psf] ;DklQ nfdf] ;do;Dd wf/0f ul/G5 . nufgLdf
;f]xL ;DklQaf6 cfo x'g] tyf Aoazfodf ;f] ;DklQ lsga]r jf cGo tj/n] k|of]u
u/L cfo cfh{g ul/g] x'G5 .
nufgL tyf nufgLsf] cfosf ;DaGwdf la:t[t AofVof o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b @!
df ul/Psf] 5 .
-s u_ nufgL jLdf
nufgL jLdf eGgfn] b]xfosf s'g} jLdf ;Demg' k5{ M
-!_ laldt JolSt jf laldt JolStsf] ;DaWb JolQmsf] d[To';DaGwL 36gfsf xsdf
ul/Psf] jLdf,
-@_ laldt JolSt jf lghsf] ;DaWb JolStsf] JolQmut rf]6k6s jf s'g} vf;
tj/df c;Ifd x'g] 36gf ;DaGwL jLdf,
t/ jLdfsf] jLdf ;Demf}tf slDtdf kfFr jif{;Dd jxfn /xg] jf
jxfnLsf] ;do ;Ldf gePsf] / s/f/df plNnlvt ljz]if kl/l:yltx?df afx]s
kfFr jif{sf] cjlw e'Stfg x'g' cufj} ladsaf6 cGTo ug{ g;lsg] u/L ul/Psf]
x'g' kg]{5 .
-#_ s'g} /sd jf >[vnfa4 /sdx? eljiodf laldtnfO{ e'StfgL x'g] u/L ul/Psf]
jLdf,
-$_ pkv08 -!_, -@_, jf -#_ cGtu{tsf jLdfsf] k'gla{df, /
-%_ pkv08 -$_ df plNnlvt k'gla{dfsf] k'gla{df .
nufgL jLdfsf] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf Life Insurance, Superannuation, Endowment
Policy, cfbL h:tf sf/f]af/nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . hLjg ;DawL hf]lvd;+u ;DalGwt
jLdf eP klg Accidental Insurance sf] ;Demf}tf -hf]lvd_ cawL kfFr aif{ eGbf sd
cawLdf ;dfKt x'g] eP To:tf] ;Demf}tf eg] nufgL jLdf cGtu{t kb}{gg\ .
nufgL jLdf ;DaGwL la:t[t AofVof o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !( df ul/Psf] 5 .

27

-s 3_ nfef+z
nfef+z eGgfn] lgsfoaf6 x'g] ljt/0f ;Demg' k5{ .
nfef+z (Dividend) eGgfn] lgsfon] cfkm\gf lxtflwsf/L (Shareholders) nfO{ lat/0f
ug]{ d'gfkmfsf] c+znfO{ a'emfp5 . pQm zAbn] d'gfkmfsf] k"+hLs/0f cyf{t af]g;
z]o/ ;d]tnfO{ hgfp5 .
nfef+z ;DaGwL yk AofVof o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !# df ul/Psf] 5 .
-s _ jfl;Gbf JolQm
jfl;Gbf JolQm eGgfn] s'g} cfo jif{sf ;DaGwdf b]xfosf JolQm ;Demg' k5{ M
-!_ k|fs[lts JolQmsf] ;DaGwdf,
-s_ ;fdfGo a;f]af;sf] :yfg g]kfndf /x]sf],
-v_ cljlR5Gg #^% lbgsf] cjlwdf !*# lbg jf ;f] eGbf a9L g]kfndf
/x]sf], jf
-u_ g]kfn ;/sf/jf6 cfo jif{sf] s'g} ;dodf ljb]zdf v6fOPsf] .
-@_ ;fem]bf/L kmd{,
-#_ 6i6sf] ;DjGwdf To:tf] 6i6 h'g,
-s_ g]kfndf :yfkgf ePsf],
-v_ 6i6sf] 6i6L cfo jif{df afl;Gbf JolQm ePsf], jf
-u_ 6i6nfO{ cfo jif{df afl;Gbf JolQm jf lgh ;+nUg ePsf] JolQmx?sf]
;d"xn] k|ToIf jf Ps jf a9L dWo:y lgsfo -OG6/kf]H8 OlG66L_ x?sf]
dfWodf/f lgoGq0f u/]sf] .
-$_ sDkgLsf] ;DjGwdf To:tf] sDkgL h'g,
-s_ g]kfnsf] sfg"g cGtu{t ;+:yflkt ePsf], jf
-v_ s'g} cfo jif{df g]kfndf ;f] sDkgLsf] Joj:yfkg k|efjsf/L /x]sf] .
-$s_ g]kfn ;/sf/,
-%_ ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf jf lhNnf lasf; ;ldlt
-^_ s'g} ljb]zL ;/sf/ jf ;f] ;/sf/ cGtu{tsf k|fGtLo jf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf]
To:tf] lgsfosf] ;DjGwdf h'g,
-s_ g]kfnsf] sfg"gcGtu{t :yflkt ePsf], jf
-v_ s'g} cfo jif{df g]kfndf To:tf] lgsfosf] Joj:yfkg k|efjsf/L /x]sf] .
-&_ s'g} ;lGw ;Demf}tf cGtu{t :yflkt ;+:yf jf lgsfo, jf
-*_ u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] g]kfndf /x]sf] ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkg .
cfos/ P]g, @)%* df afl;Gbf AolQmsf] cawf/0ff dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . afl;Gbf
AolQmsf] ca:yf af/] lgDgfg';f/ AofVof ul/Psf] 5 .

28

k|fs[lts AolQmsf] ;fdfGo a;f]af;sf] :yfg g]kfndf /x]sf], cljlR5Gg #^%

lbgsf] cjlwdf !*# lbg jf ;f] eGbf a9L g]kfndf /x]sf], jf g]kfn
;/sf/jf6 cfo jif{sf] s'g} ;dodf ljb]zdf v6fOPsf]] h'g ;'s} ca:yf eP
klg To:tf] AolQm g]kfnsf] afl;Gbf dflgG5 .
-s_ ;fdfGo a;f]af;sf] :yfg (Habitual Place of Abode) g]kfndf /x]sf]
eGgfn] ;DalGwt AolQmsf] d'Vo Economic Activity x'g] :yfgnfO{
hgfpb5 . g]kfndf :yfO{ 7]ufgf jf 3/ (Permanent Address) x'g'n]
dfq ;fdfGo a;f]af;sf] :yfg g]kfn dflgb}g . ;fdfGotofM lghsf]
cyf]{kfh{gsf] d'Vo :ynnfO{ ;fdfGo a;f]af;sf] :yfg elgG5 . o:tf]
ca:yf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 k|i6 kflPsf] 5 .
pbfx/0f @=!(M dfgf}+, lrtjgdf :yfO{ 3/ ePsf] cf]d axfb'/ yfkf eGg]
AolQm laut ltg aif{ b]lv a}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] l;nl;nfdf dn]l;of uPsf
/x]5g\ . lgh cf]d axfb'/ aif{sf] Ps k6s cfkm\gf] kl/jf/nfO{ e]6\g g]kfn
cfpg] u/]sf /x]5g\ . lghn] cfkm'n] lab]zdf /x+bf sdfPsf] krf; k|ltzt
eGbf a9L /sd g]kfndf cfkm\gf] kl/jf/nfO{ k7fpg] u/]sf /x]5g\ . o;
ca:yfdf lghsf] :yfO{ 3/ g]kfn ePtf klg d'Vo ?kdf lghsf] a;f]af;sf]
lg/Gt/tf / cfly{s ultljlw g]kfndf gePsf] sf/0f gLhsf] ;fdfGo
a;f]af; g]kfn ePsf] dflgb}g .
pbfx/0f @=@)M dfly pbfx/0f @=!( df olb lgh cf]d axfb'/ yfkfsf]
Joj;fo g]kfndf ePsf] / ;f]xL Joj;fosf] ;Gbe{df jf cGo lghL sf/0fn]
;f] aif{ !*# lbg eGbf a9L g]kfn aflx/ laleGg d'n'sx? e|d0f u/]sf
/x]5g\ eg] To:tf] ca:yfdf gLhsf] Major Economic Activities g]kfn
ePsf] sf/0f lghsf] ;fdfGo a;f]af;sf] :yfg g]kfn ePsf] dflgG5 .
-v_ cljlR5Gg #^% lbgsf] cjlwdf !*# lbg jf ;f] eGbf a9L g]kfndf
/x]sf] lbg u0fgf ubf{ g]kfn leq cfPsf] lbg b]lv g]kfnaf6 k|:yfg
u/]sf] lbg;Dd u0fgf ul/g' k5{ . o; ca:yfnfO{ tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 yk
k|i6 kfl/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f @=@!M dfly pbfx/0f @=!( df olb lgh cf]d axfb'/ yfkf efb| ^,
@)^# df a}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] l;nl;nfdf dn]l;of uPsf /x]5g\ / ebf} %,
@)^% df g]kfn kmsL{ ;f] kZrft nuftf/ :yfoL ?kn] g]kfndf g} a;f]af;
u/L /x]sf /x]5g\ . lgh cf]d axfb'/ efb| ^, @)^# df g]kfn 5f]8]sf] sf/0f
cfo aif{ @)^#/^$ / cfo aif{ @)^$/^% sf] lgldQ lgh cf]d axfb'/
g]kfndf cljlR5Gg #^% lbgsf] cjlwdf !*# lbg eGbf sd j;]sf] x'+bf
lgh pQm cfo aif{x?sf] nflu u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQm dflgG5 . Pj+ k|sf/n]
cfo aif{ @)^%.^^ sf] nflu lgh !*# lbg eGbf j9L g]kfndf j;]sf] x'+bf
pQm cfly{s aif{sf] nflu lgh g]kfnsf] jfl;Gbf dflgG5 .
o; pbfx/0fdf lgh cf]d axfb'/ @)^# efb| ^ b]lv @)^$ cfiff9
d;fGt;Dd !*# lbg eGbf 36L g]kfndf /x]sf]n] lgh @)^#.^$ cfojif{sf]
nflu u}/jfl;Gbf x'g hfG5g\ . To:t}, cfo jif{ @)^$.^% df k'/} cjlw
g]kfndf ga;]sfn] u}/jfl;Gbf x'g hfG5g\ . To;}u/L lgh cfo jif{
29

@)^%.^^ df ##) lbg g]kfndf a;]sfn] of] cfo jif{sf nflu jfl;Gbf
JolQm dflgG5g\ .
-u_ g]kfn ;/sf/jf6 cfo jif{sf] s'g} ;dodf ljb]zdf v6fOPsf]] v08df
To:tf] v6fO{Psf] AolQm g]kfnsf] afl;Gbf x'g] ca:yf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6
k|i6 x'G5 .
pbfx/0f @=@@M dfly pbfx/0f @=!( df olb lgh cf]d axfb'/ yfkf cGo
a}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] abnf lab]z l:yt g]kfnL /fhb'tfjf;df g]kfn
;/sf/4f/f sfhdf v6fOPsf] / laut rf/ aif{ b]lv ;f]xL :yfgdf sfo{/t
sd{rf/L /x]5g\ eg] To:tf] ca:yfdf gLh g]kfnsf] afl;Gbf ePsf] dflgG5 .

g]kfndf :yfkgf ePsf] 6i6sf] 6i6L ;DalGwt cfo jif{df afl;Gbf JolQm
ePsf], jf 6i6nfO{ cfo jif{df afl;Gbf JolQm jf lgh ;+nUg ePsf]
JolQmx?sf] ;d"xn] k|ToIf jf Ps jf a9L dWo:y lgsfo -OG6/kf]H8 OlG66L_
x?sf] dfWodf/f lgoGq0f u/]sf] 6i6nfO{ klg g]kfnsf] jfl;Gbf dflgG5 . o;
ca:yfnfO{ tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 k|i6 kfl/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f @=@#M dfgf}+, ef/tsf] sf]nsftfdf Pp6f 6i6 ;+rfngdf /x]5 .
pQm 6i6nfO{ g]kfnsf afl;Gbfx?n] lgoGq0f ug]{ u/]sf /x]5g\ eg] To:tf]
6i6nfO{ klg g]kfnsf] jfl;Gbf dflgG5 .

u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] g]kfndf /x]sf] ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgnfO{ g]kfnsf]

jfl;Gbf dflgG5 . :yfoL ;:yfkg eGgfn] P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -s b_
adf]lhd s'g} JolQmn] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ :yfgnfO{
a'emfp5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, lab]zdf btf{ ePsf lgdf{0f sDkgLn] g]kfndf s'g}
kl/of]hgf ;+rfng ug]{ p2]Zon] :yfkgf u/]sf] g]kfn l:yt sfof{no .

-s r_ JolQm
JolQm eGgfn] k|fs[lts JolQm jf lgsfo ;Demg' k5{ .
AolQm zAbn] Natural Person -h:t}, /fd, hf]g, /xLd, cfbL_ tyf sfg"gL AolQm
cyf{t Artificial Person -h:t}, sDkgL, 6i6, ;+:yfg, cfbL_ b'j}nfO{ a'emfp5 . o;
;DjlGw lj:t[t JofVof o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b $ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
-s 5_ Joj:yfks
Joj:yfks eGgfn] s'g} lgsfosf] Joj:yfksLo lg0f{ox?ug]{ sfddf ;+nUg x'g]
JolQm ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] s'g} 6i6sf] 6i6L / ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgdf
:jfldTj ePsf] JolQm ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 .
-s h_ Joj;fo
Joj;fo eGgfn] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] pBf]u, Jofkf/, k]zf jf o:t} cGo k|s[ltsf
Joj;flos sf/f]jf/ ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] To:t} k|sf/sf ljut, jt{dfg jf efjL
Joa;fox?nfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 .
t/ o; zAbn] /f]huf/LnfO{ hgfpFg] 5}g .

30

/f]huf/Lsf ;DaGwdf ;fdfGotofM >dsf] pkef]u x'G5 . To:t} Joj;fo tyf

nufgLdf >d tyf k"FhLsf] pkef]u x'G5 . nufgLdf ;fdfGotofM ;DklQ wf/0f ug]{
tyf cfo cfh{g ug]{ ;Gbe{df ;f] AolQmsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf (Active Engagement)
x'+b}g . Joj;fosf] ;Gbe{df eg] ;f] AolQmsf] cfo cfh{g ug]{ sfo{df ;lqmo
;xeflutf (Active Engagement) x'G5 . dfly nufgLsf] AofVof ug]{ ;Gbe{df lbO{Psf]
pbfx/0fdf ;DklQ wf/0f u/L ;lqmo ;xefuL geO{ ef8f dfq cfh{g ug]{ sfo{nfO{
nufgL dflgG5 eg] ;f] AolQm ;lqmo ;xefuL eO{ ;DklQ Pj+ axfn cfonfO{
Aoa:yfkg ug]{ u/]sf] /x]5 eg] ;f]nfO{ Joj;fo dflgG5 . o; cy{df lgsfosf]
;fdfGotofM nufgLsf] cfo x'+b}g . Joj;fo cGtu{t pBf]u (Industry) cyf{t s'g}
a:t' pTkfbg u/L laqmL ug]{, Jofkf/ (Trading) cyf{t s'g} Tangible jf Intangible
a:t'sf] vl/b laqmL ug]{, k]zf (Profession) jf o:t} cGo k|s[ltsf Joj;flos
sf/f]jf/ kb{5g\ .
-s em_ Jofh
Jofh eGgfn] b]xfosf e'QmfgL jf nfe ;Demg' k5{ M
-!_ ;fjfF afx]s C0f bfloTj cGtu{tsf] e'QmfgL,
-@_ 5'6, C0f bfloTj cGtu{tsf] 5'6, lk|ldod, cbnabn e'StfgL jf To:t}
e'StfgLsf] dfWodaf6 k|fKt ul/Ps]f nfe, /
-#_ jflif{s j[lQ jf ls:tfaGbL laqmL cGtu{t ;DklQ k|fKt ug]{ JolQmaf6 jf
ljQLo k6[f cGtu{t s'g} ;DklQsf] k|of]u afkt s'g} JolQmnfO{ ul/g] e'QmfgL
dWo] Jofh sf] ?kdf lnOg] bkmf #@ adf]lhdsf /sdx? .
Aofh eGgfn] ;fdfGotofM k"hL jf nufgLsf] k|ltkmnnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . s'g} nufgL
lkmtf{ cfp+bf nufgL ul/Psf] k"+hL eGbf a9L /sd lkmtf{ ePsf] v08df o;/L k|fKt
x'g] yk /sdnfO{ Aofh dflgG5 . C0f bfloTj cGtu{tsf] 5'6, lk|ldod jf cbn
jbn e'QmfgL (Discount, Premium or Swap) nfO{ klg Jofh dflgG5 . afli{fs a[lQ
jf ls:tfaGbLdf x'g] laqmL jf laQLo ;+:yfn] tf]lsPsf] ls:tfaGbL (Fixed
Installment) sf cfwf/df k|bfg ug]{ shf{sf] xsdf lglZrt ul/Psf] ls:tfdf k"+hL
tyf Aofh ;dfa]; x'G5 / o:tf] ls:tf k|fKt ug]{ AolQmn] ;f] ls:tfdf k"+hL lkmtf{
ePsf] /sdnfO{ k"+hL -cyf{t ;DklQ_ df ;dfof]hg ug'{ k5{ eg] Aofhsf] c+znfO{
cfDbfgL u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 . To:t}, o;/L ls:tf e'QmfgL ug]{ AolQmn] ltg]{ ls:tfdf
;dfa]z ePsf] k"+hLsf] c+znfO{ bfloTjdf ;dfof]hg ug'{ k5{ eg] Aofhsf] c+znfO{
P]gsf] clwgdf /xL vr{ bfaL ug'{ kb{5 . shf{ jf lgIf]kdf lgoldt k|fKt x'g]
Aofhsf] cnfjf cGo tj/af6 u0fgf ul/g] Aofhsf] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f @=@$M dfgf}+, Pp6f a}+sn] g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] hf/L u/]sf] ?= ! s/f]8sf]
() lbgdf e'QmfgL k|fKt x'g] 6]h/L lan, ?= (* nfv %) xhf/df vl/b u/]sf]
/x]5 . nufgL ubf{ ?= (* nfv %) xhf/ nufgL u/]sf] ePtfklg e'QmfgLsf]
;dodf ;f] a}+snfO{ ?= ! s/f]8 k|fKt x'g] x'+bf o;/L a9L k|fKt ePsf] /sd ?=
!,%),))) nfO{ Aofh dflgG5 .

31

pbfx/0f @=@%M dfgf}+, Pp6f laQLo ;+:yfn] afli{fs ?= !!,$*,)#& Fixed

Installment df ltg]{ u/L ?= %) nfvsf] shf{ Pshgf u|fxsnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf]
/x]5 . pQm shf{df Aofh b/ !) k|ltzt /x]5 eg] ;f] k|fKt ul/g] ls:tfnfO{
lgDgfg';f/ k"+hL lkmtf{ tyf Aofh cfDbfgL u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 M
;fFjf afFsL
ls:tf /sd ;fFjf lkmtf{
Aofh /sd
5,000,000

1,148,037

648,037

500,000

4,351,963

1,148,037

712,841

435,196

3,639,122

1,148,037

784,125

363,912

2,854,997

1,148,037

862,537

285,500

1,992,460

1,148,037

948,791

199,246

1,043,669

1,148,037

1,043,670

104,367

6,888,222

5,000,000

1,888,222

Aofh u0fgf tyf k"+hL lkmtf{ ;DaGwL la:t[t AofVof o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b & df
ul/Psf] 5 .
-s `_ Jofkfl/s df}Hbft
Jofkfl/s df}Hbft eGgfn] s'g} JolStsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] lghf/f ;+rflnt
lgoldt Joa;fosf] qmddf laqmL ul/g] ;DklQ, sfo{ k|ultdf /x]sf] ;DklQ /
;DklQdf ;dflji6 x'g] ;fdfu|Lx?sf] df}Hbft ;Demg' k5{ .
t/ o; zAbn] ljb]zL d'b|fdf /x]sf] ;DklQnfO{ hgfpFg] 5}g .
Aoj;fodf k|ToIf jf ck|ToIo ?kdf laqmLsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu /flvPsf
;DklQx?nfO{ Jofkfl/s df}Hbft elgG5 . AolQmsf] Joj;fosf] cfwf/df o:tf] a:t'sf]
pbfx/0f km/s km/s x'g ;Sb5 . h:t}, kmlg{r/ lsga]r ug]{ AolQmsf] nflu kmlg{r/
Jofkfl/s df}Hbft x'G5 eg] cGo AolQmsf] nflu eg] ;f] x|f; of]Uo ;DklQ dflgG5 .
pTkfbgsf] l;nl;nfdf sfo{ k|ult -Work-in-progress_ df /x]sf ;DklQ klg
Jofkfl/s df}Hbft cGtu{t kb{5g\ .
s'g} a}+sn] ljb]zL d'b|f / ofq'r]s cfkm\gf] df}Hbftdf /fv]sf /x]5g\ eg] o:tf] ljb]zL
d'b|f / ljb]zL d'b|fsf] ofq' r]snfO{ Jofkf/Ls df}Hbft gdflgsg j}b]lzs ;DklQ
-Foreign Currency Assets_ dflgG5 .
-s 6_ Joj;flos ;DklQ
Joj;flos ;DklQ eGgfn] s'g} Joj;fodf k|of]u ul/Psf] s'g} ;DklQ ;Demg'
k5{ .
t/ o; zAbn] Jofkfl/s df}Hbft jf Joj;fosf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQnfO{ hgfpFg] 5}g .
Joj;flos ;DklQdf Jofkfl/s df}Hbft jf Joj;fosf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ afx]s cGo
;DklQ, h:t} z]o/, hUuf, lng' kg]{ /sd, k]ZsL lx;fa, gub tyf a}+s df}Hbft cfbL
kb{5g\ . :ki6 zJbdf eGg'kb{f Joj;fosf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] Jofkf/ df}Hbft /
x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ jfx]ssf] ;a} ;DklQ Joj;flos ;DklQ x'G5 . Aoa;flos ;DklQ

32

tyf cGo ;DklQsf] t'ngfTds ca:yf o;} kl/R5]bsf] a'+bf # -s w_ df pNn]lvt

;DklQsf] k|sf/ (Category) bzf{pg] AofVof lrqaf6 ;d]t :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 .
-s 7_ ljt/0f
ljt/0f eGgfn] bkmf %# df pNn]v eP adf]lhd s'g} lgsfojf6 x'g] ljt/0f
;Demg' k5{ .
;fdfGotofM lxtflwsf/L tyf lgsfo lar Arms Length sf] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df
ul/g] sf/f]af/ -n]gb]gsf] Joj;flos sf/f]af/_ / ;f];+u ;DalGwt e'QmfgL afx]s
cGo e'QmfgLnfO{ lgsfoaf6 x'g] lat/0f dflgG5 . P]gsf] bkmf %# df lgsfosf]
d'gfkmfsf] lat/0f tyf k"+hL lkmtf{sf] ca:yfx? :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 . To:t}
;fdfGotofM s'g} lgsfosf] ljt/0fn] ;f] lgsfosf] ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] d"No 36fpg]
ePdf dfq To:tf] ljt/0f d'gfkmfsf] ljt/0f jf k"FhLsf] lkmtf{ dflgg]5 . o;}
kl/R5]bsf] a'+bf @=@ -If_ df lgsfo af6 x'g] d'gfkmfsf] lat/0fsf ca:yf AofVof
ul/Psf] 5 .
lgsfoaf6 x'g] lat/0f ;DaGwL yk AofVof o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !# df ul/Psf]
5.
-s 7!_ ljB'lto dfWod
ljB'lto dfWod eGgfn] sDKo"6/, kmofS;, Od]n, OG6/g]6, ljB'lto Sof; d]lzg,
lkm:sn lk|G6/ ;Demg' kb{5 / ;f] zJbn] ljefun] tf]s]sf cGo :jLs[t dfWodnfO{
;d]t hgfpF5 .
-s 8_ ljb]z k7fPsf] cfo
ljb]z k7fPsf] cfo eGgfn] u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmsf] g]kfn l:yt bkmf ^*
adf]lhdsf] ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgn] ljb]z k7fpg' kg]{ cfo a}+s dfkm{t ljb]z
k7fPsf] jf cGo s'g} klg tl/sfn] e'QmfgL u/]sf] /sd ;Demg' k5{ .
Joj;fo jf nufgLsf ;Gbe{df u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmsf] g]kfndf :yfoL ;+:yfkg x'g
;Sb5g\ . u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmsf] g]kfnl:yt s'g} ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgsf] cfodf
nfUg] s/ bflvnf ug{] lhDd]jf/L ;f]xL ;+:yfkgsf] x'g]5 . o:tf ;+:yfkg g]kfnsf]
k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd :jtGq lgsfo x'g] eP tfklg o:tf ;+:yfkgn] cfkm} :jtGq
?kdf d'gfkmf cfbL lat/0f ug{ ;Sb}gg\ / cfkm'n] sdfPsf] d'gfkmf ;DalGwt Parent
Company -u}/ afl;Gbf_ df k7fpg] u5{g\ . To:tf] /sdnfO{ ljb]z k7fPsf] cfo
dflgG5 . u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmsf] g]kfnl:yt ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgn] s'g} cfo jif{df
ljb]z k7fPsf] cfo ;f] ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgn] ;f] jif{df ljt/0f u/]sf] nfef+z
/sd a/fa/ x'g]5 .
pbfx/0f @=@^M dfgf}+, Global Life Insurance Company sf] zfvf sfof{no
g]kfnsf] ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 O{hfht lnO{ g]kfndf Aoazfo ;+rfng u/L /x]sf]
u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmsf] g]kfn l:yt :yfoL ;+:yfkg xf] . pQm lgsfon] g]kfndf
nufgL jLdf Joj;fo u/L cfh]{sf] d'gfkmf ;f] sDkgL cfkm}n] lat/0f ug{
gldn]sf] sf/0f To:tf] /sd cfkm\gf] Parent Company nfO{ k7fPsf] v08df pQm
/sd lab]zdf k7fPsf] cfo dflgG5 / To:tf] ljb]zdf k7fpg] cfodf %
k|ltztsf b/n] s/ sL u/L af+sL /sd dfq} e'QmfgL ug'{ kb{5 .
33

-s 9_

-s 0f_

-s t_

-s y_

-s b_

ljb]zL cfos/
ljb]zL cfos/ eGgfn] s'g} ljb]zL d'n'sn] nufPsf] bkmf ^( sf] pkbkmf -*_ df
plNnlvt ljb]zL cfos/ ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] s'g} ljb]zL d'n'sn] nufPsf]
clGtd ?kdf sL x'g] s/ ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 .
ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkg
ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkg eGgfn] v08 -e_ sf] pkv08 -%_ adf]lhdsf] lgsfo
;Demg' k5{ .
ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkg eGgfn] cfkm" afl;Gbf ePsf] d'n'sdf cjl:yt g/x]sf]
lgsfonfO{ a'emfp5 . h:t}, American Life Insurance Company, USA sf] g]kfn
l:yt zfvf sfof{no lab]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkg xf] .
ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgsf ;DaGwdf yk AofVof o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !$ df
ul/Psf] 5 .
ljefu
ljefu eGgfn] cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu ;Demg' k5{ .
P]gsf] bkmf &@ adf]lhd 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no, cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nox? /
s/bftf ;]jf sfof{nox? ;d]t laefus} csf ?kdf lnOPsf] 5 / laefu eGgfn]
tL sfof{nox?nfO{ ;d]t hgfpb5 .
j}b]lzs d'b|fdf /x]sf] ;DklQ
j}b]lzs d'b|fdf /x]sf] ;DklQ eGgfn] g]kfnL ?k}ofFafx]s cGo ljb]zL d'b|fdf /x]sf]
;DklQ ;Demg' k5{ .
:yfoL ;+:yfkg
:yfoL ;+:yfkg eGgfn] s'g} JolQmn] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{
:yfg ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] b]xfosf :yfg ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 M
-!_ Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ ;fdfGo qmddf :jtGq x}l;otn] sfo{ ug]{ ;fwf/0f
Ph]06 afx]s s'g} Ph]06 dfkm{t s'g} JolQmn] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf Joj;fo
ug]{ :yfg,
-@_ s'g} JolQmsf] d'Vo pks/0f jf d'Vo d]lzg/L /x]sf] jf k|of]u u/]sf] jf h8fg
u/]sf] :yfg,
-#_ s'g} afx| dlxgfsf] cjlwdf Ps} k6s jf k6sk6s u/L gAa] lbgeGbf a9L
s'g} JolQmn] sd{rf/Ldfkm{t jf cGo k|sf/n] k|fljlws, Joj;flos jf k/fdz{
;]jf k|bfg u/]sf] s'g} b]zsf] Ps jf PseGbf a9L :yfg, jf
-$_ s'g} JolQmn] gAa] lbg jf ;f]eGbf a9L ;do;Dd lgdf{0f ug]{, h8fg ug]{ jf
:yfkgf ug]{ cfof]hgfdf ;+nUg /x]sf] :yfg tyf ;f] cfof]hgfsf] ;'kl/j]If0f
;DaGwL ls|ofsnfkx? ;+rfng u/]sf] :yfg .
AolQmn] cfkm\gf] Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ :yfg (Fixed Place) nfO{ :yfoL ;+:yfkg
(Permanent Establishment) elgG5 . :yfoL ;+:yfkgsf] s/ Jojxf/sf nflu ljb]zL
:yfoL ;+:yfkgsf] ?kdf x]l/g' kb{5 . ljb]zL JolQmsfnflu lgDg cj:yfdf sf/f]jf/
ug]{ :yfg ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgsf] ?kdf /xG5M
34

 Joj;fo ug]{ :yfg (Fixed Place) M u}/ jfl;Gbfn] g]kfndf Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{
u/L h'g;'s} k|sf/n] :yfkgf u/]sf] ;+/rgf :yfoL ;+:yfkg xf] . o:tf] ;+/rgfdf
zfvf, km\ofS6|L, js{;k, Joj:yfkg :yn, t]n s'jf, vfgL, Uof+; s'jf, s[lif jf
jg:ktL kmfd{, cfbL kb{5g\ . u}/ afl;Gbfsf] g]kfndf /x]sf] Joj;fo ug]{ :yfg
(Fixed Place) af6 ul/Psf] Joj;fo :yfoL ;+:yfkg x'g p;sf] a;fO{ cjlw
u0fgf ug'{ kb}{g .
pbfx/0f @=@&M dfgf}+, American Sport Inc. n] cfkm\gf] ;fdfg g]kfndf laqmL
lat/0f ug]{ p2]Zon] b/jf/dfu{df zfvf sfof{no vf]n]sf] /x]5 . cfos/ P]g,
@)%* df lgsfo jf k|fs[lts JolQmnfO{ s/ nfUg] Joj:yf ul/Ptf klg u}/
jfl;Gbfsf] zfvfdfq ePklg :yfoL ;+:yfkgsf] ?kdf s/ nfUb5 .
:yfg k|wfg /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] ;+/rgf slt lbg g]kfndf k|efjsf/L /Xof]
u0fgf ul/ /xg kb{}g .
dfly pNn]v ul/Psf Fixed Place Based :yfoL ;+:yfkg jfx]s lgDg sfo{df ;+nUg
/x]sf u}/ jfl;Gbf ;d]t g]kfndf :yfoL ;+:yfkg /x]sf] dflgG5 .
Ph]G;L :yfoL ;+:yfkg (Agency PE) M Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ ;fdfGo qmddf
:jtGq x}l;otn] sfo{ ug]{ ;fwf/0f Ph]06 afx]s s'g} Ph]06 dfkm{t s'g} JolQmsf]
k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf Joj;fo ug]{ :yfg g]kfndf ePdf ;f] Ph]G6dfkm{t ul/Psf]
sfdsf] :yfg :yfoL ;+:yfkg xf] . :jtGq Ph]G6n] u/]sf] sfd eg] :yfoL
;+:yfkg dflgb}g . cGt/fli6o Joj;fodf ;f] ljb]zLn] s'g} s/f/ ug{ clwsf/
lbPsf] :yfgLo Ph]G6n] ;f] clwsf/ ;fdfGo :j?kdf g} cfkm\gf] Principal sf]
gfddf s/f/ u/L k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] Ph]G;L :jtGq x}l;ot
afx]ssf] Ph]G6 (Dependent Agent) dflgG5 .
pbfx/0f @=@&=!M dfgf}+, American Sport Inc. n] cfkm\gf] ;fdfg g]kfndf laqmL
lat/0f ug]{ p2]Zon] g]kfnsf] afl;Gbf Amco Sports Pvt. Ltd. nfO{ lat/s
lgo"Qm u/]sf] /x]5 / Amco Sports Pvt. Ltd. n] cfkm\gf] ;fdfg ;f] cd]l/sL
sDkgLaf6 cfoft u/L cfkm\g} hf]lvd / b/ ljZn]if0fdf cfkm} b/ lgwf{/0f u/L
;fdfg ljlqm ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . ljlqmsf nflu g]kfndf cfoft ul/Psf] ;f] ;fdfgdf
cd]l/sL sDkgLsf] :jfldTj, ljlqm d"No jf ;DefJo u|fxssf ;DaGwdf s'g}
k|ltjGw jf ljz]if ;xof]u x'b}g, s]jn ;f] cd]l/sL sDkgLn] g]kfndf ;fdfg
k7fpbf Amco Sports Pvt. Ltd. dfkm{t k7fO lbG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf Amco
Sports Pvt. Ltd. sf] Joj;fodf cd]l/sL sDkgLsf] ;xof]u b]lvPtf klg cfkm\gf]
sf/f]jf/ ;+rfngdf k"0f{?kdf :jtGq ePsfn] ;fdfGo cfoftstf{ dfq xf] . o;
cj:yfdf Amco Sports Pvt. Ltd. cd]l/sL sDkgLsf] g]kfnL :yfoL ;+:yfkg
xf]Og .
;f]xL pbfx/0fdf Amco Sports Pvt. Ltd. n] ug]{ ljlqmsf] b/ cd]l/sL sDkgLn]
tf]Sg] / gfkmf 3f6f cd]l/sL sDkgLn] Joxf]g]{ u/L sf/f]jf/ ug]{ Ph]G;L
Dependent Agent sf] ?kdf :yfoL ;+:yfkg dflgG5 . Dependent Agent x'g
3f]if0ff jf sfuhft eGbf klg Jojxf/ k|wfg x'G5 . Dependent Agent n]
cfkm\gf] d"n sDkgLsf] :yfoL ;+:yfkgsf] sf/f]jf/ / ;f] sf/f]jf/af6 cfkm"n]

35

kfpg] sldzg jf cGo k|sf/sf] k|ltkmn ;lxtsf] cfkm\gf] sf/f]jf/sf] j]Unfj]Un}

cfo ljj/0f a'emfpg' kb{5 .
;]jf k|bfg ug]{ :yfoL ;+:yfkg (Service PE) M u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQmn] g]kfndf ;]jf
k|bfg ug]{ u/]sf]df cfo jif{sf] s]xL cjlw cfkm\gf sd{rf/L k7fO{ jf cGo
k|ltlgwL4f/f ;]jf k|bfg u/]sf] x'g ;Qm5 . sd{rf/L jf k|ltlgwL k7fPsf]
cj:yfdf ;fdfg ljqmL jf pTkfbg h:tf] tf]lsPsf] Ps} cfwf/ v8f eO{ Joj;fo
;+rfng ePsf] klg b]lvb}g . t/ u}/ jfl;Gbfn] cfkm\g} sd{rf/L k7fO{ jf cGo
k|ltlglwTjsf] t/Lsfaf6 g]kfndf ;]jf Joj;fo -k|fljlws, Joj;flos jf k/fdz{
;]jf jf To:t} k|sf/sf ;]jf_ u/]sf] cj:Yffdf lgh sd{rf/L jf k|ltlgwLsf] j;fO{
hDdf cjlw x/]s j;fO{ /x]sf lbgsf] ljut !@ dlxgfsf] cjlwsf] () lbg (90
days stay in moving 365 days ) k'u]df ;f] a;fO{sf] cfwf/df ;]jf k|bfg ug]{
JolQm :yfoL ;+:yfkg x'G5 .
pbfx/0f @=@&=@M dfgf}+, American Sport Inc. n] g]kfndf v]ns'bsf] cGt/fli6o
cj;/ ;DalGw cg';Gwfgsf] sfd kfPsf] /x]5 . p;n] ;f] sfd ;DkGg ug{ @
sd{rf/L k7fO{ hgj/L ! b]lv #% lbg sfd u/]5g\ . k'gM af+sL sfd ;DkGg ug{
h'nfO{df #) lbg / l8;]Dj/df ^) lbg @ hgf sd{rf/L g]kfndf a;L sfd
u/]sf /x]5g\ . American Sport Inc. sf] sd{rf/Lx?n] sfd ;DkGg ug{ g]kfn
a;fO{ ljut !@ dlxgfsf] cjlwsf] () lbg (90 days stay in moving 365 days )
k'u]sfn] ;f] American Sport Inc. :yfoL ;+:yfkg ePsf] dflgG5 .
lgdf{0f / h8fg ;DalGw :yfoL ;+:yfkg (Construction PE) M u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQmn]
g]kfndf s'g} lgdf{0f, h8fg jf :yfkgf ug]{ ;DalGw sfd u/]sf] jf ;f] ;+u
cg';f+lus ;]jf k|bfg u/]s]f cj:yfdf ;f] lgdf{0f, h8fg jf :yfkgf ug]{ :yfgdf
;f] u}/ jfl;Gbfsf] pkl:ytL lg/Gt/ () lbg jf ;f]eGbf a9L ePdf ;f] lgdf{0f,
h8fg jf :yfkgf :yfg g} :yfoL ;+:yfkg x'G5 .
pbfx/0f @=@&=#M dfgf}+, Singapore Construction Company n] d]nDrL
cfof]hgfsf] 6g]nsf] n]bf] ;'sfpg] sfo{sf nflu !)) lbgsf] sfof{b]z kfP5 .
pQm sDkgLn] cfk\mgf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ % hgf sd{rf/L k7fPsf] /x]5 / tL
sd{rf/Lx?n] tf]lsPsf] sfo{ (% lbg leq ;DkGg u/]sf /x]5g\ . o; cj:yfdf
Singapore Construcion Company n] g]kfndf nuftf/ () lbg eGbf a9L ;+nUg
/xL sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/]sf]n] :yfoL ;+:yfkg dflgG5 .
-s w_ ;DklQ
;DklQ eGgfn] s'g} klg lsl;dsf] d"t{ jf cd"t{ ;DklQ ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn]
d'b|f, Voflt, k|ljlw 1fg, hfoh]yf, s'g} JolQmsf] ljb]zL zfvfdf /x]sf] :jfldTj jf
lxt, cfDbfgL ug]{ jf eljiodf cfDbfgL k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ / s'g} To:tf] ;DklQsf]
s'g} efu ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 .
;DklQsf] ca:yf Pj+ cfos/ k|of]hgsf] lgldQ tL ;DklQsf] ;fdfGo sf/f]af/ tyf
lg;u{df x'g] Aoa:yf tnsf] tflnsfaf6 k|i6 kfl/Psf] 5 .

36

k|sf/

Jofkfl/s df}Hbft
bkmf @ -s `_

x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ
bkmf @ -s /_

Jofjzflos ;DklQ
bkmf @ -s 6_

xf]Og eg]

xf]Og eg]

xf]Og eg]

x|f;vr{ -bkmf !( /
cg';"lr @_ /
x|f;sL cfwf/eGbf
j9L ePsf] vr{
-cg';"lr @ sf] $ @_ -v__ sL ug{
kfOg]
x|f;sL cfwf/eGbf
j9L ePsf] cfo bkmf & -@_ -3_, (
-@_ -u_, cg'r"lr @
sf] cg'= $-@_
s__ nfO{ cfodf
;dfj]z ul/g]

v'b nfenfO{ cfo

dflgg]
bkmf & -@_ -u_

;fdfGo k|fKt /sd

ca:yf cfodf ;dfj]z
ul/g]
bkmf & -@_ -v_

lgM;u{
x'+bf
ul/g]
Jojxf/

Jofkfl/s
df}Hbftsf] nfut
vr{jfkt s6\6f
ul/g], bkmf !%

v'b gf]S;fg jfkt

vr{ s6\6f ug{
gkfOg]

u}/ Jofjzflos
s/of]Uo ;DklQ
bkmf @ -w_

cGo
;DklQ

xf]Og eg]
v'b nfenfO{ cfo
dflgg]
bkmf ( -@_-v_

v'b gf]S;fg
jfkt vr{ s6\6f
ug{ gkfOg]

cfos/df
s'g} c;/
kfb}{g

-s g_ ;Da4 JolQm
;Da4 JolQm eGgfn] Ps csf]{ JolQmsf] dg;fo cg';f/ sfd ug]{ Ps jf PseGbf
a9L JolQm jf To:tf JolQmx?sf] ;d"x ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] b]xfosf JolQmx?
;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 M
-!_ k|fs[lts JolQm / ;f] JolQmsf] gft]bf/ jf s'g} JolQm jf ;f] JolQmsf] ;fem]bf/,
-@_ ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkg / ;f] ;+:yfkgdf :jfldTj ePsf] JolQm, /
-#_ s'g} lgsfo cfkm} jf cfkm";+u ;DalGwt cGo JolQm jf ;xof]uL lgsfo jf
To:tf ;xof]uL lgsfo;+u ;DalGwt cGo s'g} JolQm jf lgsfo;+u ldn]/ s'g}
lgsfosf] cfo, k"FhL jf dtflwsf/sf] krf; k|ltzt jf ;f]eGbf a9L lx:;f
lgoGq0f ug]{ jf ;f]af6 kmfObf k|fKt ug{] lgsfo .
t/ b]xfosf JolQm ;Da4 JolQm x'g] 5}g M
-!_ sd{rf/L,
-@_ ljefun] ;Da4 JolQm xf]Og egL tf]s]sf] JolQm .
Ps AolQmsf] dg;fo cg';f/ csf]{ AolQmn] sf/]af/ ug]{ jf u/]sf] dflgg] k|aGw
ePsf] ca:yf ePdf To:tf] AolQmnfO{ ;Da4 JolQm (Associated Person) elgG5 .
cfos/ k|of]hgsf] lgldQ s'g} AolQmnfO{ ug'{ kg]{ e'QmfgL lghsf] ;Da4 JolQmnfO{
u/]sf] 5 eg] To:tf] e'QmfgL lghnfO{ g} u/] ;/x dflgg] Aoa:yf 5 . lgDg
cj:yfsf JolQmx? Ps cfk;df ;Da4 JolQm x'g\ M
gft]bf/ M ;a} gft]bf/x? ;f] k|fs[lts JolQmsfnflu ;Da4 JolQm x'g\ .

37

 ;fem]bf/ M ;fem]bf/L kmd{ / ;f] ;fem]bf/L kmd{sf ;fem]bf/x? Ps cfk;df ;Da4

JolQm x'g\ .
pbfx/0f @=@&=$M dfgf}+, /fdljgf]b ;fem]bf/L kmd{sf ;fem]bf/ /fd / ljgf]b x'g .
o:tf] cj:yfdf cGo ;DaGw gePtf klg ;f] ;fem]bf/Lsfnflu /fd / ljgf]b b'j}
;Da4 JolQm x'g\ . ;fem]bf/Lsf sf/0f gft]bf/ gePtf klg /fd / ljgf]b
k/:k/df klg ;Da4 JolQm x'g .

:yfoL ;:yfkg M ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkg / ;f] ;+:yfkgdf :jfldTj ePsf] u}/
afl;Gbf JolQm k/:k/ ;Da4 JolQm x'g\ .
cGt/ ;DalGwt lgoGqs M s'g} lgsfo cfkm} jf cfkm";+u ;DalGwt cGo JolQm
jf ;xof]uL lgsfo jf To:tf ;xof]uL lgsfo;+u ;DalGwt cGo s'g} JolQm jf
lgsfo;+u ldn]/ s'g} lgsfosf] cfo, k"FhL jf dtflwsf/sf] krf; k|ltzt jf
;f]eGbf a9L lx:;f lgoGq0f ug]{ jf ;f]af6 kmfObf k|fKt ug{] lgsfo .
pbfx/0f @=@&=%M dfgf}+, /fd ljgf]b ;fem]bf/L kmd{sf ;fem]bf/ /fd / ljgf]b
x'g . ;f] ;fem]bf/L afx]s /fd / ljgf]bn] g]kfn sDkgL lnld6]8df #% . #%
k|ltzt z]o/ lnPsf /x]5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf cGo ;DaGw gePtf klg ;f]
g]kfn sDkgL lnld6]8sfnflu /fd / ljgf]b b'j} ;Da4 JolQm x'g\ . ;fem]bf/L jf
sDkgLsf] Psn lgoGq0f gePtf klg /fd / ljgf]b k/:k/df klg ;Da4 JolQm
x'g\ .
pbfx/0f @=@&=^M dfgf}+ g]kfn sDkgLdf /fd, /fdsL >LdtL, /fdsf elthf,
ljgf]b / ljgf]bsf] gftL k|To]sn] !% k|ltzt z]o/ lnPsf /x]5g\ . /fd / ljgf]b
Ps kmd{sf ;fem]bf/ x'g\ . To;}n] ;fem]bf/Lsf sf/0f /fd / ljgf]b ;Da4 JolQm
x'g\ . gft]bf/Lsf sf/0f cGo JolQmx? ls t /fdsf ls ljgf]bsf ;Da4 JolQm
5g\ . o;y{ g]kfn sDkgLsf] &% k|ltzt -lgoGq0f ug]{]_ z]o/ ;Da4 JolQmx?n]
lnPsfn] x/]s JolQm ;Da4 JolQm x'g\ .

38

pbfx/0f @=@&=&M dfgf}+ sf7df8f+} sDkgLn] ^) k|ltzt / eQmk'/ sDkgLn] $)

k|ltzt z]o/ lnP/ k"lj{ pkTosf sDkgL vf]n]sf /x]5g\ . z]o/df lgoGq0f ePsfn]
sf7df08f} sDkgL / k"jL{ pkTosf sDkgL ;Da4 JolQm eP . pkTosf sDkgLsf]
$) k|ltzt k"jL{ pkTosf, $) k|ltzt nlntk'/ sDkgL / @) k|ltzt sf7df08f}
sDkgLn] z]o/ k|fKt u/]df ;f] pkTosf sDkgL, k"jL{ pkTosf sDkgL / sf7df8f}+
sDkgL k/:k/ ;Da4 JolQm x'G5g\ .
pbfx/0f @=@&=*M dfgf}+ s lnld6]8sf v ln= -%@ k|ltzt_ / u ln= -^) k|ltzt_
b'O{ j6f ;xfos sDkgL 5g\ . u ln= n] 6 ln= sf] %@ k|ltzt z]o/ vl/b u/]sf]
/x]5 . v ln=, u ln= / 6 ln= k|To]sn] k ln= sf] !* k|ltztsf b/n] z]o/ vl/b
u/]sf /x]5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf x/]s sDkgLx? ;Da4 JolQm dflgG5g\ .
s ln=
v ln=

u ln=

52%

60%

6 ln=
52%

k ln=
k|To]ssf] 18%

dflysf] z]o/ ;+/rgfdf lgDgfg';f/ lgoGq0f cg'kft / cfo cg'kft /x]sf] x'G5M
lgoGq0f
v ln=
u ln=
6 ln=
k ln=

;Da4 JolQmx?
52%
60%
52%
54%

s, v, u, 6, k
-cyf{t ;j} ;Da4 JolQm x'g_

k|efjsf/L lgoGq0f -s
;d"x_
52%
60%
31%
30%

-s g!_ ;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfo

;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfo eGgfn] s'g} JolQmsf] s'g} cfojif{sf] s/ of]Uo cfosf]
u0fgf ubf{ bkmf !@ adf]lhd s'g} /sd g36fO{ tyf bkmf !$ sf] pkbkmf -@_, bkmf
!& jf !* adf]lhd sL gu/L u0fgf ul/Psf] s/of]Uo cfo ;Dg' k5{ .

39

s/of]Uo cfo (Taxable Income) u0fgf ubf{ Joj;fo Pj+ nufgLsf] cfo u0fgf ug]{]
;Gbe{df vr{ sL bfaL ug]{ Pj+ rGbf 5'6 bfaL ug{ kfpg] Aoa:yf 5 . To:t}
kfl/>ldssf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ rGbf 5'6 bfaL ug{ kfpg] Aoa:yf 5 . o;/L bkmf !$
sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] Aofh, bkmf !& adf]lhdsf] k|b"if0f lgoGq0f vr{ jf bkmf !*
adf]lhd cg';Gwfg / ljsf; vr{ sL bfaL gul/Psf] tyf bkmf !@ adf]lhdsf]
rGbf vr{ 5'6 bfaL gul/Psf] cfonfO{ ;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfo (Adjusted Taxable
Income) elgG5 . ;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfo lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ul/G5 .
rGbfsf] ;Ldf u0fgf ug{{M rGbfsf] /sd g36fPsf] t/ ;Ldf u0fgf gu/L bkmf !$@_, !& / !* sf] vr{ sL lbOPsf] s/of]Uo cfo
Jofhsf] ;Ldf u0fgf ug{{M rGbf tyf bkmf !$-@_ sf] /sd sL gu/]sf] t/ ;Ldf
u0fgf gu/L bkmf !& / !* sf] vr{ sL lbOPsf] s/of]Uo cfo
k|b'if0f lgoGq0f vr{sf] ;Ldf u0fgf ug{{M rGbf tyf bkmf !&-@_ sf] /sd sL
gu/]sf] t/ ;Ldf u0fgf gu/L bkmf !$-@_ / !* sf] vr{ sL lbOPsf] s/of]Uo cfo
cg';Gwfg / ljsf; vr{sf] ;Ldf u0fgf ug{{M rGbf tyf bkmf !*-@_ sf] /sd sL
gu/]sf] t/ ;Ldf u0fgf gu/L bkmf !$-@_ / !& sf] vr{ sL lbOPsf] s/of]Uo cfo
;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfosf] u0fgf ;DaGwL pbfx/0f o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !* df
ul/Psf] 5 .
-s k_ ;fem]bf/L
;fem]bf/L eGgfn] jL;hgf eGbf sd ;fem]bf/ eO{ k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd btf{
eP jf gePsf] kmd{ ;Demg' k5{ .
t/ o; zAbn] btf{ ePsf] jf gePsf] Psnf}6L kmd{ jf ;+o'Qm pBdnfO{ hgfpFg]
5}g .
;fem]bf/L kmd{ btf{ ePsf] jf gePsf] h] ePtf klg a9Ldf !( hgf;Dd ;fem]bf/
/xg ;Qm5g\ . ;f]eGbf a9L ;fem]bf/ ePdf o:tf] ;fem]bf/L kmd{ s/ k|of]hgsf nflu
sDkgL ;/x dflgG5 .
-s km_ ;fdfGo jLdf
;fdfGo jLdf eGgfn] nufgL jLdf afx]ssf jLdf ;Demg' k5{ .
;fdfGotofM ;fdfGo jLdf eGgfn] 5f]6f] cawLsf]nflu ul/g] jLdf a'lemG5 . h:t},
Transit Insurance, Accidental Insurance, Medical Insurance, Fire Insurance, Motor
Insurance, Engineering Insurance, cfbL .

;fdfGo jLdf ;DaGwL la:t[t AofVof o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !( df ul/Psf] 5 .

-s a_ ;fdfGo Jofh b/
;fdfGo Jofh b/ eGgfn] jflif{s kGw| k|ltztsf] Jofhsf] b/ ;Demg' k5{ .
-s e_ :jLs[t cjsfz sf]if
:jLs[t cjsfz sf]if eGgfn] bkmf ^# sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ljefuaf6 :jLs[lt
k|fKt u/]sf] cjsfz sf]if ;Demg' k5{ .

40

laefuaf6 casfz sf]if ;+rfng ug{ l:js[tL lnPsf cjsfz sf]if, sd{rf/L
;+rosf]if / gful/s nufgL sf]ifn] ;+rfng u/]sf cjsfz sf]ifnfO{ :jLs[t casfz
sf]if elgG5 . To:t} laefuaf6 l:js[tL glnO{ casfz sf]if ;+rfng ug]{ lgsfonfO{
:jLs[t glnPsf] casfz sf]if jf c:jLs[t casfz sf]if elgG5 .
:jLs[t casfz sf]ifsf] ;DaGwdf o; lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !@ df lj:t[t JofVof
ul/Psf]5 .
-s d_ ;]jf z'Ns
;]jf z'Ns eGgfn] s'g} JolStn] pknAw u/fPsf] ;]jf afkt lghnfO{ ahf/ d"No
cg';f/ e'StfgL ul/Psf] s'g} z'Ns ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] sldzg, j}7s eQf,
Joj:yfkg z'Ns jf k|fljlws ;]jf z'NsnfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 .
;]jf z'Ns eGgfn] s'g} JolStn] pknAw u/fPsf] ;]jf afkt lghnfO{ ahf/ d"No
cg';f/ e'StfgL ul/Psf] s'g} z'Ns ;Demg' k5{ . ;f] zAbn] sldzg, j}7s eQf,
Joj:yfkg z'Ns (Management Fee), k|fljlws ;]jf z'Ns (Technical Service Fee)
nfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, k/fdz{bftfnfO{ lghn] ;]jf pknAw u/fP
afkt lbO{g] e'QmfgL (Consultancy Fee), n]vf kl/If0f ;]jf pknAw u/fP afkt n]vf
kl/IfsnfO{ lbO{g] kfl/>lds . t/ cfGtl/s n]vfkl/Ifs sd{rf/L eP lghnfO{ lbO{g]
kfl/>lds eg] tna cGtu{t kb{5 . To:t} laqmL k|aGwsf] nflu lgo"Qm Ph]06
(Sales Agent) nfO{ lbO{g] sldzg ;]jf z'Ns x'G5 eg] laqmLsf] nIf xfl;n u/]
afkt tf]lsPsf sd{rf/LnfO{ pknAw x'g] sldzg eg] kfl/>lds cGtu{t kb{5 .
-s o_ z]o/jfnf
z]o/jfnf eGgfn] s'g} sDkgLsf] lxtflwsf/L JolSt ;Demg' k5{ .
-s /_ x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ
x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ eGgfn] s'g} Joj;fo jf nufgLdf cfo cfh{gsf] nflu k|of]u
ul/Psf 6'6k'm6, k"/fgf] x'+b} uPsf] jf ;do JotLt x'b} uPsf] sf/0faf6 d"Nodf x|f;
x'g] ;DklQ ;Demg' k5{ .
t/ o; zAbn] Jofkfl/s df}HbftnfO{ hgfpFg] 5}g .
;do Pj+ pkef]usf cfwf/df vr{ jf 6'6k'm6 eP/ hfg] ;DklQnfO{ x|f; of]Uo
;DklQ dflgG5 . AolQmsf] Joj;fosf] k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df o:tf] a:t'sf] pbfx/0f
km/s km/s x'g ;Sb5 . h:t}, kmlg{r/ lsga]r ug]{ AolQmsf] nflu kmlg{r/
Jofkfl/s df}Hbft x'G5 eg] cGo Joj;fo jf nufgLdf To;sf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 eg]
;f] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ dflgG5 . ;fdfGotofM ;do Pj+ pkef]usf cfwf/df vr{ jf
6'6k'm6 eP/ hfg] ;DklQsf] pkef]u u/L cfo cfh{g ug]{ sfo{ ePsf] 5 eg] To:tf]
;DklQnfO{ x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ elgG5 .
-s n_ lxtflwsf/L
lxtflwsf/L eGgfn] s'g} lgsfodf v08 -d_ adf]lhdsf] lxt ePsf] JolQm ;Demg'
k5{ .
P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -d_ df lgsfodf /x]sf] lxtsf ;DaGwdf Aoa:yf ul/Psf]5 .
h; cg';f/ lgsfodf /x]sf] lxt eGgfn] s'g} lgsfosf] cfo jf k"+hL k|fKt ug]{
41

;f+of]lus -slG6Gh]G6_ clwsf/ ;d]tsf] clwsf/ ;Demg' k5{ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu

lxtflwsf/L eGgfn] ;fem]bf/L kmd{df ;f] kmd{sf] ;fem]bf/, l;ldt bfloTj ePsf]
sDkgLdf z]o/xf]N8/, casfz sf]ifdf ;f] sf]ifsf nufgLstf{ -cjsfz of]ubfg ug]{
k|fs[lts AolQm_, ;+o'Qm pBdsf ;fem]bf/, :yfoL ;+:yfkgdf :jfldTj ePsf]
AolQmnfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 .
-s j_ tf]lsPsf] jf tf]lsPadf]lhd
tf]lsPsf] jf tf]lsP adf]lhd eGgfn] o; P]g cGtu{t jg]sf] lgodx?df
tf]lsPsf] jf tf]lsP adf]lhd ;Demg' k5{ .
P]gdf tf]lsPsf] jf tf]lsP adf]lhd egL pNn]v ePsf] cj:yfdf g]kfn
;/sf/n] lgodfjnL agfO{ tf]Sg' kg]{ x'G5 . ;f] cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfos/
lgodfjnL, @)%( hf/L u/L tf]Sg' kg]{ ljifo a:t'x? ;f]xL lgodfjnLdf tf]s]sf] 5 .
o;/L lgodfjnLdf tf]lsPsf ljifoj:t'x? P]gsf] c+usf] ?kdf lnOG5 .

42

kl/R%]b 3

cfo, gf]S;fgL, nfe / e'QmfgLsf] >f]t

(Source of Income, Loss, Gain and Payment)

#=!

#=@

cfos/ P]g, @)%* df cfo cfh{g ug]{ JolQmnfO{ cfos/ nufO{g] Aoa:yf 5 . s/
nufpg] k|of]hgsf] nflu j;f]af;sf] cj:yf (Residential Status) Pj+ cfosf]
>f]tnfO{ d'Vo cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 . afl;Gbf JolQmn] ;+;f/e/ hxf+ cfo cfh{g u/]sf]
ePtfklg g]kfndf cfos/ ltg'{ kg]{ Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 . u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQmn] g]kfndf
cfo cfh{g u/]sf] jf g]kfn >f]t dflgg] cfodf dfq s/ ltg'{ kg]{ Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 .
afl;Gbf JolQmsf] a}b]lzs cfo 5 eg] a}b]lzs cfo ePsf] b]zdf s/ nfu] klg jf
s/ gnfu] klg Toxf+af6 cflh{t cfodf g]kfndf s/ nfUb5 . o;/L g]kfndf ePsf]
/ ljb]zdf ePsf] cfo u0fgf ug{ s:tf] s:tf] cfo jf vr{ g]kfnsf] >f]t dflgg] /
s:tf] s:tf] cfo jf vr{ ljb]zL >f]t dflgg] eGg] ;DaGwdf :ki6 ug'{ o;
kl/R5]bsf] d'Vo p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf s/ nufpg] cfwf/
cfos/ P]g, @)%* n] g]kfnsf jfl;Gbfx?sf] ;++;f/e/sf] cfodf g]kfndf s/ nfUg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t/ u}x| jfl;Gbfsf] xsdf eg] g]kfndf >f]t ePsf] cfodf dfq
s/ nfUg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf # df s/sf] cfwf/ cGt/ut s'g} JolQmnfO{
lgDgfg';f/ s/ nufpg] Joj:yf 5 M
#= b]xfosf k|To]s JolStnfO{ k|To]s cfo jif{df o; P]g adf]lhd s/ nufO{
c;"npk/ ul/g]5 M
-s_ s'g} cfo jif{df s/of]Uo cfo ePsf] JolQm,
-v_ bkmf ^* sf] pkbkmf -#_ / -$_ adf]lhd s'g} cfo jif{sf] cfo ljb]zdf
k7fpg] u}/afl;Gbf JolStsf] g]kfndf cjl:yt ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkg, /
-u_ s'g} cfo jif{df clGtd ?kdf s/ sL eO{ e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ JolQm .
pk/f]Qm cg';f/ afl;Gbf JolQmsf] xsdf v08 -s_ sf] cfo g]kfn jf h'g;'s}
d'n'ssf] >f]tsf] eP klg / v08 -v_ / -u_ sf] cfodf g]kfndf s/ nfU5 . t/, u}/
afl;Gbf JolQmsf] xsdf g]kfndf >f]t ePsf] cfodf dfq g]kfndf s/ nfU5 .
g]kfnsf] s'g} jfl;Gbf JolQmn] ljb]zdf cfh{g u/]sf] cfodf cfo cfh{g u/]sf] b]zdf
;d]t s/ ltg{' kg{] / pQm cfodf g]kfndf klg s/ nfUg] x'Fbf bf]xf]/f] s/ nfUg hfg]
cj:yf gxf];\ eGg] p2]Zn] bkmf &! df j}b]lzs s/ ldnfg ug{] ;DjGwdf Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . P]gsf] pQm bkmfn] g]kfnsf] jfl;Gbf JolQmn] ljb]zdf cflh{t cfodf To;
b]zdf e'QmfgL u/]sf] s/ g]kfndf ljb]zL cfo ;d]t ;dfj]z ubf{ sfod x'g] s/
bfloTjdf ;dfof]hg ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ s'g} JolQmsf] j}b]lzs
cfo ePsf] cj:yfdf ;d]t bf]xf]/f] s/af6 pGd'QmL lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
s/sf cfwf/ Pj+ ;f] cfwf/sf ljljw kIf dfly la:t[t AofVof o;} lgb]{lzsfsf]
kl/R5]b $ df ul/Psf] 5 .

#=#

#=#=!

cfo, gf]S;fgL, nfe / e'QmfgLsf] ;|f]t g]kfn dflgg] ca:yf

cfos/ P]g @)%* df afl;Gbf AolQmn] g]kfndf jf lab]zdf cfh{g u/]sf] cfodf
g]kfndf s/ nfUg] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 . To:t} u}/ afl;Gbf AolQmn] g]kfndf u/]sf]
cfo jf lghsf] g]kfn >f]t dflgg] cfo /x]5 eg] To:tf] cfodf g]kfndf s/ ltg'{
kg]{ Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf ^& df cfo, gf]S;fgL, nfe / e'QmfgLsf] >f]t
g]kfn dflgg] ca:yfsf af/]df v'nfO{Psf] 5 .
cfosf] ;|f]t
P]gsf] bkmf ^& sf] pkbkmf -!_ n] JolQmsf] cfosf] ;|f]tsf] ;DjGwdf lgDgfg';f/
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 M
^&-!_ s'g} JolQmsf] s'g} /f]huf/L, Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 ePsf] cfosf] ;|f]tdf
v08 -v_ df plNnlvt /sdeGbf v08 -s_ df plNnlvt /sd a9L ePsf]
eP To:tf] a9L ePsf] /sdsf] xb;Dd g]kfndf /x]sf] ;|f]t dflgg]5 .
-s_ ;f] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf /sdx?,
-v_ ;f] cfo u0fgf ubf{ sL ul/Psf g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf /sdx? .
s'g} JolQmn] /f]huf/L, Joj;fo jf nufgL;Fu ;DjlGwt sfo{df ;+nUg /xL k|fKt
u/]sf] g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] /sdnfO{ v08 -s_ cg';f/ pQm JolQmn] cfk\mgf] cfodf
;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 . v08 -s_ cg';f/ cfo k|fKt ug{sf] nflu g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf
ljleGg vr{x? tyf gf]S;fgLnfO{ v08 -v_ adf]lhd bfaL ug'{ kb{5 . s'g} JolQmsf]
o; k|sf/ cfodf ;dfj]z x'g] /sd cfo cfh{g ug]{ ;DjGwdf ePsf] vr{ eGbf a9L
ePsf] xb;Ddsf] /sd g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] cfo dflgG5 .
o; Aoj:yfnfO{ k|i6 kfg]{ pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f #=#=!M dfgf}+, /fd lk|t l;+x gfdsf] u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQmn] o; cfo jif{df
e[s'6L d08kdf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] bz}+ d]nfdf Pp6f :6n ef8fdf lnO{ d;nf
ljqmL ug]{ sf/f]jf/ u/]sf /x]5g\ . lghn] pQm bz}+ d]nfdf ?= !) nfvsf] d;nf
ljqmL u/]sf /x]5g\ . lghn] ljqmL u/]sf] d;nf vl/b ug{ ?= & nfv tyf :6n
ef8f jfkt ?= ! nfv u/L hDdf ?= * nfv vr{ u/]sf /x]5g\ . o; cj:yfdf
/fd lk|t l;+xsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{ /sd ?= !) nfv x'G5 / pQm cfo k|fKt
ug{ ePsf] vr{ ?= * nfv vr{sf] ?kdf sf ug{ kfpF5g\ . /fd lk|t l;+xsf]
cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ /sd ?= !) nfv vr{sf] ?kdf sf ug{ kfpFg] /sd ?= *
nfv eGbf ?= @ nfvn] a9L ePsf]n] pQm ?= @ nfv /fd lk|t l;+xsf] g]kfndf
;|f]t ePsf] cfo dflgG5 .

#=#=@

gf]S;fgLsf] ;|f]t
s'g} JolQmsf] cfosf] ;|f]t ;DjGwdf bkmf ^& sf] pkbkmf -!_ n] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5
eg]] pkbkmf -@_ n] gf]S;fgLsf] ;|f]t ;DjGwdf Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf ^& sf]
pkbkmf -@_ n] gf]S;fgLsf] ;|f]t ;DjGwdf lgDgfg';f/ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 M
^&-@_ s'g} JolQmsf] s'g} Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 x'g uPsf] gf]S;fgLdf v08 -v_
df pNn]lvt /sdeGbf v08 -s_ df pNn]lvt /sd a9L ePsf] eP To:tf]
a9L ePsf] /sdsf] xb;Dd g]kfndf /x]sf] ;|f]t dflgg]5 .
44

-s_ ;f] Joj;fo jf nufgLsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ sL ul/g] g]kfndf ;|f]t
ePsf /sdx?,
-v_ ;f] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf /sdx? .
s'g} JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df Joj;fo jf nufgL sfo{df ;+nUg /xL cfo cfh{g
u/]sf] 5 / pQm cfo jif{df JolQmsf] cfodf g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf /sdx? ;dfj]z
ubf{ x'g] cfo eGbf pQm cfo cfh{g ug{ vr{sf] ?kdf sf ug{ kfpg] g]kfndf ;|f]t
ePsf /sdx? a9L ePsf sf/0faf6 gf]S;fgL ePsf] 5 eg] To:tf] gf]S;fgLsf] ;|f]t
g]kfndf ePsf] dflgG5 .
pbfx/0f #=#=@M dfgf}+, ef/tsf] nvgp lgjf;L df]xdb x';]gn] o; cfo jif{df
e[s'6L d08kdf cfof]hgf u/]sf] bz}+ d]nfdf v;L ljqmL ug]{ :6n lnPsf /x]5g\ .
pQm :6ndf ljqmLsf] nflu NofPsf] !)) j6f v;Lsf] nflu ?= % nfv vr{ ePsf]
/x]5 . df]xdb x';]gn] v;L /fVg] :6nsf] nflu bz}+ d]nf cfof]hsnfO{ ?= %)
xhf/ ef8f e'QmfgL u/]sf /x]5g\ . lghn] ljqmLsf] nflu nvgp af6 v;L
NofPsf]df nvgp tyf sf7df8f}+sf] xfjfkfgL km/s ePsf] sf/0faf6 ljqmLsf]
nflu NofPsf] v;L dWo] @) j6f v;L ljqmL ug'{ cufj} d/]sf /x]5g\ . df]xdb
x';]gn] bz}+ d]nf cjlwdf jr]sf *) j6f v;L ljqmL ubf{ ?= $ nfv cfo k|fKt
u/]5g\ . o; cj:yfdf lghsf] cfodf ;dfj]z x'g] /sd ?= $ nfv ePsf] tyf
v;Lsf] nfut df]n tyf :6n ef8f u/L sf x'g] vr{ ?= % nfv %) xhf/
ePsf]n] cfodf ;dfj]z x'g] /sd eGbf vr{sf] ?kdf sf ug{ kfpg] /sd ?= !
nfv %) xhf/n] a9L ePsf] x'+bf gf]S;fgL x'g uPsf] 5 . o;/L gf]S;fgL ePsf]
?= ! nfv %) xhf/sf] gf]S;fgLsf] ;|f]t g]kfn ePsf] dflgG5 .
#=#=#

nfesf] ;|f]t
s'g} JolQmsf] g]kfndf ePsf] ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{df u0fgf ul/g] nfesf]
>f]tsf ;DaGwdf pkbkmf -#_ df lgDgfg';f/ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
^&-#_ cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ul/g] /sdsf] b]xfosf] cj:yfdf g]kfndf ;|f]t
ePsf] dflgg]5 M
^&-#_-s_ g]kfndf ;|f]t /x]sf ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt nfeaf6
g]kfndf ;|f]t /x]sf] ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{af6 x'g uPsf] gf]S;fgL 36fO{
x'g cfpg] bkmf & sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -u_ jf bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf]
v08 -v_ adf]lhdsf v"b nfe,
o; bkmfsf] pkbkmf -#_ df s'g} JolQmsf] Joj;fo tyf nufgL ;DjGwdf
cfo k|fKt ug{ k|of]u ePsf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{ tyf JolQmsf] u}/ Joj;flos
s/of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{df ePsf] nfesf] ;|f]tsf] ;DjGwdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 . s'g}
JolQmsf] g]kfndf ;|f]t /x]sf] ;DklQ tyf bfloTjsf] lg;u{af6 ePsf] cfonfO{
g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] dflgg] Joj:yf pkbkmf -#_ n] u/]sf] 5 .
pbfx/0f #=#=#M dfgf}+, a|fl;n l8n ln= a|flhnsf] ;'? lgdf{0f ug]{ sDkgL /x]5 .
pQm sDkgLn] g]kfnsf] lqz'nL gbLdf hn ljB't pTkfbg ug]{ g]kfnsf] sDkgL;Fu
;'? lgdf{0f ug{ 7]Ssf lnPsf] /x]5 . a|fl;n l8n ln=n] ;'? lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg
45

ug{sf] nflu d'lUndf !) ljufxf hUuf ?= !) s/f]8df lgdf{0f ;+oGq tyf lgdf{0f
;fdfu|L /fVg] k|of]hgsf] nflu vl/b u/]sf] /x]5 . sDkgLn] lgdf{0f sfo{df k|of]u
x'g] d]lzg tyf cf}hf/ vl/b ug{sf] nflu j]nfotsf] GHI a}s;Fu % nfv cd]l/sL
8n/ C0f lnPsf] /x]5 . sDkgLn] cfo jif{ @)^$.^% df ;'? lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{
;DkGg u/]sf] /x]5 / j]nfotL a}+s;Fu lnPsf] C0f jfkt e'QmfgL ug{ afFsL %
nfv cd]l/sL 8n/ klg cfo jif{ @)^$.^% df g} e'QmfgL u/]sf] /x]5 . a|fl;n
l8n ln=n] C0f lnbf k|lt cd]l/sL 8n/sf] ?= ^) g]kfndf ;6xL b/ lyof] t/
cfo jif{ @)^$.^% df C0f /sd e'QmfgL ubf{ k|lt cd]l/sL 8n/sf] ;6xL b/ ?=
&) k|lt cd]l/sg 8n/ /x]5 . lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf]n] lgdf{0f ;+oGq /
lgdf{0f ;fdu|L /fVgsf] nflu vl/b u/]sf] hUuf klg sDkgLsf] Joj;flos k|of]hg
;dfKt ePsf]n] cfo jif{ @)^$.^% df ljqmL u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm hUuf laqmL ubf{
;f] sDkgLnfO{ ?= !% s/f]8 k|fKt ePsf] /x]5 . o; cj:yfdf a|fl;n l8n ln=sf]
hUuf ljqmL / Joj;flos ;DklQ ljqmL jfkt nfe ePsf] / Joj;foLs k|of]hgsf]
nflu ljb]zL d'b|fdf lnPsf] C0f bfloTjsf] lg;u{ ubf{ gf]S;fgL x'G5 .
pko'{Qm pbfx/0fdf a|fl;n l8n ln= sDkgLsf] hUuf lg;u{ jfkt ?= % s/f]8
nfe x'G5 . ljb]zL d'b|fdf lnPsf] C0f bfloTjsf] lg;u{ ubf{ d'b|f cjd"Nogsf]
sf/0faf6 cd]l/sL 8n/ % nfvsf] g]kfnL ;6xL b/ cg';f/ ?= # s/f]8 %) nfv
e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ x'G5 / C0f bfloTj l;h{gf x'Fbfsf] jvt pQm C0fsf] g]kfnL
d'b|fdf n]vf+sg ubf{ ?= # s/f]8 dfq bfloTj lyof] . o; cj:yfdf bfloTj lg;u{
ubf{ ?= %) nfv gf]S;fgL x'G5 . P]gsf] bkmf ^& sf] pkbkmf -#_ sf] Joj:yf
cg';f/ a|fl;n l8n ln= sf] hUuf cyf{t Aoa;flos ;DklQ lg;u{df ePsf] nfe
?= % s/f]8af6 C0f cyf{t Aoa;flos bfloTj lg;u{ jfkt ePs]f gf]S;fgL ?=
%) nfv sf ubf{ v'b nfe ?= $ s/f]8 %) nfv x'g cfpF5 . pQm nfe ?= $
s/f]8 %) nfvsf] ;|f]t g]kfn dflgG5 .
pbfx/0f #=#=$M dfgf}+, Mr. Ricky g]b/Nof08sf] jfl;Gbf JolQm /x]5g\ . pgn]
a}ls Joj;fonfO{ pkof]uL x'g] Software ljsf; u/]sf /x]5g\ . lghn] pQm
Software g]kfnsf] PlShd a}+snfO{ jflif{s ? ! s/f]8 /f]oN6L lng] u/L k|of]u ug{
lbPsf /x]5g\ . pgn] pQm /f]oN6L jfkt k|fKt u/]sf] /sd dWo]af6 cfo jif{
@)^@.^# df ;f]xL a}+ssf] ?= ! s/f]8 a/fa/sf] z]o/ vl/b u/]sf /x]5g\ . Mr.
Ricky n] ;f] z]o/ cfo jif{ @)^$.^% df ! s/f]8 %) nfvdf ljqmL u/L lg;u{
u/]sf] / ;f] afkt Mr. Ricky nfO{ ?= %) nfv nfe ePsf] /x]5 . Mr. Ricky
k|fs[lts JolQm ePsf] / z]o/ lg;u{ jfkt k|fKt nfenfO{ P]gsf] bkmf ( sf]
pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -v_ cg';f/sf] cfo cyf{t u}/ Aoa;flos s/of]Uo
;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 ePsf] nfe x'G5 . z]o/ lg;u{ jfkt k|fKt pQm nfe g]kfndf
;|f]t ePsf] cfo dflgG5 .
s'g} JolQmn] g]kfndf Joj;fo tyf nufgL sfo{df ;+nUg /xL cfo cfh{g ug]{
k|of]hgsf] nflu ljleGg ;DklQ tyf bfloTj jxg u/]sf] x'G5 . Joj;fo jf nufgL
s} qmddf To:tf ;DklQ tyf bfloTjsf] lg;u{ x'G5 . o;/L ;DklQ tyf bfloTjsf]
lg;u{sf] qmddf ePsf] nfe g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] dflgg]5 . P]gsf] bkmf ^& sf]
pkbkmf -#_ sf] v08 -v_ df x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] ;DjGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf
pNn]v ePsf] 5 .

46

^&-#_-v_ g]kfndf /x]sf ;DklQ jf g]kfndf axg ug'{ kg]{ bfloTj ;dfj]z
ePsf]df bkmf & sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -3_ jf bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf]
v08 -u_ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ul/g] /sdx?,
x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ jfkt ;dfj]z ul/g] /sd x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] ju{af6 s'g} jf ;j}
x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ lg;u{ eO{ v'b nfe ePdf To:tf] nfe Joj;fosf] d'gfkmf /
nfedf ;dfj]z ul/g] Joj:yf cg';"lr @ sf] bkmf $ df /x]sf] 5 . dfly pNn]v eP
adf]lhd x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ g]kfndf cjl:yt /x]df ;f]sf] cfo jf vr{sf] >f]t
g]kfndf dflgG5 .
x|f;of]Uo ;DklQdf jiff{Gtdf ju{sf] cl:tTj afsL g/x]sf] t/ x|f; cfwf/ afsL
/x]sf cj:yfdf cg';"lr @ sf] bkmf $-@_ adf]lhd afsL /x]sf] /sd x|f; vr{
(Terminal Depreciation) sL kfpFb5 . jif{sf] cGTodf ju{sf] cl:tTj afsL /x] jf
g/x] klg C0ffTds x|f; cfwf/ ePdf ju{sf] nfuteGbf a9L cfo k|fKt ePsfn] ;f]
C0ffTds /sd (Balancing Charge) cg';"lrsf] bkmf $-@_ sf] Joj:yf adf]lhd
u0fgf u/L bkmf &-@_-3_ adf]lhd Joj;fosf] d'gfkmf / nfedf ;dfj]z x'G5 .
pk/f]Qm Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 yk k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f #=#=%M dfgf}+, a|fl;n l8n ln= n] g]kfnsf] lqz'nL gbLdf hn ljB't
pTkfbg ug]{ g]kfnsf] sDkgL;Fu ;'? lgdf{0f ug{ 7]Ssf lnPsf] /x]5 . cfo jif{
@)^$.^% df ;'? lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] /x]5 . ;'? lgdf{0f sfo{
;DkGg eP kZrft ;'? lgdf{0fsf] nflu k|of]u ePs]f ;Dk"0f{ d]lzg tyf cf}hf/
pQm sDkgLn] :yfgLo ahf/df ?= ^ s/f]8df laqmL u/]sf] /x]5 . ;'? lgdf{0fdf
k|of]u ePsf] d]lzg cf}hf/nfO{ P]gsf] cg';"rL@ sf] bkmf ! sf] v08 -3_
cGtu{t jlu{s/0f ul/Psf] / pQm ju{sf] cfo jif{ @)^$.^% sf] z'? x|f; cfwf/
?= % s/f]8 /x]5 . o; cj:yfdf pQm ju{sf] xf;of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{ jfkt ?=
! s/f]8 nfe (Balancing Charge) x'G5 . o;/L ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 ePsf] nfe
(Balancing Charge) nfO{ ;f] sDkgLsf] g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] cfodf ;dfj]z x'g]
nfe dflgG5 .
^&-#_-u_ v08 -s_ / -v_ sf] cwLgdf /xL g]kfndf ;|f]t /x]sf k|fKt e'QmfgLx? .
dfly P]gsf] bkmf ^& sf] pkbkmf -#_ sf] v08 -s_ / -v_ df pNn]v ul/Psf
g]kfndf ;|f]t /x]sf] cfodf ;dfj]z x'g] /sdsf ;Gbe{df k|fKt ul/g] cGo
e'QmfgLx? klg g]kfndf ;|f]t /x]sf] cfodf ;dfj]z x'g] /sd dflgG5 . pk/f]Qm
Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 yk k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f #=#=^M dfgf}+, a|fl;n l8n ln= n] g]kfnsf] lqz'nL gbLdf hn ljB't
pTkfbg ug]{ g]kfnsf] sDkgL;Fu ;'? lgdf{0f ug{ 7]Ssf lnPsf] /x]5 . ;'?
lgdf{0f sfo{df k|of]u x'g] d]lzgsf] jLdf ;f] sDkgLn] a|flhn l:yt jLdf sDkgLdf
u/]sf] /x]5 . ;'? lgdf{0f ug]{ l;nl;nfdf ?= ! s/f]8 d"No kg]{ d]lzg b'3{6gfdf
k/L sfd gnfUg] ul/ ljlu|Psf] /x]5 / ;f] afkt a|flhn l:yt jLdf sDkgLn] ;f]w
egf{ lbPsf] /x]5 . o;/L a|flhn l:yt jLdf sDkgLaf6 g]kfndf ;|f]t /x]sf]
hf]lvdsf]nflu k|fKt Ifltk"lt{ afktsf] /sd g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] dflgG5 .

47

^&-$_ g]kfndf /x]sf ;DklQ jf g]kfndf axg ug'{ kg]{ bfloTj ;dfj]z ePsf]df ;f]
;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{af6 x'g uPsf] nfe jf gf]S;fgLsf] ;|f]t g]kfndf
/x]sf] dflgg]5 .
pk/f]Qm Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 yk k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f #=#=&M dfgf}+, sNk Nofa k|f=ln= g]kfndf cf}ifwL pTkfbg ug]{ sDkgL
/x]5 . l;+ufk'/sf] Mr. Lee n] pQm sDkgLdf cfo jif{ @)^#.^$ df jflif{s !)
k|ltztsf b/n] Jofh k|fKt ug]{ u/L ?= ! s/f]8 C0f lbPsf /x]5g\ . g]kfnsf]
sDkgLnfO{ lbPsf] C0f Mr. Lee sf] g]kfndf ;|f]t /x]sf] ;DklQ dflgG5 . cfo jif{
@)^$.^% df sNk Nofa k|f=ln= sf] cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ e} cf}ifwL pTkfbg ug]{
sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg g;Sg] lg0f{o u/L sDkgLnfO{ vf/]h (Liquidation) df
k7fpg] lg0f{o u/L ;DklQ tyf bfloTj j]r ljvg tyf c;"nL u/L vf/]hL sfo{
ug{sf] nflu Liquidator lgo'QmL u/]sf] /x]5 . Liquidator n] ;j} ;DklQx? j]rljvg
u/L k|fKt ePsf] /sdn] sDkgLsf] ;j} bfloTjx?sf] e'QmfgL ug{ gk'u]sf]n]
e'QmfgLsf] k|fyldstf cg';f/ bfdf;fxLn] e'QmfgL ubf{ Mr. Lee n] lbPsf] C0f ?=
! s/f]8 dWo] ?= %) nfv dfq e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf /x]5g\ . Mr. Lee n] g]kfndf
nufgL u/]sf] C0f afkt ?= %) nfv e'QmfgL k|fKt u/] kZrft p;sf] g]kfndf
;|f]t /x]sf] ;DklQ -C0f nufgL_ lg;u{ x'G5 . o;/L C0f nufgL jfktsf] ;DklQ
lg;u{ x'Fbf ePsf] bkmf #& adf]lhdsf] gf]S;fgL ?= %) nfv g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf]
gf]S;fgL dflgG5 .
s'g} JolQmn] g]kfndf Joj;fo u/L cfo cfh{g ubf{ pQm cfo cfh{g ug{sf] nflu
ljleGg k|s[ltsf vr{x? ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L g]kfndf cfo cfh{g ug{sf] nflu d'Vo
sfof{no, zfvf, sf/vfgf, ljqmL sIf (Sales Outlet) jf () lbg eGbf a9L lgdf{0f,
h8fg tyf :yfkgf ug]{ sfo{ cflbdf ;+nUg eO{ jf h] h:tf] sf/0faf6 Joj;fo
u/]sf] ePtf klg Joj;fosf] ;+rfngsf] nflu ePsf] vr{ jfktsf] /sdsf] ;|f]t
g]kfndf ePsf] dflgg]5 . o:tf] k|s[ltsf] Joj;fodf vr{ sL ul/Psf] /sd
g]kfnsf] ;|f]t x'g] u/L P]gsf] bkmf ^& sf] pkbkmf -%_ df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf
/x]sf] 5 M
^&-%_
cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ sL ul/Psf /sdx?df b]xfosf /sdx? ;dfj]z
ePsf]df To:tf /sdx?sf] ;|f]t g]kfndf ePsf] dflgg]5 M
-s_ g]kfndf /x]sf ;DklQx?sf ;DaGwdf bkmf !% sf] pkbkmf -!_ df
plNnlvt nfutsf] vr{ sL ug{ kfpg] /sd,
-v_ g]kfndf /x]sf ;DklQsf ;DaGwdf bkmf !^ sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf
vr{x? tyf bkmf !( adf]lhd sL ug{ kfpg] xb;Ddsf vr{ /sdx?, /
-u_ v08 -s_ / -v_ sf cwLgdf /xL g]kfndf ;|f]t /x]sf e'QmfgLx? .
pk/f]Qm Aoj:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 yk k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f #=#=*M dfgf}+, j|flhnsf] a|fl;n l8n ln= lqz'nL glbdf jGg] hn ljB't
cfof]hgfsf] ;'? lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{df ;+nUg /x]sf] 5 . pQm sDkgLn] cfo jif{{
@)^$.^% df ;'? lgdf{0fdf lgdf{0f ;fdfu|L jfkt ?= !) s/f]8 vr{ u/]sf]
/x]5 . To:t} lgdf{0f sfo{df k|of]u ePsf] d]lzg/L tyf cf}hf/x?sf] x|f; vr{

48

jfktsf] vr{ ?= ! s/f]8 /x]5 . To:t} d]lzg/L tyf cf}hf/x? dd{t tyf ;'wf/sf]
nflu ?= %) nfv vr{ ePsf] /x]5 . o;/L lgdf{0f ;fdu|L vkt jfktsf] ?= !)
s/f]8 x|f; vr{ jfktsf] ?= ! s/f]8 tyf dd{t tyf ;'wf/ jfktsf] vr{ ?= %)
nfv cflb vr{x?sf] ;|f]t g]kfndf /x]sf] dflgg]5 .
#=#=$

e'QmfgLsf] ;|f]t
dflysf a'Fbfx? cg';f/ bkmf ^& sf] pkbkmf ! n] cfodf ;dfj]z x'g] /sd tyf
vr{ sLsf] >f]t g]kfn ePdf cfo -Joj;fo jf nufgL jf /f]huf/L_ sf] >f]t g]kfn
dflgg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;DklQ jf bfloTjaf6 l;h{gf x'g] cfosf] >f]t jf vr{sf]
>f]t g]kfndf dflgg bkmf ^& sf] pkbkmf -#_, -$_ / -%_ df pNn]v ul/P cg';f/
lg;u{sf] ;dodf ;f] ;DklQ jf bfloTj /x]sf] :yfg g]kfn x'g' kb{5 . ;DklQ /
bfloTjsf] lg;u{ afx]ssf cGo sf/f]jf/sf ;DaGwdf bkmf ^& sf] pkbkmf ^ n]
e'QmfgLsf] :yfgsf cfwf/df >f]t d'n's (Source Country) lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 / cGo
ljleGg e'QmfgLsf >f]t g]kfn dflgg] lj:t[t ljj/0f ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . bkmf ^& sf]
pkbkmf ^ df e'QmfgLsf] >f]t d'n's g]kfn dfGg b'O{ y/L cfwf/ lnOPsf] 5 M
cfwf/ !M jfl;Gbfaf6 ePsf e'QmfgL (Residency Based Payments)- Jofh, nfef+z,
jflif{s j[lQ, nufgL aLdfsf] nfe, cjsfz e'QmfgL / ;/sf/L ;]jf
cfwf/ @M ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] lg;u{ afx]s h] jfktsf] e'QmfgL ePsf] xf] ;f]sf]
cfwf/ :yfgsf] cjl:ylt g]kfndf /x]sf] (Location of Payment-base) jfl;Gbfsf
cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ul/g] afx]s ;j} k|sf/sf cfDbfgL jf vr{ lgwf{/0f x'g] e'QmfgLx?
-bkmf &, *, ( / !#_
P]gsf] bkmf ^& sf] pkbkmf -^_ adf]lhd b]xfosf] e'QmfgLsf] ;|f]t g]kfndf /x]sf]
dflgg]5g\ M
^&-^_-s_ jfl;Gbf lgsfoaf6 e'QmfgL lbPsf] nfef+zx?,
g]kfnsf] afl;Gbf sDkgL jf ;fem]bf/L kmd{n] e'QmfgL u/]sf] nfef+zsf] >f]t k|fks
z]o/ wgL jf ;fem]bf/ jfl;Gbf jf u}/ jfl;Gbf h] ePtf klg g]kfndf >f]t /x]sf]
dflgg]5 / o:tf] e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ JolQm -jfl;Gbf jf u}/ jfl;Gbf_ n] ;f] cfodf
nfUg] s/ g]kfndf bflvnf ug'{ kb{5 .
^&-^_-v_ jfl;Gbf JolQmaf6 ltl/Psf] Jofh,
afl;Gbf AolQmn] ltg]{ C0f jfktsf] Jofhsf] e'QmfgLsf] >f]t g]kfndf /x]sf]
dflgg]5 . o:tf] e'QmfgL k|fKt JolQm -afl;Gbf jf u}/ afl;Gbf_ n] ;f] cfodf nfUg]
s/ g]kfndf bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
^&-^_-u_ g]kfndf /x]sf] hldgaf6 k|fKt k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf] jf
To:tf] ;|f]tsf] ;Gbe{df u0fgf ul/Psf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t afktsf] e'QmfgL,
g]kfndf /x]sf] hldg jf To:t} k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] pkef]u afkt k|fKt x'g] /f]oN6L
nufotsf e'QmfgLsf] ;|f]t g]kfndf /x]sf] dflgg]5 . o:tf] e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ JolQm afl;Gbf jf u}/ afl;Gbf_ n] ;f] cfodf nfUg] s/ g]kfndf bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
^&-^_-3_ g]kfndf /x]sf] s'g} ;DklQsf] k|of]u jfkt e'\QmfgL u/]sf] jxfn /sd,

49

g]kfndf /x]sf] 3/hUuf jxfn jfkt k|fKt x'g] cfo -3/ axfn_ jf To:t} g]kfndf
hl8t ;DklQsf] axfnsf] ;|f]t g]kfndf /x]sf] dflgg]5 . o:tf] e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{
JolQm -afl;Gbf jf u}/ afl;Gbf_ n] ;f] cfodf nfUg] s/ g]kfndf bflvnf ug'{ kg]{
x'G5 .
^&-^_-_ s'g} AolQmn] g]kfndf /x]sf s'g} ;DklQsf] k|of]u s;}nfO{ ug{ lbP afkt
jf ;DklQ k|of]u ug{ clwsf/ jf To:tf] ;DklQ k|of]u gug]{ aGb]h dfg] afkt
k|fKt u/]sf] /f]oN6L,
s'g} JolQmn] cfkm\gf] g]kfndf /x]sf] Patent, Brand, Formulae nufotsf] cfkm\gf d"t{
jf cd"t{ ;DklQx? s'g} JolQmnfO{ k|of]u ug{ lbP jfkt k|fKt ug]{ /f]oN6L jfktsf]
e'QmfgLsf] ;|f]t g]kfn /x]sf] dflgg]5 . To:t} s'g} JolQm -afl;Gbf jf u}/ afl;Gbf_ n]
s'g} JolQm;+u ;Demf}tf u/L g]kfndf /x]sf] s'g} ;DklQ k|of]u gu/] jfkt s'g} /sd
k|fKt ub{5 eg] To; jfkt k|fKt u/]sf] e'QmfgLsf] ;|f]t klg g]kfn x'G5 . pk/f]Qm
Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 yk k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f #=#=(M dfgf}+, s'g} g]kfnL rnlrq lgdf{tfn] g]kfndf lgdf{0f u/]sf]
rnlrq k|bz{g ug{ s'g} JolQmnfO{ clwsf/ lbPsf]df o;/L clwsf/ lbP jfkt
lgh lgdf{tfn] k|fKt ug]{ /f]oN6Lsf] >f]t g]kfndf /x]sf] dflgG5 .
pbfx/0f #=#=!)M dfgf}+, pbfx/0f #=#=( sf lgdf{tfn] ;f] JolQm jfx]s cGo
s;}nfO{ k|bz{g ug{ glbg] zt{df ;f] JolQmaf6 s'g} e'QmfgL kfPdf To:tf]
e'QmfgLsf] >f]t g]kfndf /x]sf] dflgG5 .
^&-^_-r_ s'g} JolQmaf6 g]kfndf /x]sf] hf]lvdsf] jLdf ;DaGwdf e'QmfgL ul/Psf]
;fwf/0f jLdf afktsf] /sd / ;f] JolQmnfO{ ;fwf/0f jLdf afkt a'emfOPsf]
lk|ldod,
pk/f]Qm Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f #=#=!!M dfgf}+, ef/tsf] jLdf sDkgLn] g]kfndf /x]sf] s'g} sf/vfgfsf]
hf]lvdsf] jLdf u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm sf/vfgfn] ;f] ef/tLo jLdf sDkgLnfO{ e'Qmfg
ug]{ jLdf lk|ldodsf] >f]t g]kfn /x]sf] dflgG5 .
^&-^_-5_ s'g} JolQmn] cGt/ rnfg -6fG;l;kd]G6_ u/]sf] kl/0ffd:j?k afx]s
g]kfndf :yn, ;fd'lb|s jf xjfO{ oftfoft jf rf6{/ ;]jf Joj;fo ;+rfng u/L
b]xfo adf]lhd k|fKt u/]sf] e'QmfgL M
-!_ k|:yfg ug]{ ofq'x?sf] cf];f/ k;f/ ug]{ jf
-@_ 8fs, kz'k+lIf jf cGo k|ToIf rn ;DklQ rnfg ug]{ .
s'g} JolQmn] g]]kfndf xjfO{ ;]jf ;~rfng u/L ofq' tyf ;fdfg cf];f/ k;f/ ub{5
eg] g]kfnaf6 k|:yfg z'? ug]{ ofq'x?n] xjfO{ ofqf jfkt ljdfg sDkgLnfO{ e'QmfgL
u/]sf] /sdsf] ;|f]t g]kfndf /x]sf] dflgG5 . To:t}, s'g} JolQmn] g]kfnaf6 aflx/
k7fPsf] ;fdfg 9'jfgL u/] jfkt xjfO{ sDkgLn] k|fKt u/]sf] e'QmfgL /sdsf] ;|f]t
;d]t g]kfn /x]sf] dflgG5 . g]kfnaf6 ;fdfg lgof{t ubf{ g]kfnsf] lgof{t sDkgLn]
lgof{t x'g] b]z (Final Destination) ;Dd k'ofpg] u/L :yndfu{ dfkm{t 9'jfgL ub{5
eg] ;f] 9'jfgL jfkt k|fKt e'QmfgLsf] ;|f]t g]kfnsf] /xG5 . s'g} hxfh sDkgLn]
50

g]kfnaf6 lgof{t x'g] ;fdfg ;d'b|Ldfu{ dfkm{t k7fpgsf] nflu g]kfnaf6 :yndfu{ /
aGb/ufx x'+b} lgof{t x'g] b]z;Dd ;fd'lb|s dfu{af6 k7fpg] u/L e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf]
5 eg] ;f]sf] e'QmfgLsf] ;|f]t g]kfndf g} /x]sf] dflgG5 .
^&-^_-h_ tf/, /]l8of], clK6sn kmfO{j/ jf e"pku|x h:tf ;+rf/sf] dfWodaf6
va/ jf ;"rgf ;+k|]if0f ug]{ Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ JolQmn] To:tf vj/ jf
;"rgf g]kfndf pTklQ ePsf] jf gePsf] h] ePklg g]kfndf :yflkt
;+oGqx?af6 vj/ jf ;"rgfsf] ;+k|]if0fsf ;DaGwdf ;f] JolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf]
e'QmfgL,
o; v08sf] Joj:yf ljz]if u/L ;"rgf Pj+ vj/ ;Dk|]if0f;Fu ;DalGwt
5 . ;"rgf tyf va/sf] pb\ud ljGb' tyf To;sf] ;Dk|]if0f ug]{ JolQmsf] klxrfg ug{
sl7g x'G5 . o:tf ;"rgf tyf va/sf] ;Dk|]if0f ;Dk|]ifs cfkm} dfq ;+nUg geO{
ljrdf cGo JolQmx?sf] ;d]t ;+nUgtf x'G5 . o; cj:yfdf ;"rgf tyf va/
;Dk|]if0fsf] :yfg olsg ug{ sl7gfO{ /xG5 . o:t} sl7gfO{nfO{ dWo gh/ u/L P]gsf]
o; Joj:yfn] g]kfndf /x]sf] ;+oGq dfkm{t va/ jf ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f ePsf] 5 / pQm
;"rgf jf va/ jfkt e'QmfgL u/]sf] 5 eg] To:tf] e'QmfgLsf] ;|f]t g]kfndf /x]sf]
dflgG5 . pk/f]Qm Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f #=#=!@M dfgf}+, blIf0f clk|msfdf ;+rfng ePsf] Cricket sf] k|ToIf k|;f/0f
;f]xL b]zsf] Star Africa Channel n] ubf]{/x]5 . pQm Star Africa Channel n] k|;f/0f
u/]sf] Cricket sf] k|ToIf k|;f/0f u/L g]kfnL bz{s ;dIf k'ofpg g]kfnsf] Fly
Cable TV nfO{ clwsf/ lbPsf] /x]5 . o;/L Fly Cable TV n] cfkm\gf] u|fxsnfO{
;]jf k'ofpg] u/]sf] /x]5 . o;/L Cricket sf] k|ToIf k|;f/0f ug]{ clwsf/ k|fKt Star
Africa Channel nfO{ Fly Cable TV n] cfk\mgf] g]kfndf h8fg ePsf] ;+oGq k|of]u
u/L k|;f/0f u/] afkt lbO{g] e'QmfgLsf] ;|f]t g]kfn /x]sf] dflgG5 .
^&-^_-em_ /f]huf/ ug{ jf ;]jf k|bfg ug{ jf ;f] sfo{x?df aGb]h dfg] afkt v08 5_ jf -h_ df pNn]v gul/Psf lsl;dsf ;]jf z'Ns nufotsf b]xfosf
cj:yfsf e'QmfgLx? M
-!_ e'QmfgLsf] :yfg hxfF;'s} eP klg g]kfndf ;f] sfo{x? ePdf, jf
-@_ /f]huf/ hxfF;'s} eP klg g]kfn ;/sf/n] e'QmfgL lbg] ePdf .
P]gsf] o; Joj:yfn] /f]huf/L jf ;]jf k|bfg u/] jfkt s'g} JolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf]
e'QmfgL g]kfndf /f]huf/L jf ;]jf k|bfg u/]sf] sf/0fjf6 cfo k|fKt u/]sf] 5 eg]
To:tf e'QmfgLsf] :yfg hxfF;'s} eP klg ;f]sf] ;|f]t g]kfndf ePsf] dflgG5 . To:t}
g]kfn ;/sf/n] /f]huf/L jfktsf] /sd e'QmfgL u/]sf] 5 eg] /f]huf/L g]kfn jflx/
u/]klg To:tf] e'QmfgLsf] ;|f]t g]kfn dflgG5 . pk/f]Qm Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf]
pbfx/0faf6 k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f #=#=!#M dfgf}+, g]b/Nof08sf] IMGD sDkgLn] g]kfnsf] /fh:j k|zf;gdf
sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf] Ifdtf clea[l4 ug{ tflnd lbg] sfo{ ;+rfng u/]sf] /x]5 .
pQm sfo{qmdnfO{ Danish Government n] cfly{s ;xof]u u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm
sDkgLn] g]kfndf g} sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ tflnd lbg] u/]sf] /x]5 / pQm tflnd lbP
jfktsf] ;]jf z'Ns g]b/Nof08df g} e'QmfgL ug]{ k|aGw /x]5 . o; cj:yfdf
tflnd ;+rfng sfo{ g]kfndf ePsf]n] IMGD n] ;]jf z'Ns jfkt k|fKt u/]sf]
51

e'QmfgLsf] ;|f]t g]kfndf ePsf] dflgg]5 .

pbfx/0f #=#=!$M k|mfG;df g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjfl;o /fhb'tfjf; vf]n]sf] /x]5 .
pQm b'tfjf;df /f]huf/L ug]{ JolQmx?nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] /f]huf/L jfktsf]
kfl/>lds e'QmfgL ub{5 . o;/L k|mfG;df /x]sf] /fhb'tfjf;df sfo{/t /x]tfklg
pQm /f]huf/Lsf] e'QmfgL g]kfn ;/sf/n] u/]sf]n] pQm e'QmfgLsf] ;|f]t g]kfndf
/x]sf] dflgG5 .
^&-^_-`_ afl;Gbf JolQmaf6 e'QmfgL ul/Psf v08 -em_ leq gkg]{ jflif{s j[lQsf]
/sd, nufgL jLdf afktsf] /sd / cjsfz e'QmfgLsf] /sd tyf To:tf]
/sdx? ;'lglZrt ug{ afl;Gbf JolQmnfO{ lbPsf] s'g} lk|ldod jf cGo
e'QmfgL,
jfl;Gbf JolQmn] e'QmfgL u/]sf] jflif{s a[lQ (Annuity) sf] /sd, nufgL jLdf
jfktsf] e'QmfgL Pj+ cjsfz e'QmfgL cflbnfO{ g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] e'QmfgL dflgG5
. pk/f]Qm Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f #=#=!%M dfgf}+, s'g} JolQm /f]huf/Laf6 lga[Q eP5g\ . lghn] cfk\mgf]
/f]huf/Lsf] ;dodf gful/s nufgL sf]if -jfl;Gbf JolQm_ df of]ubfg ug]{ u/]sf
/x]5g\ . /f]huf/Laf6 lgj[Q eP kl5 lghnfO{ gful/s nufgL sf]ifn] cjsfz
e'QmfgL u/]sf] /x]5 . o; cj:yfdf gful/s nufgL sf]ifn] u/]sf] cjsfz
e'QmfgLsf] >f]t g]kfndf /x]sf] dflgG5 . o;sf ;fy} cjsfz e'QmfgL ;'lglZrt
ug{ /f]huf/Lsf] ;dodf ;f] /f]huf/stf{n] gful/s nufgL sf]if -jfl;Gbf JolQm_
nfO{ u/]sf] cjsfz of]ubfgsf] >f]t klg g]kfndf /x]sf] dflgG5 .
^&-^_-6_ g]kfndf /x]sf] ;DklQaf6 ;+rflnt Joj;fo jf nufgLsf ;DaGwdf k|fKt
ul/Psf pkxf/x?, /
g]kfndf /x]sf] ;DklQaf6 ;+rflnt Joj;fo jf nufgLsf ;DaGwdf k|fKt ul/Psf
pkxf/x? hxFf ;'s} k|fKt u/]sf] eP klg o:tf pkxf/x?sf] >f]t g]kfn /x]sf]
dflgG5 . pk/f]Qm Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 yk k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f #=#=!^M dfgf}+, Fukuda & Co. eGg] hfkfgL sDkgLsf] sf7df8f}+df Ps
k'ik jfl6sfdf nufgL /x]5 . pQm k'ik afl6sfdf af]6 la?jfsf ;DaGwdf laleGg
lsl;dsf Research ;d]t x'g] u/]sf] /x]5 . g]kfndf af]6 la?jf ;DaGwL
Research df pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k'ofP afkt Fukuda & Co. nfO{ hfkfgsf]
Botanical Association af6 hfkfgdfg} !) nfv hfkfgL o]g pkxf/ k|fKt ePsf]
/x]5 . pQm sDkgLn] g]kfndf /x]sf] Joj;fosf] ;DaGwdf k|fKt pQm pkxf/sf]
>f]t g]kfn ePsf] dflgg]5 .
^&-^_-7_ dfly v08 -s_, -v_, -u_, -3_, -_, -r_, -5_, -h_, -em_, -`_ / -6_ df
pNn]v eP jfx]ssf b]xfosf e'QmfgLx?M
-!_ g]kfndf /x]sf] ;DklQsf] lg;u{sf] ;DaGwdf jf g]kfndf axg ug'{ kg]{
bfloTj k|fKt ug]{ ;DaGwdf ul/Psf e'QmfgLx?, jf
-@_ g]kfndf ;+rflnt ls|ofsnfksf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf e'QmfgLx? .

52

#=$

P]gsf] bkmf ^& sf] pkbkmf -^_ sf] v08 -s_ b]lv -6_ ;Dd ljleGg k|sf/sf]
e'QmfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] pNNf]v ul/Psf] 5 . pk/f]Qm e'QmfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] cltl/Qm g]kfndf
;+rflnt ;j} s[ofsnfkx?sf] -Joj;fo jf nufgL_ e'QmfgLsf] ;|f]t ;d]t g]kfndf
/x]sf] dflgG5 . To:t} g]kfndf /x]sf] h'g;'s} ;DklQsf] lg;u{ ubf{ jf s'g} bfloTj
k|fKt ubf{ ePsf] e'QmfgLsf] ;|f]t klg g]kfndf /x]sf] dflgG5 .
cfosf] ;|f]t g]kfn gdflgg]
P]gsf] bkmf ^& sf] pkbkmf -!_ b]lv -^_ ;Dd s'g} JolQmsf] g]kfndf /x]sf] cfosf]
;|f]t, gf]S;fgLsf] ;|f]t, /sdsf] ;|f]t, nfesf] ;|f]t tyf e'QmfgLsf] ;|f]t ;DjGwdf
pNn]v ePsf] 5 . pkbkmf -!_ b]lv -^_ ;Dd pNn]v ePsf jfx]ssf cfo, gf]S;fgL,
/sd, nfe Pj+ e'QmfgLsf] ;|f]tnfO{ ljb]zL ;|f]t dflgg]5 . o;/L lab]zL >f]t dflgg]
/sdnfO{ g]kfndf h] h:tf] ca:yfdf g]kfnsf] >f]t dflgG5 To:t} cfwf/df ;f]xL
d'n'ssf] ;|f]t dflgG5 . h:tf] g]kfndf /x]sf] ;DklQ afkt k|fKt cfo g]kfnsf] ;|f]t
dflgG5 eg] hfkfgdf /x]sf] ;DklQ afkt k|fKt cfosf] >f]t hfkfg dflgG5 . o;
;DjGwdf pkbkmf -&_ df lgDg Joj:yf /x]sf]5 .
^&-&_
dflysf pkbkmfx?df n]lvP adf]lhd g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf dflgg] afx]s
s'g} cfo, gf]S;fgL, /sd, nfe jf e'QmfgLnfO{ ljb]zL ;|f]t ePsf] dflgg]5 /
To:tf] cfo, gf]S;fgL, /sd, nfe jf e'QmfgLsf] ;|f]t s'g ljb]zL d'n'sdf
/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f osLg ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu o; P]gdf g]kfn egL pNn]v
ePsf ;Gbe{x? s'g} vf; ljb]zL d'n'ssf] xsdf pNn]v ePsf] ;Gbe{ ;/x
dfgL nfu" x'g]5g\ .
P]gsf] bkmf ^& sf] pkbkmf -!_ b]lv -^_ df pNn]lvt ca:yfx?df g]kfnsf] ;|f]t
dflgg] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 eg] ;f] afx]s cGo ca:yfdf eg] cGo b]zsf] ;|f]t ePsf]
dflgG5 .
P]gdf bkmf ^& sf] k|of]hgsf nflu g]kfndf /x]sf] ;DklQ tyf g]kfndf jxg ug'{kg]{
bfloTjsf ;DjGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] :ki6Ls/0f lbO{Psf]] 5 .
-s_ g]kfndf /x]sf] ;DklQ eGgfn] g]kfndf /x]sf hUuf hdLg jf ejgx? tyf
afl;Gbf JolQmsf] s'g} ljb]zL /fi6df /x]sf hUuf hldg jf ejg afx]ssf
;DklQ jf ;f] JolQm bkmf ^( adf]lhd lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfo ;+u ;Da4
/x]df ;f] lgsfodf /x]sf] lghsf] lxt ;d]t ;Demg' k5{ .
-v_ g]kfndf axg ug'{ kg]{ bfloTj eGgfn] afl;Gbf JolQmsf] bfloTj ;Demg' k5{ .
g]kfndf /x]sf] bfloTj eGgfn] afl;Gbf AolQmn] axg ug'{ kg]{ bfloTjnfO{ a'+emfp5 .
pbfx/0fsf]nflu, afl;Gbf AolQmn] s'g} a:t' jf ;]jf vl/b u/] jfkt g]kfndf jf
lab]zdf e'Qmfg ug'{ kg]{ bfloTj, g]kfn jf lab]zaf6 lnPsf] shf{ /sd, h:tf
bfloTjnfO{ lng ;lsG5 .

53

kl/R%]b 4

s/sf] cfwf/ tyf cfosf lzif{sx?

(Tax base and Income heads)

$=!

$=@
$=@=!

cfos/ P]g, @)%* df JolQmsf]] s/ of]Uo cfodf cfos/ nufO{g] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 .
s'g} klg b]zsf] ;/sf/n] ;du| cfo (Global Income) df s/ jf cfosf] k|s[ltsf]
cfwf/df s/ (Scheduler Tax) nufpg] ub{5g\ . JolQmsf hxfF;'s} cfh{g u/]sf
ljleGg cfosf zLif{sx?nfO{ PsLs[t u/L u0fgf ul/Psf] s/of]Uo cfodf P]gdf
pNn]lvt s/sf b/n] u0fgf u/L nufO{g] s/ k4tLnfO{ Global Tax System elgG5 .
To:t}, JolQmsf] Psd'i6 cfodf s/ u0fgf gu/L Joj;fosf] k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df leGg
leGg >f]tut cfodf leGgf leGg} b/n] s/ nufpg] k4tLnfO{ Scheduler Tax
System elgG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu Jofhs/, nfef+z s/ cflb . cfos/ P]g, @)%*
n] klg d'Vo ?kdf Global Tax k4tLnfO{ ckgfPsf] ePtfklg s]xL cfo -h:t}
b]zleq cflh{t nfef+z, cfsl:ds nfe, cfbL_ df eg] Scheduler Tax System
ckgfPsf] 5 . o; cGtu{t cfosf rf/j6f zLif{s dWo] /f]huf/L, Joj;fo /
nufgLsf] lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo 5'f5'} u0fgf u/L Psd'i7 s/of]Uo cfo u0fgf u/L
pQm s/of]Uo cfodf JolQmnfO{ nfUg] s/sf] b/n] u0fgf u/L cfpg] /sd g} ;f]
JolQmn] ltg]{ s/ /sd x'g cfp5 eg] cfsl:ds nfedf eg] clGtd s/ sL lalwn]
Psd'i7 s/ nfUg] Aoa:yf P]gn] u/]sf] 5 . PsLs[t >f]tdf s/ nufpg] k2tL
(Global Tax System) df s/sf] cfwf/ eg]sf] s/of]Uo cfonfO{ a'emfp+5 . PsLs[t
>f]tdf cfwfl/t s/ k|0ffnLn] hlxn]] klg 7f8f] / t];f]{ k|sf/sf] ;dfgtf sfod
u/fpFb5 . o; kl/R5]bsf] p2]Zo cfosf zLif{s tyf s/sf cfwf/sf af/]df ;/n
tyf ;xh 9n] k|:t't ug{' /x]sf] 5 .
s/ nufpg] cfwf/
JolQmsf] sf/f]af/sf] k|s[lt cg';f/ s/ gnufO{ JolQmn] ;+;f/e/ ljleGg zLif{saf6
PsLs[t u/]sf] cfonfO{ (Global Income) ;d]6L ;f] JolQmsf] s/ of]Uo cfo dfly s/
nufO{G5 . t/, s]xL cfo -h:t} b]zleq cflh{t nfef+z, cfsl:ds nfe cfbL_ df
eg] Scheduler Tax System sf cfwf/df s/ nufO{G5 . P]gsf] bkmf (@-!_ df o;
lsl;dsf] s/ nfUg] cj:yf v'nfO{Psf] 5 . JolQm zAbn] k|fs[lts JolQm dflg; h:t}, /fd, hf]g, /xLd, cfbL_ tyf lgsfo cyf{t sfg"gL JolQm (Artificial/Leagal
Person, h:t}, sDkgL, 6i6, ;+:yfg, cfbL_ b'j}nfO{ a'emfp5 . JolQmsf] cawf/0ffsf]
;DaGwdf tnsf] /]vf lrqaf6 :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 .

JolQm -s/bftf_
k|fs[lts JolQm

Psn
JolQm

bDklQ Psnf}6L
kmd{
5gf}6
ug]{
k|fs[lts
JolQm

lgsfo

;fem]bf/L
6i6
sDkgL

uf=lj=;= g]kfn
gu/kflnsf ;/sf/
lh=la=;=

lab]zL
lab]zL
;/sf/
:yfoL
cGt/fli6o ;+:yfkg
;+u7g

k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd :yflkt ;+ul7t ;+:yf

s'g} c;+ul7t ;+3, ;ldlt, ;+:yf jf ;dfh
btf{ ul/Psf jf gul/Psf Psnf}6L kmd{ / ;fem]bf/L jfx]ssf] JolQmx?sf] ;d"x
6i6
jL; jf ;f]eGbf j9L ;fem]bf/x? eO{ k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd btf{ eP jf
gePsf] ;fem]bf/L kmd{,
cjsf; sf]if,
;xsf/L ;+:yf,
o'lg6 6i6,
;+o'Qm pBd
ljb]zL sDkgL
dxflgb]{zsn] tf]s]sf] cGo s'g} ljb]zL ;+:yf

k|fs[lts JolQm Pj+ lgsfosf ;DaGwdf la:t[t AofVof qmdzM o;} lgb]{lzsfsf]
kl/R5]b !! / !# df ul/Psf] 5 .
$=@=@ JolQmn] cfh{g u/]sf] cfodf cfo aif{sf] cfwf/df s/ nufO{ c;'n pk/ ul/G5 .
P]gsf] bkmf @ -em_ cg';f/ cfo jif{ eGgfn] s'g} ;fnsf] >fj0f Ps ut] b]lv csf]{
;fnsf] cfiff9 d;fGt;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ a'emfp+5 . t;y{ JolQmsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{
s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu >fj0f Ps ut] b]lv csf]{ ;fnsf] cfiff9 d;fGt ;Ddsf]
cjlwnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL n]vf tyf cfo ljj/0f tof/ ug{' kb{5 . s'g} JolQmn] slxn]
s'g} cfo k|fKt u5{ jf s'g} vr{ u5{ eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f o; P]gsf] cwLgdf /xL
n]vfsf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGt cg'?k x'g]5 . o;sf] cy{ ;fdfGotofM n]vfsf] ;a{dfGo
l;4fGt eGbf km/s cf;o of] P]gdf eP of] P]gsf] Aoa:yfg} nfu' x'g]5 . k|fs[lts
JolQmn] lghsf] /f]huf/L tyf nufgLjf6 k|fKt x'g] cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ s/ k|of]hgsf]

55

nflu gub cfwf/df n]vf+sg ug'{' kg]{5 eg] sDkgLn] s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu Pq'mon
cfwf/df n]vf+sg ug'{ kg]{5 .
gub cfwf/sf] n]vf+sg M P]gsf] bkmf @# adf]lhd gub cfwf/sf] n]vf+sg ubf{
lghn] e'QmfgL k|fKt ubf{ jf lghnfO{ ;f] e'QmfgL pknAw x'Fbfsf cj:yfdf dfq
lghsf] cfosf] u0fgfdf /sd k|fKt u/]sf] dfgL ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{5 . lghn] e'QmfgL
u/]kl5 dfq ;f] u0fgfdf vr{afkt sL ug'{ kg]{5 . cyf{t, jf:tlas gub k|fKt
(Cash Receipt) ePsf] ca:yfdf cfDbfgL dflgg] / jf:tlas gub e'Qmfg (Cash
Payment) ePsf] ca:yfdf vr{ dflgg] x'G5 .
Pqm'on cfwf/sf] n]vf+sg M P]gsf] bkmf @$ adf]lhd Pqm'on cfwf/sf] n]vf+sg ubf{
JolQmsf] e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ l;h{gf (Right to Receive) x'gf;fy To:tf]
e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf] dfgL ;f] JolQmsf] cfosf] u0fgfdf ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{5 . To:t}
vr{ sL ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu b]xfosf vr{x? Joxf]/]sf] dflgg]5 M
-s_ s'g} csf]{ JolQmjf6 ePsf] e'QmfgLsf] ;fdf To:tf] vr{ ;dfj]z ePsf]
s'g} e'QmfgL ul/Psf] ePdf b]xfosf] cj:yfdf vr{ Joxf]/]sf] dflgg]5 M
-!_ ;f] JolQmdf ;f] e'QmfgL ug]{ bfloTj /x]sf]df,
-@_ To:tf] bfloTjsf] d"No oyfy{ k/s 9n] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsg]
ePsf]df, /
-#_ csf]{ JolQmaf6 e'QmfgL k|fKt ePsf]df, jf
-v_ v08 -s_ df plNnlvt cj:yfafx]s cGo ;a} cj:yfdf e'QmfgL
ul/Psf] ;dodf vr{ Joxf]/]sf] dflgg]5 .
t/ P]gsf] bkmf @$ sf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd a}+ls Joj;fosf ;DaGwdf g]kfn /fi6
a}+s P]g, @)%* tyf a}+ls ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"gsf cwLgdf /xL g]kfn /fi6
a}+sn] tf]s]sf] n]vfgnfO{ ljefun] dfGotf lbg ;Sg] Aoa:yf 5 .
$=#

s/of]Uo cfo tyf cfosf zLif{sx?sf] juL{s/0f

P]gsf] bkmf % adf]lhd s/of]Uo cfo / cfosf zLif{sx?sf] juL{s/0f lgDgfg'';f/
ul/Psf] 5 M
% s'g} JolQmsf] s'g} cfo jif{sf] s/of]Uo cfo ;f] jif{df b]xfosf k|To]s cfosf
zLif{sx?sf] lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfosf] s"n hDdf /sdaf6 bkmf !@, !@s jf ^# jf
tLg} bkmf adf]lhd s'g} bfaL u/]sf] /sd eP ;f] /sd 36fO{ u0fgf ul/Psf]
/sd a/fa/ x'g]5 M
-s_ Joj;fo,
-v_ /f]huf/L,
-u_ nufgL /
-3_ cfsl:ds nfe .

56

$=$

$=%

$=^

P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -h_ adf]lhd cfo eGgfn] s'g} JolQmn] /f]huf/L, Joj;fo
jf nufgLaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] cfo / o; P]g adf]lhd u0fgf ul/Psf] ;f] cfosf] s"n
/sd ;Demg' k5{ .
P]gsf] bkmf & adf]lhd Joj;fojf6 ePsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;]jf z'Ns, Joj;flos
?kdf ul/Psf] s[lif, pBf]u, Jofkf/, k]zf, Joj;fojf6 k|fKt /sd -j:t' jf ;]jfsf]
laqmLjf6 k|fKt /sd_, Joj;flos ;DklQ jf bfloTjjf6 k|fKt v'b nfe, Joj;fosf]
;DjGwdf k|fKt pkxf/ tyf Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ ;DaGwdf k|ltaGw :jLsf/ u/]
jfkt k|fKt u/]sf] /sd tyf Joj;fo;+u k|ToIf ?kn] ;DjlGwt nufgLjf6 k|fKt
/sd ;dfa]z ug'{ kb{5 .
P]gsf] bkmf * adf]lhd s'g} k|fs[lts JolStn] s'g} cfo jif{df /f]huf/Laf6 k|fKt
u/]sf] kfl/>lds ;f] jif{df ;f] JolQmsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfo dfgL u0fgf ug{' kb{5 .
P]gsf] bkmf ( adf]lhd s'g} JolStn] s'g} cfo jif{df nufgLaf6 u/]sf] d'gfkmf /
nfex? ;f] JolQmsf] ;f] jif{sf] nufgLsf] cfo dfgL u0fgf ug{' kb{5 .
P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -h!_ adf]lhd cfsl:ds nfe cGtu{t lr7\7f, pkxf/,
k'/:sf/, alS;;, lhtf}/L tyf cGo s'g} klg cfsl:ds ?kdf k|fKt x'g] nfenfO{
;dfa]; ul/Psf] 5 .
s'n cfo -sf/f]jf/_ / cfosf] u0fgf
P]gsf] kl/R5]b # sf] bkmf &, * / ( df cfosf zLif{ssf cfwf/df cfosf] u0fgfdf
;dfa]; ul/g'kg]{ /sdx?sf ;DaGwdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 . bkmf & df Joj;fo,
Joj;fosf] cfodf ;dfa]; ul/g] /sd Pj+ Joj;fosf] cfodf ;dfa]; gul/g]
/sdsf af/]df Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 . bkmf * df /f]huf/L, /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfa];
ul/g] /sd Pj+ /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfa]; gul/g] /sdsf af/]df Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 .
To:t}, bkmf ( df nufgL, nufgLsf] cfodf ;dfa]; ul/g] /sd Pj+ nufgLsf] cfodf
;dfa]; gul/g] /sdsf af/]df Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 .
JolQmsf] s'n cfo -sf/f]jf/_ df ;dfa]; ul/g] /sd Pj+ ;f] ;DaGwL lalaw kIfx?
o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b ^ df la:t[t AofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
5'6 x'g] /sd / cGo 5'6x?
P]gsf] kl/R5]b $ df cfosf] u0fgf ug]{ ;Gbe{df 5'6 x'g] /sdx? (Exemption) Pj+
cGo 5'6x? (Concession) sf af/]df AofVof ul/Psf]5 . bkmf !) df cfosf] u0fgf
ubf{ ;dfa]; ug'{ gkg]{ cyf{t 5'6 x'g] /sdsf] af/]df Aoa:yf ul/Psf]5 . bkmf !!
df Aofa;flos ;'lawf (Concession) sf] af/]df AofVof ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} bkmf !@
Pj+ bkmf !@s df ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj (Social Responsibility) ;DaGwL rGbf,
k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0fdf ePsf] vr{ cflbsf] ;DaGwdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
o;/L 5'6 x'g] /sd (Exemption) Pj+ cGo 5'6x? (Concession) ;DaGwL lalaw
kIfx? qmdzM o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b ( / !) df la:t[t AofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
sf/f]af/;+u ;DalGwt vr{ sL
P]gsf] kl/R5]b % df Joj;fo jf nufgL;+u ;DalGwt vr{ sL bfaL ug]{ ;DaGwdf
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . s'g} JolQmsf] s'g} cfo aif{df s'g} Joj;fo jf nufgLsf] cfo
lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;fdfGotofM sf/f]jf/;+u ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ ;fdfGo vr{x? sL bfaL
57

$=&

ug{ kfpg] Aoa:yf P]gsf] bkmf !# df ul/Psf] 5 . t/, To:tf vr{x? bkmf @!
adf]lhd sL ug{ gkfpg] vr{ x'g' x'b}g / ;f] cfojif{df ePsf, ;f] JolStaf6 ePsf
/ Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 cfo cfh{g x'g] sfo{df ePsf x'g' kb{5 . ;f] kl/R5]bdf
;dfa]; ul/Psf bkmf !$, !%, !^, !&, !*, !(, tyf @) / %(, ^), &! n] vr{
tyf gf]S;fgL sL bfaL ug]{ ;DaGwdf ljz]if Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
JolQmsf] Joj;fo;+u ;DalGwt vr{ sL bfaL ug]{ Pa+ ;f] ;DaGwL lalaw kIfx?
o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !* df la:t[t AofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
s/nfUg] JolQm
P]gsf] bkmf # adf]lhd b]xfosf k|To]s JolStnfO{ k|To]s cfo jif{df o; P]g
adf]lhd s/ nufO{ c;"npk/ ul/g]5 M
-s_ s'g} cfo jif{df s/of]Uo cfo ePsf] JolQm
-v_ bkmf ^* sf] pkbkmf -#_ / -$_ adf]lhd s'g} cfo jif{sf] cfo ljb]zdf k7fpg]
u}/afl;Gbf JolStsf] g]kfndf cjl:yt ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkg, /
-u_ s'g} cfo jif{df clGtd ?kdf s/ sL eO{ e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ JolQm .
s/sf] b/ k|of]u u/L s/sf] u0fgf ul/g] cfonfO{ s/sf] cfwf/ dflgG5 . P]gsf] bkmf
& -Aoazfosf] cfo_ Pj+ bkmf ( -nufgLsf] cfo_ cg';f/ k|fKt u/]sf] cfodf vr{
sL (Deduction) bfaL u/] kZrft x'g cfpg] cfoaf6 s/ 5'6 x'g] cfo 36fO{ afFsL
x'g] /sd tyf bkmf * -/f]huf/Lsf] cfo_ adf]lhdsf] /sdnfO{ lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfo
elgG5 . To:t} lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfoaf6 bkmf !@ jf !@s adf]lhdsf] rGbf jf P]gsf]
bkmf ^# adf]lhdsf] casfz of]ubfg -k|fs[lts JolQmsf] xsdf_ jf tLg} bkmf
adf]lhd s'g} bfaL u/]sf] /sd eP ;f] /sd 36fO{ u0fgf ul/Psf] /sd ;f] JolQmsf]
s/of]Uo cfo x'g]5 . o:tf] /sdnfO s/sf] cfwf/ dflgG5 / P]gsf] cg';"rL! df
pNn]lvt b/sf] k|of]u u/L s/sf] u0fgf ul/g] 5 .
g]kfndf /x]sf] j}b]lzs :yfoL ;+:yfkgn] ljb]zdf k7fPsf] cfo klg s/ k|of]hgsf]
lgldQ s/sf] cfwf/ dflgG5 / To:tf] s/ of]Uo cfodf cg';"rL! sf] bkmf @ sf]
pkbkmf -^_ df tf]lsPsf] s/sf] b/ nufO{ cfos/sf] u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 .
To:t}, clGtd ?kdf s/ sL x'g] e'QmfgLnfO{ ;d]t s/sf] cfwf/ dflgG5 / ;f]df
P]gsf] bkmf *&, **, **s / *( df tf]lsPsf] s/sf] b/ nufO{ e'Qmfg ug'{ kg]{
cfos/sf] u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 . To:t}, bkmf (%s df clu|d s/ c;'n ug]{ Joj:yf 5 .
s/sf] cfwf/ ;DaGwdf tn k|:t't /]vf lrqaf6 ;d]t yk k|i6 kfl/Psf] 5M

58

lrq !
s/sf] cfwf/
-bkmf #_

bkmf #-s_
s/of]Uo cfo X s/sf] b/
- cf}iflw pkrf/ s/ ldnfg
- j}b]lzs s/ ldnfg

bkmf #-v_
ljb]zdf k7fPsf]
cfo X s/sf] b/

bkmf #-u_
clGtd ?kdf s/sL x'g]
e'QmfgL X s/sf] b/

bkmf % df cg';"rL ! bkmf @-s 8_ cg';"rL ! bkmf (@

kl/eflift
^*-$_ df sf] @-^_ df kl/eflift
kl/eflift

bkmf *&, **, **s,

*(

g]kfndf cjl:yt j}b]lzs ;+:yfkg, d'Vo JolQm jf lgsfo u}/ jfl;Gbf /x]sf] /
ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgn] g]kfnsf] ;|f]tjf6 k|fKt u/]sf] cfo j}+s dfkm{t jf cGo s'g}
tl/sfn] ljb]zdf k7fPsf] cfodf cfos/ nfUb5 . g]kfnsf] >f]tsf] cfodf u}/
jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgnfO{ afl;Gbf JolQm dfgL o:tf] cfodf
lgoldt b/df s/ nufOG5 . csf]{ zJbdf, ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgnfO{ jfl;Gbf JolQm
;/x s/ nufOG5 / o;/L s/ lt/] kZrft afFsL /x]sf] /sd lab]zdf cfkm\gf]
Parent Company nfO{ k7fPsf] cfonfO{ nfef+z ;/x dflgG5 . g]kfn l:yt ljb]zL
:yfoL ;+:yfkgn] ljb]z k7fPsf] cfodf cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf @ sf] pkbkmf -^_ df
pNn]v u/] cg';f/sf] b/n] s/ nfUb5 .
>f]tdf s/ sL u/L e'QmfgL x'g] /sd g} s/ sL x'g] e'QmfgL xf] . e'QmfgLstf{n]
s/ sL x'g] e'QmfgL ubf{ e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf] tkm{jf6 tf]lsPsf] b/df e'QmfgL
s} cj:yfdf s/ sL ug'{ kb{5 . clGtd ?kdf s/ sL x'g] e'QmfgL / e'QmfgLdf
sL x'g] s/ ;DaGwL k|fjwfgx?sf] yk AofVof o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !^ df
ul/Psf] 5 .

59

kl/R%]b 5

cfo, lgwf{/)fof]Uo cfo tyf s/of]Uo cfo

(Income, Assessable Income and Taxable Income)

%=!

%=@

cfos/ P]g, @)%* df JolQmsf]] d'gfkmf jf nfenfO{ cfosf] ?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf]
5 . P]gdf afl;Gbf AolQmsf] g]kfn tyf cGo h'g ;'s} d'n's >f]t ePsf] cfodf s/
nfUg] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 . u}/ afl;Gbf AolQmsf] g]kfn >f]t ePsf] cfodf dfq s/
nfUg] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 . AolQmsf] ;Dk"0f{ k|flKtdf s/ gnufO{ AolQmn] laleGg
zLif{saf6 u/]sf] cfonfO{ ;d]6L ;f] AolQmsf] s/of]Uo cfo dfly s/ nufO{g]
Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 . o; cy{df, s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu AolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf ;a} /sdx?
cfo dflgPsf 5}gg\ . To:t} gubdf k|fKt gu/L ;'lawf jf cGo tj/af6 k|fKt
ul/Psf] (Receipts in Kind) jf P]g cg';f/ cfo dflgPsf /sdx? rfl/qLs/0f
(Characterize) u/L To:tf] k|flKtnfO{ kl/df0fLs/0f (Quantification) u/L cfodf
;dfa]; ul/g' kb{5 . AolQmn] /f]huf/L, Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] cfo /
o; P]g adf]lhd u0fgf ul/Psf] ;f] cfosf] s"n /sdnfO{ cfodf ;dfa]; ul/g' kg]{
Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 . cfsl:ds nfeaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] cfodf eg] clGtd s/ sL
lalwn] s/ nfUb5 . k|To]s cfosf zLif{sx?df ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ cfonfO{ ;dfj]z u/L
sf ug'{ kg]{ ;j} vr{ 36fO{ ul/Psf] cfo lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfo x'G5 . To;/L Joazfo,
/f]huf/L tyf nufgLaf6 u0fgf ul/Psf] lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfoaf6 P]gsf] bkmf !@, !@s
adf]lhdsf] rGbf vr{ Pj+ ;Dkbf ;+/If0f / v]ns'bsf] ljsf;df sDkgLn] u/]sf] vr{
jf bkmf ^# adf]lhdsf] casfz of]ubfg jf tLg} bkmf adf]lhd s'g} bfaL of]Uo
/sd eP ;f] 36fO{ x'g cfpg] /sdnfO{ s/of]Uo cfo elgG5 . cfosf lzif{s,
lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfo tyf s/of]Uo cfonfO{ la:t[t ?kdf AofVof ug'{ o; kl/R5]bsf]
p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .
cfo
P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -h_ adf]lhd cfo eGgfn] s'g} JolQmn] /f]huf/L, Joj;fo,
nufgL jf cfsl:ds nfeaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] cfo / o; P]g adf]lhd u0fgf ul/Psf]
;f] cfosf] s"n /sd ;Demg' k5{ .
s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu AolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf ;a} /sdx? cfo dflgPsf 5}gg\ . To:t}
gubdf k|fKt gul/Psf] ePtf klg P]g cg';f/ cfo dflgPsf /sdx? rfl/qLs/0f
u/L To:tf] k|flKtnfO{ kl/df0fLs/0f u/L cfodf ;dfa]; ul/g' kb{5 .
P]gsf] bkmf % df cfo / cfosf zLif{sx?sf] juL{s/0f lgDgfg'';f/ ul/Psf] 5 M
-s_ Joj;fo,
-v_ /f]huf/L,
-u_ nufgL, /
-3_ cfsl:ds nfe .
P]gsf] bkmf & adf]lhd Joj;fojf6 ePsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;]jf z'Ns, s[lif, pBf]u,
Jofkf/, k]zf, Joj;fojf6 k|fKt /sd -j:t' jf ;]jfsf] laqmLjf6 k|fKt cfo_,
Joj;flos ;DklQ jf bfloTj lg;u{af6 k|fKt v'b nfe, Joj;fosf] ;DjGwdf k|fKt

pkxf/ tyf Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ k|ltaGw :jLsf/ u/] jfkt k|fKt u/]sf] Ifltk"lt{
/sd (Compensation) tyf Joj;fo;+u k|ToIf ?kn] ;DjlGwt /sd ;dfa]z ug'{
kb{5 .
P]gsf] bkmf * adf]lhd s'g} k|fs[lts JolStn] s'g} cfo jif{df /f]huf/Laf6 k|fKt
u/]sf] kfl/>lds ;f] jif{df ;f] JolQmsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfo dfgL u0fgf ug{' kb{5 .
P]gsf] bkmf ( adf]lhd s'g} JolStn] s'g} cfo jif{df nufgLaf6 u/]sf] d'gfkmf /
nfex? ;f] JolQmsf] ;f] nufgLsf] ;f] jif{sf] cfo dfgL u0fgf ug{' kb{5 .
P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -h!_ adf]lhd cfsl:ds nfe cGtu{t lr7\7f, pkxf/,
k'/:sf/, alS;;, lhtf}/L tyf cGo s'g} klg cfsl:ds ?kdf k|fKt x'g] nfenfO{
;dfa]; ul/Psf] 5 .
pk/f]Qm adf]lhd Joj;fo / nufgLsf] xsdf ;f] AolQmn] cfodf ;dfa]; ul/g' kg]{
/sdx?af6 vr{ sf ug{ kfpg] /sdx? 36fO{ afFsL /xg] /sd cyf{t d'gfkmf /
nfe, ;f] AolQmsf] cfo x'G5 eg] kfl/>lds k|fKt ug]{ AolQmsf] xsdf s'n
kfl/>ldsdf ;dfa]; ul/g] /sdg} ;f] AolQmsf] cfo x'G5 . To:t} cfsl:ds
nfeaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] s'n /sd g} ;f] AolQmsf] cfo x'G5 / ;f]df clGtd s/ sLsf]
lalwn] s/ nfUb5 .
s/bftfn] k|fKt u/]sf] jf k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ ;[hgf ePsf] cfo o; cGtu{t kb{5 .
s/bftfn] e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ /sd gubdf jf lhG;L jf ;]jfsf] ?kdf klg x'g ;Qm5
. o;/L cfo u0fgf ubf{ cfo k|fKt ug]{ AolQm cyf{t s/bftfn] gub jf cGo tj/n]
;d]t e'QmfgL k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g\ . P]gsf] bkmf @@ sf] clwgdf /xL cfonfO{ gub jf
Pqm'cn cfwf/df n]vfg ug{' kb{5 . sDkgLsf] cfo Pqm'cn cfwf/df n]vfg ul/g'
kb{5 . k|fs[lts AolQmsf] /f]huf/L Pj+ nufgLsf] cfo gub k|flKtsf] cfwf/ (Cash
Basis) df n]vfg ul/G5 eg] ;fdfGotofM Joj;fosf] cfo Pqm'cn cfwf/df
n]vfg ul/G5 . t/, k|fs[lts JolQmsf] Joj;fosf] cfo ePdf gubdf klg n]vfg
ug{ ;lsG5 .
%=#

lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfoM
P]gsf] bkmf ^ df lgDgfg';f/sf] cfonfO{ lgwf{/0fof]Uo dflgPsf] 5 M
o; P]gsf] cwLgdf /xL s'g} JolStsf] s'g} cfo jif{df s'g} /f]huf/L, Joj;fo,
nufgL jf cfsl:ds nfeaf6 ePsf] b]xfosf cfox?nfO{ lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfo
dflgg]5M
-s_ afl;Gbf JolStsf] cfosf] ;|f]t hxfF;'s} ePklg ;f] jif{df ;f] JolStsf]
/f]huf/L, Joj;fo, nufgL jf cfsl:ds nfeaf6 ePsf] cfo, /
-v_ u}/afl;Gbf JolStsf] ;f] jif{df cfosf] ;|f]t g]kfndf ePsf] /f]huf/L, Joj;fo,
nufgL jf cfsl:ds nfeaf6 ePsf] cfo .
t/ lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfodf bkmf !! jf ^$ jf b'a} bkmf adf]lhd s/ 5"6
lbOPsf] s'g} klg cfo ;dfj]z x'g] 5}g .
k|To]s cfosf zLif{sx?df ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ cfonfO{ ;dfj]z / sf ug'{ kg]{ ;j} vr{
36fO{ u0fgf ul/Psf] cfoaf6 P]gsf] bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf -!_ tyf -@_ adf]lhd s[lif
/ ;xsf/L Joj;fojf6 k|fKt cfo / bkmf ^$ sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd :jLs[t
61

%=$

cjsfz sf]ifdf s/ 5'6 ePsf]n] To:tf cfo 36fp+bf afFsL /xg] /sd lgwf{/0fof]Uo
cfo x'G5 . jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] cfosf] ;|f]t hxf;'s} ePklg ;j} cfo -Global
Income_ df cfos/ nfUb5 eg] u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] g]kfn >f]t ePsf] cfodf
dfq g]kfndf s/ nfUb5 . g]kfn >f]t dflgg] cfo Pj+ cGt/f{li6o s/ ;DjGwL
sfg"gL Joj:yfx? / ltgLx?sf] cj:yf cg';f/sf] lj:t[t JofVof o; lgb]{lzsfsf]
kl/R5]b # tyf kl/R5]b !$ df ul/Psf] 5 .
s/of]Uo cfo
s/of]Uo cfo eGgfn] Aoazfo, /f]huf/L tyf nufgLaf6 u0fgf ul/Psf] lgwf{/0f
of]Uo cfosf] s'n hDdf /sdaf6 P]gsf] bkmf !@, !@s adf]lhdsf] rGbf vr{ Pj+
;Dkbf ;+/If0f / v]ns'bsf] ljsf;df sDkgLn] u/]sf] vr{ jf bkmf ^# adf]lhdsf]
casfz of]ubfg jf tLg} bkmf adf]lhd s'g} bfaL of]Uo /sd eP ;f] 36fO{ x'g
cfpg] /sdnfO{ s/of]Uo cfo elgG5 .
P]gsf] bkmf % adf]lhd s/of]Uo cfo / cfosf zLif{sx?sf] juL{s/0f lgDgfg'';f/
ul/Psf] 5 M
% s'g} JolQmsf] s'g} cfo jif{sf] s/of]Uo cfo ;f] jif{df b]xfosf k|To]s cfosf
zLif{sx?sf] lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfosf] s"n hDdf /sdaf6 bkmf !@, !@s jf ^# jf
tLg} bkmf adf]lhd s'g} bfaL u/]sf] /sd eP ;f] /sd 36fO{ u0fgf ul/Psf]
/sd a/fa/ x'g]5 M
-s_ Joj;fo,
-v_ /f]huf/L,
-u_ nufgL /
-3_ cfsl:ds nfe .
s/bftfsf] s/ bfloTj u0fgf s/of]Uo cfosf cfwf/df ul/G5 . s/bftfsf] s/of]Uo
cfo u0fgf ubf{ lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfosf] s"n hDdf /sdaf6 P]gsf] bkmf !@, !@s
adf]lhdsf] rGbf vr{ Pj+ ;Dkbf ;+/If0f / v]ns'bsf] ljsf;df sDkgLn] u/]sf] vr{
jf bkmf ^# adf]lhdsf] casfz of]ubfg jf tLg} bkmf adf]lhd s'g} bfaL u/]sf]
/sd eP ;f] /sd 36fO{ s/of]Uo cfo u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 .
s/of]Uo cfo u0fgf ;DaGwL Aoa:yf tnsf] tflnsfdf v'nfO{Psf] 5M
laa/0f
sf/f]af/
(Inclusions)

Joj;fosf] cfo /f]huf/Lsf] cfo

nufgLsf] cfo
bkmf & adf]lhd bkmf * adf]lhd bkmf ( adf]lhd
;dfa]z x'g] /sd ;dfa]z x'g] /sd
;dfa]z x'g] /sd

sL x'g] /sd 36fpg]M

bkmf !# b]lv @!
sL (Deduction)
adf]lhd bfaL
bfaL ug{ kfpg]
of]Uo /sdx?
bkmf %(-!s_
a}+ls Joj;fodf
adf]lhd hf]lvd
sL (Deduction)
Aoxf]g]{ sf]ifdf
bfaL ug{ kfpg]
;f/]sf] /sdx?

nfu' gx'g]

sL (Deduction)
bfaL ug{ kfpg]

nfu' gx'g]

nfu' gx'g]

62

laa/0f
bkmf ^)-@_-v_-#_
adf]lhd bfaL
of]Uo /sdx?

Joj;fosf] cfo /f]huf/Lsf] cfo

;fdfGo jLdf
nfu' gx'g]
Joj;fodf sL
(Deduction) bfaL
ug{ kfpg]

nufgLsf] cfo
nfu' gx'g]

bkmf &!-$_
adf]lhdsf] lab]zdf
lt/]sf] s/

s/ ldnfg bfaL
5f]8]sf] ca:yfdf
vr{ bfaL ug{ ;Sg]

s/ ldnfg bfaL
5f]8]sf] ca:yfdf vr{
bfaL ug{ ;Sg]

s/ ldnfg bfaL
5f]8]sf] ca:yfdf
vr{ bfaL ug{ ;Sg]

cfo

cfo

cfo

lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfodf
;dfa]; gx'g] /sd
36fpg]M
P]gsf] bkmf !!
s/ 5'6 x'g] /sd
s/ 5'6 x'g] /sd
nfu' gx'g]
adf]lhd 5'6 x'g]
cfoaf6 36fpg]
cfoaf6 36fpg]
/sdx?
P]gsf] bkmf ^$
s/ 5'6 x'g] /sd
nfu' gx'g]
nfu' gx'g]
adf]lhd :jLs[t
cfoaf6 36fpg]
casfz sf]ifsf]
s/ gnfUg] cfo
lgwf{/0f of]Uo
lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo
cfo
P]gsf] bkmf !@
36fpg bfaL ug{ kfpg]
adf]lhdsf]
rGbf
/sd
P]gsf] bkmf !@s
sDkgLn] 36fpg bfaL ug{ kfpg]
adf]lhd
;Dkbf

;+/If0f / v]ns'bsf]
ljsf;df u/]sf] vr{
P]gsf] bkmf ^#
adf]lhdsf] casfz
of]ubfg /sd

k|fs[lts JolQmn] 36fpg bfaL ug{ kfpg]

s/ of]Uo cfo

k|fs[lts JolQmsf] Joj;fo, /f]huf/L tyf nufgLsf] zLif{saf6 cfo x'g ;Sb5 eg]
k|fs[lts JolQm afx]s cGo JolQm -lgsfo_ sf] Joj;fo tyf nufgLsf] zLif{saf6
cfo x'g ;Sb5 . s'g} JolQmsf] Ps eGbf a9L cfosf zLif{saf6 cfo ePsf] v08df
tL ;a} cfosf zLif{sx?sf] s'n lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfo ;f] cfo jif{sf] ;f] s/bftfsf]
lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfo x'G5 . ;f] cfo jif{sf] s/of]Uo cfo u0fgf ug{ h'g;'s} >f]tsf]
lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfojf6 s/ 5'6 x'g] ;+:yfnfO{ lbPsf] rGbf, pkxf/ / cjsfz of]ubfg
36fpg kfO{G5 .
63

%=%
%=%=!

s/sf] u0fgf / s/sf] b/ M

P]gsf] bkmf $ df s/sf] u0fgf ug]{ / To;/L u0fgf ul/Psf] /sddf nfUg] s/sf] b/
;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf ul/Psf] 5 M
-!_ s'g} cfo jif{sf nflu bkmf # df plNnlvt s'g} JolQmn] bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ s/sf]
/sd ;f] bkmfsf] v08 -s_, -v_ / -u_ df plNnlvt s'g} Ps jf Ps eGbf
a9L JolQmsf] x}l;otn] ;f] JolQmn] bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ s/sf] hDdf /sd a/fa/
x'g]5 .
P]gsf] bkmf # adf]lhd s'g} cfo jif{df s/of]Uo cfo ePsf] JolQmn] bflvnf ug'{ kg]{
s/, g]kfndf /x]sf] j}b]lzs :yfoL ;+:yfkgn] ljb]zdf k7fPsf] cfodf bflvnf ug'{
kg]{ s/ tyf clGtd ?kdf s/ sL x'g] e'QmfgLdf bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ s/ ;f] JolQmsf]
s/ bfloTj x'g]5 . obL s'g} JolQmsf] o:tf s/ ;DaGwdf Ps jf Ps eGbf a9L
x}l;ot ePsf] ca:yfdf o:tf s'n /sd a/fa/ ;f] JolQmn] bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ s/
x'g]5 .
pbfx/0f %=%=!M dfgf}+, Global Life Insurance Company sf] zfvf sfof{no
g]kfndf ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 O{hfht lnO{ Aoazfo ;+rfng u/L /x]sf] u}/
afl;Gbf JolQmsf] g]kfn l:yt :yfoL ;+:yfkg xf] . pQm lgsfon] g]kfndf jLdf
Joj;fosf] s/ of]Uo cfodf bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ s/, pQm lgsfon] csf]{ sDkgLsf]
z]o/ vl/b u/] jfkt k|fKt nfef+zdf sL ePsf] s/ /sd tyf ;f] lgsfon]
d'gfkmf cfkm\gf] Parent Company nfO{ k7fPsf] v08df To:tf] lab]zdf k7fPsf]
cfodf cg';"rL! sf] bkmf @ sf] pkbkmf -^_ adf]lhd bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ s/ ;f]
lgsfosf] km/s km/s x}l;otn] bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ hDdf s/ /sd x'g]5 .
-@_ bkmf # sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhdsf] s'g} JolQmn] bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ s/sf] u0fgf
ubf{ ;f] cfo jif{sf nflu ;f] JolQmsf] s/of]Uo cfodf cg';"rL! df plNnlvt
;DalGwt b/x? nufO{ u0fgf ug'{ kg]{5 . o;/L s/sf] u0fgf ubf{ bkmf %! jf
&! jf b'a} bkmf adf]lhd ;f] JolQmn] bfaL u/]sf] s'g} s/ ldnfg ug{ kfpg]
/sd s6fO{ u0fgf ug'{ kg]{5 .
k|fs[lts JolQmn] bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ s/ /sdaf6 ;f] JolQmn] P]gsf] bkmf %! adf]lhd
bfaL of]Uo cf}iflw pkrf/ jfkt s/ ldnfg (Medical Tax Credit) jf P]gsf] bkmf &!
adf]lhd bfaL of]Uo a}b]lzs s/ ldnfg (Foreign Tax Credit) jf b'j} /sd s/
ldnfg u/L s/ bfloTjaf6 36fpg ;Sg]5 .

64

pbfx/0f %=%=@M dfgf}+, ;+sNk yfkf eGg] afl;Gbf JolQmsf] cf=j= )^%.^^ df
lab]z >f]t ePsf] /f]huf/L cfo ?= @,%),))) /x]5 / lghn] ;f] cfosf] >f]t
ePs} d'n'sdf ? #%,))) cfos/ ;d]t lt/]sf /x]5g\ . lghn] ;f] aif{ cf}ifwL
pkrf/ jfkt ?= %,))) vr{ u/]sf /x]5g\ . olb lgh Psn JolQm /x]sf]
ca:yfdf lghsf] ;f] cfo aif{sf] s/sf] bfloTjsf] u0fgf lgDgfg';f/ ug{'kb{5 .
250,000.00
lgwf{/0f of]Uo lab]zL >f]t ePsf] cfo
5'6 /sd
250,000.00
s/of]Uo cfo
s/sf] u0fgf
?= !,!%,))) ;Dd
s/ gnfUg]
12,750.00
?= *%,))) df !% n]
12,500.00
afFsL df @% n]
25,250.00
hDdf s/ bfloTj
ljb]zL s/ ldnfg ug'{ cuf8L bflvnf ug'{ 25,250.00
kg]{ s/sf] /sd
g]kfnsf] s/sf] cf};t b/
10.10%
-ljb]zL s/ ldnfg ug'{ cuf8L bflvnf ug'{
kg]{ s/sf] /sds/of]Uo cfo_
25,250.00
bfaL of]Uo a}b]lzs s/ ldnfg /sd
-g]kfnsf] s/sf] cf};t b/ x lgwf{/0fof]Uo
ljb]zL cfo_
35,000.00
lab]]zdf lt/]sf] s/
cfufdL aif{ ;f/L bfaL ug{ ldNg] /sd 9,750.00
bfjL ug{ af+sL ljb]zdf lt/]sf] s/_
hDdf s/ bfloTjdf ljb]zdf lt/]sf] s/ ldnfg ubf{ s/ bfloTj afFsL g/x]sf]n]
ubf{ o; jif{ u/]sf] cf}iflw pkrf/ vr{sf] s/ ldnfg o; jif{ ldnfg x'g g;s]sf]
dfgL cfufdL jif{ ;f/L bfjL ug{ kfOg]5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg b]xfosf ;a} cj:yfx? k"/f
u/]sf bkmf # sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhdsf] afl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQmn] bflvnf ug'{
kg]{ s/ To:tf afl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQmnfO{ ;f] cfo jif{df /f]huf/bftfjf6
lbOPsf e'QmfgLjf6 bkmf *& adf]lhd s6[L ePsf] s/ /sdsf] hDdf /sd
a/fa/ x'g]5 M
-s_ ;f] cfo jif{sf] cfodf g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] s'g} /f]huf/Lsf] cfodfq
;dfj]z ePsf],
-v_ ;f] cfo jif{df ;a} /f]huf/bftf afl;Gbf JolQm ePsf] / Ps k6sdf
Pp6fdfq /f]huf/bftf ePsf], /

65

-u_

/f]huf/bftfn] e'QmfgL u/]sf] cf}iflw pkrf/ vr{ jfktsf] s/ ldnfg /

/f]huf/bftfn] g} e'QmfgL ul/lbPsf] cjsfz of]ubfg dfq 36fpg bfjL
u/]sf] tyf bkmf !@ ad]flhd rGbf jfkt vr{ 36fpg bfjL gu/]sf] .
o:tf] ca:yfdf ;f] JolQmn] bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ s/ To:tf JolQmnfO{ ;f] cfo jif{df
/f]huf/bftfjf6 lbOPsf e'QmfgLjf6 P]gsf] bkmf *& adf]lhd >f]tdf s/ sL ePsf]
s/ /sdsf] hDdf /sd a/fa/ x'g]5 .
P]gsf] bkmf $-#_ cg';f/ Psk6sdf Pp6f dfq /f]huf/bftf ePsf] / /f]huf/bftfn]
e"QmfgL u/]sf] cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ jfkt s/ ldnfg / /f]huf/bftfn] g} e"QmfgL
ul/lbPsf] cjsfz of]ubfg dfq 36fpg bfjL u/]sf] tyf rGbf jfkt vr{ 36fpg
bfjL gu/]sf] cj:yfdf lghn] lt/]sf] / ltg'{kg]{ /f]huf/L cfosf] s/ P]gsf] bkmf *&
cg';f/ s6\6L u/]sf] ePdf lghn] cfo ljj/0f eg{ gkg]{ x'G5 . cfo jif{sf] ljrdf
/f]huf/bftf kl/jt{g ePsf s/bftfn] o:tf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ klxnf] /f]huf/bftfaf6
k|fKt u/]sf] e'QmfgL, ;f] e'QmfgLdf sL ePsf] s/ ;d]t v'n]sf] s/ sLsf] k|df0fkq
bf]>f] /f]huf/bftf ;dIf k]z u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 . bf]>f] /f]huf/bftfn] klg klxnf]
/f]huf/bftfn] u/]sf] e'QmfgL / ;f] e'QmfgLdf u/]sf] s/ sL ;dfof]hg u/L cfkm"n]
u/]sf] e'QmfgLdf s/ u0fgf u/L bkmf *& adf]lhd e'QmfgLdf s/ sL u/]sf] x'g'
kb{5 . csf{lt/, Ps} k6sdf PseGbf a9L /f]huf/bftf ePsf] cj:yfdf eg] lghn]
cfo ljj/0f eg'{ kb{5 .
pbfx/0f %=%=# M dfgf}+, xl/z dfy]df eGg] Ps hgf sd{rf/L cf=j= )^%.^^ df
g]=j}=nL= df sfo{/t /x]5g\ . lghsf] g]=j}=nL= afx]s cGoq /f]huf/L nufot cGo
s'g} cfo /x]g5 . lghn] ;f] cf=j= df g]=j}=nL= af6 ?= %,)),))) tna tyf
eQf k|fKt u/]sf /x]5g\ . g]=j}=nL= n] ;f] aif{ lghsf] nflu g]=j}=nL= cjsfz
sf]ifdf ?= *),))) hDdf ul/lbPsf] tyf lghsf] tnaaf6 s6fO{ ;+:yfn] g}
gful/s nufgL sf]ifdf ?= @),))) hDdf ul/lbPsf] /x]5 . lghn] cjsfz
sf]ifdf hDdf u/]sf] of]ubfg jfktsf] /sd 36fpg bfjL u/]sf] t/ lghn] rGbf
vr{ tyf cf}ifwL pkrf/ jfkt s/ ldnfg sf] nfuL bfjL gu/]sf] v08df lghn]
cfo laa/0f k]z ug'{ kb}{g . o; ca:yfdf kfl/>lds e'Qmfg ubf{ P]gsf] bkmf *&
cg';f/ g]=j}=nL= n] sf u/]sf] s/ /sd g} lghsf] s/ bfloTj x'G5 .
-$_ pkbkmf -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg b]xfosf ;a} cj:yfx? k"/f
u/]sf bkmf # sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhdsf] afl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQmn] s'g} cfo
jif{df bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ s/ cg';"rL! sf] bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf -&_ df plNnlvt
/sd a/fa/ x'g]5 .
-s_ ;f] cfo jif{df ;f] JolQmsf] g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] Joj;foaf6 k|fKt cfo
dfq ePsf],
-s!_ cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ jfkt bkmf %! adf]lhd tyf clu|d s/ sL jfkt
bkmf (# adf]lhd s/ ldnfg ug{ bfjL gu/]sf] ,
-v_ Joj;foaf6 k|fKt cfo b'O{ nfv ?k}ofF / Joj;fosf] sf/f]af/ aL; nfv
?k}ofF eGbf a9L gePsf], /,
-u_ ;f] JolStn] ;f] cfo jif{df of] Joj:yf nfu" x'g] u/L 5gf}6 u/]sf] .

66

lglZrt ;Ldf;Ddsf] sf/f]af/ ug]{ s/bftfnfO{ s/ bflvnf ;/nLs[t u/L

k"jf{g'dflgt (Presumptive) ?kdf cfos/ bfloTj olsg u/L s/ bflvnfnfO{ ;xh
agfpg' o; pkbkmfsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 . of] Joj:yf jfl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQmsf]
g]kfndf >f]t ePsf] cfo dfq ePdf nfu' x'G5 . ;fy}, of] Joj:yf nfu' x'g jflif{s
sf/f]af/ aL; nfv ?k}of / cfo b'O{ nfv eGbf a9L x'g' x'Fb}g . of] Joj:yf nfu' u/L
kfpg s/bftfn] 5gf}6 ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . o; k|of]hgsf] lgldQ cg';"rL! sf] bkmf !
sf] pkbkmf -&_ df s/sf] bfloTj lgDgfg';f/ x'g] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 .
-s_ dxfgu/kflnsf jf pkdxfgu/kflnsf If]qdf Aoj;fo ug]{ k|fs[lts
JolQmsf xsdf tLg xhf/ kfFr ;o ?k}ofF,
-v_ gu/kflnsf If]qdf Aoj;fo ug]{ k|fs[lts JolQmsf xsdf b'O{ xhf/ ?k}ofF,
-u_ cGo s'g} :yfgdf Aoj;fo ug]{ k|fs[lts JolQmsf xsdf Ps xhf/ b'O{ ;o
krf; ?k}ofF .
o:tf] ca:yfdf ;f] JolQmn] e'QmfgL k|fKt ubf{ e'QmfgLjf6 P]gsf] bkmf ** jf *(
adf]lhd >f]tdf s/ sL ePsf] s/ /sd jf Medical Tax Credit cfkm\gf] s/
bfloTj;+u ldnfg ug{ ;Sg] 5}g .
pbfx/0f %=%=$M dfgf}+, ld06' hf]gfyg eGg] JolQmsf] h]gLy pBf]u gfdsf] Psnf}6L
Joj;fo (Proprietary Firm) sf7df8f}+sf] afg]Zj/df /x]5 . pQm pBf]un] cf=a=
@)^%.^^ df ?= !$ nfvsf] las|L u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm pBf]un] ;f] aif{ ?=
!,$@,))) cfo cfh{g u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm cfodf ;f] pBf]un] a}+saf6 ?= !),)))
sf] !% k|ltztn] x'g] ?= !,%)) s/ sf u/L k|fKt u/]sf] Aofh ?= *,%)) ;d]t
;dfa]z /x]5 . ;f] aif{ lghn] cf}ifwL pkrf/df ?= ^,))) vr{ ;d]t u/]sf
/x]5g\ . lgh ld06' hf]gfygn] P]gsf] bkmf $ sf] Joj:yf nfu' x'g] u/L 5gf}6
u/]sf /x]5g\ eg] lghsf] s/sf] bfloTj cg';"rL! sf] bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf -&_
adf]lhd ? #,%)) x'g]5 . t/, ;f] pBf]usf] lgIf]ksf] Aofh cfDbfgLaf6 sf eO{
bflvnf ePsf] clu|d s/ ?= !,%)) lghn] cfkm\gf] s/ bfloTj;+u ldnfg ug{
kfpg] 5}gg\ tyf lghn] cf}ifwL pkrf/df vr{ u/]sf] eP klg ;f] vr{ ;d]t
cfkm\gf] s/ bfloTj;+u ldnfg ug{ kfpg] 5}gg\ .
-%_ bkmf # sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhdsf] ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgn] bflvnf ug'{ kg]{
s/sf] u0fgf ubf{ To:tf] ;+:yfkgn] ;f] cfo jif{df ljb]z k7fPsf] cfodf
cg';"rL! sf] bkmf @ sf] pkbkmf -^_ df plNnlvt b/ nufO{ u0fgf ug{'
kg]{5 .
ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgnfO{ jfl;Gbf JolQm ;/x s/ nufOG5 / ljb]zdf k7fPsf]
cfonfO{ nfef+z ;/x dflgG5 . g]kfn l:yt ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgn] ljb]z k7fPsf]
cfodf cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf @ sf] pkbkmf -^_ df pNn]v u/] cg';f/sf] kfFr
k|ltztsf b/n] s/ nfUb5 .
pbfx/0f %=%=% M dfgf}+, Global Life Insurance Company sf] zfvf sfof{no
;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 O{hfht lnO{ g]kfndf Aoazfo ;+rfng ul/ /x]sf] u}/
afl;Gbf JolQmsf] g]kfn l:yt :yfoL ;+:yfkg /x]5 . pQm lgsfon] cfly{s aif{
@)^%.^^ df g]kfndf nufgL jLdf Joj;foaf6 ?= tLg s/f]8 krf; nfv cfo

67

cfh{g u/]sf] /x]5 . ;f] aif{ ?= b'O{ s/f]8 cfkm\gf] Parent Company nfO{ k7fPsf]
/x]5 . o;/L lab]zdf k7fPsf] cfodf cg';"rL! sf] bkmf @ sf] pkbkmf -^_
adf]lhd % k|ltztn] x'g cfpg] /sd ?= !) nfv s/ bflvnf ug'{ kg]{5 .
-^_ bkmf # sf] v08 -u_ adf]lhdsf] JolQmn] bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ s/ ;f] JolStn] ;f]
cfo jif{df k|fKt u/]sf] clGtd ?kdf s/ sL x'g] k|To]s e'StfgLsf] /sddf
bkmf *&, ** / *( df plNnlvt b/ nufO{ u0fgf ul/Ps]f hDdf /sd a/fa/
x'g]5 .
P]gsf] bkmf (@ df pNn]v ul/Psf] clGtd ?kdf s/ sL x'g] e'QmfgLnfO{ cfodf
;dfa]; ug'{ gkg]{ ePsf] sf/0f To:tf e'QmfgLdf P]gsf] bkmf *&, **, **s, / *(
df tf]lsPsf] s/sf] b/ nufO{ u0fgf ul/Psf] hDdf /sdnfO{ s/ bfloTj dflgG5 .
e'QmfgLdf ul/g' kg]{ s/ sL tyf clGtd s/ sL x'g] e'QmfgL ;DaGwL k|fjwfgx?
o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !^ df la:t[t ?kdf AofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
%=%=@

JolQmsf] s/sf] bfloTj u0fgf ubf{ s/of]Uo cfoaf6 P]gsf] cg';"rL! sf] bkmf ! jf
bkmf @ df pNn]lvt Aoa:yf Pj+ b/ k|of]u u/L ug'{ kb{5 . ;f] Aoxf]/f tn pNn]lvt
pbfx/0faf6 v'nfO{Psf] 5 .

k|fs[lts JolQmsf nflu

bkmf %
s/sf] b/
cg';"lr ! sf] bkmf !
s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg]
pkbkmf -!_
pkbkmf -@_
pkbkmf -%_
pkbkmf -^_
pkbkmf -(_
pkbkmf -!)_
pkbkmf -!@_
cg';"lr ! sf] b/
36fpg]
pkbkmf -!!_
bkmf %!
bkmf &!
s/ bfloTj
lgsfosf nflu
s/of]Uo cfo bkmf %
s/sf] b/
cg';"lr ! sf] bkmf @
36fpg]
bkmf &!
s/sf] bfloTj

s/of]Uo cfo
JolQmut ;Ldf
bDklt jf cfl>t ePsf] ljw'/ ljwjf ;Ldf
b'u{d eQf
j}b]lzs eQf
lgj[lte/0f ;Ldf
ckf+utf ;Ldf
hLjg aLdf
afsL s/of]Uo cfodf
dlxnf /f]huf/ s/ ldnfg
cf}ifwf]krf/ s/ ldnfg
a}b]lzs s/ ldnfg

a}b]lzs s/ ldnfg

gf]6M ltg{ kg]{ afsL s/df lgDg s/ ldnfg ug{ kfOG5M

!= utjif{ e'Qmfg u/]sf]dWo] afsL /x]sf] s/
@= e'QmfgLdf s6\6f ePsf] s/
#= e'QmfgLdf s6\6f gePsf] t/ e'QmfgLstf{n] hDdf ul/lbPsf] s/
68

$= ls:tfjlGbdf lt/]sf] s/
%= ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0f eO{ lt/]sf] s/ -cf+lzs cfo jif{sf]_
s/sf] b/ Pj+ ;f] b/ nfu' x'g] ;DaGwdf o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b @# df la:t[t j0f{g
ul/Psf] 5 .

69

kl/R%]b 6

cfodf ;dfa]; x'g] /sdx?

(Inclusions)

^=!

^=@
^=@=!

^=@=@

cfos/ P]g, @)%* df AolQmsf] s/of]Uo cfodf s/ nufpg] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 . of]
P]gn] cfosf lzif{s Pj+ cfodf ;dfa]; x'g] /sdx?sf ;DaGwdf :ki6 Aoa:yf
u/]sf] 5 . cfo cfh{gsf lqmofsnfknfO{ /f]huf/L, Joj;fo, nufgL / cfsl:ds
nfesf cfo u/L rf/ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . h;nfO{ o; P]gsf] kl/R5]b #
sf] bkmf &, * / ( df lj:t[t ?kdf j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L cfodf ;dfa]; x'g]
/sdsf Aoa:yfx?nfO{ k|sfz kfg{' o; kl/R5]bsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .
Joj;foaf6 ePsf] cfodf ;dfj]z x'g] /sdx?
P]gsf] bkmf & sf] pkbkmf -!_ df Joj;foaf6 ePsf] cfosf] u0fgfsf] ;DaGwdf
lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
&-!_M
s'g} JolQmsf] s'g} cfo jif{df s'g} Joj;fo ;+rfngjf6 ePsf] d'gfkmf /
nfex? ;f] JolQmsf] ;f] Joj;fosf] ;f] jif{sf] cfo x'g]5 .
cfos/ P]g @)%* sf] bkmf @ -s h_ cg';f/ Joj;fo eGgfn] s'g} klg k|sf/sf]
pBf]u, Jofkf/, k]zf jf o:t} cGo k|s[ltsf Joj;flos sf/f]jf/ ;Demg' k5{ / ;f]
zAbn] o:t} k|sf/sf ljut, jt{dfg jf efjL Joj;fox?nfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 . t/
o; zAbn] /f]huf/LnfO{ hgfpg] 5}g . pQm kl/efiff cg';f/ Joj;fo eGgfn]
pBf]u, Jofkf/ / k]zf / o:t} cGo k|s[ltsf Joj;flos sf/f]jf/nfO{ ;DEfmg' kb{5
t/ o; zAbn] /f]huf/LnfO{ hgfpg] 5}g egL pNn]v ul/Psf]5 .
o:tf] Joj;fo ;+rfngaf6 k|fKt ePsf] cfDbfgLaf6 vr{ 36fO{ afFsL /xg]
Joj;flos sf/f]af/ tkm{sf] d'gfkmf / cGo ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 ePsf] nfesf] s'n
/sdnfO{ cfo dflgPsf] 5 .
Joj;fosf] cfodf ;dfa]; x'g] /sdx?
s'g} klg JolQmsf] Joj;fosf] cfo cyf{t d'gfkmf / nfesf] u0fgf ubf{ P]gsf] bkmf
& sf] pkbkmf -@_ df pNn]lvt lgDgfg';f/ /sdx? ;dfj]z u/L ug'{ kb{5 M
&-@_
s'g} JolStsf] s'g} cfo jif{df Joj;fo ;+rfngjf6 ePsf] d'gfkmf /
nfesf] u0fgf ubf{ ;f] JolQmn] ;f] jif{leq k|fKt u/]sf] b]xfosf /sdx?
;dfj]z u/L u0fgf ug{' kg]{5 M
&-@_-s_
;]jf z'Ns,
;]jf z'Ns eGgfn] s'g} JolStn] pknAw u/fPsf] ;]jf afkt lghnfO{ ahf/ d"No
cg';f/ e'StfgL ul/Psf] s'g} z'Ns ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] sldzg, j}7s eQf,
Joj:yfkg z'Ns (Management Fee) jf k|fljlws ;]jf z'Ns (Technical Service
Fee) nfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, k/fdz{bftf nfO{ lghn] ;]jf pknAw
u/fP afkt lbO{g] e'QmfgL (Consultancy Fee), n]vf k/LIf0f ;]jf pknAw u/fP
afkt n]vf k/LIfsnfO{ lbO{g] kfl/>lds, t/ sd{rf/L cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIfs eP
lghnfO{ lbO{g] kfl/>lds eg] tna cGtu{t kb{5 . To:t} laqmL k|aGwsf] nflu

lgo"Qm Ph]06 (Sales Agent) nfO{ lbO{g] sldzg ;]jf z'Ns x'G5 eg] laqmLsf] nIf
xfl;n u/] afkt tf]lsPsf sd{rf/LnfO{ pknAw x'g] sldzg eg] tna cGtu{t
kb{5 .
P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -s d_ df ;]jf z'NsnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 M
;]jf z'Ns eGgfn] s'g} JolStn] pknAw u/fPsf] ;]jf afkt lghnfO{ ahf/ d"No
cg';f/ e'StfgL ul/Psf] s'g} z'Ns ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] sldzg, j}7s eQf,
Joj:yfkg z'Ns jf k|fljlws ;]jf z'NsnfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 .
&-@_-v_
Jofkfl/s df}Hbftsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt /sd,
Jofkfl/s df}Hbftsf] ljqmL jf cGo s'g} lsl;dn] ePsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt /sdnfO{
Joj;fosf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . oxfF Jofkfl/s df}Hbft eGgfn]
ljqmLof]Uo a:t'nfO{ lnO{Psf] 5 . s'g} klg Joj;fosf] d'Vo sf/f]jf/af6 k|fKt x'g]
/sdnfO{ Jofkfl/s df}Hbftsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt ul/g] /sd dfgL u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 .
Joj;fodf k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf -h:t}, Packing Material_ ?kdf laqmLsf] k|of]hgsf]
nflu /flvPsf ;DklQx?nfO{ Jofkfl/s df}Hbft elgG5 . To;}u/L pTkfbgsf] qmddf
/x]sf] sfo{ k|ult -Work-in progress_ nfO{ klg Jofkfl/s df}Hbft elgG5 . AolQmsf]
Joj;fosf] cfwf/df o:tf] a:t'sf] pbfx/0f km/s km/s x'g ;Sb5 . h:t}, kmlg{r/
lsga]r ug]{ AolQmsf] nflu kmlg{r/ Jofkfl/s df}Hbft x'G5 eg] cGo AolQmsf] nflu
eg] ;f] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ dflgG5 . P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -s `_ df Jofkfl/s
df}HbftnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 M Jofkfl/s df}Hbft eGgfn] s'g}
JolStsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] lghf/f ;+rflnt lgoldt Joa;fosf] qmddf laqmL ul/g]
;DklQ, sfo{ k|ultdf /x]sf] ;DklQ / ;DklQdf ;dflji6 x'g] ;fdfu|Lx?sf] df}Hbft
;Demg' k5{ .
t/ o; zAbn] ljb]zL d'b|fdf /x]sf] ;DklQnfO{ hgfpFg] 5}g .
&-@_-u_
kl/R5]b* adf]lhd u0fgf ul/Psf] s'g} JolQmsf] Joj;flos ;DklQ jf
Joj;flos bfloTjsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt v"b nfe,
dfly -s_ df pNn]lvt ;]jf z'Ns / -v_ df pNn]lvt Jofkfl/s df}Hbftsf] lg;u{af6
k|fKt /sd ;d]t e'QmfgL kfPsf] k'/} /sd -Gross Receipt_ cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{
kb{5 eg] of] v08 adf]lhd e'QmfgL ePsf] k'/} /sd cfodf ;dfj]z gu/L P]gsf]
kl/R5]b * adf]lhd v'b nfe u0fgf u/L v'b nfe ePsf] /sd dfq cfodf ;dfj]z
ug'{ kb{5 .
Joj;flos ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] lg;u{ (Disposal) af6 x'g] nfe u0fgf o; P]gsf]
kl/R5]b* cg';f/ ul/G5 . ;DklQsf] xsdf, laqmL jf ls:tfaGbLdf laqmL u/L, cGo
;DklQ jf bfloTjdf ufleO{, gfl;O{, x/fO{, c+za08f jf xs x:tfGt/0f u/L,
;f6f;f6 u/L jf s'g} tj/af6 cfkm\gf] :jfldTj x6\g] dfWodnfO{ ;DklQsf] lg;u{
(Disposal) dflgG5 . To:t}, bfloTjsf] xsdf bfloTj e'Qmfg u/L, bfloTjaf6 d'Qm
eO{, cGo ;DklQ jf bfloTjdf ufleO{, bfloTj /2 eO{ jf s'g} klg dfWodaf6 bfloTj
d'Qm ePsf] v08df bfloTjsf] lg;u{ dflgG5 . ;DklQ tyf bfloTjsf] lg;u{sf
;DaGwdf yk AofVof o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b @@ df ul/Psf] 5 . pQm kl/R5]b
cg';f/ u0fgf ul/Psf] v'b nfe (Net Gain) nfO{ Joj;flos cfo dflgg] x'Fbf o;
71

bkmf cg';f/ Joj;fosf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . Joj;flos ;DklQdf
Jofkfl/s df}Hbft jf Joj;fosf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ afx]s cGo ;DklQ, h:t} z]o/,
hUuf, lng' kg]{ /sd, k]ZsL lx;fa, gub tyf a}+s df}Hbft cfbL kb{5g\ . P]gsf]
bkmf @ sf] v08 -s 6_ df Joj;flos ;DklQnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5M
Joj;flos ;DklQ eGgfn] s'g} Joj;fodf k|of]u ul/Psf] s'g} ;DklQ ;Demg'
k5{ .
t/ o; zAbn] Jofkfl/s df}Hbft jf Joj;fosf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQnfO{ hgfpFg]
5}g .
o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b @ df Aoj;flos ;DklQaf/] yk AofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
&-@_-3_
Joj;fosf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 cg';"rL@ sf] bkmf $ sf]
pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd k|fKt u/]sf] dflgg] /sd,
;do Pj+ pkef]usf cfwf/df vr{ jf 6'6k'm6 eP/ hfg] ;DklQnfO{ x|f; of]Uo
;DklQ dflgG5 . AolQmsf] Joj;fosf] k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df o:tf] a:t'sf] pbfx/0f
km/s km/s x'g ;Sb5 . h:t}, kmlg{r/ lsga]r ug]{ AolQmsf] nflu kmlg{r/
Jofkfl/s df}Hbft x'G5 eg] cGo Joj;fo jf nufgLdf To;sf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 eg]
;f] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ dflgG5 . ;fdfGotofM ;do Pj+ pkef]usf cfwf/df vr{ jf
6'6k'm6 eP/ hfg] ;DklQsf] pkef]u u/L cfo cfh{g ug]{ sfo{ ePsf] 5 eg] To:tf]
;DklQnfO{ x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ elgG5 . P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -s /_ df x|f;of]Uo
;DklQnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 M x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ eGgfn] s'g}
Joj;fo jf nufgLdf cfo cfh{gsf] nflu k|of]u ul/Psf 6'6k'm6, k"/fgf] x'+b} uPsf]
jf ;do JotLt x'b} uPsf] sf/0faf6 d"Nodf x|f; x'g] ;DklQ ;Demg' k5{ .
t/ o; zAbn] Jofkfl/s df}HbftnfO{ hgfpFg] 5}g .
x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] s'g} klg ju{ (Pool) df /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQsf] x|f;sf] cfwf/ x|f; vr{ sL ug'{ k"j{sf] /sd_ /sdnfO{ ;f]xL ju{sf] s'g} ;DklQ ljqmL jf
lg;u{af6 k|fKt /sdaf6 36fpFbf ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt /sdeGbf pQm ju{sf]
;Dk"0f{ ;DklQsf] x|f; cfwf/ /sd sd ePdf a9L eP htLsf] /sdnfO{ o; bkmf
cGtu{t nfe dfgL cfo u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 . h'g tn pNn]v ul/Psf] pbfx/0faf6 k|i6
x'G5 .
pbfx/0f ^=@=! M dfgf}+, ABC sDkgLsf] cf=j= @)^%.^^ sf] nflu x|f;sL ug'{ k"j{
v ju{df kg]{] lgDgfg';f/sf ;DklQx? /x]5g\ M
ju{v df jif{sf] z'?df kmlg{r/ / sDKo'6/ u/L ;f] jif{sf] z'?sf] x|f; cfwf/ ?=
()),))).)) /x]sf]df kmlg{r/ ljlqm ?= !,))),))).)) ePdf d'gfkmf / nfedf
;dfj]z x'g] /sd lgDgfg';f/ ?=!)),))).)) x'G5 .
v ju{sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQsf] x|f; cfwf/
?=(,)),))).
v ju{df kg]{ ;DklQ dWo] kmlg{r/sf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt ?=!),)),))).
nfe -sv_ M
?=!,)),))).

72

pbfx/0f ^=@=@ M dfgf}+, olb dfly pbfx/0f ^=@=! df pNn]v ul/Psf] pbfx/0fdf
kmlg{r/ olb ljqmL ?= *,)),))). df dfq} ePsf] cj:yfdf eg] v ju{sf]
;DklQsf] x|f; cfwf/ ?= !,)),))). dfq} x'G5 / ;f]xL cg';f/ x|f; vr{ bfjL
ul/G5 .
v ju{sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQsf] x|f; cfwf/
(,)),))).
v ju{df kg]{ ;DklQ dWo] kmlg{r/sf] lg;u{af6
k|fKt /sd
*,)),))).
x|f;of]Uo cfwf/ M
!,)),))).
s/bftfsf] ljQLo ljj/0fsf] gfkmf gf]S;fgL (Financial Accounting) lx;fadf
gfkmfdf ;dfa]; ul/Ptfklg cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu eg] ;d"xut cfwf/df nfe
u0fgf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . ;DklQut cfwf/df ePsf] nfenfO{ cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{
kb}{g .
pbfx/0f ^=@=#M dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] pbfx/0f g+= ^=@=! df pNn]v ePsf] v
ju{df /x]sf kmlg{r/ tyf sDKo'6/ ;fdfg ;Dk"0f{g} ljqmL ePsf] cj:yfdf pQm
k'n lj36g ePsf] dflgG5 . dfgf}+, kmlg{r/ ?= !),)),))). df / sDKo'6/ ?=
%,)),))). u/L hDdf ?= !%,)),))). df ljqmL ePsf] cj:yfdf pQm ;d"xsf]
lj36gsf] nfe jf gf]S;fg u0fgf lgDgfg';f/ ul/G5 .
;DklQ ;d"x v sf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt /sd
!%,)),))).
;DklQ ;d"x v sf] x|f;sL cfwf/
(,)),))).
;DklQ ;d"x v sf] lj36gaf6 ePsf] nfe M
^,)),))).
o;/L ;d"xsf] lj36gaf6 ePsf] nfenfO{ cfo u0fgf ubf{ cfodf ;dfj]z
ug'{kb{5 .
pbfx/0f ^=@=$ M dfly pbfx/0f g+= ^=@=! df pNn]v ul/P cg';f/ sDKo'6/ lju|]/
sfd gnfUg] eof] jf pQm sDKo'6/ rf]/L eof] . To:tf] cj:yfdf P]gsf] bkmf $)
jdf]lhd lg;u{ ePsf] dflgG5 / lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ul/G5 .
x|f; cfwf/
(,)),))).
lg;u{af6 k|fKt /sd
).
afFsL x|f; cfwf/
(,)),))).
pNn]lvt pbfx/0fdf ;Dk"0f{ v ju{sf] ;DklQ ju{ lj36g gePsf] x'Fbf cfufdL
cfo jif{df ;f]xL jfFsL x|f; cfwf/ adf]lhd x|f; vr{ bfjL ug'{kb{5 .
&-@_-_
Joj;fosf ;DaGwdf s'g} JolQmaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] pkxf/,
Joj;fosf qmddf s'g} JolQmaf6 k|fKt u/]sf pkxf/ 5g\ eg] ;f] pkxf/nfO{ klg
Joj;fosf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . pQm ca:yf tnsf] pbfx/0fdf v'nfO{Psf] 5M
pbfx/0f ^=@=%M dfgf}+, lbjfs/ eGg] AolQm s'g} l6=le= sDkgLsf] l8n/ /x]5g\ .
cf=a= @)^%.^^ df ;f] l6=le= sDkgLn] tf]s]sf] nIf xfl;n ug{ ;s]]sf]n] lghnfO{
;f] sDkgLn] ?= %),))) d"No kg]{ Music System pkxf/ pknAw u/fPsf] /x]5 .
o;/L k|fKt ePsf] yk k|ltkmnnfO{ Joj;fosf ;DaGwdf k|fKt ePsf] pkxf/
dflgG5 / To:tf] pkxf/nfO{ Joj;fosf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .

73

P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -`_ df pkxf/nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 M

pkxf/ eGgfn] s'g} k|ltkmn ljgfsf] e'QmfgL jf k|ltkmn ;lxtsf] e'QmfgL ePdf
k|ltkmnsf] ahf/ d"No eGbf e'QmfgLsf] ahf/ d"No j9L ePdf a9L ePsf] xb;Ddsf]
e'QmfgL ;Demg' k5{ .
&-@_-r_
Joj;fo ;+rfngsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} k|ltaGw :jLsf/ u/] afkt k|fKt
u/]sf] /sd,
Joj;fo ;+rfngsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} k|ltaGw :jLsf/sf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6
:ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f ^=@=^M dfgf}+, g]kfn /;a]/L km\ofS6L / h';a]/L s+= k|f=ln= ljrdf
sdnfbL If]qdf /;a]/Ln] cfkm\gf] pTkfbg ljqmL gu/] jfkt h';a]/Ln] dfl;s ?=
! nfv lbg] eGg] ;Demf}tf -Contract) ePsf] /x]5 eg] o; cj:yfdf /;a]/Ln]
pQm k|ltjGw :jLsf/ u/] jfkt k|fKt ?= ! nfv cfkm\gf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{
kb{5 .
&-@_-5_
s'g} JolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf] /sd nufgLaf6 x'g] cfodf ;dfj]z x'g]
k|s[ltsf] eP tfklg To:tf] JolQmn] cfgf] Joj;fo;+u k|ToIf ?kdf ;DalGwt
eO{ k|fKt u/]sf] /sd, /
s]xL ckjfb afx]s sDkgLsf] sf/f]af/ Aoa;flos sf/f]af/ dfq x'G5 . cyf{t
sDkgLsf] nufgL jf /f]huf/Lsf] cfo geO{ Joj;fosf] cfo dfq /xg] x'G5 . o;}
;Gbe{df sf/f]af/ nufgL h:tf] ePtfklg sDkgLsf] nflu To:tf] sf/f]af/ Aoa;flos
sf/f]af/sf] bfo/fdfg} cfp5 . h:t}, a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] shf{ nufgLaf6
k|fKt u/]sf] Jofh cfonfO{ o; bkmf cGtu{t cfo u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu o;}
v08 cGtu{t ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . jf:tjdf shf{ nufgLaf6 ePsf] cfo ;fdfGotofM
nufgLaf6 ul/Psf] cfh{g ePtfklg Joj;fosf] d'Vo sf/f]jf/ g} shf{ nufgL ePsf]
x'Fbf o;} v08df Jofh cfo ;dfj]z u/L ljj/0f eg'{ kb{5 .
&-@_-h_
kl/R5]b^ jf & jf bkmf %^ jf ^) adf]lhd ;dfj]z ul/g' kg]{ cGo
/sdx? .
P]gsf] kl/R5]b^ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu s'g} AolQmsf] n]vfg
tl/sf laefuaf6 :jLs[lt lnO{ kl/at{g u/]sf] v08df jf ;f]xL kl/R5]bsf cGo
bkmfx?df ePsf] Aoa:yfsf] sf/0faf6 n]vfg tl/sf kl/at{g ePdf kl/at{g ePsf]
cfo aif{df ;f] JolQmsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ePsf], sf ePsf] jf ;dfj]z x'g]
jf sf x'g] /sdx?df s'g} /sd g5'6\g] u/L jf bf]xf]/f] gkg]{ u/L ;dfof]hg ug{'
kg]{5 . pQm Aoxf]/f tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 M
pbfx/0f ^=@=&M dfgf}+, b]j]g dx/f Ps sfg"g Joj;foL /x]5g\ . lghn] cfk\mgf]
k]zfaf6 k|fKt x'g] cfo gubsf] cfwf/df n]vfg u/L cfPsf /x]5g\ . lghn]
cf=j= @)^%.^^ df Cash Basis af6 Accrual Basis df n]vfg tl/sf kl/jt{g
ug{ ljefu ;dIf lgj]bg lbPsf /x]5g\ . lx;fa lstfa k|rlnt n]vf l;fGt;+u
d]n vfg] ePsf]n] ljefun] ;d]t ;f] kl/jt{gnfO{ cf=j= @)^%.^^ b]lv nfu" x'g]
u/L :jLs[lt lbPsf] /x]5 . o;/L n]vfg kl/jt{g x'g' cl3sf] cj:yfdf lghsf]
lx;fa lstfasf] cj:yf lgDgfg';f/ /x]5 .

74

!= @)^$.^% ;Dd ;]jf lbO;s]sf] t/ gub k|fKt gePsf] ?= *),))).

x'+bf ;f] cf=a=df cfDbfgLdf ;dfj]z gu/]sf]
@= @)^$.^% ;Dd ;]jf jfkt k]ZsL lt/]sf] -;]jf k|bfg ?= #),))).
@)^%.^^_ t/ ;]jf k|bfg ug{ afFsL ePtfklg gub
cfwf/df ;f] cf=a=df cfDbfgLdf ;dfj]z u/]sf]
#= @)^$ df3 b]lv @)^% kf}if d;fGt ;Ddsf] 3/jxfn ?=$*,))).
cf=j= @)^$.^% df e"Qmfg u/]sf] / gub cfwf/df
cf=j= @)^$.^% sf vr{ sL bfjL u/L ;s]sf]
pk/f]Qm cj:yfdf cf=j= @)^%.^^ df lghn] lgDgfg';f/ cfo tyf sL bfjL
;dfof]hg ug{' kg]{ x'G5 .
!= cf=j= @)^$.^% ;Dd ;]jf k|bfg ul/;s] jfkt k|fKt x'g afFsL ? *),))).
nfO{ Accrual Basis df cf= j= @)^%.^^ df cfDbfgLdf ;dfa]; ug'{ kg]{ .
@= @)^$.^% ;Dd ;]jf k|bfg ug{' cufj} k]ZsL lnPsf] /sd cf=j= @)^%.^^ df
;]jf k|bfg u/]tfklg cfo @)^$.^% df g} u0fgf eO;s]sf] x'Fbf ? #),))).
bf]xf]/f] cfo u0fgf ug{' gkg]{ . cyf{t cf=j= @)^%.^^ df ;]jf k|bfg ePtfklg
;f] cf=a=sf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug{' gkg]{ .
#= 3/ axfn vr{ k]ZsL ? $*,))). dWo] ^ dlxgfsf] ? @$,))). cf=j=
@)^%.^^ ;+u ;DjlGwt ePtfklg gub cfwf/df cf=j= @)^$.^% df g} sL
bfjL u/L ;s]sf] x'+bf cf=j= @)^%.^^ df sL bfjL ug{ gkfpg] .
cf=j= @)^%.^^ df o:tf cfo tyf sL bfjL ug]{ vr{ /sdx? bf]xf]/f] gkg]{ u/L
;dfof]hg u/] kZrft To; kl5sf cfo jif{df eg] Accrual Basis df n]vfg ug{'
kb{5 .
P]gsf] kl/R5]b& df pNn]v eP adf]lhd s'g} JolQmf/f ul/Psf] sf/f]jf/sf] e'QmfgL
gubdf dfq geO{ ;DklQsf] x:tfGt/0f u/L ul/Psf] e'QmfgLsf] xsdf To;/L
x:tfGt/Lt ;DklQsf] ahf/ d"No j/fj/sf] /sdnfO{ cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
o;/L x:tfGt/Lt ;DklQsf] d"No b'O{ kIf jLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ul/Psf]
d"No jf lstfjL d"NonfO{ cflwsf/Ls sf/f]jf/ d"No gdfgL ;f] jvt x:tfGt/Lt
;DklQsf] ahf/ cg';f/ olsg ul/Psf] d"NonfO{ P]gsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu cflwsf/Ls
d"No dfgL cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . o;/L ul/Psf] sf/f]jf/ Joj;fo;Fu ;DjlGwt
ePsf] x'+bf Joj;fosf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . pQm Aoxf]/f tnsf]
pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 M
pbfx/0f ^=@=*M dfgf}+, lbud jfGtjf eGg] AolQmn] :s6 g]kfn k|f=ln= gfdsf]
;+:yfnfO{ s'g} ;]jf pknAw u/fPsf /x]5g\ . pQm ;+:yfn] lgh lbudnfO{ ;f]
;]jfsf] d"No gubdf e'QmfgL glbO{ Pp6f 6]lnlehg lbPsf] /x]5 . pQm
6]lnlehgsf] ahf/ d"No ?= %),))) /x]5 eg] ;f] ca:yfdf lgh jfGtjfn] /sd
e'QmfgL glnP klg ?= %),))) sf] e'QmfgL k|fKt u/] ;/x dflgg]5 .
P]gsf] bkmf %^ cg';f/ lgsfo / lxtflwsf/L ljrsf] sf/f]jf/df ePsf] ;DklQ jf
bfloTjsf] lg;u{af6 x'g] nfenfO{ o; v08 cGtu{t cfodf ;dfj]z u/L ljj/0f eg'{

75

^=@=#

kb{5 . o; ;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0f o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !# df pNn]v ul/Psf]

5.
P]gsf] bkmf ^) cg';f/ ;fdfGo jLdf Joj;foaf6 x'g] cfo o; v08df ;dfj]z u/L
ljj/0f eg'{ kb{5 . o; ;DaGwdf lj:t[t ljj/0f o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !( df
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
Joj;fosf] cfodf ;dfa]; gx'g] /sdx?
P]gsf] bkmf & sf] pkbkmf -#_ df Joj;fosf] cfodf ;dfa]; gx'g] /sdx?sf
;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5M
&-#_
pkbkmf -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg bkmf !), %$ / ^(
adf]lhd 5"6 kfpg] /sd / clGtd ?kdf s/ s6[L x'g] e'StfgLx? Joj;fo
;+rfngaf6 ePsf] d'gfkmf / nfesf] u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ug{'kg]{ 5}g .
P]gsf] bkmf !) adf]lhd lgDgfg';f/sf] /sdx?nfO{ cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb}{g .
!)-s_
g]kfn ;/sf/ / s'g} ljb]zL /fi6 jf cGt/f{li6o ;+3 ;+:yfsf] aLrdf
ePsf] lkIfLo jf ax'kIfLo ;lGwdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd s/ 5"6sf] ;'ljwf
kfpg] s'g} JolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf] s/ 5"6sf] /sd,
g]kfn ;/sf/ / cGo s'g} klg ljb]zL /fi6 jf cGt/fli6o ;+3 ;+:yfsf] jLrdf
ePsf] lkIfLo ;lGwdf pNn]v eP jdf]lhd s/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf kfpg] JolQmn] ;f]
;lGwsf] clwgdf /xL k|fKt u/]sf] /sd s/ 5'6sf] /sd x'g]5 .
!)-5_ 5"6 kfpg] ;+:yfn] b]xfoafkt k|fKt u/]sf] /sd M
-!_ rGbf, pkxf/,
-@_ bkmf @ sf] v08 -w_ adf]lhdsf] 5"6 kfpg] ;+:yfnfO{ k|ltkmn k|fKt ug]{
jf k|ltkmnsf] cf; gu/L To:tf] ;+:yfsf] sfo{;+u k|ToIf ?kn] ;DalGwt
cGo of]ubfgx?, jf
-#_ g]kfn /fi6 j}+sn] cfgf] p2]Zo cg'?k cfh{g u/]sf] /sd, jf
5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfn] k|fKt u/]sf] rGbf, pkxf/ jf 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfjf6 k|ltkmn k|fKt
ug]{ jf k|ltkmnsf] cf; gu/L To:tf] ;+:yfsf] sfo{;+u k|ToIf ?kn] ;DjlGwt cGo
of]ubfgx? Pj+ g]kfn /fi6 j}sn] cfkm\gf] p4]Zo cg'?k cfh{g u/]sf] /sd ;d]t s/
5'6 x'g] /sd dflgG5 . pQm ca:yf tnsf] pbfx/0fdf v'nfO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f ^=@=(M dfgf}+, g]kfn blnt ljsfz d~r ljefudf s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf]
?kdf btf{ ePsf] Ps lgsfo /x]5 . pQm d~rnfO{ ljleGg bftfx?af6 ?
%)),))) rGbf k|fKt ePsf] /x]5 . To:t} g]kfn ;/sf/jf6 blnt pTyfg sfo{df
vr{ ug]{ u/L ?= !) nfv cg'bfg k|fKt ePsf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] b'j} /sd pQm
lgsfosf] nflu s/ 5'6 /sd dflgG5 / cfos/ k|of]hgsf] lgldQ cfodf ;dfa];
ug'{ kb}{g .
pbfx/0f ^=@=!) M dfgf}+, g]kfn /fi6 j}sn] a}ls ljsf; sf]ifdf ? @) s/f]8
5'6\ofPsf] /x]5 . pQm sf]ifdf /x]sf] /sd ljleGg a}+s tyf laQLo ;+:yfdf
lgIf]kdf /x]sf] / ;f] lgIf]kjf6 g]kfn /fi6 j}+snfO{ ? ! s/f]8 Jofh cfDbfgL
ePsf] /x]5 . o:tf] cfo g]kfn /fi6 j}ssf] p]Zo cg';f/ vr{ ug]{ sf]ifsf] cfo
76

ePsf] x'bf To:tf] cfo 5'6 x'g] cfo dflgG5 . Aofh e'QmfgL ug]{ AolQmn] To:tf]
Jofh /sdsf] e'QmfgLdf ;d]t >f]tdf s/ sl ug'{ kb}{g .
P]gsf] bkmf %$ cg';f/ sDkgL jf ;fem]bf/L kmd{af6 ljt/0f ul/Psf] nfef+zdf
clGtd ?kdf s/ sL ug]{ ljlwf/f s/ nufOG5 eg] cGo lgsfon] ljt/0f u/]df
s/ gnfUg] Joj:yf 5 . o; ;DaGwdf lj:t[t Joj:yf o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !#
df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
lgolGqt lab]zL lgsfox?4f/f cflh{t cfodf P]gsf] bkmf ^( cg';f/ ;f]xL cfo
jif{df g} s/ lgwf{/0f eO{ ;Sg] x'gfn] To:tf lgsfoaf6 jf:tljs ?kdf lat/0f x'g]
/sdx? cfo u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g . o; ;DaGwdf lj:t[t
ljj/0f o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !$ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
clGtd ?kdf s/ sL x'g] P]gsf] bkmf (@ cg';f/sf e'QmfgLx? dWo] Joj;fo;Fu
;DjlGwt e'QmfgL eP To:tf] e'QmfgLaf6 k|fKt ePsf] /sdnfO{ cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{
kb}{g . h:t}, g]kfn >f]t ePsf] e'QmfgLdf s/ sL u/L k|fKt u/]sf] nfef+z /sdnfO{
P]gsf] bkmf (@ cg';f/ clGtd s/ sL u/L e'QmfgL ul/Psf] /sd dflgg] x'Fbf o:tf]
e'QmfgL /sdnfO{ cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g . o; ;DaGwdf lj:t[t ljj/0f o;}
lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !^ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
^=#
^=#=!

^=#=@

/f]huf/Laf6 ePsf] cfodf ;dfj]z x'g] /sdx?M

P]gsf] bkmf * sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd s'g} k|fs[lts JolStn] s'g} cfo jif{df
/f]huf/Laf6 k|fKt u/]sf] kfl/>lds ;f] jif{df ;f] JolQmsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfo dfgL
u0fgf ug{' kg]{5 .
cfos/ P\]g @)%* sf] bkmf @ v08 -1_ cg';f/ /f]huf/L eGgfn] s'g} klg lsl;dsf]
laut, at{dfg jf efjL /f]huf/L ;Demg' kb{5 .
pQm kl/efiff cg';f/ s'g} klg k|fs[lts AolQmn] lautdf u/]sf] jf at{dfgdf ub}{
ul//x]sf] jf s'g} zt{ adf]lhd elaiodf ul/g] /f]huf/LnfO{ ;d]t hgfp5 . /f]huf/L
cfo eGgfn] s'g} klg k|fs[lts AolQmn] /f]huf/Lsf] zt{ cg';f/ cfkm\gf] 1fg, cg'ej,
lzk, hfFu/ tyf >d k|of]u u/L ;]jf k|bfg u/] jfkt k|fKt ul/g] gub, lhG;L tyf
cGo ;'lawfnfO{ hgfp+b5 .
/f]huf/Lsf ;DaGwdf lj:t[t ljj/0f o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !& df pNn]v ul/Psf]
5.
/f]huf/Laf6 ePsf] cfosf] u0fgfdf ;dfa]; x'g] /sdx?
/f]huf/Lsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ /f]huf/Lsf] l;nl;nfdf /f]huf/bftfaf6 /f]huf/stf{n]
k|ToIf jf k/f]If tl/sfn] k|fKt u/]sf] gubL, lhG;L, ;]jf jf ;'lawf jfktsf] /sdnfO{
;dfj]z ug'{k5{ . P]gsf] bkmf * sf] pkbkmf -@_ df cfodf ;dfa]; ug]{ ;DaGwdf
lgDgfg';f/ Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
s'g} cfo jif{df k|fs[lts JolQmnfO{ lbOPsf b]xfosf e'StfgLx? To:tf] k|fs[lts
JolQmsf] ;f] cfo jif{sf] /f]huf/Laf6 k|fKt kfl/>lds u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ug{'
kg]{5 M
77

^=#=#

*-@_-s_ Hofnf, tna, labf afktsf] /sd, cltl/Qm ;do sfd u/]afktsf]
/sd, z'Ns, sldzg, k'/:sf/, pkxf/, af]g; / cGo ;'ljwfx? afktsf]
e'StfgL,
*-@_-v_ dxL eQf, hLjg lgjf{x vr{, ef8f, dgf]/Ghg jf oftfoft eQf
afktsf] /sd nufot s'g} klg JolQmut eQfsf e'StfgL,
*-@_-u_ lgh jf lghsf] ;DaWb JolQmn] JolQmut k|of]hgsf] nflu u/]sf] vr{sf]
km5\of}{6 jf ;f]wegf{ afkt k|fKt ul/Psf] e'StfgL,
*-@_-3_ /f]huf/Lsf s'g} zt{df ;xdtL hgfPafkt ul/Psf e'StfgL,
*-@_-_ /f]huf/Lsf] cGTo, gf]S;fgL jf clgjfo{ cjsfz afkt ul/Psf e'QmfgL,
*-@_-r_ cjsfz e'QmfgL / /f]huf/bftfn] ;f] sd{rf/Lsf] nflu cjsfz sf]ifdf
hDdf u/]sf] /sd ;d]tsf cjsfz of]ubfg,
P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -_ adf]lhd cjsfz e'QmfgL eGgfn] b]xfosf JolQmnfO{
lbOg] e'QmfgL ;Demg' k5{ M
-!_ k|fs[lts JolQmn] cjsfz lnPsf] cj:yfdf lghnfO{ lbO{g] e'QmfgL, jf
-@_ k|fs[lts JolQmsf] d[To' ePsf] cj:yfdf lghsf] cfl>tnfO{ lbOg] e'QmfgL .
dfly pNn]lvt k|fjwfgx? o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !@ df la:t[t ?kdf pNn]v
ul/Psf 5g\ .
*-@_-5_ /f]huf/Lsf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf cGo e'StfgL,
/f]huf/bftfn] /f]huf/stf{nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] ;DaGwdf ul/Psf dfly pNn]v ul/Psf
afx]s klg cGo e'QmfgL, h:t} Holiday Trip, Shopping h:tf AolQmut vr{sf
e'QmfgLnfO{ ;d]t /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .
*-@_-h_ kl/R5]b^ jf kl/R5]b& adf]lhd ;dfj]z ul/g' kg]{ cGo /sdx? .
s'g} klg AolQmn] /f]huf/bftfn] pknAw u/fPsf] laleGg ;'lawfx?nfO{ kl/dfl0fs/0f
Pj+ rfl/lqs/0f u/L cfkm\gf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .
/f]huf/Lsf] cfosf] s/ n]vfg ug]{ tl/sf / ;do M
/f]huf/Lsf] cfosf] s/ n]vfg P]gsf] bkmf @@ sf] pkbkmf -!_ tyf -@_ jdf]lhd
lgDgfg';f/ ul/g' kb{5 M
-!_ s'g} JolQmn] slxn] s'g} cfo k|fKt u5{ jf s'g} vr{ u5{ eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f
o; P]gsf] cwLgdf /xL n]vfsf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGt cg'?k x'g]5 .
-@_ k|fs[lts JolQmn] lghsf] /f]huf/L tyf nufgLjf6 k|fKt x'g] cfosf] u0fgf ubf{
s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu gub cfwf/df n]vfg ug'{' kg]{5 .
P]gsf] bkmf @# sf] v08 -s_ tyf -v_ adf]lhd k|fs[lts JolQmn] /f]huf/Laf6 k|fKt
x'g] cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu gubsf] cfwf/df b]xfo jdf]lhd n]vfg
ug'{ kb{5 M
-s_ lghn] e'QmfgL k|fKt ubf{ jf lghnfO{ ;f] e'QmfgL pknAw x'Fbfsf cj:yfdf dfq
lghsf] cfosf] u0fgfdf /sd k|fKt u/]sf] dfgL ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
78

^=#=$

-v_ lghn] e'QmfgL u/]kl5 dfq ;f] u0fgfdf vr{ afkt sL ug'{ kg]{5 .
o;df vf;ul/sg s'g} klg /f]huf/stf{n] cfk'mn] k|fKt u/]sf] gub jf lghsf]
vftfdf hDdf ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq} cfodf ;dfa]; ug]{ / e'QmfgL u/]kl5 dfq} vr{
bfaL ug]{ k|0ffnLnfO{ gubsf] cfwf/df n]vfg ug]{ k2tL dflgG5 .
s/ n]vfg ug]{ tl/sf / ;do ;DaGwL k|fjwfg o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b * df
la:t[t ?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
/f]huf/L cfodf ;dfj]z ul/g] ;'ljwf tyf rfl/lqs/0f M
/sdx?sf] kl/df0fLs/0f M gub jfx]s cGo lsl;dn] e'QmfgL kfPsf] cj:yfdf
kl/df0fLs/0f ug]{ u/L P]gsf] bkmf @& df Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . pQm bkmfdf Joj:yf
ul/Psf ;'ljwfx?nfO{ df}lb|s ?kdf olsg u/L ;f]xL cg';f/ /f]huf/stf{sf] cfodf
;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . o;sf] cnfjf P]gsf] bkmf #! adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ afktsf]
e'QmfgLsf] rf/Llqs/0f u/L cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .
P]gsf] bkmf @& sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -s_ b]lv -_ ;Dd e'QmfgLsf /sdx?nfO{
kl/df0fLs/0f (Quantification) lgDgfg';f/ ul/Psf] 5 M
@&-!_-s_ s'g} Ps JolQmn] csf]{ JolQmnfO{ ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f u/L ul/Psf]
e'QmfgLsf] xsdf x:tfGtl/t ;DklQsf] ahf/ d"No j/fj/sf] /sd .
/f]huf/bftfn] cfkm\gf] sfof{nodf sfo{/t sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/Lx?sf nflu gub
;'ljwfsf] ;6\6f rn jf crn ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f u/L e'QmfgL u/]sf] cj:yfdf
To;/L x:tfGtl/t ;DklQsf] ahf/ d"No a/fj/sf] /sd k|fKtstf{ cyf{t sd{rf/Lsf]
/f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . P]gsf] bkmf @& sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd
e'QmfgL cfh{g u/]sf], k|fKt u/]sf], lbPsf], axg u/]sf] jf s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu cGo
?kdf lx;fa ul/Psf] ;donfO{ g} /sdx?sf] kl/df0fLs/0f ePsf] ;do cyf{t ;f]xL
ldltdf e'QmfgL lbPsf] dflgg]5 .
@&-!_-v_ b]xfosf s'/f pknAw u/fPafkt ePsf] e'QmfgLsf] nflu tf]lsP
adf]lhd lgwf{/0f x'g] /sd jf /sd lgwf{/0f ug]{ Joj:yf gul/Psf]df v08
-_ cg';f/ lgwf{/0f x'g] /sd M
@&-!_-v_-!_ e'QmfgL kfpg] JolQmsf] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf lghL k|of]hgsf nflu
k|of]u ul/Psf] jf k|of]usf] nflu pknAw ePsf] ;jf/L ;fwg, jf
/f]huf/bftfn] lgodfg';f/ sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ AolQmut k|of]hgsfnflu k"0f{
jf cf+lzs ?kdf pknAw u/fPsf] ;jf/L ;fwg k|of]u u/] jfkt kl/>lds cfo
u0fgf ubf{ vfO{ kfO{ cfPsf] tna -z'? tnj / u|]8_ sf] )=% k|ltztn] x'g] /sd
e'QmfgL kfP ;/x dflg cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .
@&-!_-v_-@_ e'QmfgL kfpg] JolQmsf] nflu pknAw u/fOPsf] ejg .
/f]huf/bftfn] dfl;s kfl/>lds kfpg] sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/x?nfO{ cfkm\g} jf
ef8fdf lnO{ af;:yfgsf] Aoa:yf u/]df pQm ;'lawf pkef]u ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf]
kl/>lds cfo u0fgf ubf{ vfO{ kfO{ cfPsf] tna -z'? tnj / u|]8_ sf] @ k|ltztn]
x'g] /sd e'QmfgL kfP ;/x dflg cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .

79

^=#=%

@&-!_-u_
b]xfosf s'/f pknAw u/fPafkt e'QmfgL lbg] AolQmn] u/]sf] vr{af6
e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf] of]ubfg s6fO{ jfFsL x'g cfPsf] /sd M
-!_ 3/sf] /]vb]vstf{, efG5], ;jf/L rfns, dfnL jf cGo 3/]n' ;xfossf]
;]jf,
-@_ s'g} vfgf, hnkfg jf dgf]/~hg, jf
-#_ e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf] lgjf;:yfgdf h8fg ul/Psf] wf/f, ljh'nL,
6]lnkmf]g h:tf ;]jfx?,
s'g} klg lgsfon] cfkm\gf] sd{rf/LnfO{ lgsfosf] lgodfjnL cg';f/ lghsf] nflu
3/sf] /]vb]vstf{, efG5], ;jf/L rfns, dfnL jf cGo 3/]n' ;xfossf] ;]jf pknJw
u/fPsf] cj:yfdf ;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{ JolQmn] ;f] ;'ljwf k|fKt u/] jfkt s'g} e'QmfgL
u/]sf] eP ;f] e'QmfgL u/]sf] /sd s6fO{ afFsL x'g cfpg] /sd lghsf] /f]huf/Lsf]
cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf] lgjf; :yfgdf h8fg ul/Psf] wf/f, lah'nL, 6]lnkmf]g
h:tf ;]jfx? pknJw u/fP jfkt lgsfon] pQm ;'ljwf pknJw u/fP jfkt lt/]sf]
dx;'n /sd eg] ;'ljwf pkef]u ug]{ JolQmsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{
kb{5 .
@&-!_-3_ s'g} cfo jif{df e'QmfgL k|fKt ug'{ kg]{ s'g} JolQmn] C0f afkt lt/]sf]
Jofh k|rlnt Jofh b/ cg';f/ ltg'{ kg]{ Jofh /sdeGbf sd ePdf ;f] sd
ePhlt /sd
sd{rf/LnfO{ /f]huf/bftfn] pknAw u/fpg] lgAof{hL jf sd Aofh b/sf] shf{sf]
Aofh ;x'lnot ;d]t cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .
@&-!_-_ v08 -s_, -v_, -u_ / -3_ df pNn]lvt e'QmfgL afx]s cGo e'QmfgLsf]
;DaGwdf e'QmfgL kfpg] JolQmsf] ;f t];|f] JolQmn] e'QmfgL kfPdf
;fdfGotofM kfpg] kmfObfsf] d"No j/fj/sf] /sd .
;'ljwf tyf rfl/lqs/0f Pj+ /sdx?sf] kl/df0fLs/0f ;DaGwL k|fjwfg o;}
lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b & df la:t[t ?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
/f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfj]z gul/g] cfox? M
s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmn] /f]huf/Laf6 k|fKt u/]sf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfosf] u0fgf ubf{
;dfj]z ug{' gkg]{ /sdx?sf] ;Gbe{df P]gsf] bkmf * sf] pkbkmf -#_ df
lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
*-#_
pkbkmf -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} k|fs[lts JolStn]
/f]huf/Laf6 k|fKt u/]sf] kfl/>ldssf] u0fgf ubf{ b]xfosf s'/fx? ;dfj]z ug{'
kg]{ 5}g M
*-#_-s_ bkmf !) adf]lhd 5"6 kfpg] /sd / clGtd ?kdf s/ sL x'g] e'QmfgL,
-!_ P]gsf] bkmf !) df pNn]v eP cg';f/ 5'6 kfpg] /sdx?M

P]gsf] bkmf !) sf] v08 -s_ cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/ / s'g} ljb]zL /fi6
jf cGt/f{li6o ;+3 ;+:yfsf] aLrdf ePsf] lkIfLo jf ax'kIfLo ;lGwdf

80

pNn]v ePadf]lhd s/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf kfpg] s'g} JolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf] s/

5'6sf] /sd,
pbfx/0fsf] nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3, ;fs{ ;lrjfno, Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+s
h:tf cGt/fli6o lgsfosf sd{rf/LdWo] ;f] lgsfo;+usf] ;lGwdf pNn]v
ePsf xb;Ddsf sd{rf/Lsf] cfodf cfos/ nfUb}g .

P]gsf] bkmf !) sf] v08 -v_ cg';f/ ljb]zL /fi6sf] ;/sf/L ;]jfdf
/f]huf/L u/]afkt s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf] /sd,
t/,
-!_ ;f] JolQm /f]huf/L u/]sf] sf/0fn] dfq afl;Gbf jf u}/ afl;Gbf
ePsf] x'g'kg]{5, /
-@_ ;f] /fi6sf] ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 To:tf /sdx? e'QmfgL ul/Psf] x'g'
kg]{5 .

P]gsf] bkmf !) sf] v08 -u_ cg';f/ /f]huf/Lsf] sf/0fn] dfq g]kfnsf]
afl;Gbf ePsf] u}/ g]kfnL gful/s k|fs[lts JolQm jf lghsf] lgs6:y
kl/jf/sf] ;b:on] ljb]zL /fi6sf] ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 k|fKt u/]sf /sd,

P]gsf] bkmf !) sf] v08 -3_ cg';f/ s/ ltg'{ gkg]{ zt{df g]kfn
;/sf/sf] ;]jfdf lgo'Qm ePsf u}/ g]kfnL gful/sn] k|fKt u/]sf] /sd,

P]gsf] bkmf !) sf] v08 -_ cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ljwjf, a[Wb jf

ckf JolStnfO{ lbOg] eQf,

P]gsf] bkmf !) sf] v08 -h_ cg';f/ ljb]zL /fi6sf] ;]gf jf k|x/L
;]afaf6 cjsfz k|fKt u/]sf] g]kfnL gful/sn] ;f] /fi6sf] ;/sf/L
sf]ifjf6 k|fKt u/]sf] lgj[lQe/0f afktsf] /sd .
Kffl/>lds cfodf ;dfa]; gx'g] cfo ;DaGwL k|fjwfg o;} lgb]{lzsfsf]
kl/R5]b !& df la:t[t ?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
-@_ clGtd ?kdf s/ sL x'g] e'QmfgLM
P]gsf] bkmf (@ df clGtd ?kdf clu|d s/ sL x'g] e'QmfgLx?sf] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L clGtd ?kdf s/ sL u/L k|fKt ul/Psf] cfonfO{
/f]huf/Lsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g . tL e'QmfgLx? tn k|:t't
ul/Psf 5g\ M
-s_ jfl;Gbf JolQmn] lt/]sf] :jLs[lt glnPsf] cjsfz sf]ifsf] lxt jfkt
e'QmfgL u/]sf] nfe .
-v_ g]kfn ;/sf/ jf :jLs[t cjsfz sf]if jf :jLs[lt glnPsf] cjsfz
sf]ifaf6 e'QmfgL ul/Psf] cjsfz e'QmfgLx? ;d]t lgoldt ?kdf
e'QmfgL x'g] lga[lQe/0f afx]s ;a} k|sf/sf cjsfz e'QmfgLx? .
-u_ a}7s eQf, k6s] ?kdf cWofkg u/fP jfktsf] e'QmfgL .

81

^=$
^=$=!

*-#_-v_ ;dfg zt{df ;a} sd{rf/LnfO{ pknAw x'g] u/L /f]huf/bftfaf6

sfo{:yndf sd{rf/LnfO{ pknAw u/fOPsf vfgf tyf vfhf,
*-#_-u_ s'g} sd{rf/Ln] u/]sf] b]xfosf vr{sf] km5\of]{6 jf ;f]wegf{ M
-!_ ;f] vr{n] /f]huf/bftfsf] Joj;fo k|of]hg k"/f u/]df, jf
-@_ k|fs[lts JolQmsf] Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 x'g] cfosf] u0fgfdf 5"6
ePsf] jf 5"6 x'g] vr{ .
Joj;fosf] k|of]hg k'/f ug{sf] nflu sd{rf/Ln] /f]huf/bftfaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] /sdsf]
km5\of]{6 jf ;f]wegf{ sd{rf/Lsf] /f]huf/L cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g .
*-#_-3_
lx;fa lstfa /fVg cJofjxfl/s jf k|zf;lgs ?kn] sl7g x'g] tf]lsP
adf]lhdsf] ;fgf /sdsf] e'QmfgL .
lx;fa lstfa /fVg cAoaxf/Ls tyf k|zf;lgs lx;fan] sl7g x'g] ;fgf ltgf
vr{x? Ps k6sdf ?= %)) ;Dd e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ /f]huf/stf{n] pQm e'QmfgL
/sd cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb}{g . ;fgf ltgf vr{x? cfos/ lgodfanLsf] lgod ^
df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
:ki6Ls/0f M o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu e'QmfgL eGgfn] b]xfo adf]lhd
ePsf] e'QmfgL ;Demg' k5{ M
-s_ /f]huf/bftfjf6 ePsf],
-v_ /f]huf/bftfsf] ;Da4 JolQmjf6 ePsf], /
-u_ /f]hufbftf jf lghsf] ;Da4 JolQm;+u ePsf] ;Demf}tf cg';f/sf] s'g}
t];|f] JolQmjf6 ePsf] .
dfly pNn]lvt Joj:yfx?sf ;DaGwdf la:t[t AofVof o; lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !&
df ul/Psf] 5 .
nufgLaf6 ePsf] cfodf ;dfj]z x'g] /sdx?M
nufgL eGgfn] Ps jf Ps eGbf a9L ;DklQ wf/0f ug]{ jf ;DklQ nufgL ug]{
sfo{nfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 . P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -s v_ df nufgLnfO{ lgDgfg';f/
kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5M
nufgL eGgfn] b]xfo adf]lhd afx]s Ps jf Ps eGbf a9L ;DklQ wf/0f ug]{ jf
To:tf] ;DklQ nufgL ug]{ sfo{ ;Demg' k5{ M
-!_ ;DklQdf :jfldTj /fVg] JolQmaf6 lghL k|of]udf NofOPsf] ;DklQ /fVg] sfo{,
-@_ /f]huf/L jf Joj;fo .
t/ u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ /fVg] sfo{ nufgL dflgg] 5 .
;DklQ wf/0f (Holding) u/L cfo cfh{g ug]{ sfo{nfO{ nufgL elgG5 . ;DklQdf
:jfldTj /fVg] JolQmaf6 lghL k|of]udf NofOPsf] ;DklQ /fVg] sfo{ jf /f]huf/L jf
Joj;fo df k|of]u ul/Psf] ;DklQ afx]ssf ;DklQdf :jfldTj /fVg] Pj+ u}/
Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ /fVg] h:tf sfo{nfO{ nufgL elgG5 . ;fdfGotofM
nufgLsf] cfo cfh{g ug]{ sfo{df cfo cfh{g ug]{ AolQmsf] lg/Gt/ ;xeflutf
(Active Engagement) /xb}g . nfef+z, Jofh, k|fs[lts ;|f]t afktsf] e'StfgL, ef8f,
82

/f]oN6L, nufgL jLdfaf6 k|fKt nfe, :jLs[lt k|fKt gu/]sf] cjsfz sf]ifsf] lxtaf6
k|fKt nfe jf :jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifaf6 ul/Psf] cjsfz e'StfgL, u}/ Joj;flos
s/of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{ (Disposal) af6 k|fKt v"b nfe h:tf cfo nufgLsf] cfo
jf k|ltkmn x'G5 . ;fdfGotofM o:tf cfo cfh{g ug]{ AolQmsf] ;f] cfo cfh{g ug]{
;Gbe{df lg/Gt/ ;xeflutf clgjfo{ 5}g . Aoazfo / nufgLdf w]/} ;dfgtf b]lvg
cfpg] ePtfklg tnsf] pbfx/0fn] nufgLnfO{ :ki6 kfb{5 M
pbfx/0f ^=$=!M dfgf}+, k|;Gg b]jsf]6f eGg] AolQmsf] k'tnL;8s, sf7df8f}d
+ f kfFr
s/f]8 ?k}ofdf vl/b u/]sf] Pp6f 3/ /x]5 . lghn] pQm 3/ ef8fdf nufpg]
p4]Zon] Pp6f Ph]G6nfO{ ef8fsf] kfFr k|ltztn] sld;g kfpg] u/L lgo"Qm u/]sf
/x]5g\ . lghnfO{ cfly{s aif{ @)^%.^^ df pQm 3/sf] axfn afkt ?= bz nfv
k|fKt ePsf] /x]5 . lghn] ;f] axfn cfosf] kfFr k|ltztn] x'g] sld;g ?=
%),))) pQm Ph]06nfO{ e'Qmfg u/]sf /x]5g\ . k|;Gg b]jsf]6fsf] 3/ ef8fdf
nufO{ k|fKt u/]sf] 3/ axfn cfonfO{ nufgLsf] cfo dflgg] 5 / bkmf ( adf]lhd
nufgLsf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kg]{ 5 . tyfkL P]gsf] bkmf (@ adf]lhd Joj;fo
;+rfng ul//x]sf] afx]s cGo k|fs[lts JolQmnfO{ g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] 3/ axfn
afktsf] s/ sL u/L k|fKt u/]sf] ef8f e'QmfgL clGtd ?kn] s/ sL x'g] e'QmfgL
dflgg] ePsf] x'+bf lghn] ;f] axfn cfDbfgLnfO{ cfodf ;dfa]; eg] ug'{ kb}{g .
pbfx/0f ^=$=@M dfyL pbfx/0f ^=$=! df pNn]lvt k|;Gg b]jsf]6f eGg] AolQmsf]
;f] 3/ nufot cGo 3/x? klg /x]sf] / tL 3/x? klg ef8fdf nufO ;lqmo
?kdf To;sf] Aoa:yfkg (Active Engagement) u/L cfPsf /x]5g\ eg] o;/L 3/
axfndf nufpg] lghsf] Joj;fo dflgG5 . o; ca:yfdf lghn] k|fKt ug]{ ef8f
cfDbfgLnfO{ Joj;fosf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ k5{ / P]gsf] bkmf & adf]lhd
Joj;fosf] cfodf u0fgf ug'{ k5{ . ;f] ca:yfdf lghn] 3/sf] x|f; sL nufot
o;/L 3/ ef8f nufpg] sfo{;+u ;DalGwt vr{x? sL bfaL ug{ kfp5g\ / lghn]
>f]tdf s/ sL u/L ef8f k|fKt ug]{ ePtfklg Joj;fo ;+rfng;+u ;DalGwt 3/
axfn cfDbfgL ePsf] x'bf o:tf] ef8f e'QmfgL clGtd ?kn] s/ sL x'g] e'QmfgL
eg] dflgb}g .
^=$=@

u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ

P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -b_ cg';f/ u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ eGgfn]
b]xfosf ;DklQ afx]ssf hUuf, ejg tyf s'g} lgsfodf /x]sf] lxt jf ;'/If0f
;Demg' k5{ M
@-b_-!_ Joj;flos ;DklQ, x|f; of]Uo ;DklQ jf Jofkfl/s df}Hbft,
-s_ Aoa;flos ;DklQ M Aoa;flos ;DklQ eGgfn] Joj;fodf k|of]u ul/Psf
;Dk"0f{ ;DklQnfO{ hgfp5 . t/, Trading stock cyf{t lalqmsf] k|of]hgsf]
nflu /x]sf] ;DklQ / x|f;of]Uo ;DklQnfO{ Aoj;flos ;DklQ dflgb}g .
-v_ x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ M x|f; of]Uo ;DklQ eGgfn] s'g} nufgLdf cfo cfh{gsf] nflu
k|of]u ul/Psf 6"6km'6 jf k'/fgf] x'b} uPsf] jf ;do Aoltt x'b} uPsf]
sf/0faf6 d"Nodf x|f; x'g] ;DklQnfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 . t/, o; zAbn] Aofkfl/s
df}HbftnfO{ eg] hgfp+b}g . pQm Aoa:yf tnsf] pbfx/0fdf v'nfO{Psf] 5 .

83

pbfx/0f ^=$=#M dfgf}+, xl/;n] cfkm\gf] lghL k|of]usf] nflu kf]v/fdf 3/

lsg]sf /x]5g\ pQm 3/af6 cfo cfh{g ug]{ x]t'n] xl/; nufgL s]Gb| vf]nL
pQm 3/ ef8fdf lbO{ cfo cfh{g ug]{ u/]sf /x]5g\ . pQm 3/sf] d"Nodf P]g
cg';f/ x|f; vr{ sf u/]sf] / x|f; vr{ sf u/L afFsL x'g cfpg] /sd
jf;nftdf b]vfPsf] /x]5 . o:tf] ca:yfdf nufgL k|of]hgsf nflu k|of]u
ul/Psf] ;DklQ cyf{t 3/sf] k|of]u u/]jfkt x'g cfpg] 6'6km'6 jfkt
pknAw u/fO{Psf] x|f; vr{ sf u/L b]vfO{Psf] 3/sf] lstfjL d"No
cg';f/sf] ;DklQnfO{ x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ elgG5 .
-u_ Aofkf/Ls df}Hbft (Trading Stock) lalqm ug]{ jf pTkfbg ug{sf] nflu
pkef]u ul/g] p2]Zon] /flvPsf] ;DklQnfO{ Aofkf/Ls df}Hbft elgG5 . s'g}
AolQmsf] :jfdLTjdf /x]sf] Pj+ lgh4f/f ;+rflnt lgoldt Joj;fosf] qmddf
lalqm ul/g] ;DklQ, sfo{ k|utLdf /x]sf] ;DklQ (Work in Progress) / o:tf
;DklQdf k|of]u x'g] ;fdu|L, h:t} Packing Material x?sf] df}HbftnfO{
Aofkf/Ls df}Hbft dflgG5 . pQm Aoa:yf tnsf] pbfx/0fdf v'nfO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f ^=$=$M dfgf}+, xf8f kmlg{r/ k|f=ln=n] kmlg{r/ vl/b lalqm ug]{ sfo{
ub{5 . lghn] cf=a= @)^%)^^ df ? !)),))) sf] bz j6f d]r vl/b
u/]sf] /x]5 / ;f] dWo] ^ a6f d]r ? &),))) df lalqm u/]sf] /x]5 eg] ;f]
cf=a= df lalqmsf] nfuL /flvPsf] !) j6f d]r pQm k|f=ln=sf] Aofkfl/s
df}Hbft xf] .
@-b_-@_ s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] lgDg cj:yfsf] lghL ejg
-s_ cljlR5Gg bz jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L cjlw :jfldTjdf /x]sf], /
-v_ ;f] JolQmn] cljlR5Gg jf k6s k6s u/L s'n bz jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L
a;f]af; u/]sf],
:kli6s/0fM o; pkv08sf] k|of]hgsf nflu lghL ejg eGgfn] ejg / ejgn]
rr]{sf] If]qkmn a/fa/sf] hUuf jf Ps /f]kgL hUuf dWo] h'g 36L x'G5
;f] nfO{ a'emfpg] 5 .
s'g} k|fs[lts AolQmsf] clalR5Gg -nuftf/_ bz aif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L :jfldTj
(Ownership) /x]sf] / ;f] JolQmn] cljlR5Gg jf k6s k6s u/L s'n bz jif{ jf
;f]eGbf a9L a;f]af; u/]sf] lghL ejg (Personal House) nfO{ AolQmut cyf{t s/
gnfUg] ;DklQ dflgPsf] 5 . s'g} AolQmsf] lghL ejg u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo
;DklQ gdflgg ;f] AolQmn] ;f] ejg clalR5Gg bz aif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L cfkm\gf]
:jfldTj (Ownership) df /fv]sf] x'g' kg]{ / ;f] AolQm ;f] ejgdf clalR5Gg jf
k6s k6s u/L bz aif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L a;f]af; u/]sf] -b'j} ca:yf k'/f u/]sf]_
x'g' clgjfo{ /x]sf] 5 . o; k|of]hgsf nflu lghL ejg eGgfn] ejg / ejgn]
rr]{sf] If]qkmn a/fa/sf] hUuf jf ! /f]kgL -%$&^ ju{km"6 jf %)*=&$ au{ld6/_
dWo] h'g 36L x'G5 ;f]nfO{ a'emfp+5 .
u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ ;DaGwdf la:t[t AofVof o; lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b @
df ul/Psf] 5 .
84

@-b_-#_ s'g} lxtflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz sf]ifdf /x]sf] lxt,

casfz sf]ifdf of]ubfg ug]{ x/]s AolQm casfz sf]ifdf /x]sf] nufgLsf] ;Gbe{df
lxtflwsf/L x'G5g\ . o;/L lxtflwsf/Lsf] pQm casfz sf]ifdf /x]sf] lxtnfO{ u}/
Aoa;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ dflgb}g . pQm AolQmsf] casfz sf]if afx]s cGoq
lgsfodf /x]sf] nufgLnfO{ u}/ Aoa;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ dflgG5 . pQm ca:yf
tnsf] pbfx/0fdf v'nfO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f ^=$=%M dfgf}+, /fd k|;fbn] s'g} casfz sf]ifdf x/]s dlxgf ?= $,)))
of]ubfg ug]{ u/]sf /x]5g\ . ;fy}, lghn] s'g} Ps laQLo ;:yfsf] ?= ! nfvsf]
z]o/ vl/b u/]sf /x]5g\ eg] casfz sf]ifdf of]ubfg u/L hDdf /x]sf] /sdnfO{
u}/ Aoa;flos ;DklQ dflgb}g . t/, lghsf] laQLo ;:yfsf] z]o/df nufgL eg]
u}/ Aoa;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ dflgG5 .
@-b_-$_ s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] tL; nfv ?k}ofF eGbf sd d"Nodf lg;u{ u/]sf]
hUuf tyf lghL ejg, jf
s'g} k|fs[lts AolQmn] hUuf tyf lghL 3/ lg;u{ ubf{ ?= #) nfv eGbf sd
d"Nodf lg;u{ u/]sf] 5 eg] To:tf] ;DklQ u}/ Aoa;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ dflgb}g .
;f] eGbf a9L d"Nodf lg;u{ u/]sf] eP ;f] ;DklQnfO{ u}/ Aoa;flos s/of]Uo
;DklQ dflgG5 . pQm ca:yf tnsf] pbfx/0fdf v'nfO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f ^=$=^M dfgf}+, ;'/]zn] @)^).)#.#@ df $) nfvdf Ps 3/ lsg]sf /x]5g\
/ pQm 3/ ldlt @)^&.!).!) ut] ?= *) nfvdf lalqm u/]sf /x]5g\ eg] o;/L
?= #) nfv eGbf a9L d"Nodf lg;u{ u/]sf] pQm 3/ lghsf] u}/ Joj;flos
s/of]Uo ;DklQ dflgG5 / pQm 3/ lg;u{ x'+bf k|fKt /sdnfO{ u}/ Aoa;flos
s/of]Uo cfo dflgG5 / P]gsf] kl/R5]b * cg';f/ nfe u0fgf u/L x'g cfpg] v'b
nfenfO{ u}/ Aoa;flos s/of]Uo cfo dfgL nufgLsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfa]z
ug'{ kb{5 .
t/ olb lghn] ;f] 3/ ?= #) nfv eGbf sd d"Nodf lalqm u/]sf /x]5g\ eg]
To:tf] 3/ eg] u}/ Aoa;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ dflgb}g / lghsf] nufgLsf] cfodf
;dfa]; ug'{ kb}{g .
@-b_-%_ tLg k':tfleq ePsf] vl/b ljqmL afx]s cGo lsl;dn] x:tfGt/0f u/L
lg;u{ u/]sf] ;DklQ .
;fwf/0ftof ltgk':tf leq vl/b lalqm ge} c+za08f, jszkq cflb dfkm{t
;DklQsf] x:tfGt/0f ug]{ ul/G5 . t/ slxn] sfxL tLgk':tf leq ;DklQsf] vl/b
lalqm x'g] x'+bf o;/L lalqm ul/Psf] ;DklQsf] lalqm d"No /sdnfO{ u}/ Aoa;flos
s/of]Uo cfo dflgG5 eg] tLg k':tf leq ;DklQ vl/b lalqm afx]s cGo lsl;dn]
x:tfGt/0f ePsf] eP o:tf] sf/f]jf/nfO{ u}/ Aoa;flos s/of]Uo cfo tyf s/
k|of]hgsf] nfuL nufgL dflg+b}g . t/ tLg k':tf leq lalqm ul/Psf] ePtfklg
;DklQsf] d"No ?= #) nfv eGbf sd ePdf klg ;f] ;DklQnfO{ u}/ Aoa;flos
s/of]Uo ;DklQ dflgb}g .

85

^=$=#

nufgLaf6 ePsf] cfosf] u0fgfdf ;dfa]; x'g] /sdx?

d'gfkmf tyf nfe u0fgf ubf{ nufgLaf6 k|fKt x'g] nfef+z, Aofh, ef8f, /f]oN6L, u}/
Aoa;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt nfe cflb ;dfj]z ul/G5 . s'g} klg
JolQmsf] nufgLsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ P]gsf] bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -@_ df pNn]lvt
lgDgfg';f/ /sdx? ;dfj]z u/L ug'{ kb{5 M
(-@_M s'g} JolStn] s'g} cfo jif{df nufgL u/] afkt u/]sf] d'gfkmf / nfesf] u0fgf
ubf{ ;f] JolStn] ;f] jif{df k|fKt u/]sf b]xfosf /sdx? ;dfj]z ug{' kg]{5 M
(-@_-s_ ;f] nufgLaf6 k|fKt nfef+z, Jofh, k|fs[lts ;|f]t afktsf] e'StfgL, ef8f,
/f]oN6L, nufgL jLdfaf6 k|fKt nfe, bkmf ^# sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd :jLs[lt
k|fKt gu/]sf] cjsfz sf]ifsf] lxtaf6 k|fKt nfe jf :jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifaf6
ul/Psf] cjsfz e'StfgL,
s'g} AolQmn] z]o/ nufgL u/] jfkt k|fKt ug]{ nfef+z, lgIf]k hDdf u/] jfkt jf
shf{ nufgL u/] jfkt k|fKt ul/g] Aofh, 3/ef8f nufP jfkt k|fKt ul/g] ef8f jf
cGo ef8f, :jLs[lt k|fKt gu/]sf] casfz sf]ifaf6 k|fKt nfe jf :jLs[t casfz
sf]ifaf6 k|fKt ul/Psf] casfz e'QmfgL cfbL ;j} nufgLsf] cfo u0fgf ug]{
k|of]hgsf] nfuL cfodf ;dfa]z ug'{ kb{5 . Pj+ k|sf/n] s'g} lgsfon] k]6f]lnod
pTvgg\ ug{sfnflu :jLs[lt k|bfg u/] afkt k|fKt ul/g] /sd jf s'g} k|flalws
;xof]u jf 6]8dfs{ k|of]u u/] jfkt e'QmfgL k|fKt ul/g] /f]oN6L h:tf /sd klg
nufgLsf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 . t/, nfef+z afkt k|fKt u/]sf] /sd, k|fs[lts
JolQmn] Joj;flos tj/n] jfx]s k|fKt u/]sf] Jofh / ef8f, nufgL jLdfaf6 k|fKt
nfe, cjsfz sf]ifaf6 k|fKt cjsfz e'QmfgLx? P]gsf] bkmf ** cg';f/ clu|d
s/sL u/L e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf] /sd P]gsf] bkmf (@ cg'zf/ clGtd s/sL u/L
e'QmfgL ePsf] x'g] x'+bf pQm /sdnfO{ nufgLsf] cfodf ;dfa]z ug'{ kb}{g . t/ u}/
jfl;Gbfaf6 e'QmfgL ePsf] cj:yfdf pQm cfDbfgLx? -u}/ jfl;Gbf lgsfo bkmf ^(
sf] lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfo ePsf cj:yfdf nfef+z afx]s_ d'gfkmf / nfedf
;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . pQm ca:yf tnsf] pbfx/0fdf v'nfO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f ^=$=&M dfgf}+, xl/; P08 s+= n] ABC Company Ltd. df ? !,)),)))
shf{ nufgL u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm sDkgLn] ;f] afkt !) k|ltztn] x'g cfpg] Aofh
?= !),))) df P]gsf] bkmf ** cg';f/ !% k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] ?= !,%)) clu|d
s/sL u/L afFsL ?= *,%)) e'Qmfg u/]sf] /x]5 . o; ca:yfdf lghn] k'/} /sd
?= !),))) nfO{ nufgLsf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 . t/, olb xl/; eGg]
JolQmn] cfk'mn] cGg afnL ljlqm u/L k|fKt u/]sf] JolQmut ;DklQsf] ?kdf /x]sf]
/sd s'g} a}+sdf hDdf u/L Jofh k|fKt u/]sf /x]5g\ eg] To:tf] Jofhdf s/ sL
ug'{ kb{5 / To:tf] Jofh clGtd ?kdf s/ s6\6L dflgg] x'gfn] ;f] Jofh cfonfO{
xl/;n] nufgLsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g .
(-@_-v_ kl/R5]b* adf]lhd u0fgf ul/Psf] ;f] JolStsf] ;f] nufgLsf] u}/
Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt v"b nfe,
u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ cyf{t Joj;fo jf nufgLdf k|ToIf ?kn] k|of]u
gul/Psf] tyf u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQdf kg]{ hUuf, ejg tyf s'g} lgsfodf
/x]sf] lxtsf] lg;u{ ePdf To:tf] lg;u{sf] ;dodf lg;u{ jfkt k|fKt v'b nfenfO{
86

cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{kb{5 . o:tf] v'b nfe u0fgf ubf{ cfDbfgLaf6 vr{ 36fO{ afFsL
/xg] nfeaf6 s'g} sL gePsf] gf]S;fgL eP ;f] ;d]t 36fO{ afFsL /xg] /sd v'b
nfe x'G5 .
(-@_-u_ ;f] JolStn] u/]sf] nufgLsf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ lg;u{ ubf{ cg';"rL@ sf]
bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] ;d"xdf
ePsf ;DklQsf] nflu ul/Psf] vr{x? -cfp6uf]O;_ ;lxtsf] af+sL d"No
eGbf k|fKt x'g] cfDbfgLx? -Ogsld;_ a9L ePDff ;f] a9L ePhlt /sd,
nufgLdf pkef]u ul/Psf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ lg;u{ ubf{ nfe eP To:tf] nfenfO{
nufgLsf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .
(-@_-3_ nufgLsf ;DaGwdf ;f] JolStn] k|fKt u/]sf] pkxf/,
nufgLsf] ;Gbe{df k|fKt pkxf/nfO{ nufgLsf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 . pQm
Aoa:yf tnsf] pbfx/0fdf v'nfO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f ^=$=*M dfgf}+, xl/;n] ;DkGg a}+s ln= df ?= @ s/f]8 z]o/ nufgL u/]sf
/x]5g\ . s'g} cfo aif{df a}+sn] ! s/f]8 eGbf a9L z]o/ nufgL ug]{ z]o/wgLnfO{
bz}+df Ps tf]nfsf] ;'gsf] l;Ssf pkxf/ :j?k lbPsf] /x]5 eg] lghn] k|fKt
u/]sf] pQm ;'gsf] l;Ssf nufgL u/]/ pkxf/ kfPsf] x'+bf ;f] pkxf/ ahf/ d"Nodf
d"Nof+sg u/L nufgLsf] cfodf ;dfa]z ug'{ kb{5 .
(-@_-_ ;f] nufgLsf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf] cjsfz e'QmfgL / ;f] JolQmsf] nflu
cjsfz sf]ifdf hDdf ul/Psf] /sd ;d]tsf] cjsfz of]ubfg,
nufgL u/] afkt k|fKt x'g] casfz e'QmfgL tyf To:tf] e'QmfgL kfpgsf] nflu
cjsfz sf]ifdf ul/g] of]ubfgnfO{ ;d]t nufgLsf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .
(-@_-r_ nufgLsf ;DaGwdf s'g} k|ltaGw :jLsf/ u/] afkt k|fKt ul/Psf
/sdx?, /
nufgL gug]{ zt{df jf o:t} s'g} zt{ jf aGb]hsf sf/0f k|fKt /sdx? nufgLsf]
cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .
pbfx/0f ^=$=(M dfgf}+, xl/;sf] k'/fgf] jfg]Zj/df Pp6f 3/ /x]5 . pQm 3/ Ps
8fG; /]i6'/]06nfO{ ef8fdf lbPsf /x]5g\ . ;f]xL ulNndf /x]sf] csf]{ 8fG;
/]i6'/]06sf dflns >LdtL k]l/gfn] lgh xl/;nfO{ lghsf] 3/ 8fG; /]i6'/]06sf]
nflu ef8fdf glbg / ;f] jfkt dfl;s ?= #) xhf/ ltg]{ u/L s/f/gfdf u/]sL
/lxl5g\ . To:tf] ca:yfdf o:tf] zt{ jf k|ltaGw :jLsf/ u/] jfkt k|fKt x'g]
e'QmfgL /sdnfO{ lgh xl/;n] cfkm\gf] nufgLsf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .
(-@_-5_ kl/R5]b^ jf & jf bkmf %^ adf]lhd ;dfj]z ul/g' kg]{ cGo /sdx? .
P]gsf] kl/R5]b^ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu s'g} AolQmsf] n]vfg
tl/sf laefuaf6 :jLs[lt lnO{ kl/at{g u/]sf] v08df jf ;f]xL kl/R5]bsf cGo
bkmfx?df ePsf] Aoa:yfsf] sf/0faf6 n]vfg tl/sf kl/at{g ePdf kl/at{g ePsf]
cfo aif{df ;f] JolQmsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ePsf], sf ePsf] jf ;dfj]z x'g]

87

jf sf x'g] /sdx?df s'g} /sd g5'6\g] u/L jf bf]xf]/f] gkg]{ u/L ;dfof]hg ug{'
kg]{5 .
P]gsf] kl/R5]b& df pNn]v eP adf]lhd s'g} JolQmf/f ul/Psf] sf/f]jf/sf] e'QmfgL
gubdf dfq geO{ ;DklQsf] x:tfGt/0f u/L ul/Psf] e'QmfgLsf] xsdf To;/L
x:tfGtl/t ;DklQsf] ahf/ d"No j/fj/sf] /sdnfO{ cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
o;/L x:tfGtl/t ;DklQsf] d"No b'O{ kIf ljr ePsf] ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ul/Psf]
d"No jf lstfjL d"NonfO{ cflwsf/Ls sf/f]jf/ d"No gdfgL ;f] jvt x:tfGtl/t
;DklQsf] ahf/ cg';f/ olsg ul/Psf] d"NonfO{ P]gsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu cflwsf/Ls
d"No dfgL nufgLsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
P]gsf] bkmf %^ cg';f/ lgsfo / lxtflwsf/L ljrsf] sf/f]jf/df ePsf] ;DklQ jf
bfloTjsf] lg;u{af6 x'g] nfenfO{ o; v08 cGtu{t cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{kb{5 . o;
;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0f o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !# df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
^=$=$ nufgLaf6 ePsf] cfosf] u0fgfdf ;dfa]; gx'g] /sdx?
(-#_
pkbkmf -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} JolQmn] nufgLaf6
k|fKt ug]{ d'gfkmf tyf nfesf] u0fgf ubf{ b]xfosf s'/fx? ;dfj]z ul/g]
5}g\gM
(-#_-s_ bkmf !), %$, / ^( adf]lhd 5"6 kfpg] /sd / clGtd ?kdf s/ sL
x'g] e'StfgL, /
P]gsf] bkmf !) adf]lhd lgDgfg';f/sf] /sdx?nfO{ cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb}{g .
!)-s_ g]kfn ;/sf/ / s'g} ljb]zL /fi6 jf cGt/f{li6o ;+3 ;+:yfsf] aLrdf ePsf]
lkIfLo jf ax'kIfLo ;lGwdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd s/ 5"6sf] ;'ljwf kfpg]
s'g} JolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf] s/ 5"6sf] /sd,
g]kfn ;/sf/ / cGo s'g} klg ljb]zL /fi6 jf cGt/fli6o ;+3 ;+:yfsf] jLrdf
ePsf] lkIfLo ;lGwdf pNn]v eP jdf]lhd s/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf kfpg] JolQmn] ;f]
;lGwsf] clwgdf /xL k|fKt u/]sf] /sd s/ 5'6sf] /sd x'g]5 .
P]gsf] bkmf %$ cg';f/ sDkgL tyf ;fem]bf/L kmd{af6 ljt/0f ul/Psf] nfef+zdf
clGtd ?kdf s/ sL ug]{ ljlwf/f s/ nufOG5 eg] cGo lgsfon] ljt/0f u/]df
s/ gnfUg] Joj:yf 5 . o; ;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0f o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !# df
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
lgolGqt lab]zL lgsfox?4f/f P]gsf] bkmf ^( cg';f/ lat/0f x'g] /sdx? cfo
u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g\ . o; ;DaGwdf lj:t[t ljj/0f o;}
lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !$ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
clGtd ?kdf s/ sL x'g] P]gsf] bkmf (@ cg';f/sf e'QmfgLx? dWo] nufgL;Fu
;DjlGwt e'QmfgL eP To:tf] e'QmfgLaf6 k|fKt ePsf] /sdnfO{ cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{
kb}{g . h:t}, g]kfn >f]t ePsf] e'QmfgLdf s/ sL u/L k|fKt u/]sf] nfef+z /sdnfO{
P]gsf] bkmf (@ cg';f/ clGtd s/ sL u/L e'QmfgL ul/Psf] /sd ePsf] x'Fbf o:tf]
e'QmfgL /sdnfO{ cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g . o; ;DaGwdf lj:t[t ljj/0f o;}
lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !^ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

88

(-#_-v_ ;f] JolStn] /f]huf/L jf Joj;foaf6 cfh{g ug]{ cfosf] u0fgf ubf{
;dfj]z ul/g] /sd .
s'g} AolQmsf] cfo u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu ;dfa]; ul/g] /sdx? bf]xf]/f] gkg]{
u/L ;f] JolStn] /f]huf/L jf Joj;foaf6 cfh{g ug]{ cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z
ul/g] /sd nufgLsf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb}{g . P]gsf] bkmf & cg';f/ Joj;fosf]
cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfa]z ul/Psf] cfox? / bkmf * cg';f/ /f]huf/Lsf] cfo u0fgf
ubf{ ;dfa]z ul/Psf cfox?nfO{ nufgLsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfa]z ug'{ kb{}g . o;
k|sf/ nufgLsf] cfo Ps calzi6 (Residual) cfo xf] h'g /f]huf/L / Joj;foaf6
ePsf] cfosf] u0fgf kZrft dfq u0fgf jf kl/eflift ul/G5 .

89

kl/R%]b 7

/sdx?sf] kl/df)fLs/)f, af+*kmf+* / rfl/lqs/)f

(Quantification, Allocation and Characterization of Amounts)

&=!

cfos/ P]g, @)%* n] cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ gub, lhG;L jf cGo tj/af6 ul/g]
e'QmfgL Pj+ pknAw ePsf] ;'ljwfx? tyf ;]jfx?nfO{ cfodf ;dfa]; ul/g'kg]{
Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 . h; cg';f/ gubdf e'QmfgL ul/Psf afx]s cGo e'QmfgLx?nfO{
h:t}, lhG;L e'QmfgL, ;'ljwf e'QmfgL, ;]jf e'QmfgL cflbnfO{ ;d]t df}lb|s ?kdf
kl/df0fLs/0f u/L cfodf ;dfj]z ug]{ / ;f]xL cg';f/ To:tf e'QmfgLnfO{ s/sf]
bfo/fdf ;d]6\g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . P]gsf] kl/R5]b & df o;/L gub afx]s cGo
tj/af6 ePsf e'QmfgLnfO{ gubdf kl/at{g ug]{ Aoa:yfx? pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
gub afx]s cGo tj/af6 ul/Psf e'QmfgLnfO{ cfos/ k|of]hgsf]nflu rfl/lqs/0f
ug]{, kl/df0fLs/0f (Quantify) ug]{ / afF8kmfF8 ug]{ k|s[ofsf] ;Gbe{df :ki6 kfg'{ o;
kl/R5]bsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .

&=@
&=@=!

/sdx?sf] kl/df0fLs/0f
kl/df0fLs/0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf
/sdx?sf] kl/df0fLs/0f (Quantification) ug]{ ;Gbe{df P]gsf] bkmf @& sf] pkbkmf
-!_ df lgDgfg';f/ Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
@&-!_
s'g} e'QmfgLnfO{ b]xfos]f /sd a/fa/df kl/df0fLs/0f ug{' kg]{5 M
@&-!_-s_ s'g} Ps JolQmn] csf]{ JolQmnfO{ ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f u/L ul/Psf]
e'QmfgLsf] xsdf x:tfGtl/t ;DklQsf] ahf/ d"No a/fa/sf] /sd,
P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -x_ df e'QmfgL zAbnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 M
e'QmfgL eGgfn] b]xfosf] sfd sf/afxL ;Demg' k5{ M
-!_ s'g} Ps JolQmsf] /sd jf ;DklQ csf]{ JolQmsf] gfpFdf / s'g} csf]{
JolQmsf] bfloTj ;f] JolQmsf] gfpFdf x:tfGt/0f ePdf,
-@_ s'g} Ps JolQmjf6 l;lh{t ;DklQ ;f] ;DklQsf] l;h{gfkl5 csf]{
JolQmsf] :jfldTjdf ePdf jf s'g} Ps JolQmsf] bfloTjsf] ef/ csf]{
JolQmn] axg u/]df,
-#_ Ps JolQmn] csf]{ JolQmnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg u/]df,
-$_ s'g} Ps JolQmsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] ;DklQ csf]{ JolQmn] k|of]u u/]df
jf k|of]usf] nflu pknAw ePdf .
P]gdf e'QmfgLnfO{ Pq'mon cfwf/sf] vr{ Pj+ cfosf] ?kdf dflgPsf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf
@$ sf] pkbkmf -!_ df Joj;fo jf nufgLjf6 ePsf] cfgf] cfosf] n]vf+sg Pq'mon
cfwf/df ubf{ e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ l;h{gf x'gf;fy To:tf] e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf]
dfgL cfosf] u0fgfdf ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{ Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 . ljQLo ljj/0fsf] cfwf/
(Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements) tyf

g]kfn n]vfdfg ! (NAS 01 df ;d]t Accrual cfwf/df n]vf+sg ug'{ kg]{ Aoa:yf
u/]sf] 5 . AolQmsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ tyf vr{ sL bfaL ubf{ e'QmfgL sf] e'ldsf
dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . e'QmfgL (Payment) zAbn] oyfy{df s'g} AolQmn] csf]{ AolQmnfO{
nfeflGjt u/fpg ;Sg] x/]s dfWodnfO{ ;dfa]; u/]sf] 5 . e'QmfgL zAbsf] yk
AofVof Pj+ pbfx/0fx? o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b @ tyf kl/R5]b * df ul/Psf] 5 .
s'g} JolQmf/f ul/Psf] sf/f]jf/sf] e'QmfgL gubdf dfq geO{ ;DklQsf] x:tfGt/0f
u/L ul/Psf] e'QmfgLsf] xsdf To;/L x:tfGt/Lt ;DklQsf] ahf/ d"No j/fj/sf]
/sdnfO{ cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . of] bkmf cg';f/ x:tfGt/Lt ;DklQsf] d"No b'O{
kIf ljr ePsf] ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] d"No jf lstfjL d"NonfO{ dfq
cflwsf/Ls sf/f]jf/ d"No gdfgL ;f] jvt x:tfGt/Lt ;DklQsf] ahf/ cg';f/
olsg ul/Psf] d"NonfO{ P]gsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu cflwsf/Ls d"No dfgL cfodf
;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . o;/L ul/Psf] sf/f]jf/ /f]huf/L cfo;Fu ;DjlGwt eP
/f]huf/Lsf] cfodf, Joj;fo;Fu ;DjlGwt eP Joj;fosf] cfodf / nufgL;Fu
;DjlGwt eP nufgLsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
pbfx/0f &=@=!M dfgf}+, lbud jfGtjf eGg] AolQmn] :s6 g]kfn k|f=ln= gfdsf]
;+:yfnfO{ s'g} ;]jf pknAw u/fPsf /x]5g\ . pQm ;+:yfn] lgh lbudnfO{ ;f]
;]jfsf] d"No gubdf e'QmfgL glbO{ Pp6f 6]lnlehg lbPsf] /x]5 . pQm
6]lnlehgsf] ahf/ d"No ?= %),))) /x]5 eg] ;f] ca:yfdf lgh jfGtjfn] /sd
e'QmfgL glnP klg ?= %),))) sf] e'QmfgL k|fKt u/] ;/x dflgg]5 .
pbfx/0f &=@=@M dfgf}+, g]kfn cfon lguddf sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ dfl;s %)
ln6/ k]6f]n ;'ljwf :j?k pknJw u/fpg] Joj:yf /x]5 / To:tf] k]6f]nsf] ahf/
d"No k|lt ln6/ *) /x]5 eg] lghsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ cfodf *) x
%)_ ?= $,))). k|lt dlxgfsf b/n] x'g] ?= $*,))). nfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z ug'{
kb{5 .
pbfx/0f &=@=#M dfgf}+, s'g} Ps rfprfp km\ofS6Ln] aflif{s ?kdf tf]lsPsf]
kl/df0f ljqmL ug]{ s'g} l8n/nfO{ Pp6f /+uLg 6]lnlehg lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf]
/x]5 pQm l8n/n] lghnfO{ tf]lsPsf] kl/df0f ljlqm u/L Target meet u/] jfkt
lghnfO{ k|fKt ePsf] 6]lnlehg -;DklQ_ sf] ahf/ d"No ?= @),))). /x]5 eg]
pQm ?= @),))). nfO{ l8n/n] cfk\mgf] Joj;fosf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
pbfx/0f &=@=$M dfgf}+, ABC Travel Agency Pvt. Ltd. df sfo{/t k|aGw lgb]{zs
>L xl/k|sfz >]i7nfO{ lghsf] ;+:yf k|ltsf] OdfGbfl/tfsf] sb/ ub}{ ;~rfns
;ldltn] lg0f{o u/L lghnfO{ Jeep x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] /x]5 . o; cj:yfdf lghsf]
OdfGbfl/tfsf] sb/ :j?ksf] e'QmfgL ;DklQsf] x:tfGt/0faf6 ePsf] x'Fbf pQm
Jeep sf] ahf/ d"No a/fj/sf] /sd lghsf] kfl/>dLs cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{
kb{5 . ahf/ d"No eGgfn] ;DklQsf] /lhi68{df pNn]v ul/Psf] Written Down
Vallue geO{ pQm Jeep ahf/df ljqmL ubf{ slt /sd k|fKt x'g ;S5 ;f]
cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ug'{ kb{5 .
pbfx/0f &=@=%M dfgf}+, ljB"t lat/0f ug]{ lgsfon] cfkm\gf sfdbf/ jf
sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;'ljwfsf ?kdf k|lt dlxgf lglZrt o'lg6;Dd dx;"n glng] u/L
5'6 lbg] jf 6]lnkmf]g sDkgLn] cfkm\gf sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;'ljwfsf

91

?kdf k|lt dlxgf lglZrt sn;Dd dx;"n glng] u/L 5'6 lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf]
/x]5 jf cGo o:t} 5'6x? cfgf sd{rf/LnfO{ pknAw u/fOg] Aoj:yf 5 eg]
To:tf lgsfon] o;/L lbO{g] 5'6nfO{ ahf/ d"Nosf cfwf/df lx;fj u/L cfpg]
/sd ;'ljwf pkef]u ug]{ sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/Lx?sf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{
cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
@&-!_-v_ b]xfosf s'/f pknAw u/fPafkt ePsf] e'QmfgLsf] nflu tf]lsP adf]lhd
lgwf{/0f x'g] /sd jf /sd lgwf{/0f ug]{ Joj:yf gul/Psf]df v08 -_ cg';f/
lgwf{/0f x'g] /sd M
@&-!_-v_-!_ e'QmfgL kfpg] JolQmsf] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf lghL k|of]hgsf nflu
k|of]u ul/Psf] jf k|of]usf] nflu pknAw ePsf] ;jf/L ;fwg, jf
cfos/ lgodfjnL sf] lgod !# sf] pklgod -!_ df lghL k|of]hgsf] ;jf/L ;fwg
;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 M

-!_ sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/ nufotsf] s'g} lxtflwsf/Lsf] nflu s'g} JolQmaf6

k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf lghL k|of]hgsf] nflu k|of]u ePsf] jf k|of]usf]
nflu pknJw ePsf] ;jf/L ;fwgnfO{ P]gsf] bkmf @& sf] pkbkmf -!_
sf] v08 -v_ sf] pkv08 -!_ adf]lhd s'g} cfoaif{sf] nflu b]xfo
adf]lhd /sd lgwf{/0f x'g]5 M
-s_ sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/ jf dfl;s ?kdf kfl/>lds k|fKt ug]{ cGo
s'g} JolQmnfO{ pknAw u/fPsf]df lghn] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tnasf]
)=% k|ltztn] x'g] /sd .
-v_ v08 -s_ df pNn]v ePsf] ca:yfdf afx]s ;jf/L;fwgsf]
k|rlnt ahf/ d"Nosf] aflif{s ! k|ltztn] x'g] /sd .
:kli6s/0f M o; lgodsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ;jf/L ;fwg eGgfn]
df]6/, sf/, hLk / o:t} lsl;ds]f cGo ;jf/L ;fwg ;Demg' k5{ .
cfos/ lgodfanLsf] lgod !# pklgod -!_ adf]lhd sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/ jf
dfl;s ?kdf kfl/>lds k|fKt ug]{ cGo s'g} JolQmnfO{ k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf lghL
k|of]hgsfnflu pknJw ePsf] ;jf/L ;fwgsf] nflu lghn] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tnasf]
)=% k|ltztn] x'g] /sdnfO{ lghn] k|fKt u/]sf] e'QmfgL ;/x dfgL /f]huf/Lsf]
cfodf ;dfa]z ul/G5 .
dflysf] :kli6s/0f cg';f/ ;jf/L ;fwg n] df]6/, sf/, hLk / o:t} lsl;dsf]
;jf/L ;fwgnfO{ hgfp5, cyf{t pk/f]Qm ju{ (Category) sf ;jf/L ;fwg afx]s
;fO{sn, df]6/;fO{sn, sd{rf/LnfO{ ;+o'Qm ?kdf pknAw a; ;'lawf h:tf ;jf/L
;fwg eg] ;jf/L ;fwg ;'lawfdf ;dfa]; x'g] 5}g .
cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod !$ cg';f/ s'g} e'QmfgLnfO{ P]gsf] bkmf @&

jdf]lhd kl/df0fLs/0f ubf{ jf P]gsf] bkmf @* jdf]lhd g]kfnL ?k}ofFdf kl/jt{g

ubf{ ?k}of eGbf a9L ePsf] rfgr'g k};fnfO{ u0fgf ul/g] 5}g\ .
pbfx/0f &=@=^M dfgf}+, s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ p;sf] /f]huf/bftfn] lghL tyf
Joj;flos sfdsf] nflu Pp6f sf/ pknAw u/fPsf] /x]5 . ;f] sf/sf] ahf/
d'No ?= @),)),))) /x]5 . lghn] cfkm\gf] dfl;s kfl/>lds lgDgfg';f/ k|fKt

92

ug]{ u/]sf /x]5g\ .

tna
?= !%,)))
u|]8 -hDdf_
?= %,(#)
dxL eQf
?= ^))
cGo eQf
?= !,)))
;jf/L ;fwg lghL sfo{sf] nflu ;d]t pknAw u/fPsf]df, Perquisite sf] d"No
lgwf{/0f ug{sf] nflu lghn] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tna lgwf{/0f ug'{ kb{5 .
z'? tna -!%,))) !@_
!,*),)))
u|]8
%,(#)
vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tna
?= !,*%,(#)
)=%% sf b/n] x'g] -!,*%,(#) )=%/!))_ = (@(.^%
lghsf] ;jf/L ;fwg k|of]u u/]jfkt ?= (@(.)) e'QmfgL lbP ;/x dfgL lghsf]
/f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ul/G5 . o;/L kl/df0fLs/0f (Quantification) ubf{
k};fnfO{ u0fgf ug'{ kb}{g .
;jf/L ;fwg ;'lawf lb+O{bf ;jf/L rfns tyf O{Gwg ;d]t lbg' kg]{ x+'bf dfly
pNn]v eP cg';f/ ;jf/L ;fwg ;'lawf afktsf] /sd cfodf ;dfa]z u/L
;s]kl5 ;jf/L rfns jf O{Gwgsf] nflu /f]huf/bftfn] u/]sf] e'QmfgL jf ;'lawfnfO{
cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb}{g . t/, obL sd{rf/LnfO{ lghL k|of]hgsf] lgldQ ;jf/L
;fwg ;'lawf egL lglZrt /sd e'QmfgL u/]sf] eP k'/} e'QmfgL /sd pQm
sd{rf/Lsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
s'g} klg lgsfon] cfkm\gf] sd{rf/LnfO{ lghsf] JolQmut ;jf/L ;fwgnfO{ ;'ljwf
cGtu{t OGwg pknJw u/fPsf] 5 eg] pknJw u/fPsf] OGwgsf] ahf/ d"No
lgwf{/0f u/L ahf/ d"No j/fj/sf] /sd lghsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{
kb{5 .
lgod !# sf] pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -v_ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd sd{rf/L afx]s
cGonfO{ ;jf/L ;fwg pknAw u/fPsf] v08df ;jf/L;fwgsf] k|rlnt ahf/
d"Nosf] aflif{s Ps k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] /sd lghsf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .
pbfx/0f &=@=&M dfgf}+, x/Lz/0f eGg] AolQm ABC Travel Agency Pvt. Ltd. df
Pp6f sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ Ps d'i7 ?= %),))) z'Ns kfpg] u/L k/fdz{bftf
lgo"Qm ePsf /x]5g\ . lghnfO{ AolQmut k|of]hg tyf tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg
ug{ ;d]t ;xof]u k'uf];\ eGg] p2]Zon] ;f] lgsfon] Pp6f sf/ tLg dlxgfsf]
nflu pknAw u/fPsf] /x]5 . ;f] sf/sf] ahf/ d'No ?= @),)),))) /x]5 eg]
lghn] cfkm\gf] Joj;fosf] cfodf ;f] lgsfoaf6 gub} k|fKt ?= %),))) sf]
cltl/Qm ?= @),)),))) sf] ! k|ltztn] # dlxgfsf] x'g cfpg] /sddf ?=
%,))) ;d]t ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .
@&-!_-v_-@_ e'QmfgL kfpg] JolQmsf] nflu pknAw u/fOPsf] ejg .
cfos/ lgodfanL sf] lgod !# sf] pklgod -@_ df lghL k|of]hgsf] ejg
;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 M

93

-@_ sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/ nufotsf] s'g} lxtflwsf/Lsf] nflu s'g} JolQmaf6

lghL k|of]hgsf] nflu k|of]u ePsf] jf k|of]usf] nflu pknJw ePsf]
ejgnfO{ P]gsf] bkmf @& sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -v_ sf] pkv08 -@_
adf]lhd s'g} cfoaif{sf] nflu b]xfo adf]lhd /sd lgwf{/0f x'g]5 M
-s_ ejg pknJw u/fpg] JolQmn] sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/ jf dfl;s
?kdf kfl/>lds k|fKt ug]{ cGo s'g} JolQmnfO{ ejg pknJw
u/fPsf]df lghn] vfOkfO{ cfPsf] tnasf] @ k|ltztn] x'g] /sd,
-v_ ejg pknJw u/fpg] JolQmn] 3/ ef8fdf lnO{ v08
-s_ df pNn]v eP afx]ssf] JolQmnfO{ ejg pknJw u/fPsf]df
ef8f afkt e'QmfgL u/]sf] /sdsf] @% k|ltztn] x'g] /sd,
-u_ ejg pknJw u/fpg] JolQmn] ef8f ltg'{ gkg]{ 3/ v08 -s_ df
pNn]v eP afx]ssf] JolQmnfO{ ejg pknJw u/fPsf]df k|rlnt
3/ef8fsf] @% k|ltztn] x'g] /sd .
cfos/ lgodfanLsf] lgod !# sf] pklgod -@_ adf]lhd sd{rf/L, sfdbf/ jf
dfl;s ?kdf kfl/>lds k|fKt ug]{ cGo s'g} JolQmnfO{ ef8fdf lnO{ jf cfkm\g} ejg
pknJw u/fPsf]df lghn] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tnasf] @ k|ltztn] x'g] /sdnfO{ lghn]
k|fKt u/]sf] e'QmfgL ;/x dfgL lghsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfa]z ul/G5 .
pbfx/0f &=@=*M dfgf}+, pbfx/0f &=@=^ sf sd{rf/LnfO{ tnj eQfsf] cltl/Qm ?=
^),))) aflif{s ef8f k|fKt x'g] eag ;d]t pknAw u/fPsf] /x]5 . lgh ;f]
sDkgLsf] sd{rf/L ePsf]n] eag ;'ljwf afkt ;f] JolQmn] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf]
tnasf] @% sf b/n] x'g] /sd ?= #,&!*.^) -!,*%,(#) @/!))_ ;'lawfsf]
?kdf u0fgf u/L /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{kb{5 . eag ;'lawfsf] d"Nof+sg
?= #,&!*.^) ePtf klg cfos/ lgodfjnL @)%( sf] lgod !$ cg';f/ rfgr'g
k};fnfO{ u0fgf ul/g] 5}g\ eGg] Aoa:yf cg';f/ ?= #,&!* dfq cfodf ;dfa];
ul/g' kb{5 . /f]huf/bftfn] sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/Lsf] nflu jf;:yfgsf] nflu eg]/
gub jf ;f] ;/x pknJw u/fPsf] 5 eg] pknAw ePsf] s'n /sd g} eQfsf]
?kdf lghsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
pbfx/0f &=@=(M Dffgf}, g]kfn j}+s lnld6]8sf] e}/xjfdf Ps cltyL u[x /x]5 .
pQm cltyL u[xsf] Ps tNnf (Flat) pQm j}+ssf ;~rfns >L eb|]Zj/ dxtnfO{ !
jif{sf] nflu j:gsf] nflu pknJw u/fPsf] /x]5 . dfgf}, pQm cltyL u[x /x]sf]
;f]xL Onfsfdf To:t} k|sf/sf] tNnf (Flat) nfO{ df;Ls ? %,))) ef8f kbf]{/x]5 .
o; cj:yfdf lgh ;~rfns >L eb|]Zj/ dxtn] df;Ls ?= !,@%) -%,))) x
@%!))_ cfkm\gf] cfodf ;dfj]z u/L cfo u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 .
;fwf/0ftofM of] ;'ljwf jfkt sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf tnj cfosf] @ k|ltztn] x'g] /sd
lghsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfo u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu e'QmfgL kfP ;/x (Deemed
Income) dfgL ;dfj]z ul/G5 . sfof{nodf sfo{/t uf8{ tyf d];]Gh/ jf sfof{no
;xof]uL h:tf sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu clkm;df g} ;'/Iffsf b[li6sf]0fn] jf;:yfg
pknJw u/fO{Psf] ca:yfdf o:tf] jf;:yfgsf] pknJwtf lghsf] ;'ljwf ge}
sfof{nosf] ;'/Iffy{ -/f]huf/bftfsf] Joj;flos k|of]hgfy{_ a;]sf] cj:yfdf eg]
94

lghsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf jf;:yfg pknJw u/fP jfkt tnjsf] @ k|ltztn] x'g]
/sd ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g .
s'g} lgsfon] jf;:yfgsf] Joj:yf ubf{ ;x'lnot b/df pknJw u/fPsf] cj:yfdf
klg lgodfjnLdf pNn]v eP jdf]lhd vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tnjsf] @ k|ltztn] x'g
cfpg] /sdnfO{ lghsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
pbfx/0f &=@=!)M dfgf}+, dfl;s ?= @%,))) tna kfpg] lbks eGg] Ps
sd{rf/LnfO{ sfof{non] af;:yfg pknAw u/fPsf] /x]5 . sfof{non] a:gsf] nflu
cfjf; u[x pknJw u/fP jfkt dfl;s ?= @)). cfgf] sfof{nonfO{ ltb}{ cfPsf
/x]5g\ . pQm cfjf; u[x lghnfO{ ;'ljwfdf pknJw u/fPsf] x'Fbf lgodfjnL
cg';f/ lghsf] cfodf vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tnjaf6 @ k|ltztsf b/n] x'g cfpg]
/sd cyf{t ?= %)) k|lt dlxgf lghsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
pbfx/0f &=@=!!M dfgf}+, ;fd/L eGg] Ps hgf g]kfn luo/ k|f=ln= sf
;~rfnsnfO{ ;f] k|f=ln= n] cfjf; (Quarter) pknJw u/fPsf] /x]5 . pQm cfjf;
:yn sdnfbL, sf7df8f}+df cjl:yt /x]5 . sdnfbL If]qdf lghnfO{ pknJw
u/fPsf] cfjf;:yfg j/fj/sf] 3/ ef8fdf lnPsf] cj:yfdf dfl;s ?= %),))).
pQm k|f=ln= n] ltg'{ kg]{ cj:yf /x]5 eg] lgh ;~rfns sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/
gePsf] sf/0f lgh ;~rfnsn] pQm kl/dfl0fs/0f ul/Psf] /sd ?= %),))).
sf] @% k|ltztn] x'g] ?= !@,%)). e'QmfgL kfP ;/x dfgL cfkm\gf] cfodf
;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
pbfx/0f &=@=!@M dfgf}+, g]kfn luo/ k|f=ln= n] cfkm\gf] ;~rfnsnfO{ dfl;s ?=
$),))). kg]{ 3/ ef8fdf lnO{ jf;:yfgsf] nflu pknJw u/fPsf] cj:yfdf eg]
dfl;s @% k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] ?= !),))). lgh ;~rfnsn] e'QmfgL kfP ;/x
dfgL cfkm\gf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . t/ lgh ;~rfnsnfO{ jf;:yfgsf]
Joj:yf pknJw gu/fO{ jf;:yfgsf] nflu egL dfl;s ?= $),))). pknJw
u/fPsf] v08df eg] ;Dk"0f{ /sdg} lghn] cfkm\gf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
@&-!_-u_ b]xfosf s'/f pknAw u/fPafkt e'QmfgL lbg] JolQmn] u/]sf] vr{af6
e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf] of]ubfg s6fO{ jfFsL x'g cfPsf] /sd M
@&-!_-u_-!_
3/sf] /]vb]vstf{, efG5], ;jf/L rfns, dfnL jf cGo 3/]n'
;xfossf] ;]jf,
s'g} klg lgsfon] cfkm\gf] sd{rf/LnfO{ lgsfosf] lgodfjnL cg';f/ lghsf] nflu
3/sf] /]vb]vstf{, efG5], ;jf/L rfns, dfnL jf cGo 3/]n' ;xfossf] ;]jf pknJw
u/fPsf] cj:yfdf ;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf] of]ubfg s6fO{ afFsL x'g cfpg] /sd
lghsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
pbfx/0f &=@=!#M dfgf}+, ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8n] cfkm\gf] d'Vo sfo{sf/L clws[tsf]
nflu 3/df sfd ug{sf] nflu Ps hgf ;xof]uL pknJw u/fPsf] /x]5 . pQm
;xof]uL ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8df sfd ug]{ sd{rf/L x'g\ . lghsf] dfl;s ?=
%,))). tnj /x]5 / ;+:yfn] lghsf] sfo{If]q d'Vo sfo{sf/L clws[tsf] 3/df
tf]s]sf] /x]5 . lgh sfo{sf/L clws[tnfO{ lgo'QmL lbbfsf cj:yfdf ePsf]
s/f/gfdfdf ;+:yfn] Ps hgf ;xof]uL pknJw u/fP jfkt lghsf] tnjaf6
dfl;s ?kdf ?= !,))). sf ug]{ Joj:yf /x]5 . o; cj:yfdf a}+sn]
95

;xof]uLnfO{ e'QmfgL u/]sf] kfl/>lds ?= %))) af6 ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ JolQm d'Vo
sfo{sf/L clws[tsf] of]ubfg ?= !,))). ePsf] x'Fbf pQm of]ubfg s6fpFbf afFsL
x'g cfpg] /sd ?= $,))). k|lt dlxgf -%,))) !,)))_ d'Vo sfo{sf/L
clws[tsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . cyf{t s'g} JolQmn]
;+:yfsf] nfutdf k|fKt u/]sf] ;'ljwf g} ;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf] Perquisite x'g
cfpF5 .
@&-!_-u_-@_
s'g} vfgf, hnkfg jf dgf]/~hg, jf
pbfx/0f &=@=!$M dfgf}+, xf]6n sf7df8f}+ /]h]G;Ldf sd{rf/L ;]jf ljlgodfjnL
cg';f/ txfF sfo{/t clws[t sd{rf/Lx?n] cfk'mn] jf cfkm\gf kl/jf/hgsf a9Ldf
@ hgf ;b:on] ?= @)). lt/L a'km]6 l8g/ vfg kfpg] ;'ljwf /x]5 . pQm a'km]6
l8g/ cGo JolQmx?n] k|lt JolQm ?= &)). lt/L vfg kfpg] cj:yf 5 eg]
/f]huf/bftfsf] vr{ ?= &)). af6 ;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] of]ubfg ?=
@)). sf u/L afFsL x'g cfpg] ?= %)). lgh ;'ljwf pkef]u ug]{ JolQmsf]
/f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
@&-!_-u_-#_
e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf] lgjf;:yfgdf h8fg ul/Psf] wf/f,
ljh'nL, 6]lnkmf]g h:tf ;]jfx?,
;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf] lgjf; :yfgdf h8fg ul/Psf] wf/f, lah'nL, 6]lnkmf]g
h:tf ;]jfx? pknJw u/fP jfkt lgsfon] lt/]sf] dx;'n /sd eg] ;'ljwf pkef]u
ug]{ JolQmsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
pbfx/0f &=@=!%M dfgf}+, g]kfn v';L sDkgL ln=n] cfkm\gf] d'Vo sfo{sf/L
clws[tsf] lghL lgjf;df h8fg ul/Psf] wf/f jfktsf] dx;'n k|lt dlxgf ?=
!,))). lah'nLsf] dx;'n jfkt k|lt dlxgf ?= @,))). / 6]lnkmf]g dx;'n
jfkt k|lt dlxgf ?= #,))). ltg]{ u/]sf] /x]5 . o; ;DaGwdf lghsf] lgjf;
:yfgdf pknJw u/fO{Psf dfly pNn]v ul/P jdf]lhdsf ;'ljwf jfkt ;+:yfn]
k|lt dlxgf lt/]sf] ?= ^,))). nfO{ lghsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z
ug'{ kb{5 .
pbfx/0f &=@=!^M dfgf}+, s'g} /f]huf/bftfn] cfkm\gf sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{
;'ljwfsf ?kdf k|lt dlxgf lglZrt jf clglZrt o'lg6;Ddsf] dx;"n jf
;'ljwfsf ?kdf k|lt dlxgf lglZrt sn;Dd sf] dxz'n pknAw u/fOg] Aoj:yf
5 eg] To:tf lgsfon] o;/L lbO{g] ;'ljwfnfO{ ;f] /f]huf/bftfn] e'QmfgL u/]sf]
/sd ;'ljwf pkef]u ug]{ sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/Lx?sf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{
cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
6]lnkmf]gsf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf] lgjf; :yfgdf h8fg ul/Psf] 6]lnkmf]gaf6
lghn] cfkm\gf] JolQmut k|of]hgsf ;fy} sfof{nosf] sfdsf] nflu ;d]t k|of]u ul/g]
x'+bf JolQmut k|of]hgsf] nflu ul/Psf] kmf]gsf] dx;'n dfq} cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{
kb{5 .
@&-!_-3_ s'g} cfo jif{df e'QmfgL k|fKt ug'{ kg]{ s'g} JolQmn] C0f afkt lt/]sf]
Jofh k|rlnt Jofh b/ cg';f/ ltg'{ kg]{ Jofh /sdeGbf sd ePdf ;f] sd
ePhlt /sd,
96

sd{rf/LnfO{ /f]huf/bftfn] pknAw u/fpg] lgAof{hL jf sd Aofh b/sf] shf{ sf]

Aofh ;x'lnot ;d]t cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .
pbfx/0f &=@=!&M dfgf}+, s'g} AolQmnfO{ ?=!)),))) aflif{s $% sf b/n] Aofh
ltg]{ u/L s'g} shf{ pknAw u/fPsf] /x]5 / k|rlnt Aofhb/ *% /x]5 eg] km/s
b/ $% sf lx;fan] x'g] ?=$,))) ;f] sd{rf/Ln] k|fKt u/]sf] Aofh ;x'lnotsf
?kdf u0fgf u/L /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfa]; ul/G5 .
@&-!_-_ v08 -s_, -v_, -u_ / -3_ df plNnlvt e'QmfgL jfx]s cGo e'QmfgLsf]
;DaGwdf e'QmfgL kfpg] JolQmsf] ;f t];|f] JolQmn] e'QmfgL kfPdf
;fdfGotofM kfpg] kmfObfsf] d"No a/fa/sf] /sd, /
o; ;DaGwL Aoj:yfnfO{ v'nfpg] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 .
pbfx/0f &=@=!*M dfgf}+, af]N8 ls8 k|f= ln= df x/Lk|;fb eGg] sd{rf/L sfd ubf{
/x]5g\ . lghsf] 5f]/f Kinder World eGg] :s"ndf k9\g] u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm :s"nsf]
dfl;s lkm jfkt x'g] /sd ?= !),))). ;f] k|f=ln=n] l;w} ;f]xL :s"nnfO{ e'QmfgL
ug]{ u/]sf] /x]5 . o:tf] e'QmfgL /sd sd{rf/LnfO{ ck|ToIf ?kdf /f]huf/bftfn]
;'ljwf pknJw u/fPsf] dfgL lgh x/Lk|;fbsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{
;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . oxfF x/Lk|;fbn] ltg'{ kg]{ bfloTj ;f] k|f=ln=n] ltl/lbPsf] x'Fbf
x/Lk|;fbnfO{ ck|ToIf ?kdf kmfO{bf k'u]sf] 5 . t;y{ ck|ToIf ?kdf t]>f] JolQmn]
cyf{t Kinder World n] pQm e'QmfgL kfPsf] ePtf klg x/Lk|;fbnfO{ kmfO{bf
ePsf] x'Fbf ;f] /sdnfO{ lghsf] cfo dflgG5 .
&=@=@

kl/df0fLs/0fsf] ;do
kl/df0fLs/0f (Quantification) ul/Psf /sdx?sf] e'QmfgLsf] ;do dflgg] ;Gbe{df
P]gsf] bkmf @& sf] pkbkmf -@_ df lgDgfg';f/ Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
@&-@_
pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -s_ / -_ sf] ;DaGwdf e'QmfgL cfh{g u/]sf], k|fKt
u/]sf], lbPsf], axg u/]sf] jf s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu cGo ?kdf lx;fa ul/Psf]
;donfO{ g} /sdx?sf] kl/df0fLs/0f ePsf] ;do dflgg]5 .
P]gsf] bkmf @& sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd e'QmfgL cfh{g u/]sf], k|fKt u/]sf], lbPsf],
axg u/]sf] jf s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu cGo ?kdf lx;fa ul/Psf] ;donfO{ g}
/sdx?sf] kl/df0fLs/0f ePsf] ;do cyf{t ;f]xL ldltdf e'QmfgL lbPsf] jf kfPsf]
dflgg]5 . e'QmfgLsf ca:yf v'nfpg] pbfx/0fx? tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
e"QmfgL k|fKt -cfh{g_ u/]sf] cj:yf M
pbfx/0f &=@=!(M dfgf}+, ABC Consultancy Pvt. Ltd. nfO{ g]= j}= nL= n] s/
k/fdz{bftfsf] ?kdf @)^% >fj0f ! ut] b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L @)^$!)@* df
lgo"QmL u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm s/f/gfdf cg';f/ a}+sn] ;f] sDkgLnfO{ jflif{s ?
!)),))) e'QmfgL lbg] Joj:yf /x]5 . ;f] ;Demf}tf adf]lhd lghn] s/f/ ubf{sf]
cj:yfdf cyf{t @)^$!)@* df clu|d k]ZsL jfkt ? $),))) lnPsf]
/x]5 . ABC Consultancy Ps sDkgL ePsf] x+'bf Accrual Basis df n]vfg ug'{
kg]{ / k/fdz{ jfktsf] z'Ns cf=j= )^%^^ ;fndf dfq cfh{g (Accrue) ePsf]
dflgg] x'+bf clu|d k]ZsL jfkt k|fKt ePsf] ?= $),))) cf=a= )^$^% sf]
cfh{g gdflgg] / cfh{g (Accrue) gx'Fbf ;Ddsf nflu bfloTjsf] ?kdf n]vfg
97

ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .

k|fKt u/]sf] dflgg] cj:yf M
pbfx/0f &=@=@)M dfgf}+, >L xl/z ljsf; j}ssf sd{rf/L /x]5g\ . j}ssf]
lgodfg';f/ lghnfO{ JolQmut ;fy} sfof{no k|of]hgsf] nflu uf8Lsf] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] /x]5 . dfgf} lghsf] df;Ls tnj ?= $),))) /x]5 . o; cj:yfdf
lghn] ;jf/L ;fwg k|of]u u/]jfkt k|lt dlxgf ?= @)) sf b/n] x'g cfpg]
;'ljwfnfO{ e"QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf] dflgG5 . pQm /sd tnj e"Qmfg u/]sf] cj:yfdf
g} lghn] k|fKt u/]sf] dflgG5 .
5'6 lbPsf] ca:yfdf M
pbfx/0f &=@=@!M dfgf}+, ABC sDkgLsf] cfly{s jif{ @)^$^% sf] jf;nftdf
pNn]v ul/P cg';f/ B & W nfO{ ?= $ nfv e"QmfgL ug'{ kg]{ /x]5 . @)^%
>fj0f !) ut] B&W sf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{o cg';f/ cfkm'n] k|fKt ug'{ kg]{
? $ nfv ABC sDkgLsf] v/fa cfly{s cj:yfsf sf/0f ldGxf u/]sf] /x]5 .
o;/L ldGxf ePsf] ?= $ nfv ABC Co. n] ;f]xL ;do cyf{t @)^% >fj0f !)
df g} cfDbfgL dfgL n]vfg ug'{ kb{5 .
bfloTj jxg u/]sf] ca:yfdf M
pbfx/0f &=@=@@M dfgf}+, /fdn] xl/z P08 s+= nfO{ ?= % nfv ltg'{ kg]{ /x]5 . lzj
z+s/ / /fd jLrsf] ;dembf/L cg';f/ /fdn] xl/z P08 s+= nfO{ ltg'{ kg]{ bfloTj,
lzj z+s/n] ldlt @)^^#!^ df jxg u/]sf] /x]5 . o; ca:yfdf pQm ldltdf
g} bfloTj lg;u{ u/]sf] dflgg] x'+bf /fdn] pQm /sd cfkm\gf] cfDbfgL dfgL
n]vfg ug'{ kb{5 .
&=#

?k}ofFdf kl/jt{g M
s'g} AolQmsf] cfo lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu g]kfnL d'b|fdf clt ul/g' kg]{
;Gbe{df P]gsf] bkmf @* df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
@*-!_ o; P]gsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu s'g} JolQmsf] cfo tyf ;f] cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{
;dfj]z ul/g] / sL ul/g] /sdx? g]kfnL ?k}ofFafx]s cGo d'b|fdf c+lst
ul/Psf] eP To:tf] /sdnfO{ g]kfnL?k}ofFdf kl/jt{g ug{' kg]{5 .
@*-@_ s'g} JolQmsf] s'g} cfo jif{df cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ul/g] jf sL ul/g]
/sd g]kfnL ?k}ofF afx]s cGo d'b|fdf c+lst ul/Psf]df ;f] /sd k|fKt
ul/Psf], vr{ ul/Psf], lbPsf], a'emfPsf] jf s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu cGo s'g}
lsl;dn] lx;fa ubf{sf jvt k|rlnt ljlgdo b/ cg';f/ ;f] d'b|fnfO{ g]kfnL
?k}ofFdf kl/jt{g ug{' kg]{5 .
@*-#_ pkbkmf -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;f] pkbkmfsf] k|of]hgsf]
nflu ljefun] lnlvt ?kdf ;"rgf hf/L u/L cg'dlt lbPsf]df s'g} JolQmn] ;f]
cfojif{df ljefun] tf]s]sf] cf};t ljlgdo b/ k|of]u ug{ ;Sg]5 .
g]kfn n]vfdfg !! (NAS-11: Effects of Change in Foreign Currency Rates) df
lab]zL d'b|fdf x'g] sf/f]af/nfO{ sf/f]af/sf] lbgdf k|rlnt lalgod b/n] ?kfGt/0f
u/L g]kfnL d'b|f (Functional Currency) df n]vfg ug'{ kg]{ Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
ljb]zL d'b|fdf sf/f]jf/ ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f]xL lbgsf] ljlgdo b/ k|of]u u/L g]kfnL
98

d'b|fdf lx;fj /fVg' kb{5 . ljlgdo b/ k|of]u ubf{ cfkm"n] e'QmfgL ug'{ kbf{ ljlqm
b/df / cfkm"n] e'QmfgL kfpg] eP vl/b b/df ?kfGt/0f ug'{ kb{5 .
;fdfGotofM a}b]lzs ;DklQ tyf bfloTjnfO{ vl/b b/df jf laqmL b/df ?kfGt/0f
u/L n]vfg ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . ljb]zL d'b|fdf ul/Psf sf/f]jf/sf] x/]s lbgsf]
sf/f]jf/nfO{ ?kfGt/0f u/L g]kfnL ?k}ofdf lx;fj /fVg s/bftfnfO{ sl7g x'g
;Qm5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf s/bftfn] ljefusf] k"j{ lnlvt l:js[lt lnO{ s'g} JolQmn]
;f] cfojif{df ljefun] tf]s]sf] cf};t ljlgdo b/ k|of]u ug{ ;Sg]5 . s'g} JolQmn]
n]vfg ubf{ k|of]u u/]sf] ljlgdo b/ kl/jt{g ug'{ k/]df laefusf] k"j{ :jLs[lt lng'
kb{5 .
pbfx/0f &=#=!M dfgf}+ sf]nu]6 g]kfn sDkgLn] @)^%.#.#@ ut]sf lbg US $
%),))). j/fj/sf] ljleGg k|sf/sf Toothpaste lgof{t lan hf/L u/L lgof{t
u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm lbg sDkgLn] cfkm\gf] ljqmL lstfjdf US $ %),))). sf] ljqmL
lx;fj n]vfg u/]sf / ;f]xL lbg g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] tf]s]sf] vl/b b/ ! US $ =
*). g]=?= df kl/0ft u/L hDdf ?= $),)),))). ljqmL lstfjsf] g]=?= snddf
cfDbfgL hgfPsf] /x]5 . pQm /sd @)^%.*.# df k|fKt u/]sf]df k|fKt u/]sf] lbg
g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] k|sflzt u/]sf] ljlgdo b/ cg';f/ ! US $ = &* g]=?= /x]5 eg]
sDkgLn] hDdf ?= #(,)),))). k|fKt u/] h; cg';f/ lghnfO{ Exchange Loss
jfkt gf]S;fg ePsf] ?= !,)),))). vr{ sL bfaL ug{ kfp5g\ . Pj+ k|sf/n]
dfgf},+ olb US $ %),))). k|fKt ubf{ 8n/;Fu g]kfnL d'b|fsf] ljlgdo vl/b b/ ?=
*!. ePdf x'g cfpg] Exchange Gain ?= %),))). nfO{ cfkm\gf] cfodf
;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .
&=$

ck|ToIf e'QmfgLx? M
ck|ToIf e'QmfgLx?nfO{ cfodf ;dfa]; ug]{ ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf @( df lgDgfg';f/
Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
@(=
s'g} JolQmn] e'QmfgLstf{ jf lgh;+u ;Da4 JolQmn] u/]sf] e'QmfgLaf6
ck|ToIf?kn] kmfObf lnPdf jf e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ cGo JolQm tf]s]sf]df
ljefun] lnlvt ?kdf ;"rgf hf/L u/]/ To:tf] kmfObf lng] jf To:tf] cGo
JolQm tf]Sg] JolQmnfO{ g} ;f] e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf] ?kdf dfGg ;Sg]5 .
s'g} JolQmn] s'g} e"QmfgL stf{ jf lgh;+u ;Dj JolQmn] u/]sf] s'g} e"QmfgLjf6
ljz]if Joj:yf u/L jf cfb]z jf lgb]{zg lbO{ s'g} t];|f] JolQmnfO{ e"QmfgL u/fO{
cfkm'nfO{ kmfO{bf k'ofpg] cf;o /fv]df ljefun] lnlvt ;"rgf lbO{ To:tf] kmfObf
lng] jf To:tf] cGo t];|f] JolQmnfO{ g} ;f] e"QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf ?kdf lng
;Sb5 . pQm ca:yf ;DaGwL pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
pbfx/0f &=$=!M Zenith Co. / ;'n]dfg Housing Co. lar ePsf] s/f/gfdf cg';f/
Zenith Co. cfkm}n] Jofh lt/L lbO{ cfkm\gf] k|jGw ;~rfnsnfO{ ls:tfjGbLdf 3/
ljqmL u/]sf] /x]5 eg] k|jGw ;~rfnsn] ck|ToIf ?kdf kmfObf lnPsf] Jofh vr{
lghn] k|fKt u/]sf] e'QmfgL dflgG5 .
pbfx/0f &=$=@M ;'n]dfg sDkgLn] sd{rf/Lsf] aLdf ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . sd{rf/L
99

&=%

aLdfsf] lk|ldod @) jif{;Dd sDkgLn] ltg]{ / ;f] k5f8L aLdf sDkgLaf6 k|fKt
nfe aLdssf] x}l;otn] sd{rf/Ln] kfpg] Joj:yf u/]s]f /x]5 . o;/L sd{rf/LnfO{
e'QmfgL gu/L aLdf sDkgLnfO{ e'QmfgL b]vfPsf] lk|ldod /sd sd{rf/Ln]] k|fKt
u/]sf] e'QmfgL dfgL ;f] sd{rf/Lsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{kb{5 .
;+o'Qm :jfldTjdf /x]sf] nufgL
;+o'Qm :jfldTjdf /x]sf] nufgLdf x'g] cfh{gsf ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf #) df
lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoaa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
#)= s'g} JolQmn] csf]{ JolQm;+usf] ;+o'Qm :jfldTjdf /x]sf] nufgLaf6 cfh{g u/]sf]
cfo u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z jf sL ul/g]
/sdx? ;+o'Qm :jfldTj ePsf JolQmx?sf] ;f] nufgLdf /x]sf] cfcfgf]
lxtsf] ;dfg'kflts cfwf/df jfF8kmfF8 ug{' kg]{5 .
;+o"Qm nufgL ul/Psf] ;DklQjf6 k|fKt x'g] cfo u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu ;+o"Qm
nufgL ug]{ JolQmx?sf] cfcfkm\gf] cfo u0fgf ug{sf] nflu pQm ;+o"Qm ;DklQjf6
cfh{g x'g] cfonfO{ lghx?n] pQm ;DklQdf ;+o"Qm nufgL ubf{ /fv]sf lxtsf]
cg'kft (Contribution Ratio) cg';f/ jfF8kmFf8 ug'{ kb{5 eg] ;f]xL cg';f/ pQm
;+o'Qm ;DklQjf6 cfh{g x'g] cfo k|fKtLsf nflu ul/Psf] vr{x? klg ;f]lx cg'kftdf
jfF8kmFf8 ug'{ kb{5 . h'g tn pNn]v ul/Psf] pbf/x0fjf6 k|i6 x'G5 .
pbfx/0f &=%=!M dfgf}+, ;flgof / ;lkmgfn] s'g} hUuf vl/b ug{sf] nflu ;flgofn]
?= @) nfv / ;lkmgfn] #) nfv nufgL ug]{ u/L /sd of]ubfg u/]sf /x]5g\ .
;f]xL cg';f/ sf7df8f}+sf] l;kmndf ?= $%,)),))). df Pp6f hUuf vl/b u/L
;+o'Qm gfddf hUuf kf; u/]sf /x]5g\ . hUuf kf; ubf{ /lhi6]zg b:t'/ Pj+
sld;g vr{ u/L hDdf ?= %)),))). ePsf] /x]5 . ;f] vr{ ;d]t ;flgofn] ?=
@),)),))). tyf ;lkmof ?= #),)),))). vr{ u/]sf /x]5g\ . pQm ;+o'Qm
nufgLsf] hUuf ?= *^ nfvdf ljqmL ePsf] /x]5 / ;f] hUuf ljqmL ubf{ ljqmL
sldzg tyf cGo lzif{sdf hDdf ?= ^,)),))). vr{ ePsf] /x]5 eg] lghx?sf]
cfo lgDgfg';f/ afF8kmfF8 ul/G5 .
;flgof
;lkmof
laa/0f
vr{ M
hUufsf] df]n
$%,)),))).
cGo vr{
%,)),))).
hDdf vr{ @M# sf] cg'kftM
%),)),))) @),)),))). #),)),))).
laqmL cfDbfgLM
laqmL d"No
*^,)),))).
Go"gM cGo vr{
-^,)),)))._
v"b laqmL d"No M
*),)),))). #@,)),))). $*,)),))).
cfo @M# sf] cg'kftM
#),)),))). !@,)),))). !*,)),))).

100

pbfx/0f &=%=@M dfgf}+, s'g} a}+sdf ;flgofn] ?= @) nfv / ;lkmgfn] #) nfv

nufgL u/L d'2lt vftf vf]n]sf /x]5g\ . b'j}sf] nufgL ePsfn] of] /sd bkmf #)
adf]lhd ;+o'Qm nufgL xf] / o;af6 cflh{t cfo nufgLsf] cg'kftdf k|To]ssf]
cfo x'g]5 . of] jif{ a}+sn] ;f] vftfdf ?=! nfv %) xhf/ Jofh e'QmfgL u/]sf]
/x]5 . a}+ssf] vftfdf /fv]sf] /sd b'j}sf] JolQmut lgIf]k ePsfn] To;/L k|fKt x'g]
Jofhdf clGtd ljwLn] e'QmfgLdf s/ sL x'G5 . ;f] JofhdWo] ?=^) xhf/
;flgofsf] tyf ?=() xhf/ ;lkmgfsf] cfo dflgG5 . clGtd ljwLaf6 s/ nfu]sfn]
lghx?n] cfkm\gf] jflif{s cfo ljj/0fdf eg] of] cfonfO{ ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g .
&=^

Ifltk"lt{ afktsf] e'StfgLsf] rfl/qLs/0f M

Ifltk"lt{ afktsf] e'StfgLsf] rfl/qLs/0fsf ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf #! Dff
lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
#!= aLdf afktsf] e'QmfgL nufot b]xfosf s'/fx? afkt s'g} JolQm jf ;f]
JolQmsf] ;Da4 JolQmn] s'g} Ifltk"lt{ /sd k|fKt u/]sf]df ;f] Ifltk"lt{ afktsf]
/sd k|fKt u/]sf] ;dodf To:tf] /sd cj:yf cg';f/ /f]huf/L, Joj;fo jf
nufgLaf6 ePsf] cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ug{' kg]{5 M
-s_ s'g} Joj;fo, /f]huf/L jf nufgLjf6 ;f] JolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf] jf k|fKt
x'g ;Sg] s'g} cfo jf ;f] cfosf] u0fgfdf ;dfj]z x'g] s'g} /sd
afktsf] Ifltk"lt{, jf
-v_ s'g} Joj;fo jf nufgLdf ;f] JolQmnfO{ ePsf] jf x'g;Sg] gf]S;fgL jf
;f] JolQmsf] cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ sL x'g] vr{ /sd afktsf] Ifltk"lt{ .
o; P]g cg';f/ s'g} klg JolQmn] jf lghsf] ;Da4 JolQmn] jLdf jfktsf] e'QmfgL
jf cGo Ifltk"lt{ jfkt e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]df ;f] Ifltk"lt{ jfkt k|fKt u/]sf] /sd
k|fKt u/]sf] ;dodf g} cfosf] k|s[lt cg';f/ /f]huf/Lsf] cfo, Joj;fosf] cfo jf
nufgLsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . o; bkmfsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ vr{ jf gf]S;fgL
ePsf jif{ ;f] vr{ jf gf]S;fgLsf] ;DjlGwt bkmfdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd vr{ s6\6f
x'g] x'gfn] To; vr{ jf gf]S;fgL jfkt k|fKt /sd eg] k|fKt x'g] clwsf/ l;h{gf
ePsf] jif{df s'n /sd g} cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . aLdf jf cGo Ifltk"lt{sf
cfwf/df s/bftfn] slDtdf klg lgDg k|sf/sf If]ltk"lt{ k|fKt ug{ ;Qm5 M
cfo;+u ;DjlGwt Ifltk"lt{
d'gfkmfsf] gf]S;fgL jfktsf] Ifltk'lt{ (Loss of Profit)
cfDbfgLsf] gf]S;fg eP jfktsf] Ifltk"lt{ (Loss of income)
vr{ sl6\6;+u ;DjlGwt Ifltk"lt{
sL x'g] vr{sf] Ifltk"lt{ (Loss of deductible expens)
;DklQ jfktsf] Ifltk"lt{ (Loss of assets -Trading stock, Depreciable
assets or Business assets or non-business chargeable assets)

101

;DklQsf] Ifltjfkt Ifltk"lt{ k|fKt x'g] cj:yfdf eg] s/bftfn] bkmf $^ sf] ;'ljwf
lng rfx]df ;f] Ifltk"lt{nfO{ cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g t/ bkmf $^ sf] k|fjwfg eg]
k'/f ug'{ kb{5 .
Joj;fosf] qmddf s'g} ;DklQsf] gf]S;fg ePsf] cj:yfdf Ifltk"lt{ jfktsf] jLdf
/sd k|fKt ug'{ k"j{ g} cfkm\gf] lx;fjaf6 ckn]vg ug'{ kg]{ tyf jLdf jfktsf] /sd
k|fKt e};s]kl5 s/bftfn] cfkm\gf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{ x'G5, cyf{t Jofkf/
df}Hbft (Trading Stock) df ePsf] gf]S;fgL jLdf /sd k|fKt x'g' eGbf klxn] cyf{t
gf]S;fgL ePs} cj:yfdf vr{ n]Vg' kb{5 .
pbfx/0f &=^=!M dfgf}+, s'df/ sDkgL k|f= ln= n] sk8fsf] Joj;fo ug]{ u/]sf] /x]5 .
pQm sDkgLsf] uf]bfddf @)^%.#.@) df cfuf] nfu]sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ Stock df /x]sf]
?= % nfv d"No a/fa/sf] sk8f hn]/ gi6 ePsf] /x]5 . sDkgLn] pQm uf]bfdsf]
jLdf u/]sf] jLdf sDkgL ;dIf @)^%.#.@@ df jLdf bfjL u/]sf] /x]5 . t/ bfjL
u/]sf] /sd ldlt @)^%.!).@) df dfq} k|fKt uof] eg] o; cj:yfdf Jofkf/
df}Hbft (Trading Stock) jfkt ePsf] gf]S;fgLnfO{ cfly{s jif{ @)^$.^% df
P]gsf] bkmf !% cg';f/ vr{ bfjL ug'{ kb{5 / jLdf bfjL jfkt k|fKt u/]sf] /sd
eg] cf=j= @)^%.^^ df dfq} k|fKt u/]sf] -jf k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ l;h{gf ePsf]_ x'Fbf
;f]xL k|fKt u/]sf] cf=j= cyf{t cf=a= @)^%.^^ df P]gsf] bkmf #! adf]lhd cfodf
;dfj]; ug'{ kb{5 .
pbfx/0f &=^=@M dfgf}+, dfly pbfx/0f &=^=! df pNn]v ul/Psf] s'df/ sDkgL k|f=
ln= df cfuf] nfUbf pQm sDkgLdf ePsf kmlg{r/ tyf sfof{no pks/0f klg hn]/
gi6 ePsf /x]5g\ . lgh sDkgLn] pQm kmlg{r/ / sfof{no pks/0fsf] gf]S;fgL
jfkt jLdf sDkgL;+u ldlt @)^%.#.@@ df jLdf bfjL u/]sf] / jLdf bfjL jfkt
ldlt @)^%.!).@) df /sd k|fKt u/]sf] /x]5 . ;f] aif{sf] cGtdf ;f] ;d'xsf]
;DklQsf] x|f; cfwf/ ?= %)),))). /x]5 / sDkgLn] jLdf sDkgL;Fu ePsf]
Insurance Policy cg';f/ ?= ^)),))). jLdf bfjL u/]sf] /x]5 / jLdf bfjL u/]sf]
/sddWo] ?= %)),))). dfq} ldlt @)^%.!).@) df k|fKt u/]sf] /x]5 eg] cf=j=
@)^$.^% df s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu lgDgfg';f/ tl/sfn] n]vfg ug'{ kb{5 .
cf=j= @)^$.^% df
%,)),)))
kmlg{r/ / sfof{no ;fdfgsf] -;d'x v_ sf] x|f; cfwf/
x|f; vr{ -;d"xdf ;DklQ afsL gePsfn]_
%)),)))
csf]{ jif{nfO{ ;g]{ x|f; cfwf/
)
cf=j= @)^%.^^ df
z'?sf] x|f; cfwf/
)
jLdf bfjL /sd k|fKt ?= %)),))) cfodf ;dfj]z x'G5 .
&=&

jflif{s j[lQ, ls:tfaGbL laqmL / ljQLo kf cGtu{tsf e'QmfgLsf] rfl/qLs/0fM

jflif{s j[lQ, ls:tfaGbL laqmL / ljQLo kf cGtu{tsf e'QmfgLsf] rfl/qLs/0fsf
;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf #@ Dff lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
102

#@-!_

jflif{s j[lQ jf ls:tfaGbL ljqmL cGtu{t ;DklQ k|fKt ug]{ JolQmaf6 jf

ljQLo kf cGtu{t s'g} ;DklQsf] k|of]u afkt s'g} JolQmnfO{ ul/Psf]
e'QmfgLnfO{ o; bkmf adf]lhd C0f bfaL cGtu{t Jofh / k"FhL lkmtf{ ;/x
Jojxf/ ug{' kg]{5 .
#@-@_ pk bkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf ;a} e'QmfgLx?nfO{ Psd'i6 u0fgf u/L ;f]sf] s'n
of]unfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{' kg]{5 M
-s_ cfjZostf cg';f/ jflif{s j[lQ afktsf ;a} e'QmfgL jf s'g} ;DklQ
ls:tfaGbL ljqmL ubf{ jf kfdf lb+bfsf] ;dodf ;f] ;DklQsf] ahf/ d"No
a/fa/ x'g] k"FhLut efu, /
-v_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf ;a} e'QmfgLx?sf] s"n of]uaf6 k"FhLut efu
36fpFbf x'g cfpg] Jofh efu .
#@-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd jflif{s j[lQ, ls:tfaGbL ljqmL jf ljQLo kf lb+bfsf]
;dodfg} ls:tfaGbL lgwf{/0fubf{ :ki6 ?kdf k"FhLsf] efu / Jofhsf] efu
5"6\ofO{ s"n e'QmfgL tflnsf pknJw u/fpg' kg]{5 . ;f] adf]lhdsf] tflnsf
pknJw u/fpg g;Sg]n] Jofh / k"FhLut efux?nfO{ jflif{s j[lQ, ls:tfaGbL
ljqmL jf ljQLo kfnfO{ 5 5 dlxgfdf hf]8\b} nlug] Jofh;lxtsf] ldl>t
C0f;/x dfgL pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf e'QmfgLx?df ljefhg ug{' kg]{5 .
#@-$_ ldl>t C0f dfgL pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ul/g] e'QmfgLsf] C0fsf] cjlwe/
Jofhsf] b/ Pp6} x'g]u/L k|To]s e'QmfgLsf] ;dodf a'emfpg afFsL ;fFjf -k"FhL_
df Jofhsf] c+z lx;fj u/L C0fLn] cf+lzs ?kdf ;fFjf / cf+lzs ?kdf
Jofhsf] e'QmfgL ug'{ kg]{5 .
#@-%_ o; bkmf adf]lhd ljQLo kf cGtu{t kf ubf{ b]xfosf zt{ k'/f ug'{' kg]{5 .
#@-%_-s_ kf ;Demf}tfdf kfsf] jxfnL cjlw ;lsPkl5 :jfldTjsf] x:tfGt/0f
ul/g] jf kf lng] JolQmn] kfsf] cjlw ;dfKt ePkl5 lglZrt jf
k"jf{g'dflgt d"Nodf ;f] ;DklQ vl/b ug{ kfpg] ljsNksf] Joj:yf ePsf],
pbfx/0f &=&=!M dfgf}+, XYZ Co. n] YZ Co. af6 aflif{s ?= !) nfv ef8f ltg]{ u/L
Excavator kfFr jif{sf] nflu ef8fdf lnPsf] /x]5 / ef8f cjlw ;dfKt ePkl5
lgh XYZ Co. n] ?= @) nfvdf vl/b ug{ ;Sg] ljsNk /x]sf] s'/f ;Demf}tfdf
:ki6 ?kdf pNn]v u/]sf] /x]5 eg] o; k|fjwfgdf lnhdf lnPsf] ;DklQ lnh
;dosf] ;dfKtL kl5 lglZrt d"No ?= @) nfvdf vl/b ug{ ;Sg] ljsNk /x]sf]
x'Fbf XYZ Co. / YZ Co. lar ef8fdf d]l;g lng] k|jGw (Arrangement) ljQLo kf
xf] .
#@-%_-v_ kfsf] cjlw ;f] ;DklQsf] pkof]uL cfo'sf] krxQ/ k|ltzt eGbf a9L
ePsf],
s'g} Ps ;DklQsf] pkof]uL cfo' (Effective Useful Life) * jif{ /x]5 eg] kfsf]
cjlw ^ jif{eGbf a9L ePsf] x'g' kb{5 .
#@-%_-u_ kfsf] cjlw ;dfKt ePkl5 ;f] ;DklQsf] cg'dflgt ahf/ d"No kfsf]
k|f/Dedf /x]sf] ;f] ;DklQsf] ahf/ d"Nosf] aL; k|ltzt eGbf sd ePsf],

103

pbfx/0f &=&=@M dfgf}+, YB & Co. n] BY Co. ;Fu s'g} Ps d]l;g ?= !,)),))).
aflif{s ls:tf a'emfpg] u/L % jif{sf] nflu kfdf lnPsf] /x]5 . kf lnbfsf
cj:yfdf pQm d]l;gsf] ahf/ d"No ?= @) nfv lyof] . pQm d]l;g % jif{sf]
;dfKtL kl5 ljqmL ug]{ xf] eg] cg'dflgt ahf/ d"No ?= @ nfv kb{5 eg] o;
cj:yfdf d]l;gsf] cg'dflgt ahf/ d"No !) k|ltzt ePsf] x'Fbf -@ nfv@)
nfv !))_ tf]lsPsf] @) k|ltzteGbf sd ePsf] sf/0f o;nfO{ klg ljlQo
kf dflgG5 .
#@-%_-3_ ;DklQsf] pkof]uL cfo'sf] clGtd kRrL; k|ltzt cfo' eGbf cufj}
k|f/De x'g] kfsf] xsdf Go"gtd kf e'QmfgLsf] jt{dfg d"No kfsf] cjlw
k|f/De x'Fbfsf] ;dodf ;f] ;DklQsf] ahf/ d"Nosf] gAa] k|ltzt a/fa/ jf
;f]eGbf a9L ePsf], jf
pbfx/0f &=&=#M dfgf}+, s'g} Ps ;DklQsf] pkof]uL cfo' @) jif{ /x]5 . pko'{Qm
;DklQ !% jif{sf] cjlwleq g} @)^^.!).! df kfdf pknJw u/fPsf] tyf ;f]
;dodf o;sf] ahf/ d"No ?= !),))) /x]5 . k|rlnt Jofh b/ !) k|ltzt /x]5,
kf cjlw % jif{ tyf jif{ ;dfKt eP k5L ltl/g] ls:tf ?= @,%)) /x]5 eg]
lgDgfg';f/ % jif{sf] Discounted Value ?= (,$&& -?= !),))) sf] ()
k|ltzteGbf a9L_ ePsf] x'Fbf ;f] Transaction nfO{ ljQLo kf dflgG5 .
Discount factor
l8:sfp06]8 d"No
jif{ ls:tf /sd
!
@,%))
)=()(!
@,@&#
@
@,%))
)=*@^$
@,)^^
#
@,%))
)=&%!#
!,*&*
$
@,%))
)=^*#)
!,&)*
%
@,%))
)=^@)(
!,%%@
!@,%))
(,$&&
#@-%_-_ kf lng] JolQmsf] nflu ljz]if lsl;dn] tof/ ul/Psf] ;DklQ / kfsf]
cjlw ;dfKt ePkl5 ;f] ;DklQ kf lng] JolQmnfO{ afx]s cGo s'g}
JolQmnfO{ Jojxfl/s k|of]u gx'g] ePsf] .
#@-^_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] k|To]s e'QmfgLnfO{ pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd b'O{
efux?df ljefhg ul/g]5 / C0f bfaL cGtu{t Jofh efunfO{ a'emfPsf] jf
a'emfpg] Jofhsf] ?kdf / k"FhLut efunfO{ k"FhLsf] lkmtf{sf] ?kdf Jojxf/ ug{'
kg]{5 .
#@-&_ ljQLo kf cGtu{t kf lng] JolQmnfO{ kf ul/Psf] ;DklQsf] :jfldTj
ePsf] JolQm ;/x dflgg]5 / kf lbg] JolQmsf] kf lng] JolQm dfly C0f
bfaL ;/x dflgg]5 .
#@-*_ kf e'QmfgLsf] jt{dfg d"NonfO{ ;fdfGo Jofhb/ a/fa/sf] 5"6 -l8isfp06_
b/ k|of]u u/L u0fgf ug'{ kg]{5 .
:ki6Ls/0fM kfsf] cjlw eGgfn] kf lng] JolQmn] kf gjLs/0f u/fpg kfpg]
cltl/Qm cjlw ;d]tnfO{ ;Demg' k5{ .
104

aflif{s a[lQ jf ls:tfjGbL laqmLaf6 ;DklQ k|fKt ug]{ jf ljlQo kf cGtu{t s'g}
;DklQsf] k|of]u u/] jfkt e'QmfgL ul/Psf] /sdnfO{ Jofhsf] efu / k"FhLsf] efu
u/L ljefhg ul/G5 . Pj+ k|sf/n] aflif{s a[lQ, ls:tfjGbL ljqmL jf ljlQo kf
lnbfsf] ;dodf g} ls:tfjGbL lgwf{/0f ubf{ :ki6 ?kdf k"FhLsf] efu / Jofhsf] efu
5'6\ofO{ s"n e'QmfgL tflnsf pknJw u/fpg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf Jofh jf k"Flhut
efux?nfO{ aflif{s a[lQ, ls:tfjGbL ljqmL jf ljlQo kfnfO{ ^, ^ dlxgfdf hf]8\b}
nlug] Jofh ;lxtsf] ldl>t C0f ;/x ;fFjf / Jofh e'QmfgLsf] ?kdf ljefhg ug'{
kb{5 .
pbfx/0f &=&=$M dfgf}+, Aban Construction Company Pvt. Ltd. Pp6f lgdf{0f
sDkgL /x]5 . pQm k|f= ln= n] klxnf] jif{ Heavy Duty cy{d'lj d]l;g aflif{s %
nfv ef8f ltg]{ u/L Zircon Exim Pvt. Ltd. af6 % jif{sf] nflu ef8fdf lnPsf
/x]5g\ . % cf}+ jif{sf] cGTodf Aban Construction Company Pvt. Ltd. n] pQm
d]l;g ?= #),)),))). df vl/b ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]5 . pNn]lvt Aoa:yfsf
cfwf/df Aban Construction Company Pvt. Ltd. nfO{ lnh ;dosf] cGTodf jf
;dfKt ePkl5 lglZrt /sd ?= #) nfvdf vl/b ug]{ ljsNksf] Joj:yf ePsf]
x'Fbf o:tf] ;Demf}tf jf s/f/nfO{ P]gsf] bkmf #@ sf] pkbkmf -%_ sf] v08 -s_
adf]lhd ljlQo kf (Finance Lease) eg]/ elgG5 . t;y{ o:tf] kfnfO{ ljqmL
dflgg] x'Fbf Aban Construction Company Pvt. Ltd. pQm ef8fdf lnPsf] d]l;gsf]
dflns (Owner) / ef8fdf lbg] Zircon Exim Pvt. Ltd. (Lessor) C0f bfjL ug]{
JolQm dflgG5 . t;y{ o:tf] cj:yfdf P]gsf] bkmf #@ nfu' x'g] cj:yf ePsf] x'Fbf
kf cGtu{t ltl/g] ef8f e'QmfgL /sdnfO{ C0f bfloTj cGtu{t k"FhLsf] lkmtf{ /
Jofh e'QmfgL u/L ef8f /sdnfO{ k'gM rfl/qLs/0f ug'{ kb{5 .
ef8f /sdnfO{ k'gM rfl/qLs/0f ug]{ qmddf kf cGtu{t ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ e'QmfgL /
kfsf] ;dfKtL;Fu} d]l;gsf] nflu ltl/g] lglZrt d"NonfO{ Psd'i7 e'QmfgL dfgL
P]gsf] bkmf #@ sf] pkbkmf -@_ cg';f/ k"FhLsf] / Jofhsf] efu u/L 5'ofpg'
kb{5 . o;/L Psd'i7 /sd ?= %% nfv -#) nfv @% nfv_ df k"FhLsf] efu
eg]sf] d]l;gsf] ahf/ d"No / afFsL efu Jofh xf] . dfgf}+, d]l;gsf] ahf/ d"No
#% nfv 5 eg] @) nfv Jofhsf] efu x'g cfpF5 . o;/L P]gsf] bkmf #@ sf]
pkbkmf -#_ cg';f/ x/]s kf e'QmfgLnfO{ k"FhLut efu / Jofh efu lgDgfg';f/
5'6\ofpg' kb{5 .
hDdf
Aofhsf]
;fFjfFsf]
aif{ ;'? ;fFjfF
;fFjfF afFsL
e'QmfgL
c+z
c+z
1

3,500,000

500,000

421,356

78,644

3,421,356

3,421,356

500,000

411,888

88,112

3,333,244

3,333,244

500,000

401,280

98,720

3,234,524

3,234,524

500,000

389,396

110,604

3,123,920

3,123,920

3,500,000

376,080

3,123,920

2,000,000

3,500,000

Jofh b/ pknJw gePsf]n] of] Jofh u0fgf PVIF Table df cfwfl/t ePsfn]
Simulation t/Lsfaf6 u0fgf ul/Psf] -!@=)$ k|ltzt_ 5 . kfFrf}+ aif{sf] e'QmfgLdf
aflif{s ef8fdf yk ?= #) nfv ;dfa]; u/L ;f] d]l;g Aban Construction
Company Pvt. Ltd. n] vl/b ug{ kfpg] x'g' kb{5 .
105

o;/L o; pbfx/0fdf pNn]v ul/P jdf]lhdsf] Jofhsf] efudf e'QmfgLsf cj:yfdf

e'QmfgLdf s/ sf ug'{ kb{5 / Aban Construction Company Pvt. Ltd. n] pQm
Jofh efunfO{ P]gsf] bkmf !$ cg';f/ vr{ bfjL ug{ kfpF5 .
dfly pNn]v ul/P cg';f/ Aban Construction Company Pvt. Ltd. n] P]gsf] bkmf
#@ sf] pkbkmf -&_ cg';f/ d]l;g lnh z'? x'Fbf s} cj:yfdf vl/b u/] ;/x dflgg]
x'Fbf bkmf $@ v08 -v_ cg';f/ pQm d]l;gsf] ahf/ d"No e'QmfgL u/] ;/x
dflgG5 . t;y{ dfgf}+ pQm d]l;gsf] vl/b d"No #% nfv Aban Construction
Company Pvt. Ltd. sf] nflu Outgoing x'g cfpF5 . ;DklQsf] dflnssf] x}l;otn]
Aban Construction Company Pvt. Ltd. n] kf z'? x'Fbfsf cj:yf b]lvg} x|f; vr{
bfjL ug{ kfpFb5 . lnh /sd e'QmfgL ubf{ k"FhLut efu C0f bfjL cGtu{t e'QmfgL
u/]sf] dflgG5 . kf cjlwsf] ;dfKtL;Fu bfloTjsf] e'QmfgL klg ;lsg] x'Fbf C0f
bfloTjsf] lg;{uaf6 s'g} klg nfexfgL (Gain/Loss) x'Fb}g .
pbfx/0f &=&=%M dfgf}+, Aban Construction Company Pvt. Ltd. Pp6f lgdf{0f
sDkgL /x]5 . pQm k|f= ln= n] Heavy Duty cy{d'lj d]l;g jif{sf] z'?df ltl/g]
aflif{s ?=!) nfv ls:tf % aif{ ;Dd ltg]{ u/L Zircon Exim Pvt. Ltd. af6
@)^^.!).! df vl/b u/]sf] /x]5 . o:tf] lsl;dsf] ls:tfaGbL laqmLdf P]gsf] bkmf
#@ cfsif{0f x'G5 . o; ca:yfdf P]gsf] bkmf #@ sf] pkbkmf -*_ adf]lhd
;fdfGo Aofh b/ k|of]u u/L s'n d"NonfO{ Dicounting u/L kfsf] e'QmfgLsf]
at{dfg d"No cyf{t ;fjfF lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 .
Discount Factor
Discounted Value
aif{
ls:tf
1

1,000,000

1.00000

1,000,000

0.90909

9,09,090.91

1,000,000

0.82645

8,26,446.28

1,000,000

0.75131

7,51,314.80

1,000,000

0.68301

6,83,013.46

10,00,000.00

5,000,000
hDdf
41,69,865.45
5,000,000
s'n e'QmfgL
;fFjfF -kfsf] e'QmfgLsf] at{dfg d"No_
41,69,865.45
Aofhsf] c+z
8,30,134.55
pk/f]Qm sf/f]jf/sf] ;fjf lkmtf{ / Jofhsf] c+z lgDgfg';f/ x'G5M

aif{sf]
z'?

;'? ;fFjfF

hDdf
e'QmfgL

41,69,865.45

10,00,000

31,69,865.45

10,00,000

24,86,851.99

4
5

Aofhsf] c+z

;fFjfFsf] c+z

;fFjfF afFsL

10,00,000.00

31,69,865.45

3,16,986.54

6,83,013.46

24,86,851.99

10,00,000

2,48,685.20

7,51,314.80

17,35,537.19

17,35,537.19

10,00,000

1,73,553.72

8,26,446.28

9,09,090.91

9,09,090.91

10,00,000

90,909.09

9,09,090.91

0.00

50,00,000

8,30,134.55

41,69,865.45

83,01,345.54

106

&=*
&=*=!

pk/f]Qm u0fgf adf]lhd Aban Construction Company Pvt. Ltd. n] e'Qmfg ug]{ kfFr
aif{sf] s'n ls:tf ?= %) nfv dWo] ?= 8,30,134.55 nfO{ Aofh e'QmfgL dflgg]
tyf ?= 41,69,865.45 nfO{ C0f bfaL lkmtf{ dflgG5 . pQm sDkgLn] kf
;Demf}tfsf cfwf/df k|yd aif{ ?= 41,69,865.45 nfO{ ;DklQ vl/b n]vfg (Debit:
Fixed Asset) u/L ;f] a/fa/sf] /sd C0f bfloTj (Credit: Accounts Payable Zircon Exim Pvt. Ltd. towards financial lease obligation) cGtu{t n]vfg ug'{
kb{5 . ;f] sDkgLn] Aofh c+z s'n ?= 8,30,134.55 nfO{ P]gsf] bkmf !$ cGtu{t
/xL vr{ sL bfaL ug{ ;Sb5 . To;} ul/ Zircon Exim Pvt. Ltd. n] pQm ;DkQLsf
kfsf] e'QmfgLsf] at{dfg d"No -;fFjfF_ nfO{ k|yd aif{df laqmLdf n]vfg u/L cfodf
;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 / ;f] a/fa/sf] /sd C0f bfaL (Debit: Accounts Receivable Aban Construction Company Pvt. Ltd.) cGtu{t n]vfg ug'{ kb{5 . To; kl5sf
aif{x?df dflysf] tflnsfdf pNn]v u/] cg'?k s'n ?= 41,69,865.45 nfO{ k"+hL
lkmtf{ (Return of Capital) tyf s'n ?= 8,30,134.55 Aofh cfDbfgL dfgL cfodf
;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .
;Da4 JolQmx?aLr d"No x:tfGt/0f -6fG;km/ k|fOl;_ / cGo k|aGwx?
;Da4 JolQmx? aLr d"No x:tfGt/0f ;DaGwL cawf/0ff
d"No x:tfGt/0f cjwf/0ffnfO{ k|i6 kfg{ lgDg zAbfjnL Pj+ ltgsf kl/efiffx?
cfaZos /x]sf] 5 M
;Da4 JolQm (Associated Person): P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -s g_ df ;Da4
JolQmnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 M
;Da4 JolQm eGgfn] Ps csf{sf] dg;fo cg';f/ sfd ug]{ Ps jf PseGbf a9L
JolQm jf To:tf JolQmx?sf] ;d"x ;Demg'kb{5 / ;f] zAbn] lgDg lnlvt
JolQmx?nfO{ klg hgfpF5 M
-s_ k|fs[lts JolQm / ;f] JolQmsf] gft]bf/ jf s'g} JolQm / ;f] JolQmsf] ;fem]bf/,
-v_ ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkg / ;f] ;+:yfkgdf :jfldTj ePsf] JolQm, /
-u_ s'g} lgsfo cfkm}+ jf cfk"m;Fu ;DjlGwt cGo JolQm jf ;xof]uL lgsfo jf
To:tf ;xof]uL lgsfo;Fu ;DjlGwt cGo s'g} JolQm jf lgsfo;Fu ldn]/ s'g}
lgsfosf] cfo, k"FhL jf dtflwsf/sf] %) k|ltzt jf ;f]eGbf a9L lx:;f
lgoGq0f ug]{ jf ;f]af6 kmfObf k|fKt ug]{ lgsfo .
t/ lgDgfg';f/sf] JolQm ;Da4 JolQm dflgb}gg\ M
-c_ sd{rf/L,
-cf_ cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefun] ;Da4 JolQm xf]Og egL tf]s]sf] JolQm .
;Da4 JolQmsf] lj:t[t JofVof / pbfx/0f o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b @ df /x]sf] 5 .
k|aGw jf Joj:yf (Arrangement)
k|aGw jf Joj:yf eGgfn] s'g} Ps JolQmf/f cfkm}+n] jf PseGbf a9L JolQmx?
ldnL k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kn] u/]sf] s'g} sfdsf/jfxL, ;Demf}tf, cfk;L Jojxf/ ug]{
lgod, afrf (Promise), sf/f]jf/, ;dembf/L, td;'s, sfuh ;d]tsf] Joj:yf jf

107

k|aGwnfO{ ;Demg'kb{5 . o:tf] Joj:yf jf k|aGw s'g} sfg"gL sf/jfxLf/f nfu"

u/fpg ;lsg] jf g;lsg] b'j} lsl;dsf x'g ;S5g\ .
ahf/ d"No (Market Value)
ahf/ d"No eGgfn] s'g} ;DklQ jf ;]jfsf] ;DaGwdf c;DalGwt JolQmx?aLr
;fdfGo ahf/ Jojxf/sf] l;nl;nfdf ;]jf jf ;DklQsf] ;fdfGo sf/f]jf/ d"No
;Demg' kb{5 .
;fdfGo ahf/ Jojxf/ (Arms' Length Dealing)
;fdfGo ahf/ Jojxf/ eGgfn] c;DjlGwt JolQmx?aLr (Among Unrelated
Persons) ahf/ d"Nodf (Market Value) s'g} ;DklQ jf ;]jfsf] vl/blaqmL jf s'g}
Joj;flos sf/f]jf/, n]gb]g jf Jojxf/ (Business Deal) ubf{ ul/g] Jojxf/ xf] .
d"No x:tfGt/0f (Transfer Pricing)
d"No x:tfGt/0f eGgfn] ;Da4 JolQmx? jf vf; u/L Pp6} ;d"xsf sDkgLx? lgsfox?JolQmx?_ jf cGt/f{li6o sf/f]jf/sf] l;nl;nfdf pBd (Enterprise) /
;f]sf] ljb]z l:yt zfvf -jf s'g} ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkg_ aLr cfk;L k|aGw jf
Joj:yff/f (Arrangement) ;f] ;d"xsf] jf ;Da4 JolQmx?sf] s/bfloTj sd ug]{
k|jGwnfO{ a'emfpF5 . s'g} Ps b]zdf ltg'{kg]{ tfTsflns jf bL3{sfnLg s/ef/ (Tax
Incidence) 36fpg jf s'g} Ps jf a9L lgsfosf] s/ef/ 36fpg jf Pp6f JolQmsf]
;DklQ jf ;]jfsf] d"No 36fO{ jf sf/f]jf/nfO{ of]hgf u/L (Planning of the
Transaction) csf]{ JolQmsf] ;DklQ jf ;]jfsf] d"Nodf a[l4 Nofpg] Joj:yfnfO{
;Demg'kb{5 .
d"No x:tfGt/0f (Transfer Pricing) sf ;Gbe{df dfly pNn]v ePsf] zAbfjnL tnsf
pbfx/0f af6 yk k|i6 kfl/Psf] 5 M
pbfx/0f &=*=!M dfgf}+, sDkgL ABC Global Incorporated Ps ljb]zL sDkgL xf] .
;f]sf] g]kfndf ABC (Nepal) Pvt. Ltd. gfdsf] Ps Subsidiary sDkgL /x]5 . pQm
k|f=ln= ABC Global Incorporated sf] ;Da4 sDkgL dflgG5 . o:tf] ;Da4 ;f]
lgsfosf] Subsidiary sDkgL geO{ g]kfndf :yflkt zfvf jf ljb]zL :yfoL
;+:yfkg klg x'g ;Sb5 .
pbfx/0f &=*=@M dfgf}+, ABC (Nepal) Pvt. Ltd. n] ABC Global Incorporated af6
sRrf kbfy{ vl/b ub{5 / ;fy} cfkm\gf] pTkfbg ljb]zdf lgof{t ub{5 . pQm
k|f=ln= n] ug]{ clwsf+z pTkfbg ABC Global Incorporated n] jf lghsf] ;Da4
sDkgLn] g} vl/b ub{5 jf d'Vo ljt/ssf ?kdf sfd ub{5 . o;nfO{ k|aGw jf
Aoa:yf (Arrangement) elgG5 .
pbfx/0f &=*=#M dfgf}+, o:tf] l:yltdf sRrf kbfy{ vl/bljqmL ubf{ jf pTkflbt
a:t' vl/b ljqmL ubf{ ABC (Nepal) Pvt. Ltd. n] u/]sf] jf kfPsf] e'QmfgL ;fdfGo
ahf/ Jojxf/ (Arms' Length Dealing) df cfwfl/t ahf/ d"No cg';f/ geO{ 36L
a9L ePdf d"No x:tfGt/0f (Transfer Pricing) sf] k|aGw (Arrangement) ePsf]
dflgG5 . cyf{t\ ;f]xL sRrf kbfy{ s'g} t];|f] AolQm;Fu vl/b u/]sf] eP ltg'{ kg]{
d"No jf pTkflbt a:t' t];|f] AolQmnfO{ ljqmL u/]sf] eP kfpg' kg]{ d"No km/s x'g]
eP o:tf] km/s /sd j/fj/ d"No x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] dflgG5 .
108

pbfx/0f &=*=$M To:t} u/L s'g} cGt/f{li6o 7]s]bf/n] g]kfndf lgdf{0f, h8fg sfo{
ubf{ ljb]zl:yt cfkm\g} ;Da4 JolQmaf6 pks/0fx? vl/b u/L e'QmfgL ub{5 /
o:tf] e'QmfgL ;f]xL ljb]zL ahf/df k|rlnt d"NoeGbf 36L jf a9L 5 eg] gfkmf
36fpg jf a9fpg (Profit Transfer) ;f] 7]s]bf/sf] :yfoL ;+:yfkgn] cfkm\gf] d'Vo
sfof{nosf (Head Office) ;fy d"No x:tfGt/0fsf] Jojxf/ u/]sf] dfGg'kb{5 .
pbfx/0f &=*=%M d'n's s df btf{ /x]sf] s sDkgLsf] cWoIf %% k|ltzt z]o/
wgL /x]sf] v sDkgLsf] ef/tdf zfvf sfof{no /x]5 . s sDkgLn] g]kfndf ;8s
lgdf{0f 7]Ssf kfPsf] /x]5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf g]kfnsf] s sf] ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkg
/ v sDkgLsf] ef/tLo zfvf ;Da4 JolQm x'G5g\ . oL b'O{ lgsfo aLrsf]
sf/f]jf/df d"No x:tfGt/0fsf] ;Defjgf /xG5 .
b'j} lgsfo g]kfndf btf{ ePsf cj:yfdf oxL zt{ / cj:yfdf cfo vl08s/0f
(Income Splitting) sf] cj;/ x'g ;Qm5 .
pbfx/0f &=*=^ M g]kfndf btf{ /x]sf] s sDkgLsf] cWoIf %% k|ltzt z]o/wgL
/x]sf] v sDkgLn] u sDkgLdf ^) k|ltzt nufgL u/]sf] 5 . s sDkgL / u
sDkgL ldn]/ 3 sDkgL vf]n]sf] /x]5 . r sDkgLsf] @@ k|ltzt 3 sDkgLn] /
#) k|ltzt z]o/ s sDkgLn] vl/b u/]sf /x]5g\ . s sDkgLsf] ljutsf] s/
gf]S;fgL /x]5 . u sDkgL /fd|f] d'gfkmf cfh{g ug]{ sDkgL xf] . oL b'O{ lgsfo
aLrsf] sf/f]jf/df cfo vl08s/0fsf] t/Lsfaf6 d"No x:tfGt/0fsf] ;Defjgf
/xG5 .
pbfx/0f &=*=& M g]kfndf btf{ /x]sf] s sDkgLsf] cWoIfsf] %% k|ltzt z]o/
:jfldTj 5 . lghsf] ;fnfsf] %@ k|ltzt z]o/ /x]sf] v sDkgLn] u sDkgLsf] %!
k|ltzt z]o/ vl/b u/]5 . s sDkgLsf] ljutsf] s/ gf]S;fgL /x]5 . u sDkgL
/fd|f] d'gfkmf cfh{g ug]{ sDkgL xf] . oL b'O{ lgsfo aLrsf] sf/f]jf/df cfo
vl08s/0fsf] t/Lsfaf6 d"No x:tfGt/0fsf] ;Defjgf /xG5 .
pbfx/0f &=*=* M s d'n'sdf btf{ /x]sf] s sDkgLsf] cWoIfsf] %% k|ltzt z]o/
:jfldTj 5 . sDkgLn] %@ k|ltzt z]o/ lnPsf] v sDkgLn] g]kfndf btf{ /x]sf]
u sDkgLsf] %! k|ltzt z]o/ vl/b u/]5 . u sDkgL /fd|f] d'gfkmf cfh{g ug]{
sDkgL xf] . t/ sdfPsf] gfkmf cfkm\gf] sDkgLdf k7fpbf ltg'{kg]{ s/sf] ef/ sd
ug{ of] sDkgLn] sDkgL s jf v af6 ljutsf]eGbf a9L d"Nodf ;fdfg vl/b u/L
gf]S;fgL cfh{g ug{ ;Qm5 . of] cj:yf oL tLg lgsfo aLrsf] sf/f]jf/df cfo
vl08s/0fsf] t/Lsfaf6 d"No x:tfGt/0fsf] ;Defjgf /xG5 .
&=*=@

d"No x:tfGt/0f ePdf ul/g] s/ Jojxf/ M

P]gsf] bkmf ## df ;Da4 JolQmx?aLr d"No x:tfGt/0f / cGo k|aGwx?sf ;Gbe{df
ul/g] s/ Aoaxf/sf ;Gbe{df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
##-!_ ;Da4 JolQmx? aLr s'g} Joj:yf ePsf]df ;f] Joj:yf ;fdfGo ahf/
Jojxf/ -cfD;{ n]Gy_ cg';f/ ;+rfng ul/Psf] eP ltgLx?sf] nflu sfod
x'g;Sg] s/of]Uo cfo jf a'emfpg kg]{ s/ k|ltljlDat x'g] lsl;dn] tL

109

JolQmx? aLr cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z jf sL ul/g] /sdx? ljefun] lnlvt
?kdf ;"rgf hf/L u/]/ ljt/0f, lalgof]hg jf jfF8kmfF8 ug{ ;Sg]5 .
##-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df plNnlvt s'g} s'/f ubf{ ljefun] b]xfo adf]lhd ug{
;Sg]5 M
-s_ s'g} cfo, gf]S;fgL, /sd jf e'QmfgLsf] ;|f]t / lsl;dnfO{ k'gM
rfl/qLs/0f ug{, jf
-v_ s'g} Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{ s'g} JolQmn] d'Vo sfof{no vr{ nufot ug'{
k/]sf] ljleGg vr{jf6, ;Da4 JolQm jf JolQmx?nfO{ kmfO{bf k'Ug
uPsf]df To:tf] vr{ Joj;fosf] sf/f]jf/sf] t'ngfTds cfwf/df ;Da4
JolQmx?aLr afF8kmfF8 ug{ .
;Da4 JolQmx?aLr s'g} Joj:yf jf k|aGw (Arrangement) ePsf]df ;fdfGo ahf/
Jojxf/ (Arms' Length Dealing) cg';f/ ;~rfng ul/Psf] eP ltgLx?sf] nflu
sfod x'g ;Sg] s/of]Uo cfo jf a'emfpg' kg]{ s/ k|ltljlDat (Reflection of tax
amount or taxable income on the basis of arms' length principle) x'g] lsl;dn] tL
JolQmx?aLr cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z x'g] jf sL ul/g] /sdx?nfO{ (Inclusions
and Deductions) cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefun] jf dftxt sfof{non] lnlvt ?kdf
;"rgf hf/L u/]/ ljt/0f (Distribute), ljlgof]hg (Allocate) jf afF8kmfF8 (Apportion)
ug{ ;Sb5 .
pko'{Qm cg';f/ ljt/0f, ljlgof]hg jf afF8kmfF8 ubf{ ljefun] s'g} cfo, gf]S;fgL
/sd jf e'QmfgL ;|f]t / lsl;dnfO{ k'gM rfl/qLs/0f (Re-characterisation) ug{
;Sb5 . To;} u/L ljefun] s'g} Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ s'g} JolQmn] d'Vo sfof{no
vr{ (Head Office Expenses) nufot ug'{ k/]sf] ljleGg vr{af6 ;Da4 JolQm jf
JolQmx?nfO{ kmfObf k'Ug uPsf]df To:tf] vr{ Joj;fosf] sf/f]jf/sf] t'ngfTds
cfwf/df ;Da4 JolQmx? aLr afF8kmfF8 (Apportion) ug{ ;Sb5 .
pbfx/0f &=*=(M dfgf}+, pbfx/0f &=*=! df pNn]lvt ABC Global Incorporated n]
ABC (Nepal) Pvt. Ltd. nfO{ ?= #. k|lt OsfOdf sRrf kbfy{ ljqmL u/]sf] t/
ljb]zL ahf/df ;f] a:t'sf] d"No ?= @.%) /x]sf] ePdf ABC (Nepal) Pvt. Ltd. n]
sRrf kbfy{ jfktsf] vr{ sL bfjL u/]sf] k|lt OsfOsf ?= #. sf] b/nfO{ cdfGo
u/L k|lt OsfOsf ?= @.%) sf] b/n] dfq k'gM u0fgf u/L ABC (Nepal) Pvt. Ltd.
sf] vr{ sL bfaLnfO{ laefun] ;"rgf hf/L u/L -sfof{non] kq n]vL_ jf ;+zf]lwt
s/ lgwf{/0fsf] ;"rgf dfkm{t k'gM rfl/lqs/0f ug{ ;Sb5 . To;} u/L ABC (Nepal)
Pvt. Ltd. n] u/]sf] ljqmL pTkflbt a:t' ;f] ABC Global Incorporated n] k|lt OsfO
?= %. sf b/n] vl/b ug]{ u/]sf] /x]5 t/ ;f] a:t'sf] df]n ljb]zL ahf/df ?= ^.
k|lt OsfO d"No /x]5 eg] ;f] km/s /sd ?= !. k|lt OsfOsf b/n] ABC (Nepal)
Pvt. Ltd. sf] cfotkm{ ;dfj]z ul/g] u/L ;f] k|f= ln= sf] cfo laefun] ;"rgf hf/L
u/L k"gM rfl/lqs/0f ug{ ;Sb5 .
pbfx/0f &=*=!)M dfgf}+, g]kfndf sfo{/t cGt/f{li6o 7]s]bf/n] g]kfndf bfjL
u/]sf] d'Vo sfof{no vr{ g]kfndf u/]sf] sfo{sf] t'ngfdf a9L bfjL u/]sf]
b]lvof] . o; cj:yfdf g]kfnL sf/f]jf/ jfkt x'g' kg]{ c+z dfq vr{ sL lbO{
afFsL bfjL ljefun] cdfGo ug{ ;Sb5 .
110

&=(
&=(=!

cfosf] vl08s/0f
cfosf] vl08s/0fsf] cawf/0ff
s/ 36fpg] ;Defjgf ePsf] cfo cfh{g ug]{ ;+/rgf :yfkgf u/L xfnsf] jf
eljiosf] s/ 36fpg] k|jGw cfosf] v08Ls/0f (Income Splitting) xf] . d"No
x:tfGt/0f klg Ps k|sf/sf] cfosf] vl08s/0f g} xf] t/ ;f] d"No x:tfGt/0f ;Da4
JolQmx? aLr dfq ul/G5 eg] cfosf] vl08s/0f cGo cj:yfdf klg x'g ;Qm5 .
g]kfndf kfl/jfl/s ;+/rgf / JolQmsf] cfwf/df s/ nufOg] Joj:yfn] 7"nf] dfqfdf
cfosf] v08Ls/0f ePsf] x'g ;Qm5 . cem k|ultzLn s/sf] b/ (Progressive Rates
of Taxation) /x]sf] 7fpFdf kfl/jfl/s ;+/rgf / s/sf] ;+/rgfsf] a]d]nn] cfo
vl08s/0fsf] cfwf/lznf lgdf{0f ub{5 . s/sf] ef/ 36fpg s/of]Uo cfosf] ljt/0f
u/L ;fgf] s/sf] b/ cfk;df nfu" x'g] u/L k|aGw ldnfOPsf] eP cfosf] vl08s/0f
x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu !% / @% k|ltztsf] s/sf] b/ /x]sf]df s'g} JolQmsf] !%
k|ltztsf] b/ nfu" x'g] ;Ldfsf] ;'ljwf afFsL 5 eg] lghnfO{ ;f] s/sf] ef/ af]sfO{ d"No x:tfGt/0ff/f jf e'QmfgLf/f_ ;f] jfkt s'g} ck|ToIf e'QmfgL ug]{ lqmofsnfk
cfosf] v08Ls/0fsf] pbfx/0f xf] . k|fs[lts JolQmx?aLr dfq geO{ s'g} cf}Bf]lus
k|lti7fgn] ;'ljwfhgs s/sf] b/ kfO/x]sf] eP s'g} csf]{ JolQm -jf k|lti7fg_ ;Fu
k|aGw jf Joj:yf (Arrangement) ldnfO{ s/sf] ef/ afF8r'F8 ug{ cfosf] v08Ls/0f
u/]sf] cj:yf klg o;sf] pbfx/0f x'g ;Qm5 . sd s/sf] ef/ cfk;df afF8kmfF8
ubf{ s/sf] nfe (Tax Benefit) lbg] JolQmn] s'g} ck|ToIf e'QmfgL -nfe_ lnO/x]sf]
x'G5 . ;f/f+zdf cfo vl08s/0f lgDgfg';f/ x'g ;Qm5M

k|ultlzn s/sf] b/af6 kg]{ c;/ k/:k/ ldnfg u/]/

;fdflhs jf kfl/jfl/s ;+/rgf / s/ cfwf/ ;+/rgf ldnfg u/]/
s/ 5'6 jf cf}Bf]lus 5'6sf] Joj:yf k/:k/ ldnfg u/]/
gePsf] cfo jf vr{ x:tfGt/0f u/]/
;x'lnotk"0f{ s/sf] b/ ePsf cfodf ePsf] vr{ ;fdfGo s/sf] b/ ePsf
cfo lgwf{/0fdf ?kfGt/ u/]/
Joj;flos sfdx? clGtd?kdf s/ s6\6L x'g] cfodf ?kfGt/ u/]/
s/ 36fpg] cGo k|aGwx? ldnfg u/]/

&=(=@

cfosf] v08Ls/0fdf s/ Jojxf/ M

cfosf] v08Ls/0fdf s/ Jojxf/sf] ;Gbe{df P]gsf] bkmf #$ df lgDgfg';f/sf]
Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
#$-!_ s'g} JolQmn] cfgf] cfo csf]{ JolQm;+u ljefhg ug{ k|oTg u/L ;f] af6
a'emfpg' kg]{ s/df s'g} sdL cfpg] b]lvPdf bfloTj 36L x'g glbg ljefun]
lnlvt ?kdf ;"rgf lbP/ k|To]s JolQmsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z jf sL
ul/g] /sdx? ;dfof]hg u/fpg ;Sg]5 .
#$-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd JolQm / ;Da4 JolQmaLr k|ToIf jf
ck|ToIf ?kdf Ps jf a9L dWo:y lgsfox?4f/f b]xfosf /sdx?sf]
111

x:tfGt/0f / ;f] x:tfGt/0fsf] k|of]hgn] ;f] JolQm jf ;Da4 JolQmaf6

a'emfpg' kg]{ s/df sdL Nofpg cfo ljefhg ug]{ k|oTg u/]sf] cj:yfx?
;d]tnfO{ hgfpg]5 M
-s_ k|fKt ul/g] /sd jf ul/g] vr{x?, jf
-v_ s'g} ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f ul/lng] JolQmn] ;f] ;DklQaf6 k|fKt ug]{ /sd
jf pkef]u ug]{ /sd jf ;f] ;DklQsf] :jfldTj lnP afkt Joxf]/]sf]
vr{ jf lbPsf] e'QmfgL .
#$-#_ ljefun] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd s'g} JolQmn] cfo ljefhg ug{ vf]h]sf] xf]
jf xf]Og eGg] s'/f osLg ubf{ x:tfGt/0fsf nflu ul/Psf] s' g} klg
e'QmfgLsf] ahf/ d"Nosf] cfwf/ lng]5 .
s'g} JolQmn] cfkm\gf] cfo csf]{ JolQm;Fu ljefhg ug]{ k|oTg u/L ;f]af6 a'emfpg'
kg]{ s/df s'g} sdL cfpg] b]lvPdf lghsf] s/ bfloTj 36L x'g glbg cfGtl/s
/fh:j ljefun] jf dftxt sfof{non] lnlvt ?kdf ;"rgf lbP/ To:tf] k|To]s
JolQmsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ul/g] jf vr{ sL ul/g] (Inclusions or
Deductions) /sdx? cfjZostf cg';f/ ;dfof]hg (Adjust) ug{ ;Sb5 . ljefun]
cfo ljefhg ug{ vf]h]sf] xf] jf xf]Og eGg] s'/f olsg ug{ x:tfGt/0fsf nflu
ul/Psf] s'g} klg e'QmfgLsf] ahf/ d"Nosf] (Market Value) cfwf/ lng] ub{5 . s/df
sdL Nofpg s'g} JolQm / ;Da4 JolQmaLr k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf Ps jf a9L
dWo:y lgsfox?f/f (Interposed Entities) s'g} k|fKt ul/g] /sd jf ul/g] vr{x?
(Income or Expenses) sf] x:tfGt/0f / ;f] x:tfGt/0ff/f ;f] JolQm jf ;Da4
JolQmaf6 a'emfpg' kg]{ s/df sdL Nofpg ul/Psf] k|of;nfO{ cfosf] v08Ls/0f
u/]sf] dfgL pko'{Qm cg';f/ ;dfof]hg ul/G5 . To;} u/L s'g} ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f
ul/lng] JolQmn] (Transferee) ;f] ;DklQaf6 k|fKt ug]{ /sd jf pkef]u ug]{ /sd jf
;f] ;DklQsf] :jfldTj lnPjfkt Joxf]/]sf] vr{ jf lbPsf] e'QmfgL (Incomings or
Outgoings) sf ;DaGwdf s/ bfloTj sd x'g] u/L ePsf] x:tfGt/0fnfO{ klg cfosf]
v08Ls/0f dfgL pko'{Qm cg';f/ ljefun] ;dfof]hg ug{ ;Sb5 .
&=!) s/ d'lQm lj?4sf] ;fdfGo lgod
&=!)=! s/ d'lQm lj?4sf] ;fdfGo lgodsf] cawf/0ff
s/ d'lQm of]hgf (Tax Avoidance Scheme) eGgfn] s/ bfloTjaf6 (Tax Liability)
d'lQm kfpg] jf s/ bfloTjdf sdL Nofpg] d'Vo p2]Zo (Main Purpose) ePsf] s'g}
k|jGw jf Joj:yf (Arrangement) ;Demg'kb{5 . o:tf] Joj:yf c? JolQmx?;Fu ldn]/
ul/Psf] x'g ;S5 jf s/bftf :jo+n] dfq} cfkm\gf] pBdsf (Enterprise) ;DaGwdf jf
sf/f]jf/sf ;DaGwdf u/]sf] x'g ;Sb5 . o:tf] Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdf c? klg
;fgfltgf p2]Zo ePsf] JofVof ug{ ;lsPnf t/ k/LIf0fsf] qmddf s/ 5Ng] -s/
gnfUg] u/fpg jf s/bfloTj 36fpg_ g} ;f] k|jGwsf] d'Vo p2]Zo /x]sf] b]lvof] eg]
;f]nfO{ s/ d'lQm of]hgf dfg]/ s/ k|zf;gn] To:tf] of]hgfnfO{ dfGotf glbO{ ;f]
of]hgf /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] JolQm jf JolQmx?n] ltg'{ kg]{ s/bfloTj olsg u/L
s/lgwf{/0f ug{ cr]nsf cfw'lgs s/ sfg"gdf s/k|zf;gnfO{ ;fdfGo clwsf/
lbOPsf] x'G5 . o:tf] clwsf/ jf s/ d'lQm of]hgfnfO{ k|zf;gn] cdfGo ug]{

112

k|rngnfO{ s/ d'lQm la?4 ;fdfGo lgod (General Anti Avoidance Rule, GAAR)
elgG5 .
GAAR sf] pTklQ z'?df ljleGg b]zx?df -h:t}, c:6]lnof, Go"lhn}G8_ ToxfFsf
cbfntx?n] u/]sf] km};nfx?af6 (Case Law) ePsf] xf] . ljleGg sf/f]jf/df jf
ljleGg k|sf/ jf k|s[ltsf pBdx?df (Enterprises) jf ljleGg k|sf/sf cfox?df
ljleGg k|sf/n] s/ nfUg] jf st} s/ nfUg] t/ st} s/ gnfUg] s/k|0ffnL ljBdfg
/xFbf s/bftfaf6 o:tf] hl6ntfsf] (Complexity) kmfObf p7fO{ cfk"mnfO{ Joj;flos
b[li6n] cfjZos geP klg jf sf/f]jf/sf] l;nl;nfdf :jfefljs (Natural) 9+un]
cfjZos gk/] klg s/bfloTjaf6 pGd"lQm kfpg jf 36fpg dfqsf nflu s'g}
of]hgf jf k|aGw ul/Psf] 5 eg] ;f]nfO{ cfos/ sfg"gsf] d"ne"t p2]Zo -k|:tfjgf_
ljk/Lt dfgL jf /fHon] Goflos 9n] kfpg' kg]{ /fh:jsf] c+z gkfpg] ck|fs[lts
cj:yf (Against the Natural Justice for the State) ;[hgf u/]sf] dfgL cbfntx?n]
o:tf] k|aGw, Joj:yf jf of]hgfnfO{ cdfGo ug]{ Pj+ /fHonfO{ cfpg' kg]{ s/ /sd
c;'n ug]{ u/L lg0f{ox? ePsf] kfOG5 . cr]n sfg"gd} pNn]v u/L :yflkt
dfGotfsf ?kdf of] l;4fGtnfO{ k|ltkflbt ug{ yflnPsf] 5 / cfos/ P]g, @)%* df
klg s/ d'lQm lj?4sf] ;fdfGo lgodsf] (GAAR) Joj:yf ePsf] 5 .
&=!)=@ s/ d'lQm lj?4sf] ;fdfGo lgod (GAAR) sf] sfof{Gjog M
s/ d'lQm lj?4sf] ;fdfGo lgod (GAAR) sf] sfof{Gjog ;Gbe{df P]gsf] bkmf #%
df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
#%=
ljefun] o; P]g adf]lhd s/ bfloTjsf] osLg ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu
b]xfosf s'/fx? ug{ ;Sg]5 M
-s_ s/ d'lQm of]hgfsf] efusf] ?kdf ul/Psf] jf ug{ vf]lhPsf] s'g} k|aGw
jf k|aGwsf] s'g} efunfO{ k'gM rfl/qLs/0f ug{,
-v_ s'g} ;f/e"t cfly{s c;/ gb]vfpg] s'g} k|aGw jf k|aGwsf] s'g} efunfO{
j]jf:tf ug,{ jf
-u_ ;f/e"ttTj gb]vfpg] s'g} k|aGw jf k|aGwsf] efunfO{ k'gM rfl/qLs/0f
ug{ .
:ki6Ls/0f M o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu s/ d'lQm of]hgf eGgfn] s/
bfloTjaf6 d'lQm kfpg] jf s/ bfloTjdf sdL Nofpg] d'Vo p2]Zo ePsf] s'g}
k|jGw ;Demg' k5{ .
cfos/ P]g, @)%* cg';f/ cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefun] jf dftxt sfof{non] ;f] P]g
jdf]lhd s/bfloTjsf] olsg ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu s/ d'lQm of]hgfsf] efusf ?kdf
ul/Psf] jf ug{ vf]lhPsf] s'g} k|aGw jf k|aGwsf] s'g} efunfO{ k'gM rfl/qLs/0f (Recharacterise) cyf{t\ ;f] k|aGwsf c+zx?nfO{ ;f] k|aGwdf n]lvP cg';f/ JofVof gu/L
s/ 36\g glbg] u/L JofVof jf Jojxf/ ug{ ;Sb5 . To;} u/L ljefun] jf
sfof{non] s'g} k|aGw jf k|aGwsf] (Arrangement) efun] s'g} ;f/e"t cfly{s c;/
(Substantial Economic Effect) gb]vfpg] /x]5 eg] ;f]nfO{ j]jf:tf (Disregard) ug{
;Sb5 . t/ o:tf] k|aGwaf6 s/bfloTjdf c;/ gk/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . s'g} k|aGw jf
k|aGwsf] efusf] :j?kn] (Form) ;f]sf] ;f/e"t tTjnfO{ (Substance) k|ltljlDat
(Reflect) gu/]sf] cj:yfdf klg ljefun] jf sfof{non] ;f] k|aGw jf ;f]sf] efunfO{
113

cdfGo u/L jf k'gM rfl/qLs/0f u/L (Re-characterise) s/sf] bfloTj olsg ug{
;Sb5 .
cfos/ P]g, @)%* df s/ 5Ng glbg d"No x:tfGt/0f (Transfer Pricing), cfosf]
v08Ls/0f (Income Splitting), nfef+z s/ 36fpg] k|aGw (Dividend Stripping) tyf
;Da4 JolQmx?aLr jf s/ ltg'{ gkg]{ JolQmx?;Fu k|aGw u/L k"FhL 36fpg] (Thin
Capitalisation) Joj:yfx?sf] lgoGq0f ug{ 5'f5'} ljz]if Joj:yfx? ul/Psf 5g\ . oL
;a} Joj:yfx?sf cltl/Qm pko'{Qm cg';f/ s/ d'lQm lj?4sf] ;fdfGo lgod
(GAAR) h:tf] s/ 5Ng] jf s/ 36fpg] h'g;'s} k|aGw, Joj:yf jf of]hgfx?nfO{
cdfGo u/L k'gM rfl/qLs/0f ug]{ -;dfj]z ul/g] jf sL ul/g] /sdx? b'j}tkm{,
Inclusions or Deductions) clwsf/ klg cfos/ P]gn] s/ k|zf;gnfO{ lbPsf] 5 . of]
clwsf/sf] lj:t[t JofVof P]g, lgoddf ug{ ;Dej x'Fb}g, lsgls To;f] ul/of] eg]
ljleGg k|sf/n] jf ;dosf] k|jfx;Fu} hl6n x'Fb} hfg] cfw'lgs sf/f]jf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ On]S6f]lgs sf/f]jf/sf] k|efj ;d]tn] ubf{_ ;d]6\g ;Dej x'Fb}g . cfo cfh{g x'g]
h'g;'s} sf/f]jf/df s/ nfUg] ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] dfGotfsf] kl/lwleq (Scope) /xL
s/ d'lQm of]hgfnfO{ (Tax Avoidance Scheme) cdfGo ug]{ Joj:yf ug{ l;4fGtsf]
?kdf pNn]v ug{ ;Dej x'G5 t/ ;a} kl/j]zx?nfO{ -eljiodf ;[hgf x'g ;Sg]_
JofVof ug{ ;Dej x'Fb}g . To; sf/0fn] of] lgod (GAAR) nfu" ubf{ s/k|zf;g clt
;ts{ x'g'kb{5 . sf/f]jf/ ug]{ rngrNtLsf] kl/kf6L, cfw'lgs sf/f]jf/;Fu ;DjlGwt
cfly{s k|efj kg]{ k|aGw jf Joj:yfx? x'g xf]O{gg\ eGg] af/] /fd|f] 1fg /fvL ;f]sf]
olsg ljefun] ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . s'g of]hgf /fHon] ;'ljwf lbO{ s'g} lglZrt cfly{s
jf Joj;flos If]qsf] k|a4{g ug{ ul/Psf] xf] (Tax Planning), s'g of]hgf cfly{s
k|efj kfg{ geO{ s/ 5Ng dfq ul/Psf] xf], 5'6\ofpg ;Sg'kb{5 . pbfx/0f:j?k
cf}Bf]lus k|j4{gsf nflu lxdfnL If]qdf ;x'lnot s/sf] b/ pknJw u/fOPsf] 5, ;f]
;'ljwf lnO{ s'g} pBdn] (Enterprise) lxdfnL If]qdf pBf]u :yfkgf u/L cfo cfh{g
u/L ;x'lnot vf]h]df /fHon] rfxgf u/]sf] cf}Bf]lus k|a4{gsf nflu lbOPsf]
;x'lnot dfgL GAAR nfUg g;Sg] 7xofpg' kb{5 eg] s'g} k|aGw ldnfO{ ;x/L
If]qd} cfly{s k|efj /xg] u/L -/f]huf/L, pTkfbg jf ef}lts ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ;a}
;x/L If]qd} ;Lldt 5 eg]_ s/ 5Ng dfq P]g cg';f/ x'g] u/L s'g} Joj:yfkg
ldnfPsf] /x]5 eg] ;f]nfO{ GAAR nufO{ cdfGo klg ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
t/ GAAR sf] b'?kof]u x'g glbg cyf{t\ ;fdfGo Joj;flos k|rngdf jf /fHon]
lbPsf] ;'ljwfaf6 klg jl~rt u/fpg GAAR sf] k|of]u /f]Sg ljefun] k|+zf;lgs
lgb]{zgx?, ljefuLo lgoGq0f, ;fj{hlgs kl/kq jf lgb]{lzsff/f Jojl:yt ug'{
kb{5 . s/bftfn] jf s/ Joj;foLn] (Tax Protessionals) klg s/ of]hgf / s/ 5Ng]
k|aGw aLrsf] km/s (Difference between Tax Planning and Tax Avoidance)
ulDe/tfk"j{s dgg u/L s/ 5Ng] k|aGwaf6 aRg' kb{5 cyf{t\ ljz'4 Joj;flos
b[li6sf]0f jf Joj;flos ;DaGwn] ul/g] sf/f]jf/df cfkm\gf] n]vfnfO{ (Accounts)
;Da4 u/fO{ s/ 5Ng] p2]Zo dfqn] s'g} n]vf Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] x'g' x'Fb}g .

114

kl/R%]b 8

s/ n]vf+sg / ;do
(Tax Accounting and Timing)

*=!

*=@
*=@=!

s/ n]vfg eGgfn] cfos/ k|of]hgsf] lgldQ ckgfpg' kg]{ n]vfg k2tL (Tax
Accounting System) nfO{ a'emfp+5 . n]vfg k2tLn] cfo n]vfgdf pNn]Vo c;/
;d]t ug]{ ca:yfnfO{ Wofgdf /flv s/ n]vfgdf Ps?ktf tyf lgoldttf
(Consistency) sfod /fVg] p2]Zon] cfos/ P]g, @)%* df s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu
P]gsf] clwgdf /xL n]vfsf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGt cg'?k n]vfg ul/g' kg]{ Aoa:yf
u/]sf] 5 .
cfos/ P]gdf :ki6 ?kdf n]vfgsf] k|s[of v'nfO{Psf] ca:yfdf ;f]xL adf]lhd /
:ki6 Joj:yf gePsf] cj:yfdf n]vfsf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGt cg'?k n]vfg
(Accounting) ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . o; ;Gbe{df g]kfn n]vfdfg af]8{n] tof/ u/L g]kfn
rf6{8{ Psfp06]06;\ ;+:yf (Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nepal, ICAN) n]
hf/L u/]sf g]kfn n]vfdfg (Nepal Accounting Standard) / ;f] gePsf] ca:yfdf
cGt/fli6|o n]vfdfg -International Accounting Standard) jf cGo k|rlnt l;4fGt
(Best Practice) sf cfwf/df n]vfg ug'{ kg]{ Aoa:yf P]gn] u/]sf] 5 . o; k|sf/
n]vfgsf] ;Gbe{df P]gdf /x]sf] s/ n]vfg ;DaGwL Aoa:yfsf lalaw kIfx?sf]
AofVof ug'{ o; kl/R5]bsf] p2]Zo /x]sf]5 .
s/ n]vfg / ;do
P]gsf] bkmf @@ n] s/ n]vfg / ;dosf] ;Gbe{df lgDgfg';f/ Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5M
-!_ s'g} JolQmn] slxn] s'g} cfo k|fKt u5{ jf s'g} vr{ u5{ eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f
o; P]gsf] cwLgdf /xL n]vfsf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGt cg'?k x'g]5 .
cfos/ k|of]hgsf nflu cfodf ;dfa]; ug]{ / vr{nfO{ dfGotf lbg] ;Gbe{df s/
n]vfgn] dxTjk"0f{ e'ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . cfos/ P]gdf Pa+ k|rlnt sfg"gdf ljz]if
?kdf pNn]v gePdf n]vfsf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGt cg'?k n]vfgsf] tl/sf Pj+ ;dosf]
lgwf{/0f ul/G5 .
n]vfsf ;j{dfGo l;4fGt eGgfn] n]vfsf cjwf/0ffnfO{ j'emfp5 . n]vfg ;DaGwL
Aoa:yf Joj;fosf] sf/f]jf/nfO{ bzf{pg] efiff ePsf] x'bf ;j}sf nflu hfgsf/L
u/fpg] p2]Zon] s]xL n]vfsf cjwf/0fx? k|ltkfbg ul/Psf 5g\ h;nfO{ n]vf /fVg]
JolQmx?n] kfng ug{' kg]{ Aoa:yf ;+;f/ el/g} nfu" 5 . tL cjwf/0ffx? lgDgfg';f/
5f]6s/Ldf JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
!_ Business Entity M Joj;fo / Joj;fosf] :jfldTj wf/0f ug]{ JolQm (Owner)
km/s km/s JolQm x'g eGg] cjwf/0fjf6 Joj;fosf ;Dk"0f{ sf/f]jf/x? n]vfg
ul/Psf x'G5g\ . olb o:tf] k|sf/sf] cjwf/0ffjf6 sf/f]jf/sf] n]vfg gug]{ xf]
eg] dflnssf] JolQmut sf/f]jf/ klg Joj;fosf] sf/f]jf/;+u ;lDd>0f e}
Joj;fosf] jf:tlas sf/f]af/sf] l:ytL lrq0f ug{ ;lsb}g .

115

@_

Money Measurement M o; cjwf/0ff adf]lhd Joj;fodf

(Money) df ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq n]vfg ul/G5 . s'g}

x'g] sf/f]jf/ d'b|f

Joj;fodf gof+
;fem]bf/nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpgsf] nflu ul/g] ;Demf}tf jf k|d'v sfo{sf/L lgo"lQm
h:tf 36gf d}flb|s sf/f]af/ (Monetary Transaction) gePsf] sf/0f To:tf
36gfnfO{ n]vfdf n]vfg ul/b}g .
#_ Cost M o; cawf/0f adf]lhd hlt d'Nodf sf/f]jf/ ePsf] xf], ;f]xL d"Nodfq
n]vfg ug'{ kb{5 . s'g} Ps hUufsf] jhf/ d"No ?= % nfv kg]{ /x]5 . t/
pQm hUuf c;Da4 JolQmaf6 ?= # nfvdf vl/b u/]sf] /x]5 eg] hUuf
vl/bdf pQm hUufsf] e'QmfgL -sf/f]af/_ d"No ? # nfv ePsf] x'+bf ;f]xL d"No
(Cost) df n]vfsg ul/G5 . o; cj:yfdf n]vfgsf] lgldQ jhf/ d"No -?=
% nfv_ nfO{ :yfg lbO{b}g .
$_ Going Concern M Joj;fo Ifl0fs ;dosf] nflu dfq ;~rfng gu/L lg/Gt/
?kdf rln/xG5 eGg] cjwf/0ff cg';f/ n]vfg ul/G5 .
%_ Dual Aspect M s'g} klg sf/f]jf/sf] n]vfg bf]xf]/f] >]:tf k|0ffnL cGtu{t /x]/
ul/G5 . pbf/x0fsf] nflu Psnf}6L Joj;fo ug]{ JolQmn] Joj;fo ;~rfng
ug{sf nflu ?= ! nfv k"FhL nufgL u/]sf] /x]5 eg] o; cj:yfdf k"FhL cfPsf]
x'+bf gub -;DklQ_ ?= ! nfv Debit ul/G5 eg] Capital -bfloTj_ ?= ! nfvn]
Credit ul/G5 .
^_ Realization M o; cjwf/0ff cg';f/ hj ;Dd gub k|fKt x+'b}g jf e'QmfgL
lbg] AolQmsf] sfg"gL ?kdf e'QmfgL ug]{ bfloTj l;h{gf x'+b}g tj ;Dd s'g} klg
sf/f]jf/nfO{ n]vfg ul/b}+g .
&_ Accrual M s'g} klg Joj;fodf ePsf] sf/f]jf/nfO{ gub k|fKtLsf] cfwf/df
dfq} ge} e"QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ l;h{gf x'g] / vr{sf] xsdf ltg'{ kg]{
bfloTj l;h{gf x'gf;fy Joj;fosf] lx;fjdf n]vfg ug]{ k2tLnfO{ Accrual
Concept adf]lhdsf] n]vfg ug]{ k2tL elgG5 .
;fdfGotofM s/ n]vfgsf] ;Gbe{df tn pNn]lvt ca:yfnfO{ cfwf/ dflgG5 M
cfos/ P]gdf tf]lsPsf] cfwf/df,
k|rlnt sfg"gdf tf]lsPsf] cfwf/df,
g]kfn rf6{8{ Psfp6]06 ;+:yfaf6 cjnDjg ul/Psf] n]vfdfgsf] cfwf/df,
s'g} cGt/fli6o dfkb08sf] cfwf/df cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefuaf6
tf]lsPsf] cfwf/df, tyf
k|rlnt pQd cEof; (Best Practice) sf] cfwf/df ljefun] tf]s]sf]
cfwf/df .
-@_ k|fs[lts JolQmn] lghsf] /f]huf/L tyf nufgLjf6 k|fKt x'g] cfosf] u0fgf ubf{
s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu gub cfwf/df n]vfg ug'{' kg]{5 .
k|fs[lts JolQmn] cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu cfkm\gf] /f]huf/L tyf nufgLaf6 k|fKt
cfosf] n]vfg gub k|fKtL (Cash Receipt) ePsf] cfwf/df ug'{
kb5{ . pQm Aoa:yf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 k|i6 kfl/Psf] 5 .

116

pbfx/0f *=@=!M dfgf}+, sdn kl/of/ s[lif ;fdu|L ;+:yfgdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L
/x]5g\ . lghn] @)^$ >fj0f b]lv @)^% cfiff9 d;fGt;Dd k|lt dlxgf ?=
@),))). sf b/n] kfpg' kg]{ tnj eQf afktsf] s'n /sd ?= @,$),))).,
@)^% >fj0fdf dfq} k|fKt u/] . o; cj:yfdf gubsf] cfwf/df n]vfg ul/g]
sf/0fn] ubf{ /sd k|fKt u/]sf] dlxgf @)^% >fj0fdf s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu cfodf
n]vfg ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . t;y{ of] k2lt cg';f/ h'g;'s} cfo jif{sf] cfo ePtfklg
h'g cfo jif{df cfo k|fKt eof] ;f]xL cfo aif{df cfosf] ?kdf n]vfg ug'{ kb{5 .
-#_ sDkgLn] s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu Ps|'on cfwf/df n]vfg ug'{ kg]{5 .
s/ k|of]hgdf sDkgL eGgfn] skf]{/]6 k|of]hgsf] sDkgLeGbf Jofks cy{ x'G5 . s/
k|of]hgdf /x]sf] sDkgLdf kg]{ lgsfox?sf] ljj/0f kl/R5]b @ df lbOPsf] 5 . o:tf
sDkgLn] Pqm'on cfwf/df n]vfg ug'{ kb{5 . o; ;DaGwL Aoa:yf tnsf]
pbfx/0faf6 k|i6\ofO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f *=@=@M dfgf}+, sdn ;le{;]h P08 sDkgL k|f=ln=n] s[lif ;fdu|L ;+:yfgdf
;'/Iff uf8{ pknAw u/fpg] ;+emf}tf u/]sf /x]5g\ / o; qmddf ;f] sDkgLn]
@)^^ cfiff9df % hgf ;'/Iff uf8{ pknAw u/fPsf] /x]5 . ;'/Iff uf8{ pknAw
u/fP afkt ;+emf}tf adf]lhd ;f] dlxgfsf] lahs d"No ?= #),))). x'g cfpg]
/x]5 . o;/L ;'/Iff uf8{ pknAw u/fP afkt ;f] sDkgLn] s[lif ;fdu|L ;+:yfgaf6
?= #),))). kfpg] clwsf/ ;[hgf ePsf]n] s[lif ;fdu|L ;+:yfgaf6 gub e'QmfgL
k|fKt geP klg ;f] sDkgLn] pk/f]Qm adf]lhdsf] ?= #),))). nfO{ cf=a=
@)^%.^^ sf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .
-$_ ljefun] lnlvt ;"rgf hf/L u/L cGoyf tf]s]sf]df afx]s s'g} JolQmn] cfos/
k|of]hgsf nflu pkbkmf -!_, -@_ / -#_ sf] cwLgdf /xL gub jf Pqm'on
cfwf/df n]vfg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
k|fs[lts AolQmn] /f]huf/L / nufgLaf6 k|fKt cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ / sDkgLn] s/
k|of]hgsf]nflu n]vfg ubf{ qmdzM gub / Pq'monsf] cfwf/df g} ug'{ kb{5 . o;
afx]ssf ca:yf, h:t} k|fs[lts AolQm jf @) hgfeGbf sd ;fem]bf/ ePsf
;fem]bf/L kmd{n] Joj;fosf] s/ n]vfg ubf{ gub jf Pqm'on h'g ;'s} cfwf/df ug{
kfp+b5 .
clgjfo{ tf]lsPsf
OR5flwg

k|fs[lts JolQmsf] /f]huf/L

cfo / nufgL cfo
sDkgL
k|fs[lts JolQmsf] Joj;fosf]
cfo
@) hgfeGbf sd ePsf]
;fem]bf/Lsf] cfo

gub cfwf/
Pqm'on cfwf/
sf/f]jf/sf] klxnf] jif{ M
OR5fg';f/ / ;f] k5fl8
ljefuaf6 :jLs[t k|fKt u/]
jfx]s
;f]xL
cfwf/df
lg/Gt/tf

-%_ s'g} JolQmn] s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu pkbkmf -@_ / -#_ sf] clwgdf /xL s/
n]vfg ug]{ tl/sfdf kl/jt{g ug{ lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 . To:tf] JolQmsf]
cfDbfgL :ki6 b]vfpg n]vfg /fVg] tl/sfdf kl/jt{g ug{ cfjZos 5 eGg]

117

ljefunfO{ nfu]df ljefun] n]vfg ug]{ tl/sfdf kl/jt{g ug]{ :jLs[lt lbg
;Sg]5 .
;fdfGotofM Ps k6s canDag ul/Psf] n]vfg tl/sf lg/Gt/ (Consistent) ?kdf
k|of]u ul/g' kb{5 . tyfkL sDkgL afx]s cGo AolQmn] cfkm\gf] Joj;fosf] n]vfg
;dfg lsl;dsf] Joj;fo ug]{ cGo AolQmn] ug]{ n]vfg tl/sf eGbf leGg ePsf]
sf/0f t'ngf ug{ sl7g x'g uPsf] dx;'; u/]df jf cGo s'g} plrt sf/0fn] n]vfg
tl/sf kl/jt{g ug{ laefu ;dIf lga]bg lbg ;Sg]5 . cyf{t gub cfwf/df n]vfg
u/L cfPsf] AolQmn] Pqm'onsf] cfwf/df n]vfg ug{ rfx]df jf Pqm'onsf] cfwf/df
n]vfg u/L cfPsf] AolQmn] gub cfwf/df n]vfg ug]{ u/L n]vfg tl/sf kl/jt{g
ug{ rfx]df laefu ;dIf lga]bg lbg ;Sg]5 . cfDbfgL :ki6 b]vfpg n]vfgsf]
tl/sf kl/jt{g ug{ cfaZos nfu]df laefun] ;f] kl/jt{gsf] nflu :jLs[lt lbg
;Sg]5 .
-^_ s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu s'g} JolQmsf] n]vfg tl/sf pkbkmf -%_ adf]lhd
kl/jt{g ePdf To:tf] kl/jt{g ePsf] cfo jif{df ;f] JolQmsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{
;dfj]z ePsf], sf ePsf] jf ;dfj]z x'g] jf sf x'g] /sdx?df s'g} /sd
g5'6\g] u/L jf bf]xf]/f] gkg]{ u/L ;dfof]hg ug{' kg]{5 .
lgod * n] s/ n]vfgsf] tl/sfsf] ;Gbe{df lgDgfg';f/ Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5M

-!_ P]gsf] bkmf @@ adf]lhd s/ n]vf+sg ubf{ k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd n]vfdfgsf]
Joj:yf eP ;f]xL adf]lhd ug'{ kg]{5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd s'g} n]vfdfgsf] Joj:yf gePsf] cj:yfdf k|rlnt s'g}
cGt/f{li6o l;4fGt jf k|rngsf] cfwf/df ljefun] tf]s]sf] n]vfdfg cg';f/
s/ n]vf+sg ug'{ kg]{5 .
k|fs[lts AolQmn] cfkm\gf] /f]huf/L / nufgLsf] cfosf] n]vfg gub cfwf/ (Cash
Basis) df ug{' kb{5 eg] Joj;fosf] cfo eg] Pq'mon (Accrual) jf gub cfwf/df
n]vfg ug{' kg]{ x'G5 . sDkgLn] cfkm\gf] cfosf] n]vfg Accrual Basis df g} ug'{
kg]{ x'G5 . cGo cj:yfdf eg] k|rlnt n]vf Joj:yfsf] cwf/df gub jf Pq'monsf]
cfwf/df n]vfg ug{ ;lsg]5 . o;/L k|of]u ul/g] n]vfg gLlt n]vfsf] ;j{dfGo
l;fGt adf]lhd lg/Gt/ ?kdf (Consistently) kfng ug{' kg]{ x'G5 . k|rlnt
sfg"gdf s'g} n]vfdfgsf] Aoa:yf gePsf] ca:yfdf eg] laefun] k|rlnt s'g}
cGt/f{li6o l;4fGt jf k|rngsf] cfwf/df tf]s]sf] n]vfdfg adf]lhd n]vfg ug'{
kb{5 .
k|rlnt n]vfdfg cg';f/ Pj+ P]gsf] bkmf @@ sf] pkbkmf -%_ jdf]lhd ;d]t n]vfg
tl/sfdf ;fdfGotofM kl/jt{g ug{ kfO{b}g . tyfkL k|rng -Industrial Practices_ sf]
cfwf/df n]vfg tl/sf kl/jt{g ug{ cfjZos nfu]sf] v08df ljefu ;dIf lgj]bg
lbg' kb{5 / ;f] s'/f ljefunfO{ plrt nfu]df s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu n]vfg tl/sf
kl/jt{g ug{ :jLs[lt lbg ;Sg]5 . k|fs[lts AolQmsf] /f]huf/L / nufgL gub
cfwf/df / sDkgLsf] cfosf] n]vfg s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu Accrual basis df g} x'g'
kg]{ x'gfn] oL Aoa:yfsf] kl/jt{gsf nflu eg] lga]bg lbg ;Sg] 5}gg\ . o;/L s/
k|of]hgsf] nflu n]vfg tl/sf ljefusf] :jLs[lt lnO{ kl/jt{g u/]sf] v08df To:tf]
kl/jt{g ePsf] cfo jif{df ;f] JolQmsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ePsf], sf ePsf]

118

jf ;dfj]z x'g] jf sf x'g] /sdx?df s'g} /sd g5'6\g] u/L jf bf]xf]/f] gkg]{ u/L
;dfof]hg ug{' kg]{5 . o; ;DaGwL Aoa:yf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 k|i6\ofO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f *=@=#M dfgf}+, b]j]g dx/f Ps sfg"g Joj;foL /x]5g\ . lghn] cfkm\gf]
k]zfaf6 k|fKt x'g] cfo gubsf] cfwf/df n]vfg u/L cfPsf /x]5g\ . lghn]
cf=j= @)^%.^^ df Cash Basis af6 Accrual Basis df n]vfg tl/sf kl/jt{g
ug{ ljefu ;dIf lgj]bg lbPsf /x]5g\ . lx;fa lstfa k|rlnt n]vf l;4fGt ;+u
d]n vfg] ePsf]n] ljefun] ;d]t ;f] kl/jt{g nfO{ cf=j= @)^%.^^ b]lv nfu" x'g]
u/L :jLs[lt lbPsf] /x]5 . o;/L n]vfg kl/jt{g x'g' cl3sf] cj:yfdf lghsf]
lx;fa lstfasf] cj:yf lgDgfg';f/ /x]5 .
!= @)^$.^% ;Dd ;]jf lbO;s]sf] t/ gub k|fKt gePsf] x'+bf ?= *),))).
;f] cf=a=df cfDbfgLdf ;dfj]z gu/]sf]
@= @)^$.^% ;Dd ;]jf jfkt k]ZsL lnPsf] -;]jf k|bfg ?= #),))).
@)^%.^^_ t/ ;]jf k|bfg ug{ afFsL ePtfklg gub cfwf/df
;f] cf=a=df cfDbfgLdf ;dfj]z u/]sf]
#= @)^$ df3 b]lv @)^% kf}if d;fGt ;Ddsf] 3/jxfn cf=j= ?=$*,))).
@)^$.^% df e"Qmfg u/]sf] / gub cfwf/df cf=j=
@)^$.^% sf vr{ sL bfjL u/L ;s]sf]

*=@=@

pk/f]Qm cj:yfdf cf=j= @)^%.^^ df lghn] lgDgfg';f/ cfo tyf sL bfjL

;dfof]hg ug{' kg]{ x'G5 .
!= cf=j= @)^$.^% ;Dd ;]jf k|bfg ul/;s] jfkt k|fKt x'g afFsL ? *),))).
nfO{ cf= j= @)^%.^^ df cfDbfgLdf ;dfa]; ug'{ kg]{ .
@= @)^$.^% ;Dd ;]jf k|bfg ug{' cufj} k]ZsL lnPsf] /sd cf=j= @)^%.^^ df
;]jf k|bfg u/]tfklg cfo @)^$.^% df g} u0fgf eO;s]sf] x'+bf ? #),))).
cf=j= @)^%.^^ df ;]jf k|bfg ePtfklg ;f] cf=a=sf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug{'
gkg]{ .
#= 3/ axfn vr{ k]ZsL ? $*,))). dWo] ^ dlxgfsf] ? @$,))). cf=j=
@)^%.^^ ;+u ;DjlGwt ePtfklg gub cfwf/df cf=j= @)^$.^% df g} sL
bfjL u/L ;s]sf] x'+bf cf=j= @)^%.^^ df sL bfjL ug{ gkfpg] .
cf=j= @)^%.^^ df o:tf cfo tyf sL bfjL ug]{ vr{ /sdx? bf]xf]/f] gkg]{ u/L
;dfof]hg u/] kZrft To; kl5sf cfo jif{df eg] Accrual basis df n]vfg ug{'
kb{5 .
n]vfg gLlt (Accounting Policy) n] cfo n]vfgdf pNn]vgLo c;/ ;d]t ug]{
cj:yfnfO{ Wofgdf /flv Ps?ktf tyf lgoldttf (Consistency) ;d]t sfod /fVg]
p4]Zon] cfos/ P]g, @)%* df s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu P]gsf] clwgdf /xL n]vfsf]
;j{dfGo l;4fGt cg'?k n]vfg ul/g'kg]{ Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 . pk/f]Qm adf]lhd P]gdf
:ki6 ?kdf n]vfgsf] k|s[of v'nfO{Psf] cj:yfdf ;f]xL adf]lhd / cGoyf ePsf]df
n]vfsf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGt cg'?k s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu n]vfg (Accounting) ug'{ kg]{
x'G5 . o; ;Gbe{df g]kfn rf6{8{ Psfp06]06;\ ;+:yf (Institute of Chartered
Accountants of Nepal, ICAN) n] hf/L u/]sf g]kfn n]vfdfg (Nepal Accounting
119

/ ;f] gePsf] ca:yfdf International Accounting Standard jf cGo

k|rlnt l;4fGtsf cfwf/df n]vfg ug'{ kg]{ Aoa:yf P]gn] u/]sf] 5 . cfos/
k|of]hgsf] nflu lgDg AolQmn] lgDgfg';f/sf] n]vfg tl/sf ckgfO sf/f]jf/ n]vfg
ug{' kb{5 .
cfosf] lzif{s
n]vfg tl/sf
AolQm
k|fs[lts JolQm
/f]huf/L, nufgL
gubsf] cfwf/
k|fs[lts JolQm
Joj;fo
gub jf Pq'mon cfwf/
sDkgL
Aoj;fo, nufgL
Pq'mon cfwf/

Standard)

*=#
*=#=!

gub cfwf/sf] n]vfg M

P]gsf] bkmf @# n] gub cfwf/sf] n]vfg ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/ Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5M
s'g} JolQmn] s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu o; P]gsf] cwLgdf /xL /f]huf/L, Joj;fo jf
nufgLaf6 ePsf] cfgf] cfosf] u0fgfsf] n]vf+sg gub cfwf/df ubf{ b]xfo
adf]lhd ug'{ kg]{5 M
-s_ lghn] e'QmfgL k|fKt ubf{ jf lghnfO{ ;f] e'QmfgL pknAw x'Fbfsf
cj:yfdf dfq lghsf] cfosf] u0fgfdf /sd k|fKt u/]sf] dfgL ;dfj]z
ug'{ kg]{5 .
-v_ lghn] e'QmfgL u/]kl5 dfq ;f] u0fgfdf vr{afkt sL ug'{ kg]{5 .
gub k|fKt eP kl5 cfDbfgLdf ;dfa]; ug]{ Pj+ gub e'QmfgL ePkl5 dfq} vr{ n]Vg]
k|0ffnLnfO{ gub cfwf/df n]vfg ug]{ k2tL dflgG5 . gub cfwf/df n]vf+sg ePtf
klg bkmf !% sf vr{x?nfO{ eg] Pqm'on cfwf/df g} vr{ n]vfg ug'{ kb{5 .
gub cfwf/df n]vfg ;DaGwL Aoa:yf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 k|i6\ofO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f *=#=!M dfgf}+, df]xg s;h" P08 ;G;\ Psnf}6L kmd{ /x]5 . pQm kmd{n]
cfk\mgf] cfDbfgL vr{ cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu Cash Basis df n]vfg ug]{ u/]sf]
/x]5 . cf=j= @)^%.^^ df lghsf] ;f] kmd{sf] sf/f]jf/sf] cj:yf lgDg /x]5 .
s= @)^$.^% df pwf/f]df ljlqm u/]sf] dWo] cf=j= @)^%.^^ df gub k|fKt
%),))).
v= @)^%.^^ df s'n ljqmL ? !),)),))). dWo] ? (,)),))). gub k|fKt
u= @)^%.^^ df sd{rf/Lx?sf] tna vr{ ? @,)),))). dWo] ? !,*),))).
e'Qmfg lbO;s]sf] ? @),))). @)^^.$.!$ df dfq e'QmfgL lbPsf] .
3= ljqmLsf] nfut ? ^,)),))). e'QmfgL eO{;s]sf] .
= cf=j= @)^%.^^ df cf=j @)^^.^& sf] 3/jxfn ?= !)),))). clu|d
e'QmfgL u/]sf] .
r= cf=j=@)^%.^^ sf] axfn /sd ? (),))). cf=j= @)^$.^% dfg} gub
e'Qmfg u/L ;s]sf] .
5= cf=j= @)^%.^^ sf] s'n Aofh vr{ ? ^),))). dWo] ? !),))).
@)^^.$.@) df dfq e'Qmfg u/]sf] .
pk/f]Qmfg';f/ gub cfwf/df cf=j= @)^%.^^ df ;f] kmd{sf] cfosf] u0fgf
lgDgfg';f/ ug{' kg]{ x'G5 .
sL
cfo
laa/0f
120

*=$

s= @)^$.^% sf] ljqmL jfkt gub k|fKtL

%),))).
v= @)^%.^^ sf] gub ljqmL
()),))).
u= @)^%.^^ df sd{rf/LnfO{ gub e'Qmfg
!*),))).
u/]sf] tna
3= ljqmLsf] nfut
^)),))).
= @)^%.^^ df gub e"Qmfg u/]sf] 3/ jxfn !)),))).
r= @)^%.^^ df cf=j= @)^%.^^ sf] axfn
))
e'Qmfg ePsf] -cf=a= @)^%.^^ df e'Qmfg
gePsf]_
5= Aofh gub e'QmfgL
%),))).
hDdf ?=
(,#),))). (%),))).
o; k|sf/ pk/f]Qm kmd{n] cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu gub cfwf/df n]vfg u/]sf]
cj:yfdf dfly pNn]v u/] jdf]lhd ?= (,%),))). nfO{ cfodf ;dfj]z
(Inclusion) ug'{kg]{ x'G5 eg] ? (,#),))). nfO{ sL (Deduction) bfjL ug{
;lsG5 .
Pq'mon cfwf/sf] n]vfg
Pq'mon cfwf/sf] n]vfg (Accrual Basis of Accounting) cGt/fli6o k|rngdf /x]sf]
n]vfg ktL xf] . g]kfn n]vfdfg (Nepal Accounting Standard- 1: Presentation of
Financial Statement) n] lgsfosf] gub k|jfx (Cash Flow Statement) jfx]s cGo
cfly{s ljj/0f Accrual Basis df /fVg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf @@ sf]
pkbkmf -#_ df sDkgLn] s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu Accrual Basis df g} n]vfg ug{'kg]{
:ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
Accrual Basis of Accounting df s'g} cfly{s 36gf jf sf/f]jf/ x'gf;fy g} n]vfg
ul/G5 . sf/f]jf/x? h'g ;do ;+u ;DjlGwt 5 ;f]lx ;dodf g} n]vfg ul/g]
k2tLnfO{ Pq'mon cfwf/sf] n]vfg elgG5 . o:tf] ktLn] cfDbfgL / vr{ ljr
Matching Concept nfO{ ;d]t k'i6\ofO{ ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] x'G5 . o; ktLdf cfo
n]vfg ubf{ e'QmfgL kfpg] clwsf/ ;[hgf (Right to Receive) ePsf] cj:yfdf cfo
n]vfg ul/g' k5{ eg] vr{sf] ;Gbe{df e'QmfgL lbg' kg]{ bfloTj (Obligation to Pay)
;[hgf x'gf;fy vr{ ePsf] dfgL n]vfg ul/g' kb{5 . cyf{t o; lsl;dsf] n]vfg
ktLdf gub k|fKtL jf e'QmfgLnfO{ dfq cfwf/ dflgb}g .
P]gsf] bkmf @$ adf]lhd Pq'mon cfwf/sf] n]vfg ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/ Aoa:yf
u/]sf] 5M
-!_ s'g} JolQmn] s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu o; P]gsf] cwLgdf /xL Joj;fo jf
nufgLjf6 ePsf] cfgf] cfosf] u0fgfsf] n]vfg Pq'mon cfwf/df ubf{
e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ l;h{gf x'gf;fy To:tf] e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf] dfgL
lghsf] cfosf] u0fgfdf ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
Pq'mon cfwf/df n]vfg ubf{ e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ l;h{gf (Right to Receive)
x'gf ;fy cfDbfgL n]vfg ug'{ kg]{ tyf vr{sf] ;Gbe{df e'QmfgL ug'{ kg]{ bfloTj
l;h{gf (Obligation to Pay) x'gf;fy vr{ n]vfg ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . o; ;DaGwL
Aoa:yf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 k|i6\ofO{Psf] 5 .
121

pbfx/0f *=$=!M dfgf}+, dfly pbfx/0f *=#=! df pNn]lvt df]xg s;h" P08
;G;\n] cfk\mgf] cfDbfgL vr{ cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu Accrual basis df n]vfg
u/]sf] ca:yfdf ;f] pbfx/0fdf pNn]lvt sf/f]af/ lgDgfg';f/ cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{
kg]{ / sL bfaL ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
laa/0f
sL
cfo
s= @)^$.^% sf] ljqmL jfkt cf=j=

@)^%.^^ df gub k|fKtL

v= @)^%.^^ sf] ljqmL
!),)),))).
u= @)^%.^^ sf] sd{rf/Lsf] tna vr{
@,)),))).
3= ljqmLsf] nfut
^)),))).
= @)^%.^^ sf] 3/ jxfn vr{
(),))).
r= @)^%.^^ df cf=j= @)^^.^& sf] axfn

e'Qmfg ePsf] -k]ZsL_

5= Aofh vr{
^),))).
hDdf ?=
(,%),))). !),)),))).
o; k|sf/ pk/f]Qm kmd{n] cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu Pq'mon cfwf/df n]vfg u/]sf]
cj:yfdf dfly pNn]v u/] jdf]lhd ?= !),)),))). nfO{ cfodf ;dfj]z
(Inclusion) ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 eg] ? (,%),))). nfO{ sL (Deduction) bfjL ug{
;lsG5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df pNn]veP adf]lhd s'g} JolQmsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ sL ug]{
k|of]hgsf] nflu b]xfosf vr{x? Joxf]/]sf] dflgg]5 M
-s_ s'g} csf]{ JolQmjf6 ePsf] e'QmfgLsf] ;fdf To:tf] vr{ ;dfj]z ePsf]
s'g} e'QmfgL ul/Psf] ePdf b]xfosf] cj:yfdf vr{ Joxf]/]sf] dflgg]5 M
-!_ ;f] JolQmdf ;f] e'QmfgL ug]{ bfloTj /x]sf]df,
Pqm'cn cfwf/df vr{ sL x'g lgDg cj:yf k'/f x'g' kb{5M
klxnf] cj:yfM e'QmfgL kfpg] JolQm lglZrt (Fixed Party Obligation - liability) x'g'
kb{5, clglZrt kf6L{ ePsf] vr{ Joj:yf (Probable Obligation- Provision) x'G5 /
Joj:yf vr{ sl6\6 x'b}g .
dfgf} z}n]z eGg] JolQmn] l;6L sDKo"6/ k|f= nL= jf6 ? !)),))) df sDKo"6/
pwf/f]gub df vl/b u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm sDKo"6/sf] :jfldTj l;6L sDKo"6/af6
z}n]z eGg] JolQmdf x:tfGt/0f ePsf] x'bf lgh z}n]zn] ?= ! nfv l;6L sDKo"6/
k|f= nL= nfO{ ltg'{ kg]{ bfloTj l;h{gf eof] .
-@_ To:tf] bfloTjsf] d"No oyfy{ k/s 9n] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsg]
ePsf]df, /
bf]>f] cj:yfM Pqm'on cfwf/df vr{ sl6\6 ug{ ;f] vr{sf] /sd lglZrt
(Measurable) x'g' kb{5 . ltg]{ bfloTj g} ePdf klg /sd clglZrt ePdf ljQLo
ljj/0fdf cg'dflgt /sdsf] vr{ Joj:yf (Estimated loss- Provision) x'G5 /
Joj:yf vr{ sl6\6 x'b}g .

122

dfyL pNn]v ul/Psf] pbf/x0fdf z}n]zn] l;6L sDKo"6/ k|f= nL= jf6 ?= ! nfvsf]
;dfg vl/b u/]sf] / ;f] ;fdfgsf] ljn ;d]t sf6L ;s]sf] x+'bf pQm bfloTjsf] d"No
?= ! nfv olsg x'g] x'G5 .
-#_ csf]{ JolQmaf6 e'QmfgL k|fKt ePsf]df, jf
t]>f] cj:yfM Pqm'on cfwf/df vr{ sl6\6 ug{ ;f] vr{sf] /sd e'QmfgL kfpg]
kIfaf6 k|fKt x'g'kg]{ j:t' jf ;]jf k|fKt eP jfktsf] /sd x'g' kb{5 . j:t' jf ;]jf
k|fKt gePsf] cj:yfdf e'QmfgLsf] kIf lglZrt ePsf] jf /sd lglZrt ePtf klg
;f] vr{ geO{ clu|d vr{ (Pre-paid) x'G5 .
csf]{ JolQm cyf{t dfyL pNn]v ul/Psf] pbf/x0fdf l;6L sDKo"6/ k|f= nL= jf6
z}n]zn] e"QmfgL k|fKt -cyf{t ;fdfg k|fKt_ u/]sf] x'bf Pq'mon cfwf/df vr{ n]Vgsf]
nflu dfly pNn]lvt tLgj6} cj:yf k'/f u/]sf]n] o:tf] vl/b sf/f]jf/nfO{ lghn]
Pq'mon cfwf/df vr{ n]Vg kb{5 .
e'QmfgL] ;DaGwL n]vfg tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 yk k|i6 kfl/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f *=$=@M dfgf}+, ljsf; g]kfn 6]l8 k|f=ln= n] ? %),))). d"No kg]{
;fdfg :jl0f{d k|f= ln= nfO{ Ps dlxgf kl5 /sd e'QmfgL ug]{ zt{df laqmL
u/]sf] /x]5 . o; cj:yfdf :jl0f{d k|f=ln=n] ljsf; g]kfn 6]l8 k|f=ln af6 ?=
%),))). d"No kg]{ ;fdfg k|fKt u/]sf] x'bf ;f] jfkt :jl0f{d k|f=ln n] Ps
dlxgf kl5 /sd e'QmfgL ug{' kg]{ / o:tf] bfloTj oyfy{k/s 9+un] olsg ;d]t
ug{ ;lsg] ePsf] x'+bf :jl0f{d k|f=ln n] pQm vr{ Pq'monsf] cfwf/df ;f]xL
;do sL bfjL ug{ ;Sb5 .
-v_ v08 -s_ df plNnlvt cj:yfafx]s cGo ;a} cj:yfdf e'QmfgL ul/Psf]
;dodf vr{ Joxf]/]sf] dflgg]5 .
dfyL pNn]v ul/P cg';f/ Joj:yf vr{nfO{ ljlQo ljj/0fdf vr{ dflgPtf klg s/
k|of]hgdf vr{ dflgb}g . t/ o:tf Joj:yfaf6 jf:tljs e'QmfgL ePsf cfo jif{df
;f] vr{nfO{ vr{ sl6\6 lbOG5 . o:tf vr{x? eg] af:tlas e'QmfgL (Actual
Payments) sf] cfwf/df vr{ Aoxf]/]sf] dflgG5 . o; ;DaGwL Aoa:yf tnsf]
pbfx/0faf6 k|i6\ofO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f *=$=#M dfgf}+, 6]8 g]kfn P08 sDkgL k|f=ln= sf] cf=j= @)^%.^^ sf]
cGt ;Dddf sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ lgodfjnLsf] cfwf/df ?= %)),))). sf]
sd{rf/L pkbfg bfloTj ;[hgf eO;s]sf] /x]5 . g]kfn n]vfdfg cg'?k ljQLo
ljj/0f tof/ kfbf{ sDkgLn] pQm /sd vr{ n]vL bfloTj lx;fjdf n]vfg ug{'
kg]{ x'G5 . ;f] sDkgLsf] sd{rf/Lx? To; cj:yfdf ;]jf lga[t eOg;s]sf] Pa+
eljiodf ;]jf lgj[t x'g] ;do;Dd pQm bfloTj /sd km/s kg{ ;Sg] ePsf] x'+bf
pQm pkbfg jfktsf] bfloTj cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu oyf{y ?kdf olsg x'g
;Sg] bfloTj dflgb}g / ljlQo n]vf (Financial Accounts) df vr{ bfaL u/]tf klg
cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu ;f] /sd sL bfjL of]Uo dflgb}g . obL ;f] sDkgLn]
pk/f]Qm adf]lhdsf] bfloTj sDkgLn] pkef]u ug{ g;Sg] u/L tyf sd{rf/Lx?sf]
gfdsf] olsg cfwf/df cyf{t bfloTjsf] d"No oyfy{k/s 9+un] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsg]
u/L :jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifdf e'Qmfg u/]sf] eP e'QmfgLsf] cj:yfd} cfos/

123

k|of]hgsf] nflu sL bfjL ug{ ;Sg] x'G5 . cGoyf ;f] pkbfg jfktsf] bfloTj
;]jf lga[t x'+bf sd{rf/LnfO{ e'Qmfg u/]sf] ;dodf dfq vr{ u/]sf] dfGg' kb{5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg a}+ls Joj;fosf ;DaGwdf
g]kfn /fi6 a}+s P]g, @)%* tyf a}+ls ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"gsf cwLgdf /xL
g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] tf]s]sf] n]vfgnfO{ ljefun] dfGotf lbg ;Sg]5 .
sDkgLn] s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu Pqm"onsf] cfwf/df n]vfg ul/g' kg]{ Aoj:yf u/]sf]
ePtfklg a}+ls Aoj;fo ug]{ lgsfon] eg] g]kfn /fi6 a}+s P]g, @)%* tyf a}+ls
;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"gsf cwLgdf /lx tf]s]sf] n]vfg lalwnfO{ ljefun] dfGotf
lbg ;Sg] Aoj:yf /x]s]f 5 .
g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] a}+ls Joj;fonfO{ hf/L u/]sf] k|rlnt lgb]{lzsf cg';f/ shf{
nufgLsf] Aofh gub k|fKtLsf] cfwf/df dfq cfo n]vf+sg ub{5g\ . g]kfn /fi6
a}+sn] tf]s] cg';f/ a}+sn] cfh{g ePsf] t/ gubdf e'QmfgL k|fKt gePsf] lng afsL
Jofh /sd Jofh d'NtjL lx;fjdf hDdf ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . a}+ls Joj;fo ug]{
lgsfon] lng afsL b]vfPsf] Jofh / Jofh d'NtjL lx;fjsf] /sd ;dfg ePdfq
g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] lgb]{lzsf kfngf ePsf] dfGg] cj:yf 5 . t/ cGo cfDbfgL tyf
vr{ Pq'monsf] cfwf/df n]vfg ug]{ ug'{kb{5 / shf{df Aofh cfDbfgL u0fgf ubf{
gub cfwf/df dfq ug{' kb{5 . o; ;DaGwL Aoa:yf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 k|i6\ofO{Psf]
5.
pbfx/0f *=$=$M dfgf}+, z"e a}+s ln= sf] cf=a= @)^$.^% sf] shf{ ;Demf}tf
adf]lhd shf{ nufgL jfkt Accrual Basis df ?= !,%),)),))). Aofh cfDbfgL
ePsf]df ;f] dWo] a}+sn] ?= !,@%,)),))). gub g} c;"n u/]sf] / afFsL ?=
@%,)),))). gub c;'n x'g af+sL /x]5 . To:t} cf=a= @)^#.^$ sf] c;'n ug{
afFsL Aofh dWo] o; aif{ ?= !,)),))). Aofh gubdf c;'n ePsf] /x]5 eg]
cf= a= @)^$.^% df ;f] a}+sn] ?= !,@^,)),))). -?= !@%,))))) ?=
!,)),)))._ nfO{ cfodf ;dfj]z ug{' kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L gubdf c;"n gePsf]
Aofh /sd eg] ;f] a}+sn] Aofh d'NtaL lx;fa (Interest Suspense) df n]vfg
ug{' kg]{ x'G5 / o:tf] Aofh /sd h'g ;do gubdf c;'n x'G5 ;f]xL ;dodf
cfodf ;dfj]z ug{' kg]{ x'G5 .
dfly pNn]lvt n]vfgsf ;DaGwdf tn pNn]lvt Accounting Entries af6 yk
k|i6 kfl/Psf] 5M
Interest Receivable . Dr.
To Interest Suspense
Cash . Dr.
To Interest Receivable
Interest Suspense . Dr.
To Interest Income
Cash . Dr.
To Interest Receivable
Interest Suspense . Dr.
To Interest Income

1,50,00,000
1,50,00,000
1,25,00,000
1,25,00,000
1,25,00,000
1, 25,00,000
1,00,000
1,00,000
1,00,000
1,00,000

124

-$_ Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 ePsf] s'g} JolQmsf] cfo Pq'mon cfwf/df u0fgf ubf{
;f] JolQmn] cfk"mn] kfpg' kg]{ s'g} e'QmfgL ;dfj]z u/]sf]df jf cfk'mn] Joxf]g'{
kg]{ s'g} e'QmfgL sf u/]sf]df ;6xL b/sf] km/ssf] sf/0f ;d]tn] ubf{ ;f]
JolQmn] e'QmfgL kfpFbf jf e'QmfgL lb+bf km/s kg{ uPdf km/s /sdnfO{
e'QmfgL k|fKt x'Fbf jf lb+bf ;dfof]hg ug'{ kg]{5 .
P]gsf] bkmf @* cg';f/ ljb]zL d'b|fdf x'g] sf/f]jf/ n]vfg ubf{ g]kfnL ?k}ofFdf
kl/jt{g u/L n]vfg ug{' kb{5 . Joj;fo jf nufgL jf6 ePsf] s'g} AolQmsf] cfo
Pq'mon cfwf/df n]vfg ubf{ ;f] AolQmn] cfkm'n] kfpg' kg]{ ljb]zL d"b|fsf] e'QmfgL ;DklQ_ jf cfkm'n] sf bfjL u/]sf] ljb]zL d"b|fdf lbg af+sL e'QmfgL -bfloTj_ nfO{
;f] AolQmn] kfpFbf jf e'QmfgL lb+bf ;6xL b/sf] sf/0f To:tf] ;DklQ jf bfloTjdf
km/s kg{ uPdf ;f] ;d]t cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfof]hg ug{' kg]{ x'G5 . o; ;DaGwL
Aoa:yf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 k|i6\ofO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f *=$=%M dfgf}+, u+uf Dofg kfj/ ;le;]h k|f= ln= n] @)^$.^.% df
Overseas International Inc. nfO{ sldzg jfkt US$ 10,000 lbg' kg]{ cfwf/df
vr{ sL bfjL u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm /sddf % k|ltztn] x'g cfpg] s/ sf kl5
US$ 9,500 sf/f]jf/sf] ;dodf sfod ljlgdo b/ ?= &% k|lt cd]l/sL 8n/n]
x'g cfpg] ?= &,!@,%)) nfO{ e'QmfgL lbg afFsL bfloTjsf] ?kdf n]vfg u/]sf]
/x]5 . pQm k|f=ln=n] ;f] Overseas International Inc. nfO{ @)^$.!@.# df US$
9,500 e'QmfgL k7fPsf] /x]5 . e'QmfgL k7fp+bf ;6xL b/ k|lt cd]l/sL 8n/sf] ?=
&@ /x]5 eg] cf=j= @)^$.^% df pQm k|f=ln=n] lgDgfg';f/ cfodf ;dfof]hg ug{'
kg]{ x'G5 .
!= ;dfof]hg ug'{ cl3sf] e'QmfgL lng af+sL lx;fa
&,!@,%)).
@= e'QmfgL k7fp+bfsf] ljlgdo b/n] x'g] /sd
^,*$,))).
(US$ 9,500X72)

#= cfodf ;dfof]hg -yk_ ug'{ kg]{ /sd

@*,%)).
-? &,!@,%)) ?= ^,*$,)))_
pbfx/0f *=$=^M dfgf}+, dfyL pbfx/0f *=$=% df pNn]lvt u+uf Dofg kfj/
;le;]h k|f= ln=n] US$ 9,500 ;f] Overseas International Inc. nfO{ @)^$.!@.# df
e'QmfgL k7fPsf] /x]5 . pQm ldltdf cd]l/sL 8n/sf] ;6xL b/ k|lt cd]l/sL
8n/ ?= &^ /x]5 eg] cf=j= @)^$.^% df pQm k|f=ln=n] lgDgfg';f/ cfodf
;dfof]hg ug{' kg]{ x'G5 .
!= ;dfof]hg ug{ cl3sf] e'QmfgL lbg af+sL lx;fa
&,!@,%)).
@= e'QmfgL k7fp+bfsf] ljlgdo b/n] x'g] /sd
&,@@,))).
(US$ 9,500X76)

*=%

#= ;dfof]hg -yk sL bfjL_ ug'{ kg]{ /sd

? (,%)).
-? &,@@,))) ?= &,!@,%))_
8'j]sf] C0f nufotsf /sdx?sf] l/e;{
s'g} AolQmsf] Joj;fo, /f]huf/L / nufgLjf6 k|fKt u/]sf] cfosf] u0fgfdf ;dfj]z
ePsf /sdx? s'g} cj:yfdf e'QmfgL k|fKt gePdf jf lkmtf{ ug'{ k/]df / sL bfjL
ul/Psf vr{x? e'Qmfg ug'{ gk/]df jf lkmtf{ k|fKt ePdf h'g ;dodf lkmtf{ u/]sf]

125

jf lkmtf{ k|fKt ePsf] jf e'QmfgL k|fKt gePsf] jf e'QmfgL ug{ gk/]sf] jf o:t} k|sf/
bfjL Tofu, ldGxf jf ckn]vg ePdf ;f] ca:yf olsg ePsf] ;dodf g} pko'Qm
;dfof]hg ug'{ kb{5 . o; k|sf/sf] ;dfof]hgsf ;Gbe{df P]gsf] bkmf @% df
lgDgfg';f/ Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
-!_ s'g} JolQmn] s'g} /f]huf/L, Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] cfosf] u0fgfdf
k|fKt u/]sf] /sd / Joxf]/]sf vr{sf] n]vf /fVbf b]xfosf] s'g} cj:yfdf ;f]
JolQmn] ;f]w egf{, c;"npk/, bfaL Tofu, ckn]vg, jf ldGxf ul/Psf] ;dodf
pko'Qm ;dfof]hg ug{' kg]{5 M
-s_ kl5 uP/ ;f] JolQmn] cj:yf cg';f/ ;f] /sd lkmtf{ u/]df jf vr{
c;'npk/ u/]df,
s'g} AolQmn] cfos/ k|of]hgsf] lgldQ bfaL u/]sf] /sd k5L ;f]wegf{ u/]df jf
lkmtf{ k|fKt ePdf ;f]xL cg'?k cfo Pa+ vr{df ;dfof]hg ug'{ kb{5 . o; ;DaGwL
Aoa:yf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 k|i6\ofO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f *=%=!M dfgf}+, u0f]z hg/n :6f];{ k|f= ln= n] g]kfn 6]l8 sDkgL ln=jf6
@)^%.)#.@) df ?=%)),))). j/fj/sf] ;fdfg vl/b u/]sf] /x]5 . ;f]xL
adf]lhd u0f]z hg/n :6f];{ k|f= ln=n] cf=j= @)^$.^% df ?= %)),))). vr{
sL bfjL u/]sf] /x]5 / g]kfn 6]l8 sDkgL ln= n] ljqmL jfkt ;f] /sd cfodf
;dfj]; u/]sf] /x]5 . @)^%.)$.!) df u0f]z hg/n :6f];{ k|f=ln= n] vl/b u/]s]f
pQm ;fdfg dWo] ?= $),))). a/fa/sf] ;fdfg Date Expire eO{ sfd gnfUg]
ePsf] egL bfaL u/]5 . ;f] s'/f olsg ePsf] cfwf/df u0f]z hg/n :6f];{ k|f=
ln= n] pQm ;fdfg g]kfn 6]l8 sDkgL nL= nfO{ @)^%.%.@) df lkmtf{ u/]s]f
/x]5 . o; cj:yfdf g]kfn 6]l8 sDkgL ln= n] pQm /sd @)^%.%.@) df sL
bfjL u/L ;dfof]hg ug'{ kb{5 eg] u0f]z hg/n :6f];{ k|f=nL= n] ;f]xL ldltdf
lkmtf{ k|fKt ePsf] /sdnfO{ cfodf ;dfj]; u/L ;dfof]hg ug'{ kb{5 .
-v_ k|fKt ul/Psf] /sdsf] n]vf Pq'mon cfwf/df /flvPsf]df kl5 uP/ ;f]
JolQmn] ;f] /sd k|fKt ug]{ cfkmgf] clwsf/ 5fl8 lbPdf jf ;f] /sd ;f]
JolQmsf] C0f bfaL ePsf] cj:yfdf lghn] ;f] C0fnfO{ 8'j]sf] C0f dfgL
ckn]vg u/]df, jf
s'g} AolQmn] cfos/ k|of]hgsf] lgldQ Pq'mon cfwf/df n]vfg u/L lng afFsL C0f bfaL_ lx;fa u0fgf u/]sf] / kl5 ;f] AolQmn] k|fKt ug]{ cfkm\gf] clwsf/ P]gn]
tf]s]sf] cfwf/df 5f]8L lbPdf cyf{t C0fdflysf] cfkm\gf] bfaL kl/Tofu u/]df ;f]xL
cg'?k vr{ bfaL ug{ ;Sb5 . o; ;DaGwL Aoa:yf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 k|i6\ofO{Psf]
5.
pbfx/0f *=%=@M dfgf}+, lxdfn klAns ;le{;]h k|f=nL= n] u|fxsx?nfO{ pwf/f]df
;d]t ;fdfg ljqmL ub}{ cfPsf] /x]5 . pQm k|f=nL=n] cf=a= @)^$.^% df ljqmL u/]
jfkt Pq'mondf cfDbfgL hlgPsf] ?= ^),))). lng afFsL /sd -cf;fdL_ /x]5 .
pQm k|f=nL= sf] lng afFsL cf;fdL dWo] Ps cf;fdL lrkfn' sDkgL;+u ?=
!),))). lng afFsL /x]5 . o; n]gb]g ;DaGwdf laafb ePsf] / laafb ldnfpg]
;Gbe{df cbfntsf] cfb]zn] ;f] k|f=ln= n] ?= @,))). 5f8\g] eP lrkfn' sDkgLn]
afFsL ?= *,))). e'Qmfg ug]{ zt{df ;f] k|f=ln= n] @)^^.@.% df ?= @,))).
126

dfly cfkm\gf] -C0f_ bfaL ug]{ clwsf/ 5f]8]sf] /x]5 . o;/L bfaL ug]{ clwsf/
5f]8]sf] @,))). ;f] k|f=nL=n] bfaL 5f]8]sf] ldltdf sL bfjL ug{ ;Sg]5 .
lrkfn' sDkgLsf nflu ltg{ afsL /x]sf] /sd ltg{ gk/]sfn] of] /sd cfodf
;dfj]z x'G5 .
-u_ vr{ ul/Psf] /sdsf] n]vf Pq'mon cfwf/df /flvPsf]df kl5 uP/ ;f]
JolQmn] To:tf] vr{ ug]{ bfloTj 5fl8 lbPdf jf ;f] vr{ C0f bfaL ePsf]
cj:yfdf h'g JolQmnfO{ ;f] C0f ltg'{kg]{ xf] ;f] JolQmn] C0f ldGxf
lbPdf .
s'g} AolQmn] cfos/ k|of]hgsf] lgldQ Pq'monsf] cfwf/df n]vfg u/L lbg afFsL bfloTj jf C0f_ lx;fa u0fgf u/]sf] / kl5 ;f] bfloTj g/x]df jf e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{
AolQmn] cfkm\gf] clwsf/ 5f]8L lbPdf cyf{t C0fdflysf] cfkm\gf] bfaL kl/Tofu u/]df
;f]xL cg'?k cfodf ;dfof]hg ug'{ kb{5 . o; ;DaGwL Aoa:yf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6
k|i6\ofO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f *=%=#M dfgf}+, z'e nIdL afl0fHo a}+s ln= n] cfkm\gf] k'/fgf] shf{ c;'n
ug]{ ;Gbe{df lbjf pBf]u k|f=nL= ;Fu lng afFsL Jofh ?= !)),))). dWo] ?
$),))). nfO{ @)^^.@.! df ldGxf u/]sf] /x]5 . o; cj:yfdf ;f] k|f= ln= n]
ljut jif{df Pq'monsf] cfwf/df Aofh vr{ sL bfjL u/]sf] /sd ePsf]n] o;/L
ldGxf ePsf] Aofh ldGxf k|fKt u/]sf] ;dod} lbjf pBf]u k|f=nL= n] ?= $),))).
nfO{ cfodf ;dfj]; ug'{ kb{5 .
-@_ s'g} JolQmn] b]xfosf cj:yfdf dfq s'g} /sd k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ Tofu ug{ jf
;f] JolQmsf] C0f bfaLnfO{ 8'j]sf] C0fsf] ?kdf ckn]vg ug{ kfpg]5 M
-s_ s'g} ljQLo ;+:yf jf a}+ssf] C0f bfaLsf xsdf ;f] C0f bfaL tf]lsPsf]
dfkb08x? cg';f/ 8'j]sf] C0fdf kl/0ft ePdf, /
lgod ( adf]lhd 8'a]sf] jf v/fa C0fdf kl/0ft x'g] dfkb08 lgDgfg';f/ tf]s]sf]
5M

P]gsf] bkmf @% sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -s_ / bkmf $) sf] pkbkmf -#_ sf]
v08 -u_ sf] pkv08 -!_ sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu a}+s jf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f
8'a]sf] jf v/fa C0fdf kl/0ft x'g] ;DaGwdf g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
dfkb08 cg';f/ x'g]5 .
a}+s tyf ljlQo ;+:yfn] pNn]lvt dfkb08sf] clwgdf /xL C0f bfjL jfkt ckn]vg
ug{ ;Sb5g\ . t/ P]gsf] bkmf %( sf] pkbkmf -!s_ adf]lhd hf]lvd Joxf]g]{ sf]if
afkt vr{ bfaL ug]{ a}+s tyf ljlQo ;+:yfn] eg] o; bkmf cGtu{t C0f bfjL
ckn]vg jfkt vr{ bfaL ug{ ;Sg] 5}gg\ . t/, o:tf] shf{ ckn]vg ubf{ ckn]vg
ul/Psf] shf{ /sddf g36\g] u/L hf]lvd Aoxf]g]{ sf]ifdf /x]sf] /sd cfodf ;dfa];
u/]sf] v08df eg] C0f bfjL jfkt ckn]vg u/]sf] dflgg] 5}g . o; ;DaGwL
Aoa:yf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 k|i6\ofO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f *=%=$ M dfgf}+, Go" a}+s ln= sf] cf=a= @)^%.^^ sf] cGTodf s'n shf{
aSof}tf Pa+ g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] lgb]z
{ g adf]lhd ckn]vg ul/g' kg]{ shf{sf]
ca:yf lgDgfg';f/ /x]5 M
127

1,00,00,00,000
ckn]vg ug'{ eGbf cuf8Lsf] s'n shf{
2.
6,00,00,000
ckn]vg ul/g] shf{
3.
94,00,00,000
ckn]vg ul/;s]kl5 x'g] shf{sf] df}Hbft
pQm a}+ssf] shf{ ckn]vg ubf{ g]kfn /fi6 j}+sn] tf]lslbPsf] dfkb08 leq /xL
ckn]vg u/]sf] /x]5 / P]gsf] bkmf %(-!s_ cGtu{t hf]lvd Aoxf]g]{ sf]if afkt
vr{ bfaL u/]sf] /x]g5 . o; ca:yfdf pQm a}+sn] ckn]vg u/]sf] shf{ ?= ^
s/f]8 o; bkmf cGtu{t vr{sf] ?kdf sL bfaL ug{ kfpg]5 .
pbfx/0f *=%=% M dfgf}+, Go" a}+s ln= n] P]gsf] bkmf %(-!s_ adf]lhd hf]lvd
Aoxf]g]{ sf]if afkt vr{ bfaL ug]{ u/]sf] /x]5 . ;f] a}+ssf] cf=a= @)^%.^^ sf]
cGtdf s'n shf{ aSof}tf, hf]lvd Joxf]g]{ sf]if Pa+ ckn]vg u/]sf] shf{sf] ca:yf
lgDgfg';f/ /x]5 M
1.
1,00,00,00,000
ckn]vg ug'{ eGbf cuf8Lsf] s'n shf{
2.
1,00,00,000
ckn]vg ul/Psf] shf{
3.
99,00,00,000
ckn]vg ul/;s]kl5sf] shf{sf] df}Hbft
4.
5,10,00,000
g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] lgb]{zg adf]lhd hf]lvd Aoxf]g]{
sf]ifdf afFsL Aoa:yf
5.
3,70,00,000
cf=a= @)^$.^% ;Dd sfod Aoa:yf
6.
1,10,00,000
o; aif{ hf]lvd Aoxf]g]{ sf]ifaf6 cfDbfgLdf ;f/]sf]
/sd
7.
2,50,00,000
o; aif{ hf]lvd Aoxf]g]{ sf]ifdf vr{ n]v]sf] /sd
;f] a}+ssf] cf=a= @)^%.^^ sf] cGtdf P]gsf] bkmf %(-!s_ cg';f/sf] hf]lvd
Aoxf]g]{ sf]ifsf] l;df ?= $ s/f]8 (% nfv -aiff{Gtdf afFsL /x]sf] shf{ ?= ((
s/f]8sf] % k|ltzt_ ePsf] / aiff{Gtdf hf]lvd Aoxf]g]{ sf]ifdf ?= % s/f]8 !)
nfv ePsf]n] a9L ePsf] Aoa:yf ?= !% nfv ldGxf gx'g] . cyf{t o; aif{ vr{
n]v]sf] ?= @ s/f]8 %) nfv dWo] ?= @ s/f]8 #% nfv dfq vr{ ldGxf x'g] . ;f]
aif{ ?= ! s/f]8 shf{ ckn]vg u/]tf klg ?= ! s/f]8 !) nfv hf]lvd Aoxf]g]{
sf]ifaf6 cfDbfgLdf ;f/]sf]n] o; bkmf cGtu{t ckn]vg dflgb}g . cyf{t o:tf]
ckn]vg P]gsf] bkmf @% sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhdsf] C0f bfaL
kl/Tofu u/]sf] dflgb}g .
1.

-v_ v08 -s_ df plNnlvt cj:yfdfafx]s cGo cj:yfdf e'QmfgL k|fKt ug{
;f] JolQmn] ;a} pko'Qm pkfox? ckgfPkl5 ;f] JolQm ;f] clwsf/ jf
C0f bfaL c;'npk/ x'g g;Sg] s'/fdf dgfl;j ?kdf ljZj:t ePdf .
a}+s tyf lalQo ;+:yf afx]s cGo AolQmn] C0f bfaL /sd ckn]vg ubf{, C0fLsf]
cfly{s cj:yf, c;'nLsf] nflu rflnPsf] sbd, h:t} k|x/L sfjf{xL, cj:yfx]/L
cbfntL sfjf{xL cfbL af6 c;'nLsf] nflu k|of; u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 . tt\ kZrft ;d]t
c;'n x'g g;s]sf] v08df dfq o:tf] c;'n ug{ afFsL /sd ;f] AolQmn] ckn]vg
ug{ ;Sb5 .

128

*=^

bL3{sfnLg s/f/ cGtu{tsf] n]vfg

bL3{sfnLg s/f/ eGgfn] !@ dlxgf eGbf a9L cawL ;Dd axfn /xg] pTkfbg,
h8fg jf lgdf{0f ;DaGwL k|ltkmn lanlDat (deferred return) x'g] s/f/nfO{
a'emfp+5 . P]gsf] bkmf @^ df bL3{sfnLg s/f/ cGtu{t ;dfj]z / sL x'g]
/sdx?sf ;DaGwdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . bL3{sfnLg s/f/sf] n]vfg ;DaGwL
Aoa:yf Pa+ la:t[t AofVof o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b @) df ul/Psf] 5 .

129

kl/R%]b 9

%'^ x'g] /sdx? / cGo %'^x?

(Exemptions and Other Reductions)

(=!

cfos/ P]g, @)%* n] JolQmsf] cfosf] u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu s]xL k|sf/sf
cfonfO{ 5'6 lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] ldq/fi6x?;+u s/ 5'6 lbg] u/L
u/]sf] ;Demf}tf adf]lhdsf JolQm jf ;+:yfx?, ;fdflhs tyf k/f]ksf/df ;+nUg
ePsf ;+:yfx?, ef}uf]lns ?kdf b'u{d ePsf If]qx?df sfo{/t /x]sf JolQm jf
;+:yfx?, zf/Ll/s ?kdf czQm ePsf JolQm Pj+ /fli6o k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df 5'6
lbg] jf s/ k|of]hgsf nflu tf]lsPsf] /sd 36fpg lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . P]g sf]
kl/R5]b $ Pj+ cg';"rL ! df 5'6 x'g] cfox? Pj+ s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg kfpg]
/sdx?sf ;DaGwdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . lgb]{lzsfsf] o; kl/R5]bsf] p2]Zo To:tf
cfox?sf ;DjGwdf JofVof ug'{ /x]sf] 5 .

(=@
(=@=!

5"6 x'g] /sdx?

cfodf 5'6 x'g] /sdx?M
5'6 x'g] /sd eGgfn] /sd k|fKt ug]{ JolQmn] cfo u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu
/f]huf/L, Joj;fo jf nufgLsf] cfodf ;dfj]; ug'{ gkg]{ /sdx?nfO{ j'emfp+5 .
P]gsf] bkmf !) n] b]xfosf /sdx?df s/ 5'6 x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
!)-s_ g]kfn ;/sf/ / s'g} ljb]zL /fi6 jf cGt/f{li6o ;+3 ;+:yfsf] aLrdf
ePsf] lkIfLo jf ax'kIfLo ;lGwdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd s/ 5"6sf] ;'ljwf
kfpg] s'g} JolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf] s/ 5"6sf] /sd,
g]kfn ;/sf/ / cGo s'g} klg ljb]zL /fi6 jf cGt/fli6o ;+3 ;+:yfsf] jLrdf
ePsf] lklIfo ;lGwdf pNn]v eP jdf]lhd s/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf kfpg] JolQmn] ;f]
;lGwsf] clwgdf /xL k|fKt u/]sf] /sd s/ 5'6sf] /sd x'g]5 . h:t}, leogf
sGe]G;g cGtu{t s'6g}lts ;'ljwf k|fKt JolQmx? cyf{t ljb]zL s'6g}lts clws[t,
sG;'n/ cfbLn] cfk\mgf] b]zsf] ;/sf/L ;]jf jfkt k|fKt ug]{ /f]huf/L cfodf s/ 5'6
x'g]5 . o:tf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{ JolQmx?sf] /f]huf/Lsf] sfo{:yn g]kfn /x]sf] ePtf
klg P]gsf] bkmf !)-s_ n] /f]huf/Laf6 k|fKt cfodf s/ 5'6 x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf /x]sf] ljb]zL b'tfjf;, ldzgdf sfo{/t ljb]zL s'6g}lts clws[tx?sf]
cfk\mgf] /fi6af6 k|fKt x'g] /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf leogf sGe]G;g\ !(^! sf] x:tfIf/sf/L
ePsf] -g]kfn4f/f !(^* ;]K6]Da/ @* df cg'df]lbt_ cfwf/df s/ 5'6 x'g]5 .
!)-v_ ljb]zL /fi6sf] ;/sf/L ;]jfdf /f]huf/L u/] afkt s'g} k|fs[lts JolStn] k|fKt
u/]sf] /sd,
t/,
-!_ ;f] JolQm /f]huf/L u/]sf] sf/0fn] dfq afl;Gbf jf u}/ afl;Gbf ePsf]
x'g'kg]{5, /
-@_ ;f] /fi6sf] ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 To:tf /sdx? e'QmfgL ul/Psf] x'g' kg]{5 .

s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] /f]huf/L ljb]zL ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] ?kdf g]kfndf /x]5, ;f]
/f]huf/Lsf] sf/0fn] dfq jfl;Gbf jf u}/ jfl;Gbf ePsf] /x]5 / lghn] ;f] /fi6sf]
;/sf/L sf]ifjf6 To:tf /sdx? e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] cfo g]kfndf
s/ 5'6 x'G5 . o; ;DaGwL Aoa:yf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 yk k|sf; kfl/Psf] 5 M
pbfx/0f (=@=! M dfgf}+, ?Og k]P/] eGg] JolQm s'g} ljb]zL /fi6sf] k//fi6
dGqfnodf sfo{/t /x]5 . ;f] ljb]zL ;/sf/n] lghnfO{ g]kfnsf] Conflict
Management df ;xof]u ug{ g]kfndf v6fPsf] /x]5 . lgh ?Og k]P/] ljut Ps
jif{b]lv ;f]xL sfo{df g]kfndf sfo{/t /x]5g . lghn] ;f] ljb]zL ;/sf/jf6
dfl;s o'/f] !),))) kfl/>lds kfpg] u/]sf /x]5g . lgh ?Og k]P/] ;f] ljb]zL
;/sf/sf] ;/sf/L ;]jfdf sfo{/t ePsf], /f]huf/Lsf] sf/0fn] dfq g]kfnsf]
jfl;Gbf ePsf] / lghn] ;f] ljb]zL ;/sf/sf] ;/sf/L sf]ifjf6 kfl/>lds e'QmfgL
k|fKt u/]sf] x'bf lghn] k|fKt ug]{ pQm /sd 5'6 x'g] /sd dflgG5 .
pbfx/0f (=@=@ M dfgf}+, g]kfnsf] afl;Gbf lbg]z 5ts'nL s'g} ljb]zL ;/sf/n]
g]kfndf ;+rfng u/]sf] Conflict Management Program df sfd ug]{ sd{rf/L
/x]5g\ . lghn] ;f] afkt ;f] ljb]zL ;/sf/af6 dfl;s o'/f] %,))) kfl/>lds
kfpg] u/]sf /x]5g . lghn] pQm kfl/>lds ljb]zL ;/sf/sf] ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6
e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ u/]sf /x]5g\ . lghn] pQm e'QmfgL ljb]zL ;/sf/sf] ;/sf/L
sf]ifaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] ePtfklg lgh g]kfnsf] afl;Gbf ePsf] sf/0f o:tf] cfo 5'6
x'g] /sd dflgb}g / lghn] ;f] cfo cfkm\gf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{
kb{5 .
afl;Gbf AolQmsf] la:t[t AofVof kl/R5]b @ df ul/Psf] 5 .
P]gsf] o; Joj:yfn] ljb]zL /fi6sf] ;/sf/L ;]jfdf /f]huf/L u/] jfkt s'g} k|fs[lts
JolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf] /sddf cfo u0fgf ubf{ 5'6 kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 t/ o;/L
5'6 kfpgsf] nflu To:tf] JolQmn] ;/sf/L ;]jf jfkt k|fKt ug]{ /sd ;f]xL /fi6sf]
;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 e'QmfgL ePsf] x'g'kg]{ / To:tf] ;/sf/L /f]huf/L ug]{ JolQm /f]huf/L
s} sf/0faf6 jfl;Gbf tyf u}/ jfl;Gbf ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . P]gsf] o; Joj:yf cg';f/
g]kfnl:yt ljb]zL /fi6sf] ;/sf/L ;]jfdf sfo{/t JolQmx? dWo] pQm ;]jf k|bfg ug]{
sfo{sf] nflu dfq jfl;Gbf ePsf] JolQmnfO{ dfq o; k|sf/sf] 5'6 k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
s'g} JolQm To; k|sf/sf] ;/sf/L ;]jfdf ;+nUg x'g' k"j{ b]lv g} g]kfndf /x]sf] 5 /
kl5 dfq ljb]zL /fi6sf] ;/sf/L ;]jfdf sfo{/t /xG5 eg] To:tf JolQmn] P]gsf] o;
Joj:yf cg';f/ cfo u0fgf ubf{ 5'6 kfp+b}g . g]kfnl:yt ljb]zL s'6g}lts
;+:yfx?df /f]huf/L ug]{ / ljb]zL ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 vr{ Joxf]g]{ u/L ;+rfng ePsf
cfof]hgfx?df sfo{/t /xg] JolQm klxn] b]vL g]kfndf g} a;f]af; u/L /fv]sf] lyP
eg] To:tf JolQmn] o; k|sf/sf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ub}{gg\ .
!)-u_
g]kfnsf] gful/s gePsf] v08 -v_ adf]lhdsf] k|fs[lts JolSt jf
lghsf] lgs6:y kl/jf/sf] ;b:on] ljb]zL /fi6sf] ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 k|fKt
u/]sf /sd,
/f]huf/Lsf] sf/0fn] dfq jfl;Gbf jf u}/ jfl;Gbf ePsf] tyf ljb]zL /fi6|sf] ;/sf/L
sf]ifaf6 kfl/>lds kfpg] JolQmsf] lgs6:y kl/jf/sf] ;bZon] lab]zL /fi6sf]
;/sf/L sf]ifjf6 kfpg] e'QmfgL, h:t}, Pension, Far Station Allowances, Family

131

cfbL /sd g]kfndf e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf] /x]5 eg] klg To:tf] cfo
g]kfndf s/ 5'6 x'G5 . o; ;DaGwL Aoa:yf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 k|i6 kfl/Psf] 5 M
Allowance

pbfx/0f (=@=# M dfgf}+, dfl/of l:dy eGg] Ps ljb]zL dlxnf /lxl5g\ . lghsf] klt
g]kfn l:yt ;f]xL ljb]zL d'n'ssf] b'tfjf;df sfo{/t /x]5g\ . ;f] ljb]zL ;/sf/sf]
lgodfg';f/ b'tfjf;df sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] kl/jf/sf ;b:on] lglZrt /sd eQf
kfpg] Joj:yf eP cg'?k dfl/of l:dyn] ;f] ljb]zL ;/sf/sf] ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6
dfl;s #,))) kfp08 Far Station Allowance k|fKt ul/ cfPsL /lxl5g\ . o;
cj:yfdf lghn] k|fKt ug]{ pQm Allowance jfktsf] /sd 5'6 x'g] /sd dflgG5 .
!)-3_
s/ ltg'{ gkg]{ zt{df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;]jfdf lgo'St ePsf u}/ g]kfnL
gful/sn] k|fKt u/]sf] /sd,
g]kfn ;/sf/n] s'g} u}/ g]kfnL gful/snfO{ s/ ltg{ gkg]{ ;t{df lgo"lQm ug{ ;Sg] /
o;/L lgo"lQm ePsf] v08df ;f] JolQmn] g]kfn ;/sf/jf6 k|fKt ug]{ cfo /sd 5'6
x'g] /sd dflgG5 . o; ;DaGwL Aoa:yf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 k|i6 kfl/Psf] 5 M
pbfx/0f (=@=$ M dfgf}+, g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfnsf] hn;|f]tsf] ;d'lrt pkof]u ug{
Pp6f pRr sfo{bn u7g u/]sf] /x]5 / pQm sfo{bndf s'g} ljb]zL gful/s t]j]
kmgf{{08f] eGg] JolQmnfO{ s/ ltg'{ gkg]{ zt{df dfl;s o"/f] !),))) kfl/>lds
e'QmfgL ug]{ u/L lgo"Qm u/]sf] /x]5 . o; cj:yfdf lghsf] cfosf] >f]t g]kfndf
ePtf klg lghn] k|fKt ug]{ pQm /sd 5'6 x'g] /sd dflgG5 .
!)-_
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ljwjf, a[Wb jf ckf JolStnfO{ lbOg] eQf,
g]kfn ;/sf/n] lawjf, a[4 jf ckf JolStnfO{ lglZrt /sd eQf lbO{ cfPsf] /
o:tf eQfx? ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] cawf/0ff cg';f/ lbOPsf]n] ;f]df s/ gnfUg]
Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
!)-r_ bkmf &, * jf ( adf]lhd cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ul/g'kg]{ /sd
afx]s pkxf/, OR5fkq, ck'tfnL jf 5fqj[lQsf] ?kdf k|fKt /sdx?,
/f]huf/L, Joj;fo jf nufgL;+u ;DjlGwt pkxf/ cfosf ;f]xL lzif{sdf ;dfa]; ug'{
kg]{ x'G5 . To:t} cfsl:ds nfe s/ nfUg] afx]s pkxf/, O{R5fkq, ck'tfnL jf
5fqj[lQsf] ?kdf k|fKt u/]sf] /sdx?, h:t}, laafxsf] ;dodf k|fKt bfO{hf], u/La
jf h]x]Gbf/ laBfyL{nfO{ pknAw x'g] 5fqa[lQ h:tf /sdx? ;d]t 5'6x'g] /sd
dflgG5 . o; ;DaGwL Aoa:yf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 yk k|sf; kfl/Psf] 5 M
pbfx/0f (=@=% M dfgf}+, uf]kL jfGtjf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|fKt 5fqa[lQ cGtu{t
s'g} d]l8sn sn]hdf MBBS k9L /x]sf /x]5g\ . ;f] afkt ?= !% nfv vr{ x'g
cfpg] /x]5 . o;sf] cnfjf lghn] dfl;s ?= !) xhf/ yk gub klg ;f]xL
5fqa[lQ cGtu{t k|fKt ug]{ u/]sf /x]5g\ . o;/L cWoogsf] nflu ePsf] vr{ Pj+
k|fKt /sd lghsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g To:tf] /sdnfO{ 5'6 x'g] /sd
dflgG5 .
!)-5_ 5"6 kfpg] ;+:yfn] b]xfoafkt k|fKt u/]sf] /sd M
-!_ rGbf, pkxf/,

132

-@_

bkmf @ sf] v08 -w_ adf]lhdsf] 5"6 kfpg] ;+:yfnfO{ k|ltkmn k|fKt
ug]{ jf k|ltkmnsf] cf; gu/L To:tf] ;+:yfsf] sfo{;+u k|ToIf ?kn]
;DalGwt cGo of]ubfgx?,
-#_ g]kfn /fi6 j}+sn] cfgf] p2]Zo cg'?k cfh{g u/]sf] /sd, jf
-$_ g]kfn lwtf]kq af]8{n] cfkm\gf] p2]Zo cg'?k cfh{g u/]sf] /sd .
5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfn] k|fKt u/]sf] rGbf, pkxf/ jf 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfjf6 k|ltkmn k|fKt
ug]{ jf k|ltkmnsf] cfz gu/L To:tf] ;+:yfsf] sfo{;+u k|ToIf ?kn] ;DjlGwt cGo
of]ubfgx? Pj+ g]kfn /fi6 j}s / g]kfn lwtf]kq af]8{n] cfkm\gf] p4]Zo cg'?k cfh{g
u/]sf] /sd ;d]t s/ 5'6 x'g] /sd dflgG5 .
pbfx/0f (=@=^ M dfgf}+, g]kfn blnt ljsfz d~r cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf
s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf] ?kdf btf{ ePsf] Ps lgsfo /x]5 . pQm d~rnfO{
ljleGg bftfx?af6 ? %)),))) rGbf k|fKt ePsf] /x]5 . To:t} g]kfn ;/sf/jf6
blnt pTyfg sfo{df vr{ ug]{ u/L ?= !) nfv cg'bfg k|fKt ePsf] /x]5 eg]
To:tf] b'j} /sd pQm lgsfosf] nflu s/ 5'6 /sd dflgG5 .
pbfx/0f (=@=& M dfgf}+, pbfx/0f (=@=^ pNn]lvt g]kfn blnt ljsfz d~rn]
cfkm'n] k|fKt ug]{ /sdx? laQLo ;+:yfdf art lgIf]kdf /fVg] u/]sf] /x]5 . o;/L
/flvPsf] lgIf]kdf ;f] lgsfonfO{ ?= ! nfv Aofh cfDbfgL k|fKt ePsf] /x]5 .
o:tf] Aofh cfDbfgL ;f] lgsfosf] p2]Zo cg';f/sf] cfo gePsf] x'+bf o:tf]
/sddf s/ 5'6 x'g] 5}g . pQm lgsfonfO{ Aofh e'QmfgL ug]{ AolQmn] To:tf] Jofh
/sdsf] e'QmfgLdf P]gsf] bkmf **-!_ adf]lhd !% k|ltztsf b/n] s/ sl ug'{
k5{ / o;/L >f]tdf s/ sl u/L ;f] lgsfonfO{ k|fKt ePsf] Aofh P]gsf] bkmf
(@-!_-_ adf]lhd clGtd ?kdf s/ sl x'g] e'QmfgL dflgG5 .
pbfx/0f (=@=* M dfgf}+, g]kfn /fi6 j}sn] j}ls ljsf; sf]ifdf ? @) s/f]8
5'6\ofPsf] /x]5 . pQm sf]ifdf /x]sf] /sd ljleGg a}+s tyf lalQo ;+:yfdf
lgIf]kdf /x]sf] / ;f] lgIf]kjf6 g]kfn /fi6 j}+snfO{ ? ! s/f]8 Jofh cfDbfgL
ePsf] /x]5 . o:tf] cfo g]kfn /fi6 j}ssf] p]Zo cg';f/ vr{ ug]{ sf]ifsf] cfo
ePsf] x'bf To:tf] cfo 5'6 x'g] cfo dflgG5 .
!)-h_ ljb]zL /fi6sf] ;]gf jf k|x/L ;]afaf6 cjsfz k|fKt u/]sf] g]kfnL
gful/sn] ;f] /fi6sf] ;/sf/L sf]ifjf6 k|fKt u/]sf] lgj[lQe/0f afktsf] /sd,
g]kfnL gful/sx? ef/t, a]nfot nufot cGo /fi6sf] ;]gf jf k|x/Ldf sfo{/t
5g\ . tL JolQmx?n] cfgf] ;]jfaf6 lgj[Q e};s]kl5 g]kfndf cfO{ j;f]jf; u/]df
/ lgh jf lghsf] kl/jf/n] k]G;g /sd k|fKt u/]df g]kfndf s/ nfUb}g . t/
g]kfnL gful/sn] lab]zL /fi6sf] ;]gf jf k|x/L ;]jf jfx]s cGo ;]jf k|bfg u/L
lgj[lQe/0f /sd g]kfndf lgh jf lghsf] kl/jf/n] k|fKt u/]sf] 5 eg] s/
k|of]hgsf] nflu cfodf ;dfa]z ug'{ kb{5 . o; ;DaGwL Aoa:yf tnsf]
pbfx/0faf6 k|i6 kfl/Psf] 5 Mpbfx/0f (=@=( M dfgf}+, /fd jxfb'/ yfkf lj|l6;
uf]vf{ ;}lgs ;]jfjf6 cjsfz k|fKt sKtfg /x]5g / xfn kf]v/fdf j;f]jf; u/L
/fv]sf /x]5g . lghn] lj|l6; ;/sf/jf6 dfl;s !,@)) kfp08 lgj[lQe/0f k|fKt
ug]{ u/]sf] /x]5g . lghn] k|fKt ug]{ o:tf] lgj[lQe/0f /sd 5'6 x'g] /sd xf] .

133

(=@=@

(=@=#

!)-em_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] h'g;'s} k|sf/sf] cfo .

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cfo ;Dk"0f{ ?kdf s/ 5'6 x'g] cfo dflgPsf] 5 / g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{
e'QmfgL ug]{ /sdx?df >f]tdf s/ sl ;d]t ug'{ kg]{ 5}g . o; ;Gbe{df g]kfn
;/sf/sf] k"0f{ :jfldTj ePsf] Aoa;flos lgsfo -h:t}, /fli6o afl0fHo a}+s_ sf]
cfo eg] o; v08sf] cfwf/df 5'6 x'g] cfo dflgb}g . ;fdfGotofM g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
;+lrt sf]ifdf hDdf x'g] /sd, k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 kl/rfng
x'g] sf]ifdf hDdf x'g] /sd h:tf cfonfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cfo dflgG5 .
s/ gnfUg] Aoa:yf
dfly pNn]lvt Aoa:yfsf] cltl/Qm P]gdf s/of]Uo ;DklQx?sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]n]
;f] afx]ssf] ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt /sdx?df s/ gnfUg] -s/ 5"6_
x'G5 . k|fs[lts AolQmsf] u}/ Aoa;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ -3/, hUuf, lgsfodf /x]sf]
lxt_ sf] lg;u{ afx]s Joj;fo ;+u c;DalGwt lghL ;DklQ h:t}, kmlg{r/, uxgf,
cfbLsf] ljqmLaf6 k|fKt /sddf s/ 5"6 x'G5 .
cf+lzs 5'6 ;DaGwL Aoa:yf
k|fs[lts AolQmn] s/of]Uo cfo u0fgf ubf{ P]gsf] cg';"rL ! df pNn]v eP adf]lhd
s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg kfpg] cf+lzs 5'6x? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\M
-!_ b'u{d eQf
g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] b'u{d If]qdf sfo{/t k|fs[lts AolQmn] cfkm\gf] s/of]Uo
cfoaf6 b'u{d eQf jfkt 36fpg kfpg] /sdsf ;DaGwdf P]gsf] cg';"rL !
sf] pkbkmf -%_ tyf lgod #* adf]lhd b]xfosf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 .
!= s ju{sf If]qdf ?= %),))) -krf; xhf/_
@= v ju{sf If]qdf ?= $),))) -rfnL; xhf/_
#= u ju{sf If]qdf ?= #),))) -tL; xhf/_
$= 3 ju{sf If]qdf ?= @),))) -aL; xhf/_
%= ju{sf If]qdf ?= !),))) -bz xhf/_
-@_ a}b]lzs eQf
/f]huf/Lsf] cfo x'g] AolQmdWo] P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] pkbkmf -^_ adf]lhd
g]kfnsf ljb]z l:yt s'6g}lts lgof]udf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] j}b]lzs eQfsf]
krxQ/ k|ltzt /sd s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg kfOg]5 .
-#_ lga[lQe/0f cfo x'g] AolQmn] 36fpg kfpg] /sd
afl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQmsf] lgj[lte/0f cfo /x]5 eg] P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf]
bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf -(_ adf]lhd Psn k|fs[lts JolQmn] ?= $) xhf/ -?= !
nfv ^) xhf/sf] kRrL; k|ltzt_ tyf bDklQn] ?= %) xhf/ -?= @ nfvsf]
kRrL; k|ltzt_ yk /sd s/of]Uo cfojf6 36fpg ;Sg]5 . t/ o;/L 36fpg
kfpg] /sd lga[Qe/0f cfo eGbf a9L x'g] 5}g .
-$_ ckf AolQmn] 36fpg kfpg] /sd

134

afl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQm ckf /x]5 eg] P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf ! sf]
pkbkmf -!)_ adf]lhd Psn k|fs[lts JolQmn] ?= *) xhf/ -?= ! nfv ^)
xhf/sf] krf; k|ltzt_ tyf bDklQn] ?= ! nfv -?= @ nfvsf] krf; k|ltzt_
yk /sd s/of]Uo cfojf6 36fpg ;Sg]5 .
-%_ nufgL jLdf jfkt lt/]sf] lk|ldod
k|fs[lts JolQmn] s'g} nufgL jLdf u/]sf] eP P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf ! sf]
pkbkmf -!@_ adf]lhd ;f] jLdf jfkt e'QmfgL u/]sf] jflif{s lk|ldod jf jL;
xhf/ ?k}ofFdf h'g 36L x'G5 ;f] /sd s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg ;Sg]5 .
(=#
s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yf (Tax Exempt Entity)
P]gn] ;fdflhs Gofo, /fHosf] ;fdflhs bfloTj / sNof0fsf/L /fHosf] k|rlnt
dfGotfsf] cfwf/df s]xL ;fdflhs / k/f]ksf/L ;+3 ;+:yf / s]lx laz]if k|sf/sf
;+:yf jf lgsfonfO{ s/5'6 ;+:yfsf] ?kdf dfGotf lbO{ lt ;+3;+:yf jf lgsfosf
;a} jf s'g} laz]if k|sf/sf] cfodf P]g adf]lhd nfUg] s/ 5'6 x'g] / To:tf
;+:yfnfO{ s/5'6sf] k|df0fkq k|bfg ul/g] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 . s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf]
s/ 5'6 x'g] cfodf s/ gnfUg] Aoa:yf u/L To:tf ;+:yfx?nfO{ ;d]t s/sf]
bfo/fdf eg] Nofpg] dg;fo P]gdf /x]sf] 5 . o; cy{df ;+:yf cfkm}df s/ 5'6 x'g]
;+:yf geO{ ;fdfGotofM s/ 5'6 x'g] ;+:yfsf] p2]Zo cg';f/ k|fKt x'g] rGbf, cg'bfg,
pkxf/ nufot P]gsf] bkmf !) sf] v08 -5_ df pNn]lvt cfodf dfq s/ 5'6 x'g]
Aoa:yf 5 . s/ 5'6 x'g] ;+:yfn] k|fKt ug]{ rGbf / pkxf/ afx]ssf Aofh cfDbfgL,
axfn cfDbfgL h:tf nufgLaf6 x'g] cfo tyf k|ltikwf{ u/L jf cGo s'g} dfWodaf6
k|fKt u/]sf k|ltkmn h:tf Aoa;flos sfo{af6 k|fKt x'g] cfDbfgL eg] s/ 5'6
x'+b}g .
(=#=!= s/5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf] cy{
P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -w_ sf] pkv08 -!_, -@_ / -#_ n] s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yf
nfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 M
-!_ s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf] ?kdf ljefudf btf{ ePsf b]xfo adf]lhdsf lgsfo M
-s_ gfkmf gsdfpg] p2]Zon] :yfkgf ePsf ;fj{hlgs k|s[ltsf ;fdflhs,
wfld{s, z}lIfs jf k/f]ksf/L ;+:yf,
-v_ ;fdflhs jf v]ns"b ;DaGwL ;'ljwf k|j4{g ug]{ p2]Zon] ;f] ;+:yf jf
To;sf ;b:ox?n] nfe glng] u/L u7g ePsf] cJoj;foL -Pd]Rof]/_
v]ns"b ;+:yf,
-@_ lgjf{rg cfof]udf btf{ ePsf] /fhgLlts bn,
-#_ ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf jf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt,
t/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf] p2]Zo cg';f/ sfo{ ;DkGg x'Fbf jf s'g} JolQmf/f ;f]
;+:yfnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf ;DklQ jf ;]jf jfktsf] s'g} e'QmfgL ubf{ afx]s ;f]
;+:yfsf] ;DklQ / ;f] ;+:yfn] k|fKt u/]sf] /sdaf6 s'g} JolQmnfO{ s'g} kmfObf
k'ofPsf] eP To:tf] ;+:yfnfO{ s/ 5'6 x'g] 5}g .

135

pk/f]Qm Aoa:yfsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ P]gdf s/ 5'6 k|fKt x'g] b'O{ k|sf/sf] cj:yf /x]sf
5g\ s/ 5'6 x'g] ;+:yf / s/ 5'6sf] cfo x'g] ;+:yf . klxnf] ca:yf, s/ 5'6
;+:yfsf] kl/efiffdf kg]{ lalQs} :jtM s/5'6sf] ;'ljwf pkef]u ug{ kfpg] / bf]>f]
cj:yf, s/ 5'6 ;+:yfsf] kl/efiffdf k/] klg ;DalGwt cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf
btf{ ePkl5 jf ;DalGwt cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{noaf6 :jLs[lt k|fKt u/]kl5dfq
s/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf pkef]u ug{ kfpg] . lgjf{rg cfof]udf btf{ ePsf] /fhgLlts bn,
ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt s/ 5'6 ;+:yfsf]
kl/efiffdf k/]sf] sf/0fn] :jtM s/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf pkef]u ug{ kfpg] ;+:yf x'g eg]
gfkmf gsdfpg] p2]Zon] :yfkgf ePsf ;fj{hlgs k|s[ltsf ;fdflhs, wfld{s,
z}lIfs jf k/f]ksf/L ;+:yf / ;fdflhs jf v]ns"b ;DaGwL ;'ljwf k|j4{g ug]{
p2]Zon] u7g ePsf] cJoj;foL -Pd]Rof]/_ jf ;fj{hlgs k|s[ltsf v]ns"b
;+:yfx?nfO{ P]gn] s/5'6 ;+:yfsf] ?kdf dfGotf lbPklg tL ;+:yfn] ;DalGwt
cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf btf{ ePkl5 jf ;DalGwt cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{noaf6
:jLs[lt k|fKt u/] kl5 dfq s/5'6sf] ;'ljwf pkef]u ug{ kfp5g\ . t/ s/ 5'6 x'g]
jf s/ 5'6 kfPsf] s'g} ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf] ;DklQ / cfkm"n] k|fKt u/]sf] /sdaf6 s'g}
JolQm ljz]ifnfO{ s'g} AolQmut kmfObf k'ofPsf] eP To:tf] ;+:yfn] s/ 5'6sf]
;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g .
(=#=@= s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf] btf{
P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -w_-!_ n] s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yf sf] ?kdf kl/eflift u/]sf
gfkmf sdfpg] p2]Zo gePsf ;fj{hlgs k|s[ltsf ;fdflhs, wfld{s, z}lIfs jf
k/f]ksf/L ;+:yf / ;fdflhs jf v]ns"b ;DaGwL ;'ljwf k|j4{g ug]{ p2]Zon] u7g
ePsf] cJoj;foL -Pd]Rof]/_ jf ;fj{hlgs v]ns"b ;+:yfx?n] ;DalGwt cfGtl/s
/fh:j sfof{nodf s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf] ?kdf btf{ ePkl5dfq s/5'6 ;+:yfsf]
x}l;ot k|fKt ug{ / s/5'6sf] ;'ljwf pkef]u ug{ ;Qm5g . o:tf ;+:yfnfO{ s/5'6
;+:yfsf] ?kdf btf{ ug]{ ;DaGwdf lgodfjnLsf] lgod # n] b]xfosf] Aoa:yf u/]sf]
5.

-!_ P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -w_ adf]lhd s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfn] s/ 5'6sf] nfuL
b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ljj/0f ;+nUg u/L ljefudf lga]bg lbg' kg]{5 M
-s_ k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd btf{ x'g' kg]{ ;+:yfsf] xsdf btf{sf] k|df0fkqsf]
k|ltlnlk,
-v_ ;+:yf u7g ;DaGwL ljwfgsf] k|ltlnlk,
-u_ :yfoL n]vf gDa/ k|fKt u/]sf] eP To:tf] k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnlk /
-3_ n]vf k/LIf0fsf] k|ltj]bg eP ;f] sf] k|ltlnlk .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd kg{ cfPsf] s/ 5'6sf] lgj]bg pk/ ljefun] cfjZos
hf+ra'em u/L To:tf] ;+:yfnfO{ s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf] ?kdf btf{ u/L
k|df0fkq lbg]5 .
-#_ pklgod -!_ / -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yf
leq kg]{ s'g} lgsfonfO{ btf{ ug'{ gkg]{ u/L ljefun] tf]Sg ;Sg]5 .

136

lgod % df s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfn] k]z ug'{ kg]{ lalQo laa/0fsf] ;DaGwdf
lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M

lgod # sf] pklgod -@_ adf]lhd btf{ x'g] / lgod $ adf]lhd s/ 5"6sf] pkef]u
ug{ kfpg] lgsfon] cfkm\gf] n]vfk/LIf0f ePsf] jflif{s ljlQo ljj/0f clgjfo{ ?kdf
cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] ldltn] tLg dlxgfleq ljefudf k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
s'g} ;+:yfn] s/ 5'6 ;+:yfsf] ?kdf btf{ eO{ s/5'6sf] k|df0fkq k|fKt ug{ / k|fKt
s/5'6sf] ;'ljwfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg b]xfo adf]lhdsf] k|s[of / zt{ k'/f ug'{kb{5 .
!= s/ 5'6sf] nfuL ;+:yf btf{sf] k|df0fkq, ;+:yfsf] ljwfg, :yfoL n]vf gDa/
btf{ k|df0fkq / klxn]b]lv ;+rfng e}/x]sf] ;+:yf eP n]vf k/LIf0fsf]
k|ltj]bgsf] k|ltltlk ;+nUg u/L ;DalGwt cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf lga]bg
lbg' kb{5 . t/ P]gdf btf{ x'g' gkg]{ elg tf]s]sf] s'g} ;+:yfn] btf{ x'g lgj]bg
lbO/xg' kb}{g .
@= lgj]bs P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -w_ n] s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yf sf] ?kdf
kl/eflift u/]sf] gfkmf sdfpg] p2]Zo gePsf] k/f]ksf/L ;fdflhs ;+:yf
x'g'kb{5 .
#= s/ 5'6 ;+:yfsf] ?kdf btf{ x'g rfxg] ;+:yf sDkgL P]g cg';f/ btf{ ePsf] x'g'
x'b}g .
$= s/ 5'6 k|fKt ;+:yfn] x/]s jif{ lalQo laa/0f bflvnf ul/ ;f]sf] lg:;f lng'
kb{5 .
%= To:tf] ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf] n]vfk/LIf0f ePsf] jflif{s ljlQo ljj/0f tLg dlxgf
leq k]z ug'{ kb{5 .
^= 5'6 k|fKt ;+:yfsf] n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ n]vf k/LIfsn] cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bgdf cfos/
P]g, @)%* sf] kl/R5]b!& cg';f/ clu|d s/ sL u/]sf] / ;+:yfsf] p2]Zo
cg';f/sf] dfq sfo{ u/]sf] jf gu/]sf] ljifo pNn]v ug'{ kb{5 .
&= s/ 5'6 k|fKt ug]{ ;+:yfn] k|fKt u/]sf] e'QmfgLdf cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf]
kl/R5]b !& cg';f/ e'QmfgL lbg] lgsfon] clu|d s/ sL ug'{kg]{ e'QmfgL eP
s/ sL ug'{kg]{ / o;/L clu|d s/ sL ePsf] /sdsf] cfodf s/ nfUg]
gb]lvPdf s/ lkmtf{ dfu ug'{ kb{5 .
*= s/of]Uo sf/f]jf/ ug]{ JolQm tyf ;+:yf;+u k|lt:kwf{ u/L k|fKt u/]sf]
cg'bfgnfO{ s/ 5'6sf] ?kdf dfGotf x'b}g .
(= s/ 5'6 kfPsf] s'g} ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf] ;DklQ / cfkm"n] k|fKt u/]sf] /sdaf6 s'g}
JolQm ljz]ifnfO{ AolQmut kmfObf k'ofPsf] x'g' x'b}g . To;/L kmfObf k'CofPsf]
eP s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf] x}l;ot /xGg .
!)= s/ 5'6 k|fKt u/]sf] ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf] ljwfgdf pNn]v ePsf] p2]Zo ljkl/t sfo{
ug'{ x'b}g .
(=#=#= s/ 5'6sf] k|df0fkq
s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfnfO{ s/ 5'6sf] k|df0fkq k|bfg ug]{ ;DaGwdf lgodfjnLsf]
lgod @& n] b]xfosf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
137

-!_ s'g} s/ 5'6 kfpg] JolQmn] s/ 5'6sf] k|df0fkq dfu u/L ljefudf lgj]bg
lbg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd lgj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 ;f] JolQmn] s/ 5"6 kfpg]
b]lvPdf ljefun] ;f] JolQmnfO{ s/ 5"6sf] k|df0fkq lbg' kg]{5 .
pk/f]Qm adf]lhd s/5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf] ?kdf s'g} cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{non] btf{
u/]sf] ;+:yfnfO{ b]xfosf] zt{ aGb]h pNn]v u/L s/ 5'6sf] k|df0fkq k|bfg ug'{
kb{5 .
-!_ ;f] ;+:yfsf] cfo dWo] cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !) sf] v08 -5_ sf]
pkv08 -!_ cg';f/sf] s'g} AolQmn] ;f] ;+:yfnfO{ lbPsf] rGbf, pkxf/ /
pkv08 -@_ cg';f/sf] s'g} AolQmn] k|ltkmnsf] cf; gu/L To:tf] ;+:yfsf]
sfo{;+u k|ToIf ?kn] ;DalGwt sfo{sf] nflu ;f] ;+:yfnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] /sd
jf cGo of]ubfgx?df dfq s/5'6 x'g] . ;f] afx]s cGo s'g}klg k|sf/sf]
cfodf s/ 5'6 gx'g] .
-@_ ;f] ;+:yfnfO{ lbOPsf] e'QmfgLdf axfn jf ef8f, Aofh, ;]jf z'Ns, /f]oN6L jf
7]Ssf jf s/f/ jfktsf] e"QmfgL jf s'g} lwtf]kqsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt nfe
;dfa]z /x]sf] eP To:tf] e"QmfgLdf cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf **, *( jf
*(-s_ adf]lhd e'QmfgL lbg] lgsfon] clu|d s/ sL ug'{kg]{ . o;/L clu|d
s/ s6[L ePsf] cfodf s/ gnfUg] eP ;DalGwt cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no;+u
s/ lkmtf{ dfu ug{ ;Sg] .
-#_ x/]s cfly{s jif{sf] n]vf k/LIf0f ePsf] ljQLo ljj/0f ;DalGwt cfGtl/s
/fh:j sfof{nodf ltg dlxgf leq k]z ug'{ kg]{ .
-$_ ;f] ;+:yfn] s'g} AolQmnfO{ lbPsf] e'QmfgLdf kfl/>lds, axfn jf ef8f, Aofh,
;]jf z'Ns, /f]oN6L jf 7]Ssf jf s/f/ jfktsf] e"QmfgL ;dfa]z /x]sf] eP
To:tf] e"QmfgLdf cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf *&, ** jf *( adf]lhd clu|d
s/ sL ul/ clu|d s/sLsf] /sd / ;f]sf] laa/0f ;DalGwt cfGtl/s /fh:j
sfof{nodf k]z ug'{ kg]{ .
-%_ ;f] ;+:yfsf] n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ n]vf k/LIfsn] cfkm\gf] n]vf kl/If0f k|ltj]bgdf
;f] ;+:yfn] cfos/ P]g, @)%* adf]lhd clu|d s/ s6[L u/]sf] gu/]sf] /
;+:yfsf] p2]Zo cg';f/sf] dfq sfo{ u/]sf] jf gu/]sf] ljifodf ls6fgL;fy
pNn]v u/]sf] x'g'kg]{ .
-^_ cfkm\gf] ljwfgdf pNn]v ePsf] p2]Zo ljkl/tsf] jf lawfgdf pNn]v gePsf]
sfo{ ug{ gkfpg] .
(=#=$= s/5'6sf] ;'lawf ;dfKt x'g] cj:yf
b]xfosf] s'g} Ps jf PseGbf al9 cj:yfdf s'g} s/5'6 ;+:yfsf] ?kdf btf{ eO s/
5'6sf] k|df0fkq k|fKt u/]sf] ;+:yfsf] s/ 5'6sf] ;'lawf ;dfKt x'ghfG5 .
!= ;f] ;+:yf gfkmf sdfpg] p2]Zo gePsf] ;fj{hlgs jf k/f]ksf/L ;+:yfsf]
?kdf g/x]df .
@= ;DalGwt cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf n]vf k/LIf0f ePsf] ljQLo ljj/0f k]z
gu/]df .
138

#= ;+:yfsf] ;DklQ / cfo /sdaf6 s'g} JolQmnfO{ s'g} AolQmut kmfO{bf k'ofPdf .
$= ;+:yfsf] lawfgdf pNn]v ePsf] p2]ZoeGbf afx]ssf cGo sfo{df ;+nUg
ePdf .

139

kl/R%]b 10

Joj;flos %'^ tyf ;'ljwfx?

(Business Exemption and Concessions)

!)=!

!)=@

cfos/ P]g, @)%* n] s]xL Joj;fosf] cfodf s/ u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu s/
5'6 tyf ;'ljwf lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . cfly{s lqmofsnfknfO{ ;a} If]qdf k|j4{g
u/fO{ cfly{s a[l4nfO{ tLa| kfg{, /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x?sf] l;h{gf ug{ pTk|]/0ff lbg /
;dfj]zL ljsf;sf nflu Joj;flos tyf 5'6 ;'ljwfx?sf] ;'lglZrttf u/]sf] 5 .
/fHon] tf]s]sf k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qsf] ljsf;df lj=;+= @)&% ;Dd ePsf] nufgLdf
>f]t gvf]lhg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . a9\bf] Jofkf/ 3f6f 36fpg lgof{t k|j4{g ug]{
sfo{sf ljz]if >f]tdf cfos/ ;x'lnotsf] k|jGw u/]sf] 5 . Joj;fosf] k|s[lt, To:tf]
Joj;fodf /x]sf] :jfldTj, Joj;fo ;+rfng ePsf] ef}uf]lns If]q, /f]huf/L pknAw
u/fPsf] cj:yf, dlxnf tyf cGo ;d'bfonfO{ /f]huf/L pknAw u/fPsf] cj:yf tyf
s'g} vf; If]qnfO{ ljif]z cfly{s If]qleq ;+rfngdf /xg] u/L ;/sf/n] u/]sf]
Joj:yf Pj+ cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu ckl/xfo{ k"jf{wf/sf] ?kdf ;/sf/n]
k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] Joj;fox?n] cfo lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu 5'6 tyf
;'ljwfx? k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . b]zsf] ;a} If]qx?df cfly{s ultljlw a9fO{ ;Gt'lnt
?kdf ljsf; ug{, ljleGg sf/0fn] ljutdf lk5l8Psf ju{nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/
l;h{gf u/L cfly{s ?kn] ;Ifd kfg{, s'g} vf; If]qnfO{ ljz]if cfly{s If]q 3f]if0ff
u/L lgof{t Jofkf/sf] nfut sd u/fO{ cGt/fli6o ?kdf k|lt:kwL{ agfpg Pj+
k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zon] o:tf] 5'6 tyf ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] ul/G5 . s:tf]
Joj;fo, sxf+ ;+rfng u/]df, s:tf] :jfldTj cGtu{t ;+rfng ePdf, s'g ;+Vofdf
/f]huf/L l;h{gf u/]df s] s:tf] 5'6 tyf ;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{ eGg] Joj:yf cfos/ P]g,
@)%* sf] kl/R5]b $ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . /fHon] s'g} Joj;fo jf If]q tyf
ju{sf] cfly{s lqmofsnfksf ;Gbe{df P]gsf] kl/R5]b $ df sfg"gL Joj:yf u/L 5'6
tyf ;'ljwf lbg ;Sb5 . lgb]{lzsfsf] o; kl/R5]bsf] p2]Zo Joj;flos 5'6 tyf
;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{ cfosf] ;Gbe{df pNn]v ug'{ /x]sf] 5 .
Joj;flos 5"6 tyf ;'ljwfx? M
cg'R5]b !)=! df pNn]v ul/Psf] p2]Zo k|fKtLsf] nflu cfos/ P]g @)%* sf] bkmf
!! df Joj;flos 5'6 tyf ;'ljwfx?sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o; bkmfdf Joj;flos
5'6 tyf ;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{ Joj;flos cfosf] ;DaGwdf :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v ePsf]
5 . P]gsf] o; bkmfdf ;dfj]z ePsf Joj;flos 5'6 tyf ;'ljwfx? lgDgfg';f/
/x]sf 5g\ .
!!-!_
s'g} kmd{, sDkgL, ;fem]bf/L tyf ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] ?kdf btf{ u/L s[lif
Joj;fo u/L k|fKt u/]sf] cfodf / e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf !@ sf]
v08 -3_ / -_ df pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf] hUufdf s[lif Joj;fojf6 k|fKt
ePsf]afx]s cGo s[lif cfDbfgLdf s/ nfUg] 5}g .
P]gsf] pko'{Qm Joj:yfn] ;+ul7t ?kdf Pj+ Joj;flos ?kdf ;+rflnt s[lif
Joj;foaf6 k|fKt s[lif cfonfO{ JolQmsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t/
s'g} k|fs[lts AolQmn] e"ld ;DalGw P]g @)@! n] tf]s]sf] xbjlGbleqsf] hUufaf6
k|fKt u/]sf] s[lif cfodf s/ nfUb}g . t/, e"ld ;DalGw P]g @)@! sf] bkmf !@ sf]
v08 -3_ / -_ df pNn]v ePsf] hUufdf s[lif Joj;fo u/L k|fKt u/]sf] s[lif

cfonfO{ cfos/ u0fgf k|of]hgsf nflu cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . e"ld ;DalGw P]g
@)@! sf] bkmf !@ v08 -3_ / -_ df lgDgfg';f/ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

3_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;"lrt cfb]z f/f tf]lsPsf] cf}wf]lus sfddf tf]lsPsf]

zt{ cg';f/ nufO{Psf] ;f]lx cfb]zdf tf]lsPsf] xb;Ddsf] hUuf, To:tf]
sfd /x];Dd .
-_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;"lrt cfb]zf/f tf]lslbPsf] s[lif pBf]usf] sfddf
tf]lsPsf] zt{ cg';f/ nufOPsf] ;f]lx cfb]zdf tf]lsPsf] xb;Ddsf]
hUuf, To:tf] zt{ cg';f/ ;f] sfd /x];Dd .
e"ld ;DjGwL P]g, @)@! df hUufsf] :jfldTjdf xbjGbLsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] / ;f]lx
P]g jdf]lhd o:tf hUufdf cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo jf s[lif Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{sf nflu
g]kfn ;/sf/n] xbjGbLsf] l;df j9fpg ;Dg] Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf] 5 . tf]lsPsf]
xbalGb l;df eGbf a9L If]qkmndf s[lif Joj;fo u/L k|fKt u/]sf] cfonfO{ cfos/
P]gsf] pko'{Qm Joj:yfn] 5'6 lbPsf] 5}g . o; ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ tnsf]
pbfx/0faf6 k|i6 kfl/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !)=@=! M dfgf}+, 9s jxfb'/ jDhdn] cfkm\gf] kfl/jfl/s jf ;uf]n
kl/jf/sf] :jfldTj /x]sf] hUuf -e"ld ;DjGwL P]g, @)@! sf] xbjGbL leq /lx_ df
lrof v]tL u/L cfPsf /x]5g . o;/L lrof v]tL ubf{ lghn] cf= j= @)^%^^ df
? !),)),))) cfo cfh{g u/]sf] /x]5g eg] o:tf] cfo s/ 5'6 x'g] cfo leq
kb{5 .
t/ s;}n] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 l:js[t k|fKt u/L e"ld ;DalGw P]g @)@! sf] bkmf
!@ -3_ jf -_ df tf]lsPsf] t/Lsf cg';f/ xbaGbLeGbf a9L If]qkmndf v]tL u/L
cfo cfh{g u/]sf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] v]tLaf6 k|fKt cfodf s/ 5'6 x'+b}g . To:t}
h'g;'s} cj:yf ePtf klg s'g} Joj;flos kmd{ jf lgsfo dfkm{t s'g} k|sf/sf]
s[lif cfo ePdf ;f] cfodf s/ nfUb5 .
!!-@_

;xsf/L P]g, @)$* adf]lhd btf{eO{ ;+rfng ePsf] s[lif jf jg

k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t /]zd v]tL tyf /]zd pTkfbg, kmnkm"n v]tL pTkfbg tyf
kmnkm"n k|zf]wg, kz'kfng, 8]/L pBf]u, s'v'/fkfng, dT:okfng, lrof v]tL
tyf k|zf]wg, skmL v]tL tyf k|zf]wg, hl8j'6L v]tL tyf k|zf]wg, t/sf/Lsf
jLp ljhg pTkfbg, df}/Lkfng, dx pTkfbg, /a/ v]tL, sj'lnolt jg,
Pu|f]km/]i6L cflb Joj;flos jg ;DaGwL Joj;fox? h:tf s[lif tyf jghGo
pBf]ux?, t/sf/L e08f/sf nflu :yflkt zLt e08f/, s[lif;DaGwL jLp
ljhg, kz' cfxf/f, bfgf, sL6gfzs cf}iflw, dn tyf s[lif cf}hf/ -oflGqs
zlQmaf6 rNg]afx]s_ sf] sf/f]jf/ ug]{ ;xsf/L ;+:yf tyf u|fdL0f ;d'bfodf
cfwfl/t art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf jf ;+3sf] cfodf s/ nfUg] 5}g .
o:tf] ;+:yf jf ;+3n] ljt/0f u/]sf] nfef+zdf ;d]t s/ nfUg] 5}g .
:ki6Ls/0f M o; pkbkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu u|fdL0f ;d'bfo eGgfn]
dxfgu/kflnsf, pkdxfgu/kflnsf tyf tL If]q;Fu hf]l8Psf ufpF ljsf;
;ldlt / gu/kflnsf afx]ssf If]q ;Demg' k5{ .
P]gsf] o; pkbkmfn] u|fld0f If]qsf] cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf ;xsf/Lsf] dfWodaf6
clea[l4 ug]{ clek|fon] u|fld0f ;d'bfodf s[lif tyf ag k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t Joj;fo,
141

s[lifsf] pTkfbsTj clea[l4 ug{ cfjZos kg]{ dn ljpljhg Pj+ kz'kfng

Joj;fosf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ cfxf/f tyf bfgf nufot u|fld0f If]qdf jrt
clea[l4 ug{sf nflu ;+ul7t ePsf ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] cfodf cfos/ gnfUg] Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] Joj:yf ljz]if u/L u|fld0f If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ul/Psf]n]
dxfgu/kflnsf, pkdxfgu/kflnsf Pj+ ltgLx?;+u hf]l8Psf ufp+ ljsf; ;ldlt
tyf gu/kflnsfx?df ;+rflnt ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?nfO{ pknAw 5}g . o; ;DaGwdf
tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 yk k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !)=@=@ M dfgf}+, sGofd ;fd'bflos lrof jufg ln= gfds Ps ;xsf/L
;+:yf ;xsf/L P]g, @)$* jdf]lhd btf{ ePsf] Pp6f ;xsf/L ;+:yf /x]5 . pQm
;+:yfdf sGofd If]qsf $) hgf s[ifs ldnL ;fd'lxs ?kdf lrof v]tL, k|zf]wg
Pj+ k|zf]lwt lrofsf] ljlqm ;d]t u/L cfPsf /x]5g\ . ;f] ;+:yfn] @)^%^^ df
Ps s/f]8 ?k}+of cfo cfh{g u/]sf] /x]5 . o; cj:yfdf pQm ;+:yfn] cfh{g
u/]sf] cfodf s/ 5'6 x'g]5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm ;f] ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf] z]o/xf]N8/nfO{
nfef+z afF8]sf] cj:yfdf ;d]t To:tf] nfef+zdf s/ sl ug'{ kb}{g .
!!-#_

s'g} JolQmnfO{ s'g} cfojif{df ljz]if pBf]u / ;"rgf k|ljwL pBf]u af6
ePsf] cfodf b]xfo adf]lhd s/ nufOg]5 M
!!-#_-s_ tLg ;o jf ;f] eGbf a9L g]kfnL gful/snfO{ jif{ e/L g} k|ToIf
/f]huf/L lbg] ljz]if pBf]u / ;"rgf k|ljlw pBf]unfO{ ;f] jif{sf] cfodf nfUg]
s/sf] gAa] k|ltzt, afx| ;o jf ;f] eGbf a9L g]kfnL gful/snfO{ jif{ e/L g}
k|ToIf /f]huf/L lbg] ljz]if pBf]unfO{ ;f] jif{sf] cfodf nfUg] s/sf] c;L
k|ltzt, dlxnf, blnt jf ckfx dWo] sDtLdf t]lQ; k|ltztnfO{ ;d]t
;dfj]z u/L ;o hgf eGbf a9L g]kfnL gful/snfO{ jif{e/L k|ToIf /f]huf/L
lbPsf] laz]if pBf]unfO{ ;f] jif{sf] cfodf nfUg] s/sf] c;L k|ltzt,
b]zsf] gful/sx?nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/df a[l4 ug]{ p2]Zon] /f]huf/L d'ns
pBf]usf] :yfkgf Pj+ ;+rfngdf k|f]T;fxg ug{ lglZrt ;+Vof eGbf a9L /f]huf/L lbg]
ljz]if pBf]u tyf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;"rgf k|ljlw pBf]unfO{ nfUg]
s/df 5'6 ;'ljwf lbg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf] Joj:yf lglZrt /f]huf/Lsf]
;+Vofsf] cltl/Qm zfl/l/s Pj+ cGo sf/0faf6 k|ltikwf{Tds Ifdtf sd ePsf]
dlxnf, blnt tyf ckfnfO{ lglZrt ;+VofeGbf a9L /f]huf/L pknAw u/fpg] ljz]if
pBf]u tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw pBf]unfO{ ;d]t pknAw x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . P]gn]
ljz]if pBf]u tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw pBf]unfO{ pknAw u/fPsf] 5'6 ;'ljwf lgDgfg';f/
/x]sf] 5 .
ljz]if
ljz]if
;"rgf k|ljlw
pBf]udf
pBf]unfO{
pBf]unfO{
laa/0f
nfUg] s/sf] ;'lawf cg';f/ ;'ljwf cg';f/
b/
nfUg] s/sf]
nfUg] s/sf]
b/
b/
s= jif{el/ #)) jf ;f] eGbf j9L
@)
!*
@@=%)
k|ToIf /f]huf/L lbg] laz]if pBf]u

142

v= jif{el/ !@)) jf ;f] eGbf j9L

k|ToIf /f]huf/L lbg] ljz]if
pBf]u
u= jif{ el/ !)) jf ;f] eGbf j9L
k|ToIf /f]huf/L lbO{ ;f] dWo]
sDtLdf ## dlxnf, blnt /
ckfnfO{ /f]huf/L lbg] ljz]if
pBf]u

@)

!^

@@=%)

@)

!^

@%

!!-#_-v_ cltcljsl;t, cljsl;t, cNkljsl;t If]qx?df ljz]if pBf]u ;+rfng

ePsf] eP To:tf pBf]u ;+rfng ePsf] cfo jif{ ;d]t bz cfojif{sf nflu
;f] jif{x?sf] cfodf nfUg] s/sf] s|dzM bz, aL; / tL; k|ltzt .
b]zsf] ljleGg If]qx?df pBf]u :yfkgfsf] nflu pknAw k"jf{wf/ Pj+ ahf/sf]
cj:yfsf] cfwf/df b]zsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf cg';f/ ljleGg If]qx?df ljefhg
ul/Psf] 5 . k"jf{wf/ Pj+ cGo sf/0fn] k5f8L k/]sf] ef}uf]lns If]qx?df cf}Bf]lus
ljsf;sf nflu k|f]T;fxg ug{ To:tf If]qx?df ;+rfng ePsf ljz]if pBf]ux?n]
cfk\mgf] cfodf ltg'{ kg]{ s/df lglZrt b/df s/ 5'6 kfpg] Joj:yf P]gsf] pko'{Qm
cg';f/sf] Joj:yfn] u/]sf] 5 . pBf]u ;+rfng x'g] If]qsf] cfwf/df s/df pknAw
u/fOPsf] 5'6 ;'ljwf lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 . cltcljsl;t, cljsl;t, cNkljsl;t
If]qx?sf] ljj/0f cg';"rL @ df lbOPsf] 5 .
ljz]if pwf]udf
nfUg] s/sf] b/
@)

;'lawf cg';f/
nfUg] s/sf] b/
@

v= cljsl;t

@)

u= cNkljsl;t

@)

pBf]u ;+rfng x'g] If]q

s= cltcljslzt

o:tf ;'ljwf pBf]u ;+rfng ePsf] k|yd !) jif{ ;Dd pknJw x'g]5 . pbf/x0fsf],
nflu s'g} pBf]u @)^%)%)# df btf{ ePsf] /x]5 Pj+ ;f] pBf]un] cfkm\gf]
pTkfbg sfo{ @)^^)!)! jf6 ;'? u/]sf] /x]5 eg] pQm pBf]unfO{ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf
cfo jif{ @)&$&% ;Dd pknAw x'g]5 .
!!-#s_ ljz]if cfly{s If]qdf :yflkt pBf]usf] cfodf nfUg] cfos/ / To:tf
pBf]un] ljt/0f ug]{ nfef+zdf nfUg] s/df b]xfo adf]lhd 5'6 x'g]5 M
!!-#s_-s_ lxdfnL lhNnf / g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] kxf8L lhNnfdf /x]sf] ljz]if
cfly{s If]qdf :yflkt pBf]unfO{ sf/f]af/ z'? u/]sf] ldltn] bz jif{;Dd
nfUg] cfos/sf] zt k|ltzt / To;kl5sf cfo jif{df nfUg] cfos/sf]
krf; k|ltzt,
!!-#s_-v_ v08 -s_ df pNn]lvt If]q jfx]ssf] cGo If]qdf /x]sf] ljz]if cfly{s
If]qdf :yflkt pBf]unfO{ sf/f]af/ z'? u/]sf] ldltn] kfFr jif{;Dd nfUg]
cfos/sf] zt k|ltzt / To;kl5sf cfo jif{df nfUg] cfos/sf] krf;
k|ltzt,

143

lxdfnL lhNnf / g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] kxf8L lhNnf tyf cGo If]qdf /x]sf] ljz]if
cfly{s If]qdf :yflkt pBf]unfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf] 5'6 tyf ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf u/]sf]
5M
ljz]if pBf]udf ljz]if pBf]udf ;'lawf
nfUg] s/sf] b/ cg';f/ nfUg] s/sf] b/
s= lxdfnL lhNnf / g]kfn ;/sf/n]
@)
klxnf] !) jif{ ;Dd )
tf]s]sf] kxf8L lhNnfdf
To; kl5 !)
pBf]u ;+rfng x'g] laz]if cfly{s If]q

v= cGo If]qdf

@)

klxnf] % jif{ ;Dd )

To; kl5 !)

!!-#s_-u_ ljz]if cfly{s If]qdf :yflkt pBf]un] ljt/0f u/]sf] nfef+zdf nfUg]
s/sf] sf/f]af/ z'? u/]sf] ldltn] kfFr jif{;Dd zt k|ltzt / To;kl5sf]
tLg jif{;Dd krf; k|ltzt,
ljz]if cfly{s If]qdf :yflkt pBf]un] ljt/0f u/]sf] nfef+zdf sf/f]jf/ ;+rfng ;'?
u/]sf] ldltn] % jif{ ;Dd zt k|ltzt s/ 5'6 x'g] cyf{t nfef+z e'QmfgL ubf{
>f]tdf s/ sl ug{ gkg]{ Pj+ 5}7f}, ;ftf} tyf cf7f} jif{df nfUg] s/sf] %) -cyf{t
@=%_ n] / gjf} jif{ b]lv ;fdfGo b/ -cyf{t %_ n] s/ nfUg]5 .
!!-#s_-3_ ljz]if cfly{s If]qdf :yflkt pBf]usf ljb]zL nufgLstf{n] ljb]zL
k|ljlw jf Joj:yfkg ;]jf z'Ns tyf /f]oN6Laf6 cfh{g u/]sf] cfodf
nfUg] cfos/sf] krf; k|ltzt .
P]gsf] bkmf ** sf] pkbkmf -!_ jdf]lhd /f]oN6L Pj+ k|ljlw tyf Joj:yfkg z'Ns
;]jf z'Nsdf !% sf] b/n] clu|d s/ sl ug'{ kg]{ Pj+ bkmf (@ sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf]
v08 -r_ jdf]lhd u}/ afl;GbfnfO{ e'QmfgL u/]sf] To:tf] s/ clGtd s/ sl x'g]
Joj:yf ePsf]df ljz]if cfly{s If]qdf :yflkt pwf]usf ljbzL nufgLstf{nfO{
e'QmfgL u/Lg] o:tf z'Nsdf &=% sf b/n] dfq s/ nfUg] Joj:yf /x]sf] .
!!-#v_
k]6f]lnod tyf k|fs[lts UofF; cGj]z0f tyf pTvgg ug]{ sf/f]jf/ ug]{
JolQmn] @)&% ;fn r}q dlxgf;Dd Jofkfl/s ?kdf sf/f]jf/ ;+rfng u/]df
sf/f]jf/ ;+rfng u/]sf] ldltn] klxnf] ;ft jif{;Dd k'/} cfos/ 5'6 kfpg]5 /
To; kl5sf] tLg jif{;Dd krf; k|ltzt cfos/ 5'6 kfpg]5 .
k]6f]lnod pTkfbg tyf k|fs[lts Uof; cGj]if0f tyf pTvgg\ ug]{ Joj;fon] @)&%
;fn r}qleq Jofkfl/s pTkfbg z'? u/]df To;/L sf/f]jf/ z'? ePsf] klxnf] &
jif{;Dd k'/} s/ 5'6 x'G5 eg] To; k5L # jif{;Dd krf; k|ltzt 5'6 x'G5 .
!!-#u_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L tf]s]sf] 6]Sgf]nf]hL
kfs{, afof]6]s kfs{ / ;"rgf k|ljlw kfs{leq :yflkt ;km\6j]o/ ljsf;, tYof+s
k|zf]wg, ;fOj/ Sofkm], l8lh6n Doflk+u ;DalGw pBf]usf] cfodf nfUg] s/sf]
krf; k|ltzt 5'6 x'g]5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L tf]lslbPsf] ;"rgf k|ljlw kfs{ leq
:yflkt ;"rgf k|ljlw d"ns pBf]udf nfUg] k|rlnt s/sf] b/df %) k|ltztn] 5'6
x'g]5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu olb s'g} ;"rgf k|ljlwd"ns pBf]u g]kfn ;/sf/n]

144

/fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L tf]lslbPsf] If]qdf :yfkgf eO{ cfo cfh{g u/]sf] 5
eg] To;/L cflh{t cfodf !@=%) k|ltztsf b/n] dfq s/ nfUg] Joj:yf 5 .
!!-#3_ ljB'tsf] pTkfbg, k|;f/0f, ljt/0f ug]{ cg'dlt k|fKt ;+ul7t ;+:yfn]
;Dat\ @)&% ;fn r}q dlxgf ;Dd Jofkfl/s ?kdf hnljB'tsf] pTkfbg,
pTkfbg / k|;f/0f, pTkfbg / ljt/0f jf pTkfbg, k|;f/0f / ljt/0f z'? u/]sf]
ldltn] klxnf] ;ft jif{ ;Dd k'/} cfos/ 5'6 kfpg]5 / To; kl5sf] tLg jif{
;Dd krf; k|ltzt cfos/ 5'6 kfpg]]5 . o:tf] ;'ljwf ;f}o{, jfo' tyf h}ljs
kbfy{af6 pTkfbg x'g] ljB'tn] ;d]t kfpg]5 .
t/,
-s_ ;Dat\ @)&! efb| & ut] leq lgdf{0f k|f/De ug]{ hnljB't
cfof]hgfn] ;Dat\ @)&% ;fn r}q dlxgf;Dd Jofkfl/s ?kdf
hnljB'tsf] pTkfbg ;'? u/]df klxnf] bz jif{;Dd k'/} cfos/ 5'6
kfpg] 5 / To;kl5sf] kfFr jif{;Dd krf; k|ltzt cfos/ 5'6
kfpg]5 .
-v_ of] pkbkmf k|f/De ePsf jvt Jofkfl/s pTkfbg k|f/De ul/;s]sf
cg'dltkq k|fKt JolQmsf] xsdf cg'dltkq k|fKt ul/Psf jvtsf]
Joj:yf sfod /xg]5 .
b]zdf laBdfg /x]sf] ljB't ;+s6nfO{ ;+jf]wg ug{ @)&% ;fn r}q d;fGt leq
Jofkf/Ls ?kdf hnljB't pTkfbg, pTkfbg / k|;f/0f, pTkfbg / ljt/0f jf
pTkfbg, k|;f/0f / ljt/0f ;'? u/]sf] ldltn] klxnf] & jif{ ;Dd cfos/ 5'6 kfpg]
Pj+ cf7f}, gjf} Pj+ bzf} jif{ nfUg] s/sf] %) sf b/n] 5'6 x'g] Joj:yf P]gn] u/]sf]
5 . o:tf] 5'6sf] ;'ljwf ;f}o{, jfo' tyf h}ljs kbfy{af6 ljB't pTkfbg ug]{ ;+ul7t
;+:yfn] kfpg]5 . To:t} s'g} hnljB't cfof]hgfn] @)&! ;fn efb| & ut] leq
lgdf{0f k|f/De u/L @)&% ;fn r}q d;fGt;Dddf Jofkfl/s ?kdf hnljB'tsf]
pTkfbg z'? u/]df To:tf] cfof]hgfn] klxnf] bz jif{ zt k|ltzt / To;kl5sf] kfFr
jif{ krf; k|ltzt cfos/ 5'6 kfpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . t/, To:tf] ;'ljwf
hnljB't pTkfbg ug]{ jfx]s hnljB't k|;f/0f jf ljt/0f ug]{ cfof]hgfnfO{ k|fKt
x'+b}g .
t/ @)^^ ;fn cfiff9 d;fGtleq cfkm\gf] Joj;flos pTkfbg z'? u/L ;s]sf]
;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] xsdf eg] cg'dltkq k|fKt ul/Psf cj:yfdf sfod /x]sf] Joj:yf
nfu" x'g]5 .
cg'dltkq Pa+ Joj;flos pTkfbg, k|;f/0f jf lat/0f ;'? u/L ;s]sf]
(Commercially Operated Date, COD) cfwf/df s/ 5'6 x'g] k|fjwfg tnsf]
tflnsfaf6 k|i6 kfl/Psf] 5 .
cg'dltkq k|fKt ePsf] ldlt
@)%*!@!( cl3
cg'dltkq k|fKt ePsf]

Jofkfl/s pTkfbg z'?

ePsf] ldlt
@)^^ cfiff9 d;fGt leq
ePsf]

cg'dltkq hlxn] kfPsf] ePtf @)^^ cfiff9 d;fGt kl5

;'ljwf
cg'dlt kq k|fKt u/]sf
jvt sfod /x]sf]
Joj:yf nfu' x'g] .
Jofkfl/s pTkfbg z'?
145

klg

t/ @)&% r}q d;fGt cl3

ePsf]

cg'dlt kq hlxn] kfPsf]

ePtfklg

;Dat\ @)&! efb| & ut]

leq hnljB't pTkfbgsf
nflu lgdf{0f k|f/De u/L
@)&% ;fn r}q dlxgf leq
@)^^ cfiff9 d;fGt leq
;'? ePsf]

@)%*!@!( kl5
cg'dltkq k|fKt ePsf]

ePsf] klxnf] & jif{

!)) 5'6 / To;
kl5sf] # jif{ %) 5'6
Jofkfl/s pTkfbg z'?
ePsf] klxnf] !) jif{
!)) 5'6 / To;
kl5sf] % jif{ %) 5'6
5'6 k|fKt gx'g]

bkmf !!-#_
pTkfbgd'ns pBf]un] pTkfbg u/]sf] j:t' lgof{t u/]df k|fKt
cfodf nfUg] s/sf] b/df kRrL; k|ltztn] 5'6 x'g]5 .
pTkfbg d'ns pBf]un] pTkfbg u/]sf] j:t' lgof{t u/]/ k|fKt u/]sf] cfodf nfUg]
s/sf] b/df kRrL; k|ltzt 5'6 x'g]5 . o; Joj:yf cg';f/ lgof{tsf] k|efjsf/L b/
lgDgfg';f/ x'G5M
;fdfGo cj:yf
k|fs[lts JolQm !% k|ltzt
lgsfo @) k|ltzt

;'ljwf
!!=@%
!%

bkmf !!-#r_ ;8s, k'n, jLdfg:yn, ;'?+u dfu{ lgdf{0f / ;+rfng u/]df jf 6fd,
6nLj;df nufgL u/L ;+rfng u/]df ;f]af6 k|fKt cfodf nfUg] s/sf] b/df
rfnL; k|ltztn] 5'6 x'g]5 .
bkmf !!-#5_
lwtf]kq ahf/df ;"lrs[t ePsf pTkfbgd'ns, ko{6g ;]jf,
hnljB't pTkfbg, ljt/0f tyf 6fG;ld;g ug]{ / bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf -#u_
df pNn]v ePsf lgsfox?nfO{ nfUg] s/df bz k|ltztn] 5'6 x'g]5 .
bkmf !!-#h_ clt cljsl;t If]qdf :yflkt kmnk"mndf cfwfl/t a|f08L, ;fO8/ Pjd\
jfOg pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]unfO{ sf/f]jf/ ;'? u/]sf] ldltn] bz jif{;Dd rfnL;
k|ltzt cfos/ 5'6 x'g]5 .
bkmf !!-#em_s'g} JolQmn] af}l4s ;DklQ lgof{t jfkt k|fKt /f]oN6L cfodf nfUg]
cfos/sf] b/df kRrL; k|ltztn] 5'6 x'g]5 .
bkmf !!-#`_ s'g} JolQmn] jf}l4s ;DklQsf] x:tfGt/0ff/f ljqmL u/L k|fKt u/]sf]
cfodf nfUg] cfos/sf] b/df krf; k|ltztn] 5'6 x'g]5 .
!!-$_
pkbkmf -!_, -@_, -#_ sf] v08 -s_ / -v_, pkbkmf -#s_, -#v_, -#u_ /
#-3_, cg';"rL! sf] bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf -!#_, -!$_ / -!%_ / cg';"rL! sf]
bkmf @ sf] pkbkmf -#_, -#s_ / -$_ adf]lhdsf JolQmn] cfosf] u0fgf ubf{
cGo 5'} JolQmf/f ;f] cfo dfq k|fKt u/] ;/x dfgL ;f] cfosf] u0fgf ug'{
kg]{5 .
o;/L P]gsf] bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf -!_, -@_ / pkbkmf -#_ sf] v08 -s_ / -v_,
pkbkmf -#s_, -#v_ / -#u_ cGtu{t 5'6sf ;'lawf k|fKt x'g] AolQmn] cfo u0fgf ubf{
;f] dfq cfo /x]sf] dfgL cfo u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 . cyf{t To:tf] AolQmsf] cGo cfo

146

klg eP To:tf] cGo cfodf o:tf] ;'lawf pknAw x'g] 5}g . o; ;DaGwdf tnsf]
pbfx/0faf6 yk k|sf; kfl/Psf] 5 M
pbfx/0f !)=@=# M dfgf}+, :j:tLs ufd]{06 pBf]u k|f= nL= sf] pBf]u sf7df8f+}df
/x]5 . pQm pBf]usf] csf]{ PsfO{ wflb -cNk ljsl;t If]q_ df ;d]t ;+rfngdf
/x]5 . cf= j= @)^&^* df pQm k|f= ln= sf] b'O{ PsfO{sf] sf/f]jf/sf] cj:yf
lgDgfg';f/ /x]5 .
/sd ? xhf/df
ljj/0f
sf7df8f+}
wflb
s'n
ljlqm
@,!),)) !,$),))
#,%),))
ljlqmsf] nfut
!,%),)) !,@%,))
@,&%,))
;+rfng vr{
!),))
*,))
!*,))
pQm k|f= nL= sf] dfly pNn]lvt lx;fj lstfjjf6 5'} v'Ng] vr{sf] cnfjf
s]lGb|s[t ?kdf ck|ToIf ? %)),))) vr{ ePsf] /x]5 . pQm k|f= nL= sf] cf= j=
@)^&^* df s/sf] bfloTj lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf u/Lg' kb{5 M
/sd ? xhf/df
ljj/0f
sf7df8f+}
wflb
s'n
ljlqm
@,!),)) !,$),)) #,%),))
Go"gM
ljlqmsf] nfut
!,%),)) !,@%,)) @,&%,))
;+rfng vr{
!),))
*,))
!*,))
cGo vr{ -s'n ljlqmsf] cg'kftdf
#,))
@,))
%,))
ck|ToIf vr{ 5'6\ofO{Psf]_
lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo
$&,))
%,))
%@,))

5'6
s/ of]Uo cfo
$&,))
%,))
%@,))
nfUg] s/sf] b/
@)
^
s/ /sd
(,$)
#)
(,&)
o;/L cNk ljsl;t If]qdf /x]sf] laz]if pBf]usf] cfodf dfq pk/f]Qm adf]lhd
s/sf] b/df 5'6 pknAw x'G5 . ;fy} Ps OsfOdf gf]S;fgL ePdf csf]{ OsfOsf]
cfodf ldnfg ug{ kfO{b}g . s/sf] u0fgf ubf{ pQm k|f= nL= sf] cfo u0fgf ;DjGwL
kmf/fdx? 5'f 5'} ?kdf eg'{ kb{5 .
!!-%_
Pp6} cfosf] ;DjGwdf dfyL pNn]lvt pkbkmfx? jdf]lhd PseGbf
j9L 5'6 kfpg ;Sg] cj:yf ePsf] JolQmn] cfkm"n] /f]h]sf] s'g} Pp6f 5'6 dfq
kfpg] 5 .
s'g} AolQmsf] o; bkmf cGtu{tsf pkbkmfx?df 5'6sf ;'lawf dWo] Ps eGbf a9L
;'lawf kfpg ;Sg] ca:yf eP cfkm'n] /f]h]sf] s'g} Pp6f 5'6 dfq kfpg] 5 . h:t},
147

bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf -#_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd jif{ el/ #)) jf ;f] eGbf j9L
k|ToIf /f]huf/L lbg] laz]if pBf]un] s/sf] b/df !) 5'6 kfpg] / bkmf !! sf]
pkbkmf -#_ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd To:tf] pBf]u cltcljslzt If]qdf ;~rfng eP
nfUg] s/sf] b/df %) 5'6 x'g] x'G5 . o:tf] ca:yfdf ;f] AolQmn] bkmf !! sf]
pkbkmf -#_ sf] v08 -s_ jf v08 -v_ dWo] cfkm'n] /f]h]sf] s'g} Ps 5'6 dfq kfpg]
5 . o; ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 yk k|sf; kfl/Psf] 5 M
pbfx/0f !)=@=$ M dfgf}+, dfly pbfx/0f !)=@=# df pNn]lvt :j:tLs ufd]{06
pBf]u k|f= nL= sf] wflb PsfO{df !)) hgf eGbf j9L g]kfnL sfdbf/ jif{e/L
sfo{/t /x]5g / ;f] dWo] ## eGbf j9L dlxnf, blnt / ckf sfo{/t /x]5g
eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf P]gsf] bkmf !!-#_-s_ df pNn]lvt tf]lsP eGbf a9L
/f]huf/L lbg] pBf]un] kfpg] ;'lawf -nfUg] b/df @) s/ 5'6sf] ;'lawf_ jf
P]gsf] !!-#_-v_ df pNn]lvt cNkljsl;t If]qdf ;+rflnt pBf]un] kfpg] ;'lawf
-nfUg] b/df &) s/ 5'6sf] ;'lawf_ dWo] ;f] k|f=ln= n] s'g} Ps ;'lawf dfq
5fGg kfp+b5 .
!!-^_

pkbkmf -#_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;f] pkbkmf sf] v08
-v_ adf]lhdsf] pBf]u ;+rfng ug{ k|of]u ePsf ;DklQx? ;flasdf cGo
JolQmn] ;f]xL lsl;dsf] pBf]u ;+rfng ug{ k|of]u u/]sf] eP ;f] pkbkmfsf
;dosf] ;Ldfsf] u0fgf ubf{ To;/L k|of]u ePsf] cjlwnfO{ ;d]t u0fgf ug{'
kg]{5 .
pBf]unfO{ cfos/sf] 5'6sf] ;'ljwf lbbf To:tf ;'ljwfdf ;do l;df ePsf] / pBf]u
;+rfngsf] nflu k|of]u ePsf] ;DklQ k'/fgf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf ;dosf]
l;df ;fljs cjlwjf6 g} u0fgf ul/G5 . ;f] Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf]
pbfx/0faf6 yk k|sf; kfl/Psf] 5 M
pbfx/0f !)=@=% M dfly pbfx/0f !)=@=# df pNn]lvt :j:tLs ufd]{06 pBf]u k|f=
nL= sf] wflb PsfO{df pBf]u ;+rfng ug{ k|of]u ePsf] ;DklQ gof+ ePsf] eP
P]gsf] bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf -#_ sf] v08 -v_ jdf]lhd 5'6sf] ;'ljwf !) jif{ x'g]
x'G5 t/ pQm ;DklQ olb # jif{ cGo s'g} JolQmn] To:t} pBf]u ;+rfng ug{
k|of]u ul/;s]sf] eP To:tf] cj:yfdf pQm k|f=ln=sf] wflb PsfO{df pBf]un] 5'6
;'lawf afFsL cjlw cyf{t & jif{ dfq kfpg] x'G5 .
:ki6Ls/0fM o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu,
-s_ s[lif Joj;fo eGgfn] ;fj{hlgs jf lghL hldgaf6 afnLgfnL
pTkfbg ug]{ jf hldg k|of]u ug]{ df]xLaf6 s't jf afnL k|fKt ug]{
Joj;fo ;Demg' k5{ .
-v_ cltcljsl;t, cljsl;t / cNkljsl;t If]q eGgfn]
cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] cg';"rL# df plNnlvt If]q
;Demg' k5{ .
cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] cg';"rL# df pNn]lvt cltcljsl;t,
cljsl;t / cNkljsl;t If]q sf] ;"lr o; lgb]{lzsfsf] cg';"lr @-s_
df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
148

-u_

!)=#

!)=$

ljz]if pBf]u eGgfn] r'/f]6, la+8L, l;uf/, vfg];"lt{, v}gL, d'Vo

sRrf kbfy{ ;"lt{ ePsf] ;f]xL k|s[ltsf cGo pTkfbgx?, dlb/f, ljo/
tyf o:t} k|sf/sf j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]uafx]s cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo
P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf # df juL{s/0f ul/Psf pTkfbgd"ns pBf]u
;Demg' k5{ .
cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf # df pNn]lvt pTkfbgd"ns nufot
cGo au{sf pBf]usf] ;"lr o; lgb]{lzsfsf] cg';"lr @-v_ df pNn]v ul/Psf]
5.
!!-&_
pkbkmf -#s_ / -#u_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg ;f]xL
pkbkmfx?df plNnlvt pBf]u jf Joj;fo ;~+rfng ug{ k|of]u ePsf
;DklQx? ;fljsdf cGo JolQmn] ;f]xL lsl;dsf] jf cGo lsl;dsf] pBf]u jf
Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ k|of]u u/]sf] k'/fgf] ;DklQx? eP ;f] pkbkmfx?
adf]lhdsf] ;'ljwf k|fKt x'g] 5}g .
bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf -#s_ df pNn]lvt ljz]if cfly{s If]qdf :yflkt pBf]u Pj+ bkmf
!! sf] pkbkmf -#u_ df pNn]lvt ;"rgf kfs{ leq ;+rflnt pBf]un] cGo AolQmn]
k|of]u u/]sf] jf cGoq k|of]u eO{ ;s]sf] ;DklQ k|of]u u/L To:tf pwf]u ;+rfng
u/]sf] cj:yfdf o:tf] ;'ljwf pknJw x'g]5}g . cyf{t, ;"rgf kfs{df jf ljz]if
cfly{s If]qdf cGoqaf6 d]lzg, cf}hf/ tyf ;+oGq :yfgfGt/0f u/L ;f]xL ;DklQ
k|of]u ug]{ pBf]usf] xsdf of] ;'lawf pknAw x'g] 5}g .
k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgf 5"6 tyf ;'ljwfx? M
P]gsf] bkmf !!s adf]lhd k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf ;+rfngdf lgDgfg'';f/sf]
s/ nfUg] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
!!s=
k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf ;+rfng ug{sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ /
s'g} JolQmsf aLr s'g} ;Demf}tf ePdf ;f] ;Demf}tf ubf{sf avt sfod ePsf] s/
;DaGwL o; P]gn] Joj:yf u/]sf] s/sf ;'ljwfx? To:tf] k"jf{wfwf/ lgdf{0f tyf
;~rfng ug]{ JolQmn] ;Demf}tf cjlwe/ To:tf] s/ ;DaGwL ;'ljwf pkef]u ug{
kfpg] 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf ;+rfng ug{sf nflu s'g} JolQm ;+u
;Demf}tf ubf{ sfod /x]sf] s/ ;DaGwL Aoa:yf tyf ;'lawf h:t}, s/sf] b/ Pa+
;'lawf, x|f; sL ;DaGwL Aoa:yf, gf]S;fgL sL cfbL k|fjwfgx?df kl5Nnf
jif{x?df P]gdf ;+zf]wg ePtfklg To:tf] k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfng ug]{ JolQmn]
;Demf}tf cjlwe/ To:tf] s/ ;DaGwL ;'ljwf pkef]u ug{ kfpg] 5 .
/fli6o dxTjsf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; cfof]hgfxdf ;x'lnot M
P]gsf] bkmf !!v adf]lhd /fli6o dxTjsf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; cfof]hgfxdf
lgDgfg';f/sf] ;x'lnotsf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5M
!!v=
/fli6o dxTjsf hnljB't cfof]hgf, cGt/f{li6o jLdfg:yn, e"ldutdfu{
tyf ;8sdfu{, /]ndfu{ h:tf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; cfof]hgf tyf #)) hgf eGbf
a9L :jb]zL sfdbf/nfO{ /f]huf/L lbg] / %) k|ltzt eGbf a9L :jb]zL sRrf

149

!)=%

kbfy{ pkof]u ug]{ pTkfbgzLn pBf]u -r'/f]6, dlb/f / ljo/ pBf]u afx]s_ df
;Djt\ @)&% r}t d;fGt;Dd u/]sf] nufgLsf] cfo;|f]t vf]lhg]5}g .
rGbf pkxf/
P]gsf] bkmf !@ adf]lhd s/ 5"6 kfPsf ;+:yfx?nfO{ lbOPsf] rGbf pkxf/
36fpg bfaL ug]{ ;Gbe{df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
!@-!_ s'g} JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df cfgf] s/of]Uo cfo u0fgf ubf{ o; bkmfsf]
k|of]hgsf] nflu ljefuaf6 :jLs[lt k|fKt s/ 5"6 kfpg] ;+:yfnfO{ rGbf
pkxf/ lbPsf] /sd 36fpg] bfaL ug{ ;Sg]5 .
;fdfGotofM rGbf tyf pkxf/n] k|ltkmnsf] cf; g/flv u/Lg] e'QmfgLnfO{ a'emfp+5 .
o:tf] rGbf tyf pkxf/ s/ 5"6 kfpg] ;+:yfnfO{ e'Qmfg ul/Psf] v08df dfq To:tf]
/sd cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu 36fpg] bfaL ug{ ;Sg]5 .
!@-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;f] pkbkmf adf]lhd s'g}
cfo jif{df 36fpg kfpg] vr{ Ps nfv ?k}ofF jf ;f] JolQmsf] ;f] jif{sf]
;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfosf] kfFr k|ltzt dWo] h'g 36L x'G5 ;f] eGbf] a9L
x'g] 5}g .
P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -s g!_ df ;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfonfO{ lgDgfg';f/
kl/eflift u/LPsf] 5 .
;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfo eGgfn] s'g} JolQmsf] s'g} cfojif{sf] s/ of]Uo
cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ bkmf !@ adf]lhd s'g} /sd g36fO{ tyf bkmf !$ sf]
pkbkmf -@_, bkmf !& jf !* adf]lhd sL gu/L u0fgf ul/Psf] s/of]Uo
cfo ;Dg' k5{ .
rGbf vr{ cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu 36fpg bfaL ubf{ ;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfosf] %
k|ltzt jf Ps nfv jf jf:tlas e'QmfgL dWo] h'g 36L x'G5 ;f] dfq bfaL ug{
;lsG5 . rGbf vr{ k|of]hgsf nflu ;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfo u0fgf ubf{ bkmf !$@_, !& tyf !* adf]lhd vr{ dflgg] /sdnfO{ vr{ sL lbO{ u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 .
pbfx/0f !)=%=! M dfgf}+, :j:tLs g]kfn k|f= nL= sf] cf=a= @)^%.^^ sf]
sf/f]af/sf] ca:yf lgDgfg';f/ /x]5M
laqmL
?= !),)),))).))
laqmLsf] nfut
?= ^,)),))).))
x|f; vr{
?= %),))).))
cGo k|zf;lgs vr{
?= @,%),))).))
rGbf vr{
?= !%,))).))
pQm k|f=ln=sf] ;f] cf=a= df 5'6 bfaL ug{ kfpg] rGbf vr{ lgDgfg';f/ x'g
cfp+5 .
laqmL
!),)),))).))
Go"gM

150

laqmLsf] nfut
^,)),))).))
x|f; vr{
%),))).))
cGo k|zf;lgs vr{
@,%),))).))
;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfo
!,)),))).))
-s_ af:tlas rGbf vr{
!%,))).))
-v_ ;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfosf] % x'g] /sd
%,))).))
bfaL of]Uo rGbf vr{ --s_ / -v_ dWo] 36L_%,))).))
o; cg';f/ pQm k|f=ln=n] cf=a= @)^%.^^ df ?= !%,))).)) rGbf e'QmfgL u/]tf
klg ?= %,))).)) dfq s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fO{ kfpg bfaL ug{ ;Sb5 .
!@-#_ pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} vf; cj:yfdf
g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L tf]s]sf] s'g} sfo{sf]
nflu s'g} JolQmn] vr{ u/]sf] jf rGbf lbPsf] /sd ;f] JolQmsf] cfo
lgwf{/0f ubf{ vr{ jfkt k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf sL ug{ kfpg] u/L tf]Sg
;Sg]5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L ljz]if k|of]hg -h:t}, af9L
lkl8t /fxt sf]if_ sf] nflu lbO{Psf] rGbf vr{df eg] o;/L vr{ bfaL ug{ kfpg]
/sdsf] l;df tf]lsPsf] 5}g tyf o:tf] rGbf vr{ bkmf !@-@_ sf] l;df aflx/ klg
x'g ;S5 .
pbfx/0f !)=%=@ M dfgf}+, dfyL pbfx/0f !)=%=! df pNn]lvt :j:tLs g]kfn k|f=
nL=n] g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/]sf] sfo{sf] nflu yk ?=
%),))) rGbf lbPsf] /x]5 / ;f] ;"rgfdf s/ 5'6 x'g] Joj:yf /x]5 eg] lghsf]
;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfosf] % x'g] /sd ?= %,))) sf] cnfjf ?= %),)))
;d]t s'n ?= %%,))) g} vr{ s6\6L kfpF5 .
!)=^

;Dkbf ;+/If0f / v]ns"bsf] ljsf;df u/]sf] vr{

P]gsf] bkmf !@s df ;Dkbf ;+/If0f / v]ns"bsf] ljsf;df u/]sf] vr{sf bfaL ug]{
;Gbe{ lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
s'g} sDkgLn] s'g} cfo jif{df ljefusf] k"j{ :jLs[lt lnO{ g]kfnleq /x]sf k|frLg,
wfld{s tyf ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;Dj4{g ug]{ jf v]ns"bsf] ;fj{hlgs
ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{df u/]sf] vr{ dWo] bz nfv ?k}+ofF;Ddsf] /sd jf
lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfosf] bz k|ltztn] x'g] /sd dWo] h'g 36L x'G5 ;f] /sd cfkm\gf]
;f] jif{sf] s/of]Uo cfo u0fgf ubf{ 36fpg] bfjL ug{ ;Sg]5 .
g]kfnleq /x]sf k|frLg, wfld{s tyf ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;Dj4{g ug]{
jf v]ns"bsf] ;fj{hlgs ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{df s'g} sDkgLn] u/]sf] vr{
lgDg cfwf/df lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfoaf6 36fO{ kfpg bfaL ug{ ;S5M
s= laefuaf6 k"j{ :jLs[lt lng' kg]{M o;/L :jLs[lt dfUbf vr{ ug]{ k|of]hg, vr{
ug]{ cg'dflgt /sd, vr{ ug]{ ;do l;df Pa+ vr{ ug]{ k|s[of -h:t}, ;DalGwt
lgsfodf l;wf e'QmfgL ug]{, cfkm} ug]{ jf 7]Ssf dfkm{t ug]{_ vf]nL vr{ ug'{
151

sDtLdf & lbg cuf8L ;DalGwt cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf lga]bg lbg'
kb{5 .
v= vr{ ug{ ;Sg] l;dfM o; k|of]hgsf]nflu ?= !) nfv jf lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfosf]
!) k|ltzt dWo] h'g 36L x'G5 ;f]eGbf a9L x'g x'+b}g .
pbfx/0f !)=^=! M dfgf}+, lbk Hof]tL g]kfn nL= sf] cf=a= @)^%.^^ sf] sf/f]af/sf]
ca:yf lgDgfg';f/ /x]5M
20,000,000.00
laqmL
13,500,000.00
laqmLsf] nfut
850,000.00
x|f; vr{
3,500,000.00
cGo k|zf;lgs vr{
500,000.00
k|flrg dlGb/ lh0ff]{f/ vr{
ljefuaf6 l:js[t k|fKt s/ 5'6
130,000.00
;+:yfnfO{ lbPsf] rGbf vr{
pQm sDkgLsf] ;f] cf=a= df 5'6 bfaL ug{ kfpg] rGbf vr{ lgDgfg';f/ x'g
cfp+5 .
laqmL
laqmLsf] nfut
x|f; vr{
cGo k|zf;lgs vr{
lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo
lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfosf] !) n] x'g] /sd
af:tlas k|flrg dlGb/ lh0ff]{f/ vr{
bfaL of]Uo k|flrg dlGb/ lh0ff]{f/ vr{
;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfo
;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfosf] % /sd
clwstd l;df
af:tlas rGbf vr{
bfaL of]Uo rGbf vr{
s/of]Uo cfo

20,000,000.00
(13,500,000.00)
(850,000.00)
(3,500,000.00)
2,150,000.00
215,000.00
500,000.00
(215,000.00)
1,935,000.00
96,750.00
100,000.00
130,000.00
(96,750.00)
1,838,250.00

152

kl/R%]b 11

s/bftf k|fs[lts JolQm

(Tax Payer Natural Person)

!!=!

cfos/ P]g, @)%* df s/of]Uo cfo x'g] JolQmnfO{ s/ nufpg] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 .
pQm Aoa:yf cGt{ut AolQm eGgfn] k|fs[lts AolQm (Natural Person) nufot
lgsfox?nfO{ ;d]t hgfp5 . k|fs[lts AolQmn] cfh{g u/]sf] cfodf lgsfosf] eGbf
km/s ?kdf cfo tyf cfos/ u0fgfsf ;DaGwdf P]gsf] kl/R5]b ( df laz]if
Aoa:yf ul/Psf] 5 . pk/f]Qm laz]if Aoa:yf nufot k|fs[lts JolQmsf cfo jf
cfos/ u0fgf ug]{ ;DaGwdf ePsf Joj:yfx?nfO{ k|sfz kfg'{ o; kl/R5]bsf] p2]Zo
/x]sf] 5 .
!!=@ d'Vo zAbfanL
!!=@=! k|fs[lts AolQmM k|fs[lts AolQm (Natural Person) eGgfn] dflg; (Human being)
nfO{ hgfpF5 . lgsfosf] :yfkgf Pa+ ;~rfng ;DaGwL sfg"gdf pNn]v u/] adf]lhd
x'g]5 eg] k|fs[lts AolQmn] ;fdfGotofM :ki6 ?kdf sfg"gn] aGb]h gnufPsf afx]s
cGo sfd ug{ ;Sb5g\ . P]gsf] bkmf -@_ sf] v08 -j_ df k|fs[lts AolQmnfO{
lgDgfg';f/ kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 .
k|fs[lts JolQm eGgfn] k|fs[lts JolQm ljz]if ;Demg' k5{ / o; P]gsf] k|of]hgsf]
nfuL ;f] zAbn] btf{ eO{ jf geO{ k|fs[lts JolQmsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] Psnf}6L kmd{
tyf Pp6} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] ?kdf dflgg] u/L bkmf %) adf]lhd 5gf}6 ePsf]
bDklQ ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 .
!!=@=@ afl;Gbf AolQmM P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -s _ sf] pkv08 -!_ df k|fs[lts AolQm
lgDgfg';f/sf] s'g} ca:yf ePdf afl;Gbf AolQm dflgG5 .
-s_ ;fdfGo a;f]af;sf] :yfg g]kfndf /x]sf],
-v_ cljlR5Gg #^% lbgsf] cjlwdf !*# lbg jf ;f] eGbf a9L g]kfndf /x]sf], jf
-u_ g]kfn ;/sf/jf6 cfo jif{sf] s'g} ;dodf ljb]zdf v6fOPsf] .
Affl;Gbf AolQm ;DaGwL la:t[t AofVof o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b @ df ul/Psf] 5 .
!!=@=# bDklQM jfl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQm / ;f] JolQmsf] jfl;Gbf klt jf kTgL b'j}n] lnlvt
?kdf ;"rgf lbP/ s'g} vf; cfoaif{df s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu Pp6} k|fs[lts JolQmsf]
(Married filing jointly) ?kdf dflgg] u/L 5gf}6 ug{ ;Sb5g\ . s'g} cfo aif{sf]nflu
of] Joa:yf 5gf}6 ug]{ bDktL dWo] klt jf kTgLn] ;f] aif{df a'emfpg'kg]{ s/sf] nfuL
;+o'Qm ?kdf / 5'f5'} ?kdf lhDd]jf/ (Jointly and Separately Liable) x'G5g\ .
P]gsf] bkmf %) df bDklQsf] ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
%)-!_ afl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQm / ;f] JolQmsf] afl;Gbf klt jf kTgL b'j}n] lnlvt
;"rgf lbP/ s'g} vf; cfo jif{df s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu Pp6} k|fs[lts JolStsf]
?kdf dflgg] u/L 5gf}6 ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .

%)-@_ s'g} cfo jif{sf] ;DaGwdf pkbkmf -!_ df plNnlvt Joj:yf 5gf}6 ug]{
bDktL dWo] klt jf kTgLn] ;f] jif{df a'emfpg' kg]{ s/sf] nflu Ps csf]{k|lt
;+o'St ?kdf / 5'f5'} ?kdf lhDd]jf/ x'g]5g\ .
%)-#_ pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ df h] ;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg cfl>tnfO{ e/0f
kf]if0f ug' kg]{ jfl;Gbf ljwjf jf ljw"/nfO{ bDklQ ;/x dflgg] 5 .
P]gsf] bkmf %) sf] Aoa:yf cg';f/ bDklQ x'gnfO{ ;fdfGotofM lgDgfg';f/sf]
ca:yf eO{ 5gf}6 u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 .
klt kTgL b'j} hgf jfl;Gbf JolQm x'g' kb{5 .
bDktLsf] ?kdf dflgg] klt jf kTgL b'a}n] lnlvt ;"rgf lbg' kb{5 . t/ cfo
laa/0f kmf/ddf 5gf}6jf/] lglb{i6 dxndf hfgsf/L lbPdf ;f]xL cfwf/df
5gf}6 u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
5gf}6 Ps cfo jif{sf nfludfq x'G5 .
s/ ltg]{ lhDd]jf/L klt / kTgL b'j} hgfsf] ;+oQ
" m / JolQmut ?kdf x'g]5 .
cfl>tnfO{ e/0f kf]if0f ug'{kg]{ afl;Gbf ljw'/ jf ljwjfn] (Qualified Widow/er)
klg bDklt ;/x ;'ljwf bfjL ug{ ;Qm5g\ .
!!=# cf}iflw pkrf/ jfkt s/ ldnfg (Medical Tax Credit)
!!=#=! k|fs[lts jfl;Gbf JolQmn] lghsf] nfuL cfkm} jf cGo s'g} JolQm dfkm{t -h:t},
/f]huf/bftf dfkm{t_ u/]sf] l:js[t cf}iflw pkrf/ vr{sf]nfuL s'g} cfoaif{df cf}iflw
pkrf/ jfkt s/ ldnfg (Medical Tax Credit) bfjL ug{ ;Sb5 . cfos/ P]g,
@)%* df cf}iflw pkrf/ jfktsf] vr{ ldgfxf x'g] Joj:yf gu/L cf}iflw pkrf/
vr{ jfkt k|fKt ePsf] ;'ljwf eP ;f] ;'ljwfsf] e'QmfgLnfO{ cfosf] u0fgfdf
;dfa]z u/L nfUg] s/sf] u0fgf kZrft s/jf6 Pp6f lglZrt Joj:yf / tf]lsPsf]
;Ldfsf] clwgdf /xL s/ bfloTjaf6 ;Lw} 36fpg kfpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . P]gdf
bDklQsf] ?kdf cfo lgwf{/0f ug{ 5gf}6 u/]sf] bDklQnfO{ klg k|fs[lts AolQm
dflgPsf] x'+bf s'g} cfo jif{df Pp6} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] ?kdf 5gf}6 u/]sf] klt jf
kTgLn] ;f] cfo jif{df cfkm\gf] / cfkm\gf] klt jf kTgL pk/ ul/Psf] l:js[t cf}iflw
pkrf/ vr{ ;d]t o; k|of]hgsf] nflu dfGotf /fVb5 .
P]gsf] bkmf %! df cf}iflw pkrf/ afkt s/ ldnfg ;DaGwL lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf
/x]sf] 5 M
%!-!_ s'g} k|fs[lts afl;Gbf JolStn] lghsf] nflu cfkm}+ jf cGo s'g} JolQm
dfkm{t u/]sf] :jLs[t cf}iflw pkrf/ vr{sf] nflu s'g} cfo jif{df cf}iflw
pkrf/ afkt s/ ldnfg ug{ bfaL ug{ ;Sg]5 .
cf}ifwf]krf/ vr{ k|fs[lts JolQm cfkm}+n] jf cGo s'g} JolQm dfkm{t lghsf] nfuL
ul/Psf] eP klg To:tf] vr{ jfkt s/ ldnfg bfaL ug{ kfO{G5 . lghsf] nflu
eGgfn] k|fs[lts AolQmsf] cfkm\gf] nflu ePsf] cf}ifwf]krf/ hgfp+b5 . t/ s'g} cfo
aif{df bDklQ x'g 5gf}6 ug]{ k|fs[lts AolQmsf] xsdf ;f] cfo aif{sf] nflu klt /
kTgL b'j}sf]nflu ePsf] cf}ifwf]krf/ vr{sf] nflu s/ ldnfg bfaL ug{ kfO{G5 .
pbfx/0f !!=#=!M dfgf}+, s'g} sDkgLdf sfo{/t s'g} sd{rf/L lj/fdL eO{
cf}ifwf]krf/ u/fpbf sd{rf/L cfkm}+n] vr{ u/]sf] cf}ifwf]krf/sf] /sd xf];\ jf ;f]
sd{rf/L sfd ug]{ sDkgLn] vr{ ul/ lbPsf] cf}ifwf]krf/sf] /sd xf];\, b'j}
154

cj:yfdf ;f] sd{rf/Ln] s/ ldnfg ug{ bfaL ug{ kfp+5 . t/, sDkgLn]
cf}ifwf]krf/ jfkt u/]sf] vr{ k|fs[lts JolQmsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ePsf] 5 eg]
dfq s/ ldnfg ;'ljwf kfp+5 .
%!-@_ s'g} cfo jif{df k|fs[lts JolQmsf] cf}iflw pkrf/ afkt s/ ldnfgsf] /sd
pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] :jLs[t cf}iflw pkrf/ vr{ /sdsf] kGw| k|ltztsf]
b/n] x'g] /sddf pkbkmf -$_ df plNnlvt s'g} /sd eP ;f] ;d]t hf]8L
u0fgf ug'{ kg]{5 .
s/ ldnfg ug{ bfaL ubf{ s'g} cfo aif{df :jLs[t cf}ifwf]krf/ jfkt vr{ ePsf]
;Dk"0f{ /sd ltg'{ kg]{ s/af6 36fpg kfO{b}g . vr{ ePsf] :jLs[t cf}ifwf]krf/
jfktsf] /sdsf] kGw| k|ltztn] x'g] /sd / ljutsf aif{x?jf6 lhDd]jf/L ;/]/
cfPsf] s/ ldnfg ug{ af+sL /sd dfq 36fpg kfO{G5 .
pbfx/0f !!=#=@M dfgf}+, s'g} JolQmsf] ljut aif{x?df :jLs[t cf}ifwf]krf/ jfkt
s/ ldnfg x'g g;s]sf] ?= #)). lhDd]jf/L ;/]/ cfPsf] /x]5 . of] aif{ lghn]
:jLs[t cf}ifwf]krf/ jfkt ?= @,))). vr{ u/]sf] /x]5 eg] p;n] of] aif{ vr{
u/]sf] ?= @,))). sf] kGw| k|ltztn] x'g] /sd ?= #)). / ljut aif{jf6
lhDd]jf/L ;/L cfPsf] af+sL /sd ?= #)). ;d]t hDdf ?= ^)). s/ ldnfg
bfjL u/L of] aif{ ltg'{ kg]{ s/jf6 36fO{ af+sL s/ ltg'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
%!-#_

pkbkmf -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} cfo jif{df k|fs[lts
JolQmaf6 bfaL ul/Psf] cf}iflw pkrf/ afkt s/ ldnfg /sd tf]lsPsf]
;LdfeGbf a9L x'g] 5}g .
:jLs[t cf}ifwf]krf/ jfkt ePsf] vr{sf] kGw| k|ltztn] x'g] /sddf ljutjf6
lhDd]jf/L ;/]sf] /sd hf]8\g' kg]{ ul/ pkbkmf -@_ df Joj:yf ul/Psf]5 . o;/L
hf]8\bf x'g] /sd lglZrt l;df leq /xL ;f]xL aif{ nfUg] s/af6 36fpg kfO{G5 .
cfos/ lgodfjnLsf] lgod !& sf] pklgod -#_ df s'g} Ps aif{df s/ ldnfgsf]
nfuL bfjL ug{ kfpg] clwstd xb tf]lsPsf] 5 . ;f] lgoddf ePsf] Joj:yf
jdf]lhd Ps aif{df a9Ldf ?= ;ft ;o krf; ;Dd dfq :jLs[t cf}ifwf]krf/ jfkt
ltg'{ kg]{ s/ jf6 36fpg kfO{G5 . o;sf/0f, cf}ifwf]krf/ s/ ldnfgsf] /sd
lgDgfg';f/sf /sddWo] ;j}eGbf sd /sddfq lgwf{/0f x'G5 M
s= ?= &%).)),
v= ljut jif{af6 ;/L cfPsf] ldnfg x'g afsL s/ /sd / of] jif{sf] :jLs[t
cf}ifwf]krf/ vr{sf] !% k|ltztn] x'g] /sd,
u= of] jif{ ltg{ kg]{ s/ /sd
pbfx/0f !!=#=#M dfgf}+, s'g} JolQmsf] ljut aif{x?df :jLs[t cf}ifwf]krf/ jfkt
s/ ldnfg x'g g;s]sf] ?= %)). lhDd]jf/L ;/]/ cfPsf] /x]5 . of] aif{ lghn]
:jLs[t cf}ifwf]krf/ jfkt ?= @),))). vr{ u/]sf] /x]5 eg] p;n] of] aif{ vr{
u/]sf] ?= @),))). sf] kGw| k|ltztn] x'g] /sd ?= #,))). / ljut aif{jf6
lhDd]jf/L ;/]sf] af+sL s/ ldnfg /sd ?= %)). ;d]t hDdf ?= #,%)). s/
ldnfg ug{ kfp5 . t/, cfos/ lgodfjnLsf] lgod !& sf] pklgod # df Ps
aif{df s/ ldnfg ug{ kfpg] clwstd l;df ?= ;ft ;o krf; dfq tf]lsPsf]n]
155

of] aif{ lghn] ?= &%). dfq s/ ldnfg ul/ af+sL ?=@,&%). cfufdL
aif{x?sf]nfuL lhDd]jf/L ;fg'{ kb{5 .
%!-$_ s'g} cfo jif{df s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] xsdf b]xfosf xb;Dd v08 -s_ /
-v_ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd a9L ePsf] /sd lhDd]jf/L ;f/L cfufdL jif{x?df
pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhds]f /sddf ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg]5 M
%!-$_-s_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf] /sd pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhdsf] ;LdfeGbf a9L
ePdf o:tf] a9L ePsf] /sd, /
s'g} aif{ :jLs[t cf}ifwf]krf/ jfkt vr{ ePsf] /sdsf] kGw| k|ltztn] x'g] /sd ;ft
;o krf; ?k}+ofF eGbf a9L ePdf ;f] aif{ ltg'{ kg]{ s/jf6
?=&%). 36fO{
af+sL /x]sf] /sd cfufdL aif{nfO{ lhDd]jf/L ;fg{ kfO{G5 .
pbfx/0f !!=#=$M dfgf}+, s'g} cfo aif{df s'g} JolQmsf] :jLs[t cf}ifwf]krf/ jfkt
?= !),))). vr{ ePsf] /x]5 eg] ;f] /sdsf] kGw| k|ltzt jf ;f] aif{df 36fpg
kfpg] l;df ?= &%). dWo] h'g 36L x'G5, ;f] /sd lghn] ;f] aif{ ltg'{ kg]{
s/jf6 36fpg kfp5 . of] pbfx/0fdf ?= !),))). sf] kGw| k|ltzt ?= !,%)).
x'g], t/ clwstd 36fpg kfpg] l;df ?= &%). ePsf]n] lghn] ?= &%). dfq
of] aif{ ltg'{ kg]{ s/jf6 36fpg kfp5 . af+sL /x]sf] ?= &%). cfufdL aif{ ltg'{
kg]{ s/jf6 36fpg] ul/ lhDd]jf/L ;fg{ kfp5 .
%!-$_-v_ ;f] jif{df bkmf # sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhdsf] JolQmn] bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ s/
/sd sd ePsf] sf/0fn] ;f] JolQmn] cf}iflw pkrf/ jfkt s/ ldnfg pkof]u
ug{ g;Sg] xb;Ddsf] /sd .
s'g} jif{df s/ ldnfg ug{ kfpg] /sdsf] l;df ?= &%). ePtf klg ltg'{ kg]{ s/
?= &%). eGbf sd /x]5 eg] ltg'{ kg]{ s/ /sd ;Dd dfq s/ ldnfg x'g] x'+bf a9L
ePsf] /sd cfufdL aif{sf]nfuL lhDd]jf/L ;fg{ kfO{G5 .
pbfx/0f !!=#=%M dfgf}+, s'g} cfo aif{df s'g} JolQmsf] :jLs[t cf}ifwf]krf/ jfkt
?= $,))). vr{ ePsf] /x]5 eg] ;f] /sdsf] kG3| k|ltzt ?= ^)). ;f] aif{
nfUg] s/jf6 36fpg kfp5 . t/, olb lghn] ;f] aif{ ltg'{ kg]{ s/ ?= %)). dfq
/x]5 eg] lghn] ;f] aif{ ?= %)). s/ ldnfg ul/ a9L ePsf] ?= !)). cfufdL
aif{ ltg'{ kg]{ s/jf6 36fpg] ul/ lhDd]jf/L ;fg{ kfp5 .
:ki6Ls/0f M o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu :jLs[t cf}iflw pkrf/ vr{ eGgfn]
tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] :jLs[t cf}iflw pkrf/ vr{ ;Demg' k5{ .
lgod !& df b]xfo adf]lhdsf] cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{nfO{ :jLs[t cf}ifwL pkrf/
vr{ dflgg] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5M

-s_ s'g} k|fs[lts AolQmn] :jf:Yo jLdf afkt e'QmfgL u/]sf] jLdf lk|ldod,
-v_ s'g} k|fs[lts AolQmnfO{ dfGotf k|fKt c:ktfn, gl;{ xf]d,:jf:Yo s]Gb|
jf lrlsT;sn] pkrf/ ubf{ nfu]sf] cf}ifwL nufotsf lan adf]lhdsf]
/sd .
t/ b]xfosf vr{x? :jLs[t cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ dflgg] 5}gg\ M
156

-s_ ;f}Gbo{ ;NolrlsT;f -sid]l6s ;h{/L_ df ePsf] vr{, /

-v_ :jf:Yo jLdfaf6 Ifltk"lt{ k|fKt ePsf] xb ;Dd dfGotf k|fKt c:ktfn,
gl;{ xf]d, :jf:Yo s]Gb| jf lrlsT;sn] pkrf/ ubf{ nfu]sf] cf}ifwL
nufotsf lan adf]lhdsf] /sd .
s'g} AolQmn] :jf:Yo jLdf u/fPsf] ca:yfdf jLdfsf] zt{gfdf adf]lhd ;f] AolQmn]
Aoxf]g{ kg]{ :jf:yf]krf/ ;DaGwL vr{sf] ;f]wegf{ cyf{t Ifltk"lt{ k|fKt u/]sf] /x]5
eg] ;f] k|fKt Ifltk"lt{sf] xb;Dd ;f] AolQmn] cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ afkt s/ ldnfgsf]
nflu bfaL ug{ ;Sg] 5}g . ;f] ;DaGwL ca:yf tnsf] pbfx/0fdf v'nfO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !!=#=^M dfgf}+, xl/x/ dfy]dfn] ;'ud jLdf sDkgLdf cfkm\gf] :jf:Yo
jLdf u/L cfPsf /x]5g\ . cf=a= @)^%.^^ df lghn] ?= @,))). lk|ldod
e'Qmfg u/]sf /x]5g\ . o;/L e'Qmfg u/]sf] lk|ldod Medical Tax Credit
k|of]hgsf] nflu lghn] ;f] aif{ bfaL ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . dfgf}+, ;f] aif{ lghsf]
:jf:yf]krf/sf] nflu dfGotf k|fKt c:ktfndf ?= $) xhf/ vr{ ePsf] /x]5 .
;f] afkt pQm jLdf sDkgLn] ?= #* xhf/ Ifltk"lt{ e"QmfgL u/]sf] /x]5 . o;
ca:yfdf xl/x/ dfy]dfn] e'Qmfg u/]sf] jLdf lk|ldod ?= @,))) tyf
:jf:yf]krf/ vr{ ?= $) xhf/ af6 jLdf sDkgLaf6 Ifltk"lt{ e"QmfgL k|fKt ?=
#* xhf/ s6fO{ afFsL ?= @,))), cyf{t s'n ?= $,))) Medical Tax Credit
k|of]hgsf] nflu lghn] ;f] aif{ bfaL ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . lghsf] ;f] aif{ :jf:yf]krf/
vr{ ?= $) xhf/ eP klg sDkgLaf6 Ifltk"lt{ e"QmfgL k|fKt ?= #* xhf/ eg]
bfaL ug{ ;Sg]5}g . cyf{t xl/x/ dfy]dfn] :jf:yf]krf/ vr{ afkt ?= $
xhf/sf] !% k|ltztn] x'g cfpg] /sd ?= ^)) s/ ldnfg bfjL ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
:jf:Yo aLdf u/]sf] JolQm la/fdL kb{5 g} eGg] x'b}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf :jf:Yo
aLdf lk|ldod g} :jLs[t cf}ifwf]krf/ vr{ x'G5 .
P]gdf k|fs[lts afl;Gbf JolStn] lghsf] nflu cfkm}+ jf cGo s'g} JolQm dfkm{t u/]sf]
:jLs[t cf}iflw pkrf/ vr{sf] nflu s'g} cfo jif{df cf}iflw pkrf/ afkt s/ ldnfg
bfaL ug{ kfpg] Aoa:yf /x]sf] / cf}iflw pkrf/ afkt s/ ldnfg ug]{ k|of]hgsf]
lgldQ ;f] AolQmn] :jLs[t cf}iflw pkrf/ vr{ dfq bfaL ug{ kfpFb5 . P]gdf
bDklQsf] ?kdf cfo lgwf{/0f ug{ 5gf}6 u/]sf] bDklQnfO{ klg k|fs[lts AolQm
dflgPsf] x'+bf bDklQ 5gf}6 u/]sf] cfo aif{df cfkm\gf] / cfkm\gf] klt jf kTgL pk/
ul/Psf] :jLs[t cf}iflw pkrf/ vr{ ;d]t o; k|of]hgsf] nflu dfGotf /fVb5 .
s'g} cfo jif{df k|fs[lts JolQmsf] cf}iflw pkrf/ afkt s/ ldnfgsf] /sd :jLs[t
cf}iflw pkrf/ vr{ /sdsf] kGw| k|ltztsf] b/n] x'g] /sddf laut aif{df ldnfg
x'g g;s]]sf] s'g} /sd eP ;f];d]t hf]8L u0fgf ug'{ kg]{5 .
pbfx/0f !!=#=&M dfgf}+, s'g} AolQmsf] Ps cfly{s aif{df :jLs[t cf}iflw pkrf/sf]
lgldQ ?= !),))) vr{ ePsf] /x]5 tyf lgod !&-#_ df ;f] vr{sf] l;df ?=
&%) tf]lsPsf] sf/0f pQm AolQmn] ;f] aif{ cf}iflw pkrf/ vr{sf] !% k|ltztsf]
b/n] x'g] /sd ?= !,%)) dWo] ?= &%) ;f]xL aif{ cfgf] s/ bfloTjaf6 36fpg
kfpg]5 / aFfsL ?= &%) cfufdL aif{x?df cfgf] s/ bfloTjaf6 36fpg
kfpg]5 . olb lghsf] s/ bfloTj ?= &%) eGbf sd ePdf klg of] ;'lawf

157

pkof]u u/L af+sL x'g cfpg] /sd cfufdL aif{sf] nflu ;fg{ kfpg] 5 .
pbfx/0f !!=#=*M dfgf}+, e/t s';afxsf] cf=a= @)^$.^% df s/of]Uo cfo ?=
@,#),))) /x]5 . pQm aif{ lghn] cfo lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|of]hgsf] lgldQ bDklQ x'g
5gf}6 u/]sf /x]5g\ . pQm cfo aif{df lghn] cfk'm pk/ ?= #,))) tyf cfkm\gf]
>LdtL pk/ ?= $,))) u/L hDdf ? &,))) :jLs[t cf}iflw pkrf/ vr{ u/]sf
/x]5g\ . To:t} lghsf] cf=a= @)^%.^^ df s/of]Uo cfo ?= @,%),))) /x]5 .
pQm aif{ lghn] cfo lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|of]hgsf] lgldQ bDklQ x'g 5gf}6 u/]sf
/x]5g\ . pQm cfo aif{df lghn] cfk'm pk/ ?= $,))) :jLs[t cf}iflw pkrf/ vr{
u/]sf /x]5g\ . lghn] cf=a= @)^$.^% tyf @)^%.^^ df bfaL ug{ kfpg] Medical
Tax Credit lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5 M
230,000.00

cf=a=@)^$.^% sf] s/ of]Uo cfo

s/sf] u0fgf M

hDdf s/ bloTj
:jLs[t cf}iflw pkrf/ vr{
!% k|ltztn] x'g] /sd
o; aif{ s/ ldnfg x'g] /sd
o; cfo jif{df s/ ldnfg x'g
g;s]sf] afFsL /sd
ltg'{ kg]{ s/ /sd
cf=a=@)^%.^^ sf] s/ of]Uo cfo
s/sf] u0fgf M

hDdf s/ bloTj
:jLs[t cf}iflw pkrf/ vr{
!% k|ltztn] x'g] /sd
ut aif{sf] afFsL
hDdf
o; aif{ s/ ldnfg x'g] /sd
ltg'{ kg]{ s/ /sd
o; cfo jif{df ldnfg x'g g;s]sf]
/sd

140,000.00

85,000.00

12,750.00

5,000.00

1,250.00
14,000.00

7,000.00
1,050.00
750.00
300.00
13,250.00
250,000.00
140,000.00
85,000.00

12,750.00

25,000.00

6,250.00
19,000.00

4,000.00
600.00
300.00
900.00
(750.00)
18,250.00
150.00

158

cf=a= @)^%.^^ df bfaL u/L afFsL /x]sf] dfyL pNn]lvt ?= !%).)) cfufdL
aif{df ldnfg bfaL ug{ kg]{5 .
s/ of]Uo cfosf] u0fgf ;DaGwL k|fjwfgx? o;} lgb]{lzssf] kl/R5]b % df AofVof
ul/Psf] 5 .
!!=#=@ k|To]s jif{ ltg'{kg]{ s/ bfloTj ?= &%) eGbf a9L 5 eGg] dfGotfsf cfwf/df cf}ifwL
pkrf/ afkt s/ ldnfg Pj cfufdL cfo aif{df ;fg]{ ;+aGwL k|fjwfgnfO{ tn
k|:t't tflnsaf6 k|i6 kfl/Psf] 5 .
cfo aif{
:jLs[t cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{
!% k|ltztn] x'g] /sd
laut aif{sf] bfaL x'g afFsL /sd
hDdf bfaL of]Uo /sd
lgod !&-#_ sf] l;df
bfla of]Uo /sd
cfufdL aif{ ;g]{ /sd
!!=$=

!
!&,)))
@,%%)
)
@,%%)
&%)
&%)
!,*))

)
)
!,*))
!,*))
&%)
&%)
!,)%)

)
)
!,)%)
!,)%)
&%)
&%)
#))

$
%))
&%
#))
#&%
&%)
#&%
)

s/of]Uo cfodf 36fpg kfpg] Aoa:yf

k|fs[lts AolQmn] s/sf] u0fgf ug'{ cuf8L P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf
-%_, -^_, -(_, -!)_ tyf -!@_ adf]lhd lgDgfg';f/sf /sdx? s/of]Uo cfoaf6
36fpg kfpg] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
!-%_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] b'u{d If]qdf sfo{/t k|fs[lts JolQmsf] b'u{d eQf
jfkt tf]lsP adf]lhd a9Ldf tL;xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fO{
afFsL /xg] /sddf dfq o; bkmf adf]lhd s/sf] u0fgf ul/g] 5 .
lgod #* adf]lhd k|fs[lts JolQmsf] s/ gnfUg] ;Ldfdf yk x'g] b'u{d eQf
jfktsf] /sd b]xfo jdf]lhd x'g]5 .
!= s ju{sf If]qdf ?= %),))) -krf; xhf/_
@= v ju{sf If]qdf ?= $),))) -rfnL; xhf/_
#= u ju{sf If]qdf ?= #),))) -tL; xhf/_
$= 3 ju{sf If]qdf ?= @),))) -aL; xhf/_
%= ju{sf If]qdf ?= !),))) -bz xhf/_
pbfx/0f !!=$=!M dfgf}+, ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8 b}n]v zfvfdf Zofd dxtf]
-Psn AolQm_ eGg] sd{rf/L sfo{/t /x]5g\ . cf=a= @)^&.^* df lghsf] tna /
eQf u/L dfl;s ?= @%,))) x'bf]/x]5 . lghn] ;f] aif{ bz}+ vr{ afkt ?=
@),))) k|fKt u/]sf /x]5g\ . ;f] aif{ lghn] ?= $),))) af]g; k|fKt u/]sf
159

/x]5g\ . a}+sn] ;f] aif{ lghsf] cfodf s'n ?= @$,))) yk u/L lghsf]
kfl/>ldsaf6 ;d]t Tolts} /sd s6fO{ ;+rosf]if -:jLs[t casfz sf]if_ df
hDdf ug]{ Aoa:yf u/]sf] /x]5 . ;f] aif{ lghsf] s/ of]Uo cfo Pa+ s/ /sd
lgDgfg';f/ x'g cfp+5 .
300,000.00
tnj eQf
20,000.00
bz}+ eQf
40,000.00
af]g;
24,000.00
;+ro sf]ifdf yk
384,000.00
hDdf lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo
36fpg]M
48,000.00
:jLs[t casfz sf]ifdf nufgL
336,000.00
s/of]Uo cfo
s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg]
30,000.00
u ju{df kfpmg] b'u{d If]q ;'ljwf
306,000.00
afFsL s/of]Uo cfo
cg';"lr ! sf] bkmf ! adf]lhd lghsf] 5'6 kl5sf] s/ nfUg]
s/of]Uo cfo ?=#)^,))) ePsfn] pkbkmf -!_-u_ adf]lhd s/
/sdsf] u0fgf
16,00.00
?= !^),))) ;Dd
100,000.00
15% n]
15,000.00
bf]>f]
46,000.00
25% n]
11,500.00
afFsL
28,100.00
hDdf aflif{s s/ /sd
P]gn] b'u{d If]qsf] cfwf/df k|fs[lts JolQmnfO{ dfq of] ;'ljwf k|bfg u/]sf]n] b'u{d
If]qdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L, Joj;foL tyf nufgLstf{n] ;d]t of] ;'ljwf kfpF5g\ . t/,
b'u{d If]qdf :yfoL j;f]af; ePsf] t/ cGo If]qdf sfo{/t JolQmx?n] :yfoL
a;f]af; ePsf] sf/0fn] dfq of] ;'ljwf kfpFb}gg\ .
!-^_
g]kfnsf ljb]z l:yt s'6g}lts lgof]udf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] j}b]lzs
eQfsf] krxQ/ k|ltzt /sd s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fO{ af+sL /xg] /sddf o;
bkmf adf]lhd s/sf] u0fgf ul/g] 5 .
pbfx/0f !!=$=@M dfgf}+, g]kfn ;/sf/n] Zofd dxtf] eGg] sd{rf/LnfO{ cd]l/sfdf
/x]sf] g]kfnL /fhb'tfaf;df sfd ug]{ u/L v6fPsf] /x]5 . cf=a= @)^^.^& df
lghsf] tna dfl;s ?= @%,))) /x]5 . lghn] ;f] aif{ bz}+ vr{ afkt ?=
@),))) k|fKt u/]sf /x]5g\ . lghnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|lt dlxgf ? $),))) sf
b/n] a}b]lzs eQf pknAw u/fPsf] /x]5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;f] aif{ lghsf] cfodf
s'n ?= @$,))) yk u/L lghsf] kfl/>ldsaf6 ;d]t Tolts} /sd s6fO{
;+rosf]if -:jLs[t casfz sf]if_ df hDdf ug]{ Aoa:yf u/]sf] /x]5 . lghn] ;f]
aif{ bDklQsf] ?kdf 5gf}6 u/]sf /x]5g\ . ;f] aif{ lghsf] s/ of]Uo cfo Pa+ s/
/sd lgDgfg';f/ x'g cfp+5 .
160

300,000.00
tnj eQf

20,000.00
bz}+ eQf

480,000.00
a}b]lzs eQf

24,000.00
;+ro sf]ifdf yk

824,000.00
hDdf lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo

36fpg]

48,000.00
:jLs[t casfz sf]ifdf nufgL

776,000.00
s/of]Uo cfo

s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg]

360,000.00
a}b]lzs eQfsf] &% k|ltzt

416,000.00
afFsL s/of]Uo cfo

s/ /sdsf] u0fgf

2,000.00
klxnf]
?= @,)),)))=)) df 1% n]
15,000.00
bf]>f]
?= !,)),)))=)) df 15% n]
29,000.00
afFsL
?= !,!^,)))=)) df 25% n]
46,000.00
hDdf aflif{s s/ /sd

!-(_ o; bkmfdf cGoGq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} afl;Gbf k|fs[lts
JolQmsf] lgj[lte/0f cfo /x]5 eg] k|fs[lts JolQmsf] nflu pkbkmf -!_ sf]
v08 -s_ jf bDklQsf] nfuL pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -s_ df plNnlvt /sd sf]
kRrL; k|ltzt yk /sd s/of]Uo cfojf6 36fO{ jf+sL /xg] /sddf dfq o;
bkmf jdf]lhd s/sf] u0fgf ul/g]5 .
lgod #( df o;/L 36fpg kfpg] lga[Qe/0f cfosf] l;df lgDgfg';f/ x'g] u/L
tf]lslbPsf] 5 M

P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf -(_ adf]lhd sL ul/g] /sd lga[Qe/0f
cfo eGbf a9L x'g] 5}g .
pbfx/0f !!=$=#M dfgf}+, ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8 b}n]v zfvfdf Zofd dxtf] eGg]
sd{rf/L sfo{/t /x]5g\ . cf=a= @)^&.^* df lghsf] tna / eQf u/L dfl;s ?=
@%,))) x'bf] /x]5 . lghn] ;f] aif{ bz}+ vr{ afkt ?= @),))) k|fKt u/]sf /x]5g\ .
;f] aif{ lghn] ?= $),))) af]g; k|fKt u/]sf /x]5g\ . a}+sn] ;f] aif{ lghsf] cfodf
s'n ?= @$,))) yk u/L lghsf] kfl/>ldsaf6 ;d]t Tolts} /sd s6fO{
;+rosf]if -:jLs[t casfz sf]if_ df hDdf ug]{ Aoa:yf u/]sf] /x]5 . lghn] ljsf;
a}+saf6 kfpg] kfl/>ldssf] cltl/Qm g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ;f] aif{ ?= !,%),)))
lga[lQe/0f ;d]t k|fKt u/]sf /x]5g\ . lghn] ;f] aif{ bDklQsf] ?kdf 5gf}6 u/]sf
/x]5g\ . ;f] aif{ lghsf] s/ of]Uo cfo Pa+ s/ /sd lgDgfg';f/ x'g cfp+5 .
tnj eQf
bz}+ eQf
af]g;

300,000.00

20,000.00

40,000.00

161

24,000.00
;+ro sf]ifdf yk

150,000.00
lga[lQe/0f

534,000.00
hDdf lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo

36fpg]

48,000.00
:jLs[t casfz sf]ifdf nufgL

486,000.00
s/of]Uo cfo

36fpg]M
30,000.00
u ju{df kfpmg] b'u{d If]q ;'ljwf

50,000.00
lga[lQe/0fdf 5'6

406,000.00
afFsL s/of]Uo cfo

s/ /sdsf] u0fgf

200,000.00
1% n]
2,000.00
klxnf]
100,000.00 15% n]
15,000.00
bf]>f]
106,000.00 25% n]
26,500.00
afFsL
43,500.00
hDdf aflif{s s/ /sd

!-!)_
o; bkmfdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} afl;Gbf
k|fs[lts JolQm ckf /x]5 eg] To:tf] k|fs[lts JolQmsf] nflu pkbkmf -!_ sf]
v08 -s_ bDkltsf] nflu pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -s_ df plNnlvt /sdsf]
krf; k|ltzt yk /sd s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fO{ jf+sL /xg] /sddf dfq o;
bkmf adf]lhd s/sf] u0fgf ul/g]5 .

pbfx/0f !!=$=$M dfgf}+, dfyL pbfx/0f !!=$=# df pNn]lvt Zofd dxtf] ckf
/x]5g\ eg] ;f] aif{ lghsf] s/ of]Uo cfo Pa+ s/ /sd lgDgfg';f/ x'g cfp+5 .
tnj eQf

bz}+ eQf

af]g;

;+ro sf]ifdf yk
lga[lQe/0f

hDdf lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo

36fpg]

:jLs[t casfz sf]ifdf nufgL

s/of]Uo cfo
36fpg] M z'Go b/
u ju{df kfpmg] b'u{d If]q ;'ljwf
lga[lQe/0fdf 5'6

300,000.00

20,000.00

40,000.00

24,000.00

150,000.00

534,000.00

48,000.00

486,000.00

30,000.00

50,000.00

162

100,000.00
ckf ;'lawf

306,000.00
afFsL s/of]Uo cfo

s/ /sdsf] u0fgf

200,000.00
1% n]
2,000.00
klxnf]
100,000.00 15% n]
15,000.00
bf]>f]
6,000.00 25% n]
1,500.00
afFsL
18,500.00
hDdf aflif{s s/ /sd

!-!!_ o; bkmfdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg s'g} afl;Gbf k|fs[lts
JolQm kfl/>lds cfo dfq cfh{g ug]{ dlxnf /x]5 eg] To:tf] k|fs[lts
AolQmn] ltg'{kg]{ s/ /sddf bz k|ltzt 5'6 x'g]5 .
pbfx/0f !!=$=%M dfgf}+, g]kfn a}+s lnld6]8 c5fd zfvfdf ;'>L zzLsnf /fO{
eGg] sd{rf/L sfo{/t /lx5g\ . cf=a= @)^&.^* df lghsf] tna / eQf u/L
dfl;s ?= @%,))) x'bf]/x]5 . lghn] ;f] aif{ bz}+ vr{ afkt ?= @),))) k|fKt
u/]sf /x]5g\ . ;f] aif{ lghn] ?= $),))) af]g; k|fKt u/]sL /x]l5g\ . a}+sn] ;f]
aif{ lghsf] cfodf s'n ?= @$,))) yk u/L lghsf] kfl/>ldsaf6 ;d]t Tolts}
/sd s6fO{ ;+rosf]if -:jLs[t casfz sf]if_ df hDdf ug]{ Aoa:yf u/]sf] /x]5 .
;f] aif{ lghsf] s/ of]Uo cfo Pa+ s/ /sd lgDgfg';f/ x'g cfp+5 .
300,000.00
tnj eQf

20,000.00
bz}+ eQf

40,000.00
af]g;

24,000.00
;+ro sf]ifdf yk

384,000.00
hDdf lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo

36fpg]

48,000.00
:jLs[t casfz sf]ifdf nufgL

336,000.00
s/of]Uo cfo

36fpg]

30,000.00
u ju{df kfpmg] b'u{d If]q ;'ljwf
306,000.00
afFsL s/of]Uo cfo

s/ /sdsf] u0fgf

160,000.00
1% n]
1,600.00
klxnf]
100,000.00 15% n]
15,000.00
bf]>f]
46,000.00 25% n]
11,500.00
afFsL
28,100.00
hDdf
2,810.00
Go"gM !) k|ltztn] 5'6
25,290.00
hDdf aflif{s s/ /sd

!-!@_ o; bkmfdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg s'g} afl;Gbf k|fs[lts
JolQmn] nufgL aLdf u/]sf] /x]5 eg] ;f] jfkt e'QmfgL u/]sf] jflif{s lk|ldod
jf jL; xhf/ ?k}ofFdf h'g 36L x'G5 ;f] /sd s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fO{ afFsL
/xg] /sddf dfq o; bkmf adf]lhd s/sf] u0fgf ul/g]5 .

163

pbfx/0f !!=$=^M dfgf}+, dfyL pbfx/0f !!=$=$ df pNn]lvt Zofd dxtf]n] hLjg
jLdf u/]sf] /x]5g\ / ;f] aif{ lghn] @%,))) jLdf lk|ldod e'Qmfg u/]sf /x]5g\
eg] ;f] aif{ lghsf] s/ of]Uo cfo Pa+ s/ /sd lgDgfg';f/ x'g cfp+5 .
300,000.00
tnj eQf

20,000.00
bz}+ eQf

40,000.00
af]g;

24,000.00
;+ro sf]ifdf yk

150,000.00
lga[lQe/0f

534,000.00
hDdf lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo

36fpg]

48,000.00
:jLs[t casfz sf]ifdf nufgL

486,000.00
s/of]Uo cfo

36fpg] M

30,000.00
u ju{df kfpmg] b'u{d If]q ;'ljwf

50,000.00
lga[lQe/0fdf 5'6

100,000.00
ckf ;'lawf

20,000.00
nufgL jLdf afkt

25,000.00
nufgL jLdf lk|ldod e'QmfgL

20,000.00
clwstd l;df /sd

286,000.00
afFsL s/of]Uo cfo

s/ /sdsf] u0fgf

200,000.00
1% n]
2,000.00
klxnf]
86,000.00 15% n]
12,900.00
bf]>f]
0.00 25% n]
afFsL
14,900.00
hDdf aflif{s s/ /sd

!!=%= s/sf] b/ tyf ;'lawf

k|fs[lts AolQmsf] s/of]Uo cfodf P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf ! adf]lhd
lgDgfg';f/sf b/ k|of]u u/L s/sf] u0fgf ul/G5 .
!!=%=! s/sf] b/ ;DaGwL Aoa:yf
P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf -!_, -@_, -#_ tyf -$_ df s/sf] b/
;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
!-!_
s'g} cfo jif{df afl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQmsf] s/of]Uo cfodf o; cg';"rLsf]
pkbkmf -@_ / -$_ sf cwLgdf /xL b]xfo adf]lhdsf] b/n] s/ nfUg]5 M

164

-s_ Ps nfv ;f7L xhf/ ?k}+of;Dd /f]huf/Lsf] s/of]Uo cfo ePdf Ps

k|ltzt s/ nfUg] .
-v_ Ps nfv ;f7L xhf/ ?k}ofFeGbf a9L t/ b'O{ nfv ;f7L xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd
s/of]Uo cfo ePdf pk/f]Qm -s_ adf]lhd Ps nfv ;f7L xhf/
?k}ofF;Dd ?=!,^)). / Ps nfv ;f7L xhf/ ?k}ofFeGbf a9L s/of]Uo
cfodf kGw| k|ltzt
-u_ b'O{ nfv ;f7L xhf/ ?k}ofFeGbf a9L s/of]Uo cfo ePdf pk/f]Qm -v_
adf]lhd b'O{ nfv ;f7L xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd ?=!^,^)). / b'O{ nfv ;f7L
xhf/ ?k}ofFeGbf a9L ePsf] s/of]Uo cfodf kRrL; k|ltzt /
-3_ kRrL; nfv ?k}ofFeGbf a9L s/of]Uo cfo ePdf a9L ePhlt s/of]Uo
cfosf] v08 -u_ adf]lhd nfu]sf] s/sf] b/df yk rfnL; k|ltzt
cltl/Qm s/ nfUg]5 .
t/ Psnf}6L kmd{ btf{ ePsf s/bftfsf] xsdf v08 -s_ adf]lhdsf] Ps
k|ltzt s/ nfUg] 5}g .
!-@_
s'g} cfo jif{df bkmf %) adf]lhd 5gf}6 ug]{ s'g} bDklQsf] s/of]Uo
cfodf o; cg';"rLsf] pkbkmf -$_ sf] cwLgdf /xL b]xfo adf]lhdsf] b/df
s/ nfUg]5 M
-s_ b'O{ nfv ?k}ofF;Dd /f]huf/Lsf] s/of]Uo cfo ePdf Ps k|ltzt s/
nfUg] .
-v_ b'O{ nfv ?k}ofFeGbf a9L t/ tLg nfv ?k}ofF;Ddsf] s/of]Uo cfo ePdf
pk/f]Qm -s_ adf]lhd b'O{ nfv ?k}ofF;Dd b'O{ xhf/ ?k}of / b'O{ nfv
?k}ofFeGbf a9L s/of]Uo cfodf kGw| k|ltzt .
-u_ tLg nfv ?k}ofFeGbf a9L s/of]Uo cfo ePdf pk/f]Qm -v_ adf]lhd tLg
nfv ?k}ofF;Dd ?=!&,))). / tLg nfv ?k}ofFeGbf j9L s/of]Uo cfodf
kRrL; k|ltzt /
-3_ kRrL; nfv ?k}ofFeGbf a9L s/of]Uo cfo ePdf a9L eP hlt s/of]Uo
cfosf] v08 -u_ adf]lhd nfu]sf] s/sf] b/df yk rfnL; k|ltzt
cltl/Qm s/ nfUg]5 .
t/ Psnf}6L kmd{ btf{ ePsf s/bftfsf] xsdf v08 -s_ adf]lhdsf] Ps
k|ltzt s/ nfUg] 5}g .
!-#_ o; cg';"rLsf] pkbkmf -$_ df plNnlvt Joj:Yff b]xfosf] cj:yfdf
nfu" x'g]5 M
-s_ afl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQmsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} cfo jif{df Ps nfv ;f7L
xhf/ ?k}ofFeGbf a9L cfo ePsf] jf bkmf %) adf]lhdsf] 5gf}6 u/]sf]
afl;Gbf bDktLsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} cfo jif{df b'O{ nfv ?k}ofFeGbf a9L
cfo ePsf], /
-v_ u}/Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt v"b nfe ;f] k|fs[lts
JolQm jf bDktLsf] cfo / tbcg'?k s/of]Uo cfosf] u0fgfdf ;dfj]z
ePsf] .
165

!-$_

o; cg';"rLsf] pkbkmf -#_ sf] cwLgdf /xL b]xfosf JolQmnfO{ b]xfo

adf]lhd s/ nfUg]5 M
-s_ b]xfosf /sddWo] h'g a9L 5 ;f] /sddf ;f] k|fs[lts JolQm jf
bDktLsf] ;f] dfq s/of]Uo cfo eP ;/x dfgL o; cg';"rLsf] pkbkmf
-!_ jf -@_ adf]lhdsf] b/n] s/ nfUg]5 .
-!_ ;f] k|fs[lts JolQm jf bDktLsf] hDdf s/of]Uo cfoaf6 ;f] nfesf]
/sd 36fO{ af+sL x'g cfpg] /sd, jf
-@_ k|fs[lts JolQmsf] ;DaGwdf Ps nfv ;f7L xhf/ ?k}ofF jf
bDktLsf] ;DaGwdf b'O{ nfv ?k}ofF .
-v_ ;f] s/of]Uo cfosf] jfFsL /sdaf6 bz k|ltztsf b/n] s/ nfUg]5 .
t/,
-!_ lg;u{ ePsf] u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ -hUuf tyf 3/hUuf_
sf] :jfldTj % jif{ eGbf a9L ePsf] 5 eg] b'O{ bzdnj kfFr
k|ltztsf b/n] s/ nfUg]5 .
-@_ lg;u{ ePsf] u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ -hUuf tyf 3/hUuf_
sf] :jfldTj % jif{eGbf sd /x]sf] 5 eg] kfFr k|ltztsf b/n] s/
nfUg]5 .
-#_ g]kfn lwtf]kq jf]8{df ;"lrs/0f ePsf] lgsfodf /x]sf] lxtsf]
lg;u{af6 k|fKt nfesf] xsdf kfFr k|ltztsf] b/n] s/ nfUg]5 .
dfyL pNn]lvt P]gsf Aoa:yfnfO{ tnsf] tflnsfaf6 k|i6 kfl/Psf] 5 M
Psn JolQm
/f]huf/Lsf] cfo dfq x'g]n]
?= !^),))) ;Dd
s/of]Uo cfo x'g]n]
?= !^),))) eGbf a9L
t/ ?= @,^),))) df
ggf3\g] s/of]Uo cfo
x'g]n]

?= @,^),))) eGbf a9L

?=@%,)),))) ;Dd
s/of]Uo cfo x'g]n]

?= @%,)),))) eGbf

bDklQ
?= @)),))) ;Dd
s/of]Uo cfo x'g]n]
?= @)),))) eGbf a9L
t/ ?= #,)),))) df
ggf3\g] s/of]Uo cfo
x'g]n]

s/sf] b/
s/of]Uo cfosf] ! sf b/n]

Psn AolQmn]M
?= !,^)) / ?= !^),))) eGbf
a9L /sddf !% sf b/n]
bDklQn]M
?= @,))) / ?= @)),)))
eGbf a9L /sddf !% sf
b/n]
?= #,)),))) eGbf a9L Psn AolQmn]M
?=@%,)),))) ;Dd
?= !^,^)) / ?= @^),)))
s/of]Uo cfo x'g]n]
eGbf a9L /sddf @% sf
b/n]
bDklQn]M
?= !&,))) / ?= #)),)))
eGbf a9L /sddf @% sf
b/n]
?= @%,)),))) eGbf
Psn AolQmn]M

166

a9L s/of]Uo cfo x'g]n]

a9L s/of]Uo cfo x'g]n]

Psnf}6L kmd{sf] ?kdf Joj;fodfq x'g]

?= !^),))) ;Dd
?= @)),))) ;Dd
s/of]Uo cfo x'g]n]
s/of]Uo cfo x'g]n]
?= !^),))) eGbf a9L ?= @)),))) eGbf a9L
t/ ?= @,^),))) df
t/ ?= #,)),))) df
ggf3\g] s/of]Uo cfo
ggf3\g] s/of]Uo cfo
x'g]n]
x'g]n]

?= %&^,^)) / ?= @%,)),)))
eGbf a9L /sddf @%
k|ltztn] nfu]sf] s/sf] yk
$)% sf b/n]
bDklQn]M
?= %%@,))) / ?=
@%,)),))) eGbf a9L /sddf
@% k|ltztn] nfu]sf] s/sf] yk
$)% sf b/n]
s/ gnfUg]
Psn AolQmn]M
?= !^),))) eGbf a9L /sddf
!% sf b/n]

bDklQn]M
?= @)),))) eGbf a9L
/sddf !% sf b/n]
?= @,^),))) eGbf a9L ?= #,)),))) eGbf a9L Psn AolQmn]M
?=@%,)),))) ;Dd
?=@%,)),))) ;Dd
?= !%,))) / ?= @^),)))
s/of]Uo cfo x'g]n]
s/of]Uo cfo x'g]n]
eGbf a9L /sddf @% sf
b/n]
bDklQn]M
?= !%,))) / ?= #)),)))
eGbf a9L /sddf @% sf
b/n]
?= @%,)),))) eGbf
?= @%,)),))) eGbf
Psn AolQmn]M
a9L s/of]Uo cfo x'g]n] a9L s/of]Uo cfo x'g]n] ?= %&%,))) / ?=
@%,)),))) eGbf a9L /sddf
#%% sf b/n]
bDklQn]M
?= %%),))) / ?=
@%,)),))) eGbf a9L /sddf
#%% sf b/n]
u}/Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt v"b nfe dfq cfo x'g]n]
?= !^),))) ;Dd v"b
?= @)),))) ;Dd v"b s/ gnfUg]
nfe x'g]n]
nfedf x'g]n]
?= !^),))) eGbf a9L ?= @)),))) eGbf a9L Psn AolQmn]M
v"b nfe x'g]n]
v"b nfe x'g]n]
?= !^),))) eGbf a9L /sddf
!) sf b/n]
bDklQn]M
?= @)),))) eGbf a9L
/sddf !) sf b/n]
t/,

167

lg;u{ ePsf] u}/ Joj;flos

s/of]Uo ;DklQ -hUuf tyf
3/hUuf_ sf] :jfldTj % jif{
leqsf] ePdf % k|ltzt / %
jif{ eGbf a9L ePsf] 5 eg]
@=% k|ltztsf b/n] s/
nfUg]5 . ;fy}, g]kfn
lwtf]kqjf]8{df ;"lrs/0f ePsf]
lgsfodf
/x]sf]
lxtsf]
lg;u{af6 k|fKt nfesf] xsdf
kfFr k|ltzsf] b/n] s/ nfUg]5
.

k'gZrM
!=s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg kfpg] aLdf lk|ldod, b'u{d eQf nufotsf 5'6 tyf
;'ljwf 36fO{ afsL s/of]Uo cfoaf6 s/ u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 .
@= /f]huf/L, Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 ldl>t cfo x'g] k|fs[lts JolQmsf xsdf /f]huf/Laf6
ePsf] cfosf] ;Ldf;Dd ! k|ltzt s/ nfUg] / /f]huf/L cfo gePsf] cj:yfdf pQm !
k|ltzt s/ nfUb}g .

!!=%=@ k"j{ lgwf{l/t s/ nfUg] Aoa:yf

P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf -&_ df k"j{ lgwf{l/t s/ nfUg] ;DaGwdf
lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
!-&_
o; P]gsf] bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd s/sf] /sd b]xfo adf]lhd
x'g]5 M
-s_ dxfgu/kflnsf jf pkdxfgu/kflnsf If]qdf Aoj;fo ug]{ k|fs[lts
AolQmsf xsdf tLg xhf/ kfr ;o ?k}ofF,
-v_ gu/kflnsf If]qdf Aoj;fo ug]{ k|fs[lts AolQmsf xsdf b'O{ xhf/
?k}ofF,
-u_ cGo s'g} :yfgdf Aoj;fo ug]{ k|fs[lts AolQmsf xsdf Ps xhf/
b'O{ ;o krf; ?k}ofF .
P]gsf] bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd s'g} cfo jif{df s/of]Uo cfo ePsf]
afl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQmn] cg';"rL! sf] bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf -&_ df pNn]lvt k"j{
lgwf{l/t s/ bflvnf ug{ b]xfosf ;a} cj:yfx? k"/f u/]sf] x'g' kg]{5 .
-s_ ;f] cfo jif{df ;f] JolQmsf] g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] Joj;foaf6 k|fKt cfo
dfq ePsf],
-s!_ cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ jfkt bkmf %! adf]lhd tyf clu|d s/ sL jfkt
bkmf (# adf]lhd s/ ldnfg ug{ bfjL gu/]sf] ,
-v_ Joj;foaf6 k|fKt cfo b'O{ nfv / Joj;fosf] sf/f]af/ la; nfv ?k}ofF
eGbf a9L gePsf], /,
-u_ ;f] JolStn] ;f] cfo jif{df of] Joj:yf nfu" x'g] u/L 5gf}6 u/]sf] .
168

!-!#_

o; bkmfdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ef8fsf ;jf/L ;fwg

wgLx?af6 b]xfo adf]lhdsf] jflif{s s/ c;'n ul/g] 5 . ;jf/L ;fwg wgL
k|fs[lts JolQm ePdf o;/L lt/]sf] s/ g} clGtd x'g] 5 .
;jf/Lsf] lsl;d

k|lt;jf/L ;fwgdf a'emfpg' kg]{

jflif{s s/
?= !,%)).
?= !,@)).
?= *%).
?= &%).

-s_ ldlga;, ldlg 6s, 6s / a;

-v_ sf/, lhk, Eofg, dfOqmf] a;
-u_ ly| lx\jn/, c6f] l/S;f, 6]Dkf]
-3_ 6]S6/ / kfj/ l6n/
!!=%=# u}/ afl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQmnfO{ nfUg] s/
P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf -*_ df u}/ afl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQmnfO{
nfUg] s/sf] ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
!-*_ u}/ afl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQmsf] s'g} cfo jif{sf] s/of]Uo cfodf klRr;
k|ltztsf b/n] s/ nfUg]5 .
bkmf (@ n] e'QmfgLdf s/ sl6\6 x'g] ;a} e'QmfgLx?sf k|fks JolQm u}/ jfl;Gbf
JolQm ePdf To:tf] e'QmfgLdf s6\6f ePsf] s/ g} clGtd x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf >f]t ePsf / e'QmfgLdf s/ s6\6L gePsf cfox?dfq u}/ jfl;Gbfsfnflu
s/of]Uo cfodf ;dfj]z x'G5g\ . o:tf] s/of]Uo cfo u}/ jfl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQm
ePdf ;db/sf] kRrL; k|ltzt b/ nfu' x'G5 .
!!=%=$ laz]if pBf]u tyf lgof{taf6 x'g] cfodf s/df 5'6
P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf -!$_ tyf -!%_ df laz]if pBf]u tyf
lgof{taf6 x'g] cfodf s/df 5'6sf ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
!-!$_ o; bkmfdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmn]
s'g} jif{ e/L k"0f{ ?kn] o; P]gsf] bkmf !! df pNn]lvt ljz]if pBf]u
;~rfngdf ;+nUg /x]df, o; bkmf adf]lhd s/sf] u0fgf ubf{ kRrL; k|ltzt
s/ nfUg] s/of]Uo cfodf aL; k|ltztsf b/n] s/ nfUg]5 .
pbfx/0f !!=%=!M dfgf}+, ;'>L zzLsnf /fO{n] c5fd lhNnfdf kmnkm'n Jofkf/
;+rfng ug]{ u/]sL /lxl5g\ . cf=a= @)^&.^* df ;f] pBf]usf] sf/f]af/ ?=
@%,)),))) /x]5 / sL bfaL of]Uo /sd ?= @),)),))) /x]5 . ;f] aif{ lghsf]
s/ of]Uo cfo Pa+ s/ /sd lgDgfg';f/ x'g cfp+5 .
2,500,000.00
sf/f]af/ -cfodf ;dfj]z x'g] /sd_
2,000,000.00
Go"gM sL x'g] /sd

500,000.00
hDdf lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo

36fpg] cjsfz of]ubfg / rGbf_

500,000.00
s/of]Uo cfo

s/of]Uodf cfodf 36fpg]

30,000.00
u ju{df kfpmg] b'u{d If]q ;'ljwf
470,000.00
afFsL s/of]Uo cfo

169

s/ /sdsf] u0fgf

160,000.00
0% n]
klxnf]
100,000.00 15% n]
15,000.00
bf]>f]
210,000.00 20% n]
42,000.00
afFsL
57,000.00
hDdf aflif{s s/ /sd

!-!%_ s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] s'g} cfo jif{df lgsf;Ljf6 ePsf] s/of]Uo cfodf
s/sf] u0fgf ubf{ kRrL; k|ltzt s/ nfUg] s/of]Uo cfodf kGw| k|ltztsf
b/n] s/ nfUg] 5 .

170

kl/R%]b 12

cjsfz sf]if
(Retirement Fund)

!@=!

!@=@

laleGg k|sf/sf nufgLx? dWo] cjsfz sf]ifdf ul/g] nufgL klg Ps k|sf/sf]
nufgL xf] . o;af6 k|fKt x'g] k|ltkmn ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;+u ;Da4 e'QmfgL ePsf]n]
cjsfz artnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ laz]if ;'lawfx?sf] ?kdf s/df ;x'lnot lbg]
Aoa:yf ul/Psf] 5 . cfos/ P]g @)#! n] cjsfz sf]ifsf] cawf/0ffdf ;+rosf]if
tyf l;ldt dfqfdf gful/s nufgLsf]ifdf ul/Psf] of]ubfg dfq ;dfa]; u/]sf]
lyof] . pQm P]g cg';f/ sd{rf/Ln] k|fKt u/]sf pkbfg, lga[lQe/0f, ;l~rt labf,
cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{, bz}+ vr{, ;~rosf]ifaf6 e'QmfgL ePsf] /sd tyf cjsfz
sf]ifx? -cjsfz sf]if Aoa:yfkg ug]{ lgsfo_ nfO{ ;d]t s/ gnfUg] Aoa:yf lyof] .
of] P]g nfu' x'g' k"j{ cjsfz jrt ;DjGwL Aoa:yf kfl/>lds cfosf ;DaGwdf
dfq nfu' /x]sf] lyof] . t/ cfos/ P]g, @)%* n] cjsfz jrt ;DjGwL ljz]if
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . of] P]gdf cjsfz jrt ;DjGwL Aoa:yf /f]huf/L cfo cfh{g
ug]{ AolQm nufot Joj;fosf] cfo jf nufgLsf] cfo cfh{g ug]{ k|fs[lts
AolQmx?nfO{ ;d]t nfu' x'g] Aoa:yf ul/Psf] 5 . cyf{t, k|fs[lts AolQmn], /f]huf/L,
Aoj;fo jf nufgLsf] s/of]Uo cfo u0fgf ubf{ cjsfz of]ubfgnfO{ cfos/ P]g
tyf lgodsf] clwgdf /xL vr{ 5'6 (Reduction) bfaL ug{ kfpg] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
tbg'?k o; kl/R5]bsf] d'Vo p2]Zo cjsfz sf]if, cjsfz e'QmfgL Pj+ cjsfz
sf]ifsf] s/ ;DaGwL k|fjwfgnfO{ k|i6 kfg{' /x]sf]5 .
cjsfz sf]if
P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -3_ adf]lhd cjsfz sf]if eGgfn] lgsfosf] lxtflwsf/L
k|fs[lts JolQm jf lghsf] cfl>tnfO{ sf]ifaf6 cjsfz e'QmfgL k|bfg ug]{ k|of]hgsf]
nflu cjsfz of]ubfg /sd :jLsf/ ug]{ / ;f] /sd nufgLug]{ p2]Zon] dfq :yfkgf
ePsf] lgsfo ;Demg' k5{ .
cjsfz sf]if dfq kl/rfng ug]{ p2]Zon] ;+rfng ul/Psf] lgsfonfO{ cjsfz sf]if
elgG5 . o:tf] cjsfz sf]ifn] lgDgfg';f/sf] sfo{ dfq ug{ kfpF5 M
!_ ;f] lgsfodf k|fs[lts JolQmn] jf lghsf] tkm{af6 cGo s;}n] cjsfz of]ubfg
hDdf ug{ NofPdf To:tf] of]ubfg hDdf lng],
@_ o;/L hDdf ug]{ JolQm cyf{t\ lxtflwsf/LnfO{ jf lghsf] cfl>tnfO{ lgh
cjsfz eP kl5 jf lghsf] d[To' eP kl5 jf %* aif{ k'u]df cjsfz e'QmfgL
ug]{, /
#_ hDdf ePsf] cjsfz of]ubfg l:js[t nufgLdf nufgL ug]{ .
cjsfz sf]ifsf pbfx/0fsf] nflu sd{rf/L ;+rosf]if / gful/s nufgL sf]ifn]
;+rfng u/]sf] cjsfz sf]if, laefuaf6 cjsfz sf]if ;+rfng ug{ O{hfht kfPsf
lgsfo jf O{hfht glnO{ ;+rfng ePsf lgsfonfO{ lng ;lsG5 . laefuaf6
cjsfz sf]if ;+rfng ug{ O{hfht lnPsf lgsfo, sd{rf/L ;+rosf]if / gful/s
nufgL sf]ifn] ;+rfng u/]sf] cjsfz sf]if h:tf lgsfonfO{ :jLs[t cjsfz sf]if
elgG5 eg] laefuaf6 O{hfht glnO{ ;+rfng ul/Psf cjsfz sf]ifnfO{ :jLs[t

glnPsf] cjsfz sf]if jf c:jLs[t cjsfz sf]if elgG5 . lgsfosf] lxtflwsf/L

k|fs[lts AolQm eGgfn] ;f] lgsfoaf6 cfo jf k"+hL k|fKt ug]{ xs ePsf] k|fs[lts
AolQm eGg] a'emfp5 . h:t}, ;f] lgsfodf cjsfz of]ubfg hDdf ug]{ k|fs[lts
AolQm .
!@=#= cjsfz sf]ifsf] :jLs[lt M
!@=#=! P]gsf] bkmf ^# df cjsfz sf]ifsf] :jLs[ltsf nflu lgDgfg';f/ Aoa:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
-!_ cjsfz sf]if /fVg rfxg] afl;Gbf JolQmn] cjsfz sf]if /fVg] :jLs[ltsf]
nflu ljefu ;dIf lgj]bg lbPdf ljefun] tf]lsP adf]lhd :jLs[lt k|bfg
ug]{5 .
t/ gful/s nufgL sf]if P]g, @)$& adf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf] gful/s nufgL
sf]ifn] cjsfz sf]if /fVg rfx]df To:tf] sf]ifn] / sd{rf/L ;+ro sf]if P]g,
@)!( adf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf] sd{rf/L ;+ro sf]ifn] cjsfz sf]if ;~rfng
u/]df To:tf] sf]ifsf] nflu :jLs[lt lng' kg]{ 5}g .
-@_ :jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifsf] lxtflwsf/L k|fs[lts JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df ;f]
sf]ifdf u/]sf] cjsfz of]ubfg cfk\mgf] s/of]Uo cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ 36fO{
kfpg bfjL ug{ ;Sg] 5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;f] pkbkmf adf]lhd s'g}
cfo jif{df s'g} JolQmaf6 36fO{ kfpg bfaL ul/Psf] /sd tf]lsPsf] cjsfz
of]ubfgsf] ;LdfeGbf a9L x'g] 5}g .
:jLs[t cjsfz sf]if x'gsf nflu dfyL pNn]v ul/Psf sd{rf/L ;+ro sf]if /
gful/s nufgL sf]ifn] ;+rfng u/]sf cjsfz sf]if jfx]ssf cGo cjsfz sf]ifn]
ljefudf lgj]bg lbg' kb{5 / laefun] o;/L k|fKt lgj]bg pk/ lgod @) sf]
pklgod -@_ sf clwgdf /xL :jLs[lt lbg ;Sg]5 . lgod @) sf] pklgod -@_ df
cjsfz sf]ifsf] :jLs[ltsf ;Gbe{df cfjZos zt{x? pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . lgod @)
sf] pklgod -@_ df pNn]v ul/Psf] zt{x? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 .

v08 -s_ cjsfz sf]ifdf hDdf ul/Psf] jf cjsfz sf]ifnfO{ k|fKt x'g] /sd
:jLs[t nufgLdf dfq nufgL ug{' kg]{],
lxtflwsf/L jf lxtflwsf/Lsf] gfddf cGo JolQm -h:t}, /f]huf/bftf_ af6 hDdf
ul/Psf] jf cGo k|fs[lts JolQmn] cfkm\gf] nflu cjsfz sf]ifdf hDdf u/]sf]
/sdnfO{ cjsfz sf]ifn] :jLs[t nufgLdf dfq nufgL ug'{ kb{5 . lgod @) df
pNn]lvt :kli6s/0f adf]lhd :jLs[t nufgL eGgfn] lgDg adf]lhdsf nufgLnfO{
;Demg' kb{5 .

-s_ k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf] gful/s nufgL sf]ifdf ul/Psf]
nufgL,
-v_
g]kfn ;/sf/n] hf/L u/]sf] C0fkqdf ul/Psf] nufgL,
-u_ a}+s ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"g cGtu{t ;+rfng ePsf a}+sdf ul/Psf] nufgL,
-3_ a}+s;+u ;x ljlQos/0fsf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] nufgL, /
-_ cfkm\gf z]o/ xf]N8/ afx]ssf lxtflwsf/LnfO{ ul/Psf] nufgL .

172

pQm Aoa:yf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0fdf yk :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 .

pbfx/0f !@=#=!M dfgf}+, g]kfn /fi6 a}+s sd{rf/L cjsfz sf]ifn] g]kfn /fi6
a}+ssf sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu cjsfz sf]if ;+rfng ub}{ cfPsf] /x]5 . o; cjsfz
sf]ifdf g]kfn /fi6 a}+sdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?n] cjsfz of]ubfg ul//x]sf
/x]5g . pQm sf]ifn] o;/L k|fKt ePsf] cjsfz of]ubfg dfyL pNn]lvt -s_ b]lv
-_ ;Ddsf] :jLs[t If]qdf dfq nufgL ug]{ zt{df laefun] ;f] lgsfonfO{
:jLs[lt lbg ;Sg]5 .

v08 -s!_ r'Qmf k'FhL sDtLdf Ps s/f]8 ?k}ofF x'g'kg]{,

v08 -s@_ lxtflwsf/L sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vof sDtLdf Ps xhf/ x'g' kg]{
s'g} cjsfz sf]ifn] ljefuaf6 :jLs[tL k|fKt u/L :jLs[t cjsfz sf]if x'g ;f]
sf]ifsf] cfkm\g} r'Qmf k"lh /xg' kb{5 / o:tf] k"lh slDtdf Ps s/f]8 ?k}of x'g'
clgjfo{ 5 . :jLs[tL dfu ug]{ cjsfz sf]ifn] :jLs[t cjsfz sf]if ;~rfngsf]
nflu sDtLdf Ps xhf/ JolQmn] cjsfz of]ubfg u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 . oxfF lxtflwsf/L
sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/L eGgfn] /f]huf/stf{ jf cjsfz sf]ifdf of]ubfg ug]{ cGo s'g}
k|fs[lts JolQmnfO{ hgfp5 .

v08 -v_ cjsfz sf]]ifn] sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/sf] tkm{af6 /f]huf/bftfaf6 cjsfz

of]ubfg :jLsf/ ug{] ePdf ;f] sf]ifsf] Joj:yfkg /f]huf/bftf eGbf
:jtGq ?kdf ePsf] x'g' kg{],
t/ ;f]xL sf]ifsf sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/sf] xsdf of] v08 nfu" x'g] 5}g .
g]kfn ;/sf/sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] cjsfz of]ubfg ;DjlGwt sfof{no
-/f]huf/bftf_ dfkm{t sd{rf/L ;+ro sf]ifdf hDdf ug]{ ul/G5 . o;df sd{rf/L
;+ro sf]ifsf] Joj:yfkg :jtGq ?kdf ePsf] 5 . pQm sf]ifn] cfkm\gf sd{rf/Lsf]
cjsfz of]ubfg ;d]t l:jsfg]{ ePtf klg ;f] sf]ifsf] Aoa:yfkg /f]huf/bftf eGbf
:jtGq ePsf] dflgG5 . pQm Aoa:yf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0fdf yk :ki6
kfl/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !@=#=@M dfgf}+, /f= jf= a}+s cjsfz sf]ifn] /f= jf= a}+ssf sd{rf/Lx?sf]
dfq} cjsfz of]ubfg l:jsfg]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu cjsfz sf]if ;~rfng ub}{
cfPsf] /x]5 . ;f] cjsfz sf]ifsf] Joj:yfkg 5'} lalgodfjnL tof/ u/L ;f]
sf]if ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu Aoa:yfkg ;ldlt u7g u/L cfPsf] /x]5 . ;f]
Aoa:yfkg ;ldltdf a}+s Aoj:yfks tyf sd{rf/Lsf] ;d]t k|ltlglwTj x'g] / ;f]
sf]ifsf] a}+s k|lt s'g} klg bfloTj gx'g] Pj+ ;f] sf]ifsf] laQLo laj/0f :jLs[lt
k|fKt n]vf k/LIfsaf6 5'} n]vf k/LIf0f ;d]t u/fPsf] ca:yfdf pQm sf]ifsf]
Joj:yfkg /f]huf/bftf eGbf :jtGq ?kdf ePsf] dflgg]5 .

v08 -u_ cjsfz of]ubfg /sd cfiff9 dlxgfdf vr{ n]v]sf] eP vr{ n]v]sf] Ps
dlxgf leq / cGo dlxgfsf] xsdf vr{ n]v]sf] kGw| lbgleq cjsfz
sf]ifdf hDdf ug{' kg{],
pbfx/0f !@=#=#M dfgf}+, sDkf; g]kfn ln= cjsfz sf]ifn] sDkf; g]kfn ln= sf
sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf] nflu cjsfz sf]if ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] /x]5 . pQm cjsfz
173

sf]if ljefujf6 :jLs[t k|fKt cjsfz sf]if xf] . ;f] sDkf; g]kfn ln= n] cfkm\gf
sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf] cjsfz of]ubfg jfkt ?= !,)),))). cfiff9df gfkmf
gf]S;fg vftfdf vr{ n]vL ltg'{kg]{ bfloTjdf n]vf+sg u/]sf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] /sd
>fj0f dlxgf e/L cyf{t ! dlxgfleq cjsfz sf]ifdf hDdf u/L ;Sg' kb{5 .
To:t} h]i7 dlxgfsf] kfl/>lds lat/0f ubf{ vr{ n]v]sf] /sd cfiff9 dlxgfsf] !%
ut] leq cjsfz sf]ifdf bflvnf u/L ;Sg' kb{5 .

v08 -3_ cjsfz sf]ifsf] lxtflwsf/LnfO{ b]xfosf cj:yfdf dfq cjsfz e'QmfgL
ug{ ;lsg]M
-!_ sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/ ;]jfaf6 cjsfz k|fKt u/]df,
-@_ lxtflwsf/Lsf] pd]/ cG7fpGg jif{ k'u]df, jf
-#_ lxtflwsf/Lsf] d[To' ePdf jf lgh :yfoL ?kdf ckf+u
ePdf .
cjsfz sf]ifjf6 sfdbf/ sd{rf/LnfO{ / lxtflwsf/L k|fs[lts JolQmnfO{ e'QmfgL
ubf{ sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/ ;]jfjf6 cjsfz k|fKt u/]sf] x'g'kg]{ jf k|fs[lts JolQm lxtflwsf/L_ %* jif{ k'u]sf] x'g'kg]{ jf lxtflwsf/Lsf] d[To jf lgh :yfoL ?kdf
ckf ePsf] x'g'kg]{ zt{x? k'/f u/]sf] x'g'kg]{5 .
pbfx/0f !@=#=$M dfgf}+, ;'/Iff eGg] Ps hgf JolQmn] Psnf}6L Joj;fo u/]sL
/lx5g\ . lghn] cfkm\gf] nflu gful/s nufgL sf]ifdf lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfosf] Ps
ltxfO{ jf #,)),))) dWo] h'g 36L x'G5 ;f] /sddf ga9\g] u/L jflif{s ?=
!,@),))). hDdf ub}{ cfPsL /lx5g\ . cfos/ P]g, @)%* nfu" e};s]kZrft
klg lgodfg';f/ lghn] jflif{s ?= !,@),))) sf b/n] gful/s nufgL sf]ifdf
/sd hDdf ub}{ cfPsL /lx5g\ . lghsf] pQm sf]ifdf %* jif{ k'Ug' eGbf cl3
cyf{t @)^^.)@.!@ ut] ;Dd hDdf ? % nfv %) xhf/ hDdf ePsf] /x]5 .
@)^^.)@.!# ut] %* jif{ k'u]sL x'Fbf lghn] gful/s nufgL sf]ifjf6 e"QmfgL k|fKt
ug]{ /sd lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf u/L clu|d s/ sf u/L ;f] sf]ifn] e"QmfgL lbg'
kb{5 .
gful/s nufgL sf]ifjf6 k|fKt ug]{ e"QmfgL /sd ?= %,%),)))
5'6 M
P]gsf] bkmf ^% sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 v cg';f/ 5'6 x'g] /sd
!_ e"QmfgL /sdsf] %) -%,%),))) sf] %)_
?= @,&%,)))
@_ tf]lsPsf] /sd
?= %,)),)))
dfly pNn]lvt /sd dWo] j9L x'g] ? % nfv 5'6 x'G5 .
e"QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ /sd
?= %,%),)))
5'6 x'g] /sd
?= %,)),)))
s/ nfUg] e"QmfgL /sd
?= %),)))
% sf b/n] sL x'g] s/
?= @,%))

174

hDdf e"QmfgL ug'{ kg]{ /sd -%%),)))@,%))_ ? %$&,%))

v08 -_ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 :jLs[lt kfPsf] n]vfk/LIfsaf6 ;f]

cjsfz sf]ifsf] jflif{s ?kdf n]vf k/LIf0f u/fpg' kg{] .
cjsfz sf]ifsf] n]vf k/LIf0f :jLs[lt k|fKt n]vf k/LIfsaf6 u/fpg' kb{5 .
!@=#=@= lgod @) sf] pklgod -#_ df cjsfz sf]ifsf] :jLs[lt /2 x'g ;Sg] lgDgfg';f/sf]
cj:yf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5M

ljefuaf6 :jLs[lt k|fKt u/]sf] :jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifn] pklgod -@_ sf zt{x?
Kffngf gu/]df ;f] sf]ifnfO{ lbPsf] :jLs[lt ljefun] /4 ug{ ;Sg]5 .
lgodfjnLsf] lgod @) pklgod @ n] tf]s]sf zt{x? dfyL v08 !@=#=! df JofVof
ul/Psf] 5 .
!@=#=#= @)%* r}q !* ut] ;Dd ;~rfngdf /x]sf ;+ro sf]if, pkbfg sf]if jf gful/s
nufgL sf]ifnfO{ @)^) cfiff9 d;fGt;Ddsf] nflu :jLs[t cjsfz sf]if dflgPsf]
5 . olb of] cjwL leq cjsfz sf]if ;~rfng ug{ ljefujf6 :jLs[lt glnPsf] eP
To:tf] cjsfz sf]if :jLs[tL glnPsf] cjsfz sf]if x'g hfG5 .
pbfx/0f !@=#=%M dfgf}+, h]lngf dfgGw/, g]kfn lasf; k|f= ln= df sfo{/t Ps
sd{rf/L x'g\ . lghsf] dfl;s tnj ?= @),))). /x]5 . P]g k|f/De xF'bfsf
avt pQm sDkgLn] cfkm\gf sd{rf/Lsf] tnjsf] !) k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] /sd
?= @,))). sf u/L ;f] /sddf zt k|ltzt /sd yk u/L g]=a}=ln=df 5'}
vftf vf]nL ;~rfng u/L cfPsf] /x]5 . pQm sDkgLn] cfkm\gf sfdbf/ /
sd{rf/Lsf] cjsfz sf]if ;~rfng ug]{ p2]Zon] @)^) h]i7 dlxgfdf ljefujf6
g]kfn lasf; k|f= ln= cjsfz sf]if gfdsf] cjsfz sf]if ;~rfng ug{ :jLs[t
k|fKt u/L g]kfn a}+s lnld6]8df 5'} vftf vf]nL ;+lrt ul/Psf] /sd ;f]
cjsfz sf]ifdf hDdf ug]{ u/]sf] /x]5 . o:tf] sf]ifnfO{ :jLs[t cjsfz sf]if
elgG5 . o:tf] :jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifdf of]ubfg u/]sf] /sd lgh h]lngfn]
cfkm\gf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfo lgwf{/0f ug]{ qmddf lgod @! sf] clwgdf /xL s/
of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg kfpFl5g . o:tf] :jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifjf6 x'g] e'QmfgLsf]
xsdf @)%* r}q !( kl5 hDdf ePsf] of]ubfg jfkt ul/Psf] e'QmfgLdf P]gsf]
bkmf ^% sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd u0fgf ul/Psf] nfe /sddf
P]gsf] bkmf ** sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds Joj:yfsf] v08 -!_ cg';f/ %
k|ltztsf b/n] clu|d s/ s6[f u/L e'QmfgL ug'{ kb{5 .
pbfx/0f !@=#=^M dfyL pbfx/0f !@=#=% df pNn]lvt pbfx/0fdf obL g]kfn
lasf; k|f= ln= n] laefuaf6 @)^) ;fn cfiff9 dlxgfleq :jLs[lt k|fKt
cjsfz sf]ifdf To:tf] /sd hDdf gu/]df To:tf] ;~rflnt cjsfz sf]ifnfO{
:jLs[t gePsf] cjsfz sf]if -Unapproved Retirement Fund_ elgG5 . o:tf]
cj:yfdf h]lngfn] To:tf] sf]ifdf @)%* r}q !( kl5 of]ubfg u/]sf] s'g} klg
/sd lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfojf6 36fpg kfpFlbgg\ eg] pQm sf]ifjf6 x'g] nfe
e'QmfgL /sddf P]gsf] bkmf ** sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds Joj:yfsf]
v08 -u_ cg';f/ % k|ltztsf b/n] clu|d s/ sf ug'{ kb{5 .

175

!@=$= cjsfz e'QmfgL

!@=$=! P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -_ adf]lhd cjsfz e'QmfgL eGgfn] b]xfosf JolQmnfO{
lbOg] e'QmfgL ;Demg' k5{M
-!_ k|fs[lts JolStn] cjsfz lnPsf] cj:yfdf lghnfO{ lbO{g] e'QmfgL, jf
-@_ k|fs[lts JolQmsf] d[To' ePsf] cj:yfdf lghsf] cfl>tnfO{ lbOg] e'QmfgL .
cjsfz e'QmfgL eGgfn] s'g} k|fs[lts JolQm l;4fGttM s'g} /f]huf/L, k]zf jf
Joj;fo ug{ ;Ifd gx'g] cj:yfdf k'uL /f]huf/L, k]zf jf Joj;fojf6 cjsfz lnP
kl5 ul/g] e'QmfgL xf] . To;} u/L s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] d[To' ePdf lghn] kfpg]
/sd lghsf] cfl>tnfO{ e'QmfgL ubf{ To:tf] e'QmfgLnfO{ klg cjsfz e'QmfgL
elgG5 . ;fdfGotofM cjsfz e'QmfgLsf pbfx/0fdf l:js[t jf cl:js[t cjsfz
sf]ifaf6 ul/g] cjsfz e'QmfgL, lga[lQe/0f, pkbfg, ;+rosf]if, labfsf] ;f gub,
cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{, bL3{ ;]jf ;'lawf (Long Service Gratuity), sNof0fsf/L sf]if
h:tf cjsfzsf] ca:yfdf k|fKt x'g] o:t} k|s[ltsf cGo e'QmfgL kb{5g\ . o:tf
cjsfz e'QmfgLx? g]kfn ;/sf/af6, :jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifaf6, :jLs[t glnPsf]
cjsfz sf]ifaf6 jf /f]huf/bftfaf6 x'g] cGo cjsfz e'QmfgL x'g ;Sb5 . t/
hLjg jLdf nufgL jLdf ePsf] x'+bf nufgL jLdfaf6 x'g] e'QmfgL eg] o; Aoa:yf
cGtu{t kb}{g .
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ul/g] cjsfz e'QmfgL M o;df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sd{rf/L ;]jf
zt{ adf]lhd ;/sf/L ;]jfaf6 lga[t ePsf] ca:yfdf ul/g] e'QmfgLx?, h:t},
pkbfg, cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{, labf afktsf /sd, lga[lQe/0f cfbL kb{5g\ .
:jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifjf6 ul/g] cjsfz e'QmfgL M gful/s nufgL sf]if tyf
sd{rf/L ;+rosf]ifn] ;~rfng u/]sf] cjsfz sf]if jf laefuaf6 :jLs[lt lnO{
;+rfng ul/Psf] cjsfz sf]ifaf6 lgod @) pklgod -@_ sf] v08 -3_ df tf]lsP
adf]lhd b]xfosf cj:yfdf ul/g] e'QmfgL nfO{ cjsfz e'QmfgL dflgG5 M
-!_ sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/ ;]jfaf6 cjsfz k|fKt u/]df,
-@_ lxtflwsf/Lsf] pd]/ cG7fpGg jif{ k'u]df, jf
-#_ lxtflwsf/Lsf] d[To' ePdf jf lgh :yfoL ?kdf ckf+u ePdf

:jLs[lt glnPsf] cjsfz sf]ifjf6 ul/g] cjsfz e'QmfgL M cjsfz ePsf]

ca:yfdf e'QmfgL lbg] p2]Zo /x]sf] t/ laefuaf6 eg] :jLs[t glnO{ ;+rflnt
cjsfz sf]ifaf6 k|fs[lts AolQm cjsfz ePsf] ca:yfdf ul/g] e'QmfgL :jLs[t
glnPsf] cjsfz sf]ifaf6 ul/g] cjsfz e'QmfgL dflgG5 .

cGo cjsfz e'QmfgL M g]kfn ;/sf/ / cjsfz sf]ifaf6 ul/g] e'QmfgL afx]s
cjsfzsf] cj:yfdf ul/g] c? e'QmfgLnfO{ cGo cjsfz e'QmfgL dflgG5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu, s'g} Ps lgsfon] cfkm\gf] sd{rf/L cjsfz eP k5L e'QmfgL
ug]{ ;l~rt labf afktsf] /sd jf cf}ifwf]krf/ vr{, :j]lR5s cjsfz of]hgf
cGtu{t sd{rf/LnfO{ e'QmfgL ul/g] Ps d'i7 tna /sd cfbL e'QmfgLx? .
dfly pNn]v eP cg';f/ lgod @) sf] pklgod @ sf] v08 -3_ sf] k|fjwfg k'/f
gu/L cyf{t, sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/ ;]jfaf6 cjsfz x'g' cufl8 k|fKt ug]{ e'QmfgL,
h:t} Long Service Gratuity, Leave Encashment, Medical Expenses h:tf
176

e'QmfgLx? ;]jfsfndfg} k|fKt u/]sf] ca:yfdf To:tf e'QmfgLx? cjsfz e'QmfgL

cGtu{t kb}{gg\ / To:tf e'QmfgL hlxn] k|fKt ePsf] xf] ;f]xL ;dosf] /f]huf/Lsf]
cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 . To:t} cjsfz of]ubfg ug]{ sd{rf/L afx]s cGo
k|fs[lts AolQm -lxtflwsf/L_ n] cG7fpGg aif{ pd]/ gk'Ub} jf d[To' jf :yfoL ?kdf
ckf+u ePsf] ca:yfdf afx]s cGo ca:yfdf e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]df To:tf e'QmfgL
cjsfz e'QmfgL dflgg]5}g / To:tf] /sd e'QmfgL k|fKt ePsf] ;dodf cfodf
;dfa]; ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . t/ cjsfz sf]ifsf] :jLs[t ljlgod jdf]lhd cjsfz
sf]ifjf6 o:tf lxtflwsf/Ln] lnPsf] shf{ /sd sf]ifsf] nufgL x'g] x+'bf To:tf] shf{
/sdnfO{ e"QmfgL dflgb}g . o;/L sf]ifjf6 cfkm\gf lxtflwsf/LnfO{ nufgL u/]sf]
/sd Jofh ;lxt jf lgJof{hL ?kdf lkmtf{ ug'{ kb{5 . sf]ifdf of]ubfg ePsf] lghsf]
/sd tyf To;df k|fKt k|ltkmnnfO{ cjsfz e'QmfgL /sd dfgL ;f]df s/sL ug'{
kb{5 .
Ps eGbf j9L cjsfz sf]if Joj:yfks;+u cjsfz of]ubfg /sd hDdf u/]sf]
cj:yfdf P]gsf] bkmf ^% sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -v_ cg';f/ l;df eGbf j9L 5'6
lng ;Sg] ;Defjgf ePsf] x'bf sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf /f]huf/bftfnfO{
cfkm\gf] of]ubfg /x]sf] csf]{ cjsfz sf]ifsf] jf/]df 3f]if0ff ug{ nufpg] / cjsfz
x'+bfsf] cj:yfdf ;f]xL Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L ;DjlGwt csf]{ cjsfz sf]if
Joj:yfksnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg]{5 . /f]huf/stf{ jfx]s cGo k|fs[lts JolQmsf]
xsdf lghjf6 3f]if0ff lnO{ ;f]sf] hfgsf/L ;DjlGwt /fh:j sfof{nodf lbg' kg]{
bfloTj sf]if Joj:yfkssf] x'g]5 .
!@=$=@ P]gsf] bkmf ^% df cjsfz e'StfgL ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] laz]if Aoa:yf ul/Psf]
5 M
^%-!_
s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] s'g} :jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifdf /x]sf] lxtaf6 ePsf]
jf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ePsf] cjsfz e'QmfgL cfo u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu
b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ ;f] sf]ifdf /x]sf] lxt afkt ;f] sf]ifn] u/]sf cjsfz e'QmfgLx?nfO{
cfodf ;dfj]; ug'{ kg]{5, /
-v_ v08 -s_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg olb To:tf] e'QmfgL
Psd'i7 ?kdf ul/Psf] 5 eg] o;/L ul/Psf] e'QmfgL /sdjf6 ;f]
e'QmfgL /sdsf] krf; k|ltzt jf ?= kfFr nfv ?k}of dWo] h'g a9L
x'G5 ;f] /sd 36fO{ x'g] e"QmfgLnfO{ ;f] k|fs[lts JolQmsf] u}/
Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt nfe dflgg]5 .
s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmnfO{ :jLs[t cjsfz sf]if jf g]kfn ;/sf/jf6 Ps d'i7 cjsfz
e'QmfgL ubf{ P]gsf] bkmf ^% sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -v_ cg';f/ nfe u0fgf u/L
P]gsf] bkmf ** sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds Joj:yfsf] v08 -!_ cg';f/ %
k|ltztsf b/n] clu|d s/ s6[f u/L e'QmfgL lbg' kg]{5 . o;/L clu|d s/ s6[f
ul/Psf] /sd P]gsf] bkmf (@ sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -5_ cg';f/ clGtd ?kdf
s/ sL x'g] e'QmfgL dflgG5 .

177

pbfx/0f !@=$=!M dfgf}+, dxGt k|;fb eGg] sd{rf/L g]kfn jfo';]jf sDkgLdf
sfo{/t /x]5g\ . lghsf] gf]s/L cjlwdf sL ul/Psf] cjsfz of]ubfg /sd
sd{rf/L ;+rosf]ifdf hDdf ug]{ u/]sf] /x]5 . lgh ldlt @)^% cfiff9 d;fGtdf
gf]s/Ljf6 lgj[t ePsf /x]5g\ . lghn] cjsfz e'QmfgL @)%* r}q !* ut];Dd
?= ^ nfv / To;kl5 ?= !! nfv u/L hDdf ?= !& nfv kfpg] b]lvof] . o;
cj:yfdf lghsf] cfo u0fgf lgDgfg';f/ ug'{ kb{5 .
@)%* r}q !* ut];Dd
^,)),))).
To;kl5 lgj[Q x'bf ;Dd
!!,)),))).
!&,)),))).
hDdf cjsfz e'QmfgL
Go'g @)%* r}q !* ut];Dd kfs]sf]
;+rosf]if /sd 5'6 x'g]
^,)),))).
cfo
!!,)),))).
e'QmfgL /sd
?=!!,)),))).
36fpg], ^%-!_-v_ cg';f/ e'QmfgL /sdsf] %)%n] x'g] /sd
?= %,%),))). jf tf]lsPsf] /sd ?= %,)),))).
df j9L x'g] /sd
?= %,%),))).
s/of]Uo e'QmfgL
%,%),))).
% k|ltztsf b/n] clu|d s/ -clGtd ljwL_
@&,%)).
lghn] hDdf k|fKt ug]{ cjsfz e'QmfgL
-!&,)),))) @&,%))_
!^,&@,%)).
^%-@_ s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] s'g} :jLs[lt glnPsf] cjsfz sf]ifdf /x]sf] lxtaf6
ePsf] nfe u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ afl;Gbf JolQmaf6 /sd e'QmfgL ul/Psf]df clGtd ?kdf x'g] s/
sLsf] ?kdf ;f] lxtflwsf/L pk/ ;f] /sddf s/ nfUg]5,
l:js[t glnPsf] cjsfz sf]ifaf6 lxtflwsf/LnfO{ cjsfz /sd e'QmfgL ubf{ sf
ul/Psf] s/ clGtd x'g]5 .
pbfx/0f !@=$=@M dfgf}, dfyL pNn]v ul/Psf] pbfx/0f !@=$=! df g]kfn jfo'
;]jf sDkgLjf6 sf ul/Psf] of]ubfg /sd c:jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifdf hDdf ug]{
u/]sf] /x]5 . lgh dxGtsf] @)%* r}q !* ut] ;Dd ?= $,)),))). / ;f] ldlt
kZrft ?= (,)),))). of]ubfg /x]5 . @)%* r}q !* ut] ;Dd cflh{t Aofh
?= ! nfv /x]5 . pQm cjsfz sf]ifjf6 lgj[Q x'bfsf ;dodf lghn] Psd'i7 ?=
!& nfv e'Qmfg kfpg] /x]5g\ . s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu nfesf] lghsf] u0fgf
lgDgfg';f/ ug'{ kb{5 .
lghn] cjsfz sf]ifjf6 k|fKt u/]sf] Psd'i7 cjsfz !&,)),))).
e'QmfgL
!$,)),))).
Go'g M
@)%* r}q !* ut] ;Ddsf] of]ubfg $,)),))).
@)%* r}q !* ut] ;Ddsf] Aofh
!,)),))).
@)%* r}q !* ut]
kZrft lgj[t ;Ddsf] of]ubfg
(,)),))).
cjsfz sf]ifdf /x]sf] lxt jfkt ePsf] nfe
#,)),))).
178

pQm nfedf P]gsf] bkmf ** sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -u_ cg';f/ %
k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] !%,))). clu|d s/ sf u/L jf+sL x'g cfpg] ?=
!^,*%,))). e'QmfgL ug'{ kb{5 . o:tf] e'QmfgL /sd P]gsf] bkmf (@
sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -5_ cg';f/ clGtd s/ sL e'QmfgL x'G5 .
-v_

u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmn] /sd e'QmfgL u/]sf]df ;f] lxtflwsf/Lsf] cfo

u0fgf ubf{ ;f] /sd ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
pbfx/0f !@=$=#M dfgf}, dfyL !@=$=@ df pNn]v ul/Psf] pbfx/0fdf, cjsfz
sf]if u}/ afl;Gbf AolQm /x]5 eg] k|fKt nfe ?= #,)),))). nfO{ dxGt k|;fbn]
cfodf ;dfa]; u/L cfo laa/0f bflvnf ug'{ kb{5 .
P]gsf] bkmf ^% df nfe u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu lgDgfg';f/sf] :ki6Ls/0f
lbO{Osf] 5M
o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu :jLs[lt glnPsf] cjsfz sf]ifdf /x]sf] lxt
afkt ePsf] nfe eGgfn] :jLs[lt glnPsf] cjsfz sf]ifnfO{ ;f] sf]ifdf
/x]sf] lxt afkt lxtflwsf/L k|fs[lts JolQmaf6 a'emfOPsf] cjsfz
of]ubfgx?sf] /sdeGbf ;f] sf]ifaf6 ;f] JolQmsf] lxt afkt ;f] JolQmnfO{
ul/Psf] cjsfz e'QmfgL a9L eP o:tf] a9L eP hltsf] /sd ;Demg' k5{ .
t/, lxtflwsf/Lsf] of]ubfg gx'g] s'g} sf]if -gg\ sG6|La'6/L km08_ af6
ePsf] e"QmfgLnfO{ :jLs[lt glnPsf] cjsfz sf]ifdf /x]sf] lxt afkt ePsf]
nfe dflgg] 5}g .
pbfx/0f !@=$=$M dfgf}, ;fdGt /fO{ jfl0fHo a}+sdf sfo{/t clws[t sd{rf/L
/x]5g\ . a}+ssf] sd{rf/L ;]jfzt{ cg';f/ a}+sn] sd{rf/L ;'/If0f sf]if :yfkgf u/L
x/]s jif{ pQm sf]ifdf /sd hDdf ub}{ cfPsf] /x]5 / lgh sd{rf/L a}+sjf6
cjsfz k|fKt ubf{ ;f] sf]ifaf6 ?= #,)),))). e'QmfgL kfPsf /x]5g\ eg] pQm
sf]ifjf6 k|fKt x'g] cjsfz e'QmfgL :jLs[lt glnPsf] cjsfz sf]ifdf /x]sf] lxt
afkt k|fKt ePsf] nfe gdfgL Non contributory Fund jf6 k|fKt ePsf] cjsfz
e'QmfgL ePsf] / To:tf] e'QmfgLdf P]gsf] bkmf ** sf] pkbkmf -!_ cg';f/ !%
k|ltztsf b/n] clu|d s/ sf ug'{ kb{5 . o:tf] e'QmfgL P]gsf] bkmf (@ sf]
pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -5_ cg';f/ clGtd ?kdf s/ sL x'g] e'QmfgL dflgg]5 .
!@=$=#= lgod @) sf] pklgod -^_ df P]g k|f/De x'g' eGbf cuf8Lsf] cjsfz e'QmfgLx?df
s/ ;DaGwL k|fjwfg lgDgfg';f/ x'g] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M

v08 -s_

P]g k|f/De x'g'eGbf cl3sf cfojif{x?df sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/sf] ;+ro

sf]if jf gful/s nufgL sf]ifdf hDdf ePsf] ;fFjf Aofh nufotsf
/sddf / ;f] cjlw;Dd kfs]sf] pkbfg tyf ;+lrt labf afktsf]
/sddf s/ 5'6 x'g],

cfos/ P]g @)%* nfu' x'g eGbf k"j{ cfos/ P]g @)#! cg';f/ s/ lgwf{/0f x'g]
Joj:yf lyof] . cfos/ P]g @)#! cg';f/ sfod ;'lawfsf] k|Tofe"tL cfos/ P]g
@)%* n] klg lbPsf] 5 . of] P]g @)%* r}q !( ut] b]lv nfu' ePsf] x'+bf ;f]
cjwL;Ddsf] ;+rosf]if / gful/s nufgL sf]ifdf hDdf u/]sf] ;fFjf Aofh nufotsf

179

/sddf s/ gnfUg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} ;f] cjwL;Dd kfs]sf] pkbfg tyf
;+lrt ljbf jfktsf] /sddf klg s/ nfUb}g .
pbfx/0f !@=$=%M dfgf}+, xl/ k|;fb sfkm\n] g]= a}+= ln=df @)$$ a}zfv ! ut] ;xfos :t/df
lgo"Qm ePsf /x]5g\ . lgh @)^% h]i7 ! ut] ;]jfaf6 lgj[Q eP . lgj[Q x'+bfsf cj:yfdf
lghn] lgDgfg';f/sf /sd k|fKt u/]sf /x]5g\ .
-!_ ;+ro sf]if @)%* r}q !* ut];Dd ;fFjf
$,)),)))
-@_ ;+ro sf]if @)%* r}q !( ut] b]lv @)^% a}zfv
d;fGt ;Ddsf] ;fFjf
*,)),)))
-#_ ;+ro sf]if @)%* r}q !* ut];Dd Aofh
!,%),)))
-$_ ;+ro sf]if @)%* r}q !( ut] b]lv @)^% a}zfv
d;fGt ;Ddsf] Aofh
!,%),)))
;+rosf]if jfkt hDdf k|fKt ug]{ /sd =
!%,)),)))
cfos/ lgodfjnL @)%( sf] lgod @) sf] pklgod -^ s_ cg';f/ lghsf] s/ 5'6 x'g] /sdsf]
u0fgf lgDgfg';f/ ug'{ kb{5 .
P]g nfu' x'g'eGbf k"j{sf] ;+rosf]if ;fjfF
$,)),)))
P]g nfu' x'g'eGbf k"j{sf] ;+rosf]if Jofh
!,%),)))
5'6 x'g] ;+ro sf]if /sd ?=
%,%),)))
P]g nfu' e};s] kZrftsf] casfz e'QmfgLsf] u0fgf lgDgfg';f/ ug'{kb{5 .
P]g nfu' kZrftsf] ;+rosf]if -casfz sf]if_ /sd
*,)),)))
P]g nfu' kZrft ;+rosf]if -casfz sf]if_ df Aofh
!,%),)))
hDdf ;+ro sf]if /sd ?=
(,%),)))
P]g nfu' e};s] kZrft ;+rosf]if /sd ;d]tnfO{ cjsfz sf]if elgG5, olb pQm cjsfz sf]if
:jLs[t cjsfz sf]if ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f] sf]ifaf6 ul/g] e'QmfgLnfO{ s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu
lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ug'{kb{5 .
P]g nfu' eP kZrftsf] cjlwsf] :jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifaf6 k|fKt s'n /sd ?= (,%),)))
P]gsf] bkmf ^% sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -v_ cg';f/ nfe u0fgf ubf{ e"QmfgL /sdsf] %) jf
%,)),))) dWo] h'g a9L x'G5 ;f] /sd 36fpg' kb{5, h; cg';f/,
-!_ e"QmfgL /sdsf] %) n] x'g] /sd = $,&%,)))
-@_ tf]lsPsf] /sd
= %,)),)))
P]g nfu' e};s] kZrft :jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifaf6 hDdf = (,%),))) e"QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf]df
P]gsf] bkmf ^% sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -v_ cg';f/ nfe u0fgf ubf{ = %,)),))) 5'6 kfpg]
ePsf]n] ;f] sf u/L afFsL ?= $,%),))) df P]gsf] bkmf ** sf] pkbkmf -!=!_ adf]lhd kfFr
k|ltztsf b/n] s/ sf u/L ;f] casfz sf]ifn] afFsL /sd lghnfO{ e'QmfgL lbg' kb{5 .

P]g nfu' e};s] kZrft obL cjsfz sf]if c:jLs[t cjsfz sf]if ePsf] cj:Yffdf
e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf] /sd / ;f] sf]ifdf of]ubfg u/]sf] /sdsf] km/s /sddf clu|d
s/ sf ug'{ kb{5 .
pbfx/0f !@=$=^ dfgf}+, xl/ sfkm\n]n] of]ubfg u/]sf] cjsfz sf]if lghn] cjsfz k|fKt
ubf{sf avt :jLs[tL glnPsf] cjsfz sf]ifdf kl/0ft ePsf] /x]5 . lghsf] ;f]
cjsfz sf]ifsf] of]ubfg / k|fKt u/]sf] e'QmfgL lgDgfg';f/ /x]5M
-!_ ;+ro sf]if @)%* r}q !( ut] b]lv
a}zfv d;fGt @)^) ;Ddsf] ;fjfF ===============
$,%),)))
-@_ P] cjwLdf ;+ro sf]ifsf] /sddf Aofh ===========
%),)))

180

hDdf e"QmfgL /sd

%,)),)))
pQm ;fFjf /sddWo] lgh xl/ sfkm\n]sf] cfkm\gf] of]ubfg /sd ?= $,%),))).
/x]5 eg] ;f]df lgDgfg';f/ s/ sf ug{' k5{ .
-!_ e"QmfgL x'g] /sd
= %,)),)))
-@_ pQm sf]ifdf cfkm\gf] of]ubfg /sd
= $,%),)))
s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu nfe M
?= %),)))
P]gsf] bkmf ** -!_ cg';f/ e"QmfgL ubf{ % k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] ?= @,%)). clu|d
s/ sf u/L afFsL /sd e"QmfgL ug'{ kb{5 .
t/, pQm e'QmfgL g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|fKt ePsf] eP bkmf ^% sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08
-v_ cg';f/ x'g cfpg] nfe cyf{t ?= % nfv jf krf; k|ltzt dWo] h'g a9L x'G5
;f] s6fO{ afFsL /sddf % k|ltztsf b/n] s/ sL ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
pbfx/0f !@=$=&M dfgf}+, dfyL pbfx/0f !@=$=% df a}+ssf] sd{rf/L ljlgofdjnL cg';f/ pkbfgsf]
lgDgfg';f/ Joj:yf /x]5 .
% jif{ ;]jf cjwL k'/f ePsf nflu
k|lt jif{ ;]jf cjwL k'/fsf] nflu cfwf dlxgfsf] tna
% jif{ eGbf a9L !) jif{;Dd
k|lt jif{ ;]jf cjwL k'/fsf] nflu Ps dlxgfsf] tna
!) jif{ eGbf a9L !% jif{;Dd
k|lt jif{ ;]jf cjwL k'/fsf] nflu 8]9 dlxgfsf] tna
!% jif{ eGbf a9L

k|lt jif{ ;]jf cjwL k'/fsf] nflu b'O{ dlxgfsf] tna

;]jf lgj[Q x'+bf lghsf] tnj ?= $),))). k|lt dlxgf /x]5 . lghsf] @)%* r}q !* ut];Dd
^) lbg / lgj[Q x'+bf !@) lbg 3/ ljbf /x]5 . ;f] jfkt = !,^),))). e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf
/x]5g\ . lghsf] s/ u0fgf lgDgfg';f/ ug'{kb{5 .
pkbfg /sd e"QmfgL -@!=)* jif{sf] k|lt jif{ @ dlxgfsf] tnj a/fa/_ !^,*^,$)).
cfos/ lgodfjnL @)%(sf] lgod @) -^_ cg';f/ P]g k|f/De x'g' eGbf cufl8 / k5fl8sf] ;+lrt
ljbf jfktsf] /sd / kfs]sf] pkbfg lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ug'{kb{5 . hDdf ;]jf cjlw @! aif{ !
dlxgf dWo] @)%* r}q !* ut] ;Dd ;]jf cjlw !$ jif{ !! dlxgf !* lbg .
3/ ljbf !@) lbgjfkt k|fKt /sd
!,^),))).
@)%* r}q !* ut] ;Ddsf]kfs]sf] ljbf ^) lbgsf]
*),))).
ljbf jfkt s/of]Uo cjsfz e'QmfgL -s_
*),))).
pkbfg /sd
!^,*^,$)).
@)%* r}q !* ut];Dd kfs]sf] pkbfg
-!!,(^,@$)._
-$),))) !$=(%# jif{ @ dlxgfsf b/n]_
s/of]Uo cjsfz pkbfg -v_
$,(),!^).
s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu cjsfz e"QmfgL -sv_
? %,&),!^).
pQm s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu u0fgf ul/Psf] cjsfz e"QmfgL = %,&),!^). df cfos/ P]g @)%* sf]
bkmf **-!_ cg';f/ !% sf b/n] x'g] clu|d s/ sL u/L e"QmfgL lbg' kb{5 . o;/L clu|d s/ sf
u/L e"QmfgL k|fKt /sd P]gsf] bkmf (@ cg';f/ clGtd s/ sL u/L k|fKt ul/Psf] e"QmfgL x'g] x'+bf
P]gsf] bkmf *-#_ cg';f/ /f]huf/Lsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g . o;df lgod @) -^_ sf]
v08 -s_ df P]g nfu' x'g'eGbf k"j{ kfs]sf] pkbfg / ljbf jfktsf] /sd cjsfz x'+bfsf cj:yfdf
dfq lx;fj lstfj u/L e'QmfgL ul/g] x'Fbf cjsfz x'Fbfsf cj:yfdf vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tnaaf6 u0fgf
u/L s/ 5'6 lbg' kb{5 .
t/ pQm e'QmfgL g]kfn ;/sf/jf6 k|fKt ePsf] eP bkmf ^% sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -v_ cg';f/
x'g cfpg] nfe cyf{t ?= % nfv jf krf; k|ltzt dWo] h'g jl9 x'G5 ;f] s6fO{ afFsL /sddf %
k|ltztsf b/n] s/ sL ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .

181

v08 -v_

P]g k|f/De x'+bfsf jvt ;]jfdf /x]sf sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/nfO{ ;]jfaf6

cjsfz x'Fbf lghx?sf] ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL lgod cg';f/ e'QmfgL x'g]
Ps nfv c;L xhf/ ?k}ofF;Ddsf] cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ /sdnfO{ ;f]
sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/sf] cfodf ;dfj]z gul/g] .

pQm cj:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M

pbfx/0f !@=$=*M dfgf}+, :j]R5f skfnL ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8df @)%@ ebf} !
ut]b]lv sfo{/t sd{rf/L x'g\ . a}+ssf] sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ ljlgodfjnL cg';f/
cjsfz x'bfsf] cj:yfdf k|lt Ps aif{ ;]jf cjlwsf] nflu Ps dlxgfsf] tnj
cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ lbg] Joj:yf /x]5 . lghsf] cGo ljj/0f lgDgfg';f/ /x]5 .
-s_ ;]jf lgj[Q M @)^$ >fj0f #! ut]
-v_ lgj[Q x'bfsf] cj:yfdf tnj ?= @),))). k|lt dlxgf .
-u_ ;]jf cjwL M !@ jif{
Dffly pNn]v ul/Psf ;"rgfsf cfwf/df lghsf] cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ s/ k|of]hgsf]
nflu lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ul/G5 .
-s_ ;]jf cjwL !@ jif{
-v_ cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ jfkt e'QmfgL /sd M !@X@),))). @,$),))).
lgod @) sf] pklgod ^-v_ cg';f/ 5'6 x'g] /sd
!,*),))).
cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ cGtu{tsf] cjsfz e'QmfgL
?=^),))).
g]kfn a}+s lnld6]8n] lghnfO{ e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ ?= @,$),))). df ?= (,))).
-^),)))X!%_ s/ sf u/L jf+sL x'g cfpg] /sd ?= @,#!,))). e'QmfgL ug'{
kb{5 .
!@=%=

cjsfz of]ubfg /sd

P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -r_ adf]lhd cjsfz of]ubfg /sd eGgfn] cjsfz
e'QmfgLsf] Joj:yf jf ;f]sf] eljiodf ul/g] Joj:yfsf] nflu cjsfz sf]ifdf
ul/Psf] e'QmfgL ;Demg' k5{ .
cjsfz of]ubfg /sd eGgfn] k|fs[lts AolQmn] cfkm}n] jf ;Da4 AolQm cyf{t
/f]huf/stf{sf] xsdf /f]huf/bftfn] hDdf u/L lbPsf] cjsfz of]ubfg /sdnfO{
;d]t hgfp5 .
pbfx/0f !@=%=! M xldb cxdb dfl;s?= @),))) kfl/>lds kfpg] u/L sdn]z
k|f= ln= df sfo{/t /x]5g\ . pQm sDkgLaf6 ?= @,))) k|lt dlxgf lghsf] gfddf
cjsfz sf]ifdf hDDff ul/g] / ;f] sf]ifdf lghn] j]Un} ?= @,))) nufgL u/]sf]
eP b'j} u/L x'g] ?= $,))) nfO{ lgh xldb cxdbsf] cjsfz of]ubfg /sd
dflgG5 .
cjsfz of]ubfg :jLs[t cjsfz sf]if jf :jLs[tL glnPsf] cjsfz sf]ifdf x'g
;Sb5 . :jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifdf ul/Psf] cjsfz of]ubfg P]gsf] bkmf ^# sf]
clwgdf /xL s/ of]Uo cfoaf6 36fO{ kfpg bfaL ug{ ;lsG5 eg] :jLs[t glnPsf]
cjsfz sf]ifdf ul/Psf] cjsfz of]ubfg s/ of]Uo cfoaf6 36fO{ kfpg bfaL ug{
;lsb}g .

182

!@=^=

cjsfz of]ubfgsf] ;Ldf M

lgod @! df cjsfz of]ubfgsf] ;Ldf lgDgfg';f/ x'g] Aoj:yf ul/Psf 5M

s'g} cfo jif{df :jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifsf] lxtflwsf/L k|fs[lts JolQmn] cjsfz
sf]ifdf cjsfz of]ubfg ubf{ tLg nfv ?k}ofF jf lghsf] lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfosf] Ps
ltxfO{df h'g 36L x'G5 ;f] /sd;Dd cfkm\gf] s/ of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg ;Sg]5 .
o; Aoa:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
pbfx/0f !@=^=!M dfgf}+, ckl/lhtf sZok ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8df sfo{/t sd{rf/L
x'g\ . lghn] a}+sjf6 lgDgfg';f/sf] tnj ;'ljwf k|fKt u/]sL /lxl5g\ .
dfl;s tnj
@),))). k|lt dlxgf
lzIff eQf
@,))). k|lt dlxgf
n'uf eQff
!),))). k|lt jif{
bz} vr{
Ps dlxgfsf] tnj
;jf/L;fwg eQf
?=!,))). k|lt dlxgf
6]lnkmf]g vr{
?=!,))). k|lt dlxgf
lghnfO{ a}sn] cfjfz Joj:yf u/]sf] /x]5 .
a}+sn] lghsf] tnjjf6 !) k|ltzt s6[f u/L ;f]xL /sd a/fj/ yk u/L :jLs[t
cjsfz sf]ifdf hDdf ug]{ u/]sf] /x]5 .
@,$),))).
tnj
@),)))X!@
@$,))).
lzIff eQf
@,)))X!@
n'uf eQf
!),))).
bz} vr{
@),))).
;jf/L ;fwg eQf
!,)))X!@
!@,))).
!@,))).
6]lnkmf]g vr{
!,)))X!@
cfjfz ;'ljwf
-@$),)))X@!))_
$,*)).
@$,))).
yk cjsfz of]ubfg -@$),)))X!)!))_
lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfo
#,$^,*)).
36fpg]
cjsfz of]ubfg
bkmf ^#-@_ / lgod @! cg';f/ u0fgf ul/P dWo] sd /sd 5'6 x'g],
i. Jff:tljs of]ubfg
$*,))).
-@$,)))+@$,)))_
$*,))).
ii. lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfosf] Ps
ltxfO{ x'g] /sd ?=
!,!%,^)).
-#,$^,*))X!#_
iii. clwstd l;df
#,)),))).
s/of]Uo cfo
@,(*,*)).
pbfx/0f !@=^=@M dfgf}+, dfly pbfx/0f !@=^=! df pNn]v ul/Psf] pbfx/0fdf
pNn]v ul/P cg';f/sf] lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfo ?= #,$^,*)) / lghn] cfkm\gf] tkm{jf6
gful/s nufgL sf]ifdf k|lt dlxgf !),))). yk of]ubfg u/]sL /lx5g\ eg]
lghsf] of]ubfg lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ug'{kb{5 .
lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfo
#,$^,*)).
183

36fpg]
cjsfz of]ubfg
bkmf ^#-@_ / lgod @! cg';f/ u0fgf ul/P dWo] sd /sd 5'6 x'g],
i. Jff:tljs of]ubfg
!,^*,))).
!,!%,^)).
lj=j}=ln=cjsfz sf]if $*,))).
gful/s nufgL sf]if !,@),))).
ii. lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfosf] Ps
ltxfO{ x'g] /sd ?=
!,!%,^)).
-#,$^,*))X!#_
iii. clwstd l;df
#,)),))).
s/of]Uo cfo
@,#!,@)).

!@=&=

P]gsf] bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf -#_ sf] v08 -u_ adf]lhd /f]huf/bftfn] e'QmfgL u/L
lbPsf] cjsfz of]ubfg afx]s cGo cjsfz of]ubfg s/of]Uo cfojf6 36fO{
kfpgsf] nflu bfjL ug{ lghn] cfkm\gf] cfo ljj/0f eg] k]z ug'{ kb{5 . obL
gful/s nufgL sf]if jf /f]huf/bftf;+usf] s/f/ cg';f/ cGo cjsfz sf]ifdf
/f]huf/bftf cfkm}n] lghsf] tkm{af6 kfl/>ldsaf6 sf u/L hDdf ul/lbPsf]
ca:yfdf To:tf] /f]huf/stf{sf] cGo cfo gePdf cfo laj/0f eg] bflvnf ug'{
kb}{g .
cjsfz sf]ifdf s/M
P]gsf] bkmf ^$ df cjsfz sf]ifsf] s/ ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/ Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5M
^$-!_
cjsfz sf]ifsf] cfo lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu o; P]g adf]lhd
;dfj]z x'g] jf s6[L x'g] /sdx? sf]ifsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z jf sL ug'{
kg]{5 .
t/
-s_ ;f] sf]ifdf k|fKt of]ubfg ;f] sf]ifsf] cfDbfgL x'g] 5}g / To:tf
of]ubfgnfO{ u0fgfdf ;dfj]z ul/g] 5}g .
cjsfz sf]ifn] k|fKt ug]{ of]ubfg /sd sf]ifsf] cfDbfgL x'g] 5}g . pbfx/0fsf] nflu
sd{rf/L ;+ro sf]ifn] ljleGg lghfdtLsf ;fy} cGo ;+3 ;+:yfjf6 k|fKt u/]sf]
of]ubfg /sd sd{rf/L ;+ro sf]ifsf] cfDbfgL dflgb}g .
-v_ cjsfz e'QmfgLx? ;f] sf]ifsf] vr{ x'g] 5}g / To:tf e'QmfgLnfO{ cfosf]
u0fgf ubf{ sL ug{ kfO{g] 5}g .
ljleGg lxtflwsf/Ln] cjsfzsf] cj:yfdf k|fKt ug]{ cjsfz e'QmfgL ;f] cjsfz
sf]ifsf] vr{ dflg+b}g . h:t} ljleGg sfof{nodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx? ;]jfjf6 lgj[Q
x'bfsf] cj:yfdf sd{rf/L ;+ro sf]if dfkm{t ul/g] cjsfz e'QmfgL /sd sd{rf/L
;+rosf] vr{ dflgb}g .
pbfx/0f !@=&=!M dfgf}+, g]kfn jfo';]jf sDkgLdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L xl/x/
laZjsdf{ @)^% h]i7 !@ ut] sDkgLaf6 ;]jf lga[Q ePsf /x]5g\ . ;]jf
cawLe/ sDkgLn] pQm sd{rf/Lsf] ;+rosf]if afkt ?= *,)),))). :jLs[t
184

cjsfz sf]ifdf k7fPsf] /x]5 . ;]jf lgj[Q ePsf] ;dodf pQm cjsfz sf]ifn]
?= !),)),))). lgh sd{rf/LnfO{ e'Qmfg ug'{ kg]{ /x]5 . o;/L ;f] sf]ifn]
k|fKt u/]sf] cjsfz of]ubfg ?= *,)),))). ;f] sf]ifsf] cfDbfgL dflg+b}g eg]
;f] sd{rf/LnfO{ cjsfz e'QmfgL u/]sf] ?= !) nfv klg ;f] sf]ifsf] vr{
dflg+b}g .
-u_ s'g} lxtflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz sf]ifdf /x]sf] lxt ;f] sf]ifsf] bfloTj x'g] 5}g .
Dffly pNn]v ul/Psf] pbfx/0f cg';f/ lgudsf sd{rf/Lsf] cjsfz of]ubfg -lxt_
sd{rf/L ;+rosf]if -cjsfz sf]if_ sf] bfloTj x'b}g . cjsfz sf]ifn] cjsfz
of]ubfg k|fKt ubf{ cfo gdflgg] / pQm sf]ifaf6 lxtflwsf/LnfO{ e'QmfgL ubf{ ;f]
sf]ifsf] vr{ klg gdflgg] x'+bf lxtflwsf/Lsf] lxt klg sf]ifsf] bfloTj gdflgPsf]
xf] . sf]if lxtflwsf/Lsf] Gof; (Trust) sf] ?kdf /xg] lgsfo xf] . lxtflwsf/Lsf]
?kdf /x]sf k|fs[lts AolQmx? g} ;f] sf]ifsf] cfcfkm\gf] vftf OsfO{sf] clwsf/L dflns_ x'g\ . sf]ifsf] Aoa:yfkgn] cfos/ lgodfjnLsf] lgod @) sf] pklgod -@_
n] tf]ssf] If]qdf nufgL u/L lxtflwsf/Lsf] nflu nfe cfh{g u/L lbg] dfq xf] .
^$-@_
:jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifsf] cfodf s/ nfUg] 5}g .
sd{rf/L ;+rosf]if tyf gful/s nufgLsf]ifn] ;~rfng u/]sf] cjsfz sf]if /
ljefuaf6 :jLs[lt k|fKt u/L ;~rfngdf /x]sf cjsfz sf]ifx?sf] cfDbfgLdf s/
nfUb}g .
^$-#_
s'g} :jLs[t cjsfz sf]if To:tf] sf]ifsf] ?kdf g/x]df To:tf] sf]ifn]
v08 -s_ adf]lhdsf] /sdaf6 v08 -v_ adf]lhdsf] /sd 36fO{ x'g] /sddf
cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf @ sf] pkbkmf -!_ df plNnlvt nfUg] s/sf] b/ cg';f/
x'g cfpg] /sd s/ a'emfpg' kg]{5 M
-s_ ;f] sf]ifaf6 :jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifsf] ?kdf :jLs[lt k|fKt u/]sf]
ldltb]lv dfGotf ;dfKt ePsf] ldlt;Ddsf] cjlwaLr ;f]sf]ifdf hDdf
ePsf] ;a} cjsfz of]ubfgx? / pkbkmf-@_ nfu" gePsf] eP s/of]Uo
cfo dflgg] ;a} cfo /sd,
-v_ ;f] sf]ifaf6 :jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifsf] ?kdf :jLs[lt k|fKt u/]sf]
ldltb]lv dfGotf ;dfKt ePsf] ldlt;Ddsf] cjlwaLr ;f] sf]ifn]
e'QmfgL lbPsf] ;a} cjsfz e'QmfgL /sd .
olb s'g} klg :jLs[t cjsfz sf]if To:tf] sf]ifsf] ?kdf g/x]df cyf{t :jLs[tL
glnPsf] cjsfz sf]ifdf kl/0ft ePsf] ca:yfdf To:tf] sf]ifsf] cfodf cg';'rL !
sf] bkmf @ sf] pkbkmf -!_ cg';f/ @%% sf b/n] s/ nfU5 .
pbfx/0f !@=&=@M Dffgf+} g]kfn ;[hg sDkgL ln= n] cfkm\gf sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx?sf]
nflu ldlt @)^) cfiff9 d;fGtsf lbg ljefujf6 :jLs[t k|fKt u/L cjsfz
sf]if ;+rfng u/L /x]sf] 5 . pQm sf]ifsf] lx;fj lstfj lgDgfg';f/ 5 .
cf=j= ^)^! cjsfz of]ubfg
@%,)),))).
cf=j= ^)^! nufgLjf6 k|fKt Jofh
!,%),))).
cf=j ^!^@ cjsfz of]ubfg
#),)),))).
cf=j ^!^@ nufgLjf6 k|fKt Jofh
$,)),))).
185

cf=j= ^)^! Dff cjsfz e'QmfgL

?= !%,)),))).
cf=j= ^)^! Dff cjsfz e'QmfgL
?= !$,)),))).
cf=j= ^)^! Dff cjsfz sf]if ;+rfng vr{
?= !,)),))).
cf=j= ^!^@ Dff cjsfz sf]if ;+rfng vr{
?= !,!),))).
Dffgf} pQm cjsfz sf]if @)^@ h]i7 d;fGtsf lbgb]lv laefun] lbPsf] :jLs[lt
/2 u/]sf] hfgsf/L u/fof] . o; cj:yfdf :jLs[t cjsfz sf]if c:jLs[t
cjsfz sf]ifdf @)^@ h]i7 d;fGtsf lbg b]lv kl/0ft ePsf] x'bf pQm cjsfz
sf]ifsf] s/ u0fgf lgDgfg';f/ ug'{ kb{5 .
:jLs[tL k|fKt ePsf] ldlt M @)^) cfiff9 d;fGt
:jLs[tL ;dfKt ePsf] ldlt M @)^@ h]i7 d;fGt
:jLs[lt k|fKt ePsf] ldlt b]lvsf] of]ubfg
%%,)),))).
:jLs[lt ;dfKt ePsf] ldlt;Dd nufgLjf6 k|fKt Jofh
%,%),))).
hDdf cfo -s_
^),%),))).
cjsfz e'QmfgL M
cf=j= ^)^!
!%,)),))).
cf=j= ^!^@
!$,)),))).
hDdf cjsfz e'QmfgL -v_
@(,)),))).
s/of]Uo cfo -s v_
#!,%),))).
&,*&,%)).
s/sf] b/ @%%

186

kl/R%]b 13

lgsfo / lat/)f
(Entity and Distribution)

!#=!

!#=@

lgsfo (Entity) eGgfn] k|fs[lts AolQm afx]s cGo AolQmnfO{ a'emfpF5 . cfos/ P]g,
@)%* cg';f/ cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu lgsfonfO{ s[lqd AolQm (Artificial Person)
sf] ?kdf lnO{ ;f]xL cg';f/ s/ nufO{g] Aoa:yf ul/Psf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf @-e_ df
;fem]bf/L, 6i6 jf sDkgL, ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf jf lhNnf lasf;
;ldlt, g]kfn ;/sf/, s'g} ljb]zL ;/sf/ jf ;f] ;/sf/ cGtu{tsf k|fGtLo jf
:yfgLo ;/sf/ jf s'g} ;lGwf/f :yfkgf ePsf] ;fj{hlgs cGt/f{li6o ;+u7g, jf
cfk'm afl;Gbf ePsf] d'n'sdf cjl:yt g/x]sf] ;+:yf jf ;+u7gsf] :yfoL
;+:yfkgnfO{ lgsfosf] ?kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . ;fdfGotofM lgsfosf] :jfldTj
k|fs[lts AolQm jf cGo lgsfof/f lgolGqt x'g] ePtf klg lgsfosf] 5'} sfg"gL
cl:tTj x'G5 . lgsfosf] s/sf] ;DaGwdf AofVof ubf{ lgsfodf /x]sf] lxt Pj+
lgsfodf /x]sf] lglxt :jfldTjsf] af/]df hfgsf/L x'g' h?/L x'G5 .
nfef+z eGgfn] ;fdfGotofM s'g} lgsfo (Entity) n] cfkm\gf lxtflwsf/LnfO{ lat/0f
ug]{ d'gfkmfsf] c+znfO{ hgfpF5 . P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -s 3_ df nfef+z zAbn]
lgsfoaf6 x'g] ljt/0f ;Demg' k5{ eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . lgsfon] k|fKt ug]{ cfodf
P]gsf] clwgdf /xL s/ ltg'{ kg]{, cf+lzs 5'6 x'g] jf k"0f{ ?kn] s/ 5'6 x'g] ca:yf
x'g ;Sb5 . o;/L s/ bfloTj e'Qmfg u/L ;s]sf] cfoaf6 lgsfon] cfkm\gf]
lxtflwsf/LnfO{ d'gfkmfsf] c+z lat/0f ug{ ;Sb5g\ . o;/L x'g] lat/0f ;f] lgsfosf]
lxtflwsf/Lsf] cfo x'G5 . lgsfosf] sfg"gL ca:yf cfkm\gf lxtflwsf/L eGbf km/s
/x]sf] sf/0f lgsfon] cfh{g ug]{ cfodf s/ ltg]{ bfloTj ;f]xL lgsfosf] x'G5 eg]
lxtflwsf/LnfO{ k|fKt x'g] nfef+zsf] cfodf s/ ltg]{ bfloTj ;DalGwt lxtflwsf/Lsf]
x'G5 .
P]gdf pNn]v ePsf lgsfosf] cfo, lgsfoaf6 x'g] lat/0f, lgsfosf] :jfldTjsf]
kl/jt{g x'+bfsf ca:yf h:tf k|fjwfgnfO{ AofVof ug'{ o; kl/R5]bsf] d'Vo p2]Zo
/x]sf] 5 .
lgsfodf /x]sf] lxtM
P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -d_ df lgsfodf /x]sf] lxtnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kl/eflift
ul/Psf] 5 .
@-d_
lgsfodf /x]sf] lxt eGgfn] s'g} lgsfosf] cfo jf k"+hL k|fKt ug]{
;f+of]lus -slG6Gh]G6_ clwsf/ ;d]tsf] clwsf/ ;Demg' k5{ .
lgsfodf /x]sf] lxt (Interest on Entity) eGgfn] ;fem]bf/L kmd{sf] xsdf ;f] kmd{sf]
d'gfkmf nufot ;f] kmd{sf] ;DklQdf ;fem]bf/sf] clwsf/nfO{ hgfpF5 . ;f] jfSof+zn]
l;ldt bfloTj ePsf] sDkgLdf z]o/xf]N8/n] pQm sDkgLdf u/]sf] nufgLsf] k|ltkmn
nufot pQm sDkgL vf/]hL (Liquidation) x'+bfsf] ca:yfdf x'g] clwsf/ (Contingent
Right) nfO{ hgfp5 eg] casfz sf]ifdf nufgLstf{ -lxtflwsf/L_ n] nufgL u/]
afkt nufgL ul/Psf] /sd tyf ;f]sf] k|ltkmnnfO{ ;d]t hgfp5 .
lgsfodf /x]sf] lxt eGgfn] laz]if u/L k"+hL / cfodf ;xefuL x'g] clwsf/nfO{
hgfpb5 . ;fem]bf/L kmd{df ;f] kmd{sf ;fem]bf/sf] lxt /x]sf] x'G5 . Pj+ k|sf/n]

sDkgLdf ;f] sDkgLsf c+lzof/ (Shareholders) sf] lxt /x]sf] x'G5 eg] 6i6df
To;sf lxtflwsf/L (Beneficiary) sf] lxt /x]sf] x'G5 . ;fem]bf/L kmd{df ;fem]bf/sf]
lxt /x]sf] x'G5 eGgfn] ;fem]bf/n] pQm ;fem]bf/L kmd{df cfkm\gf] k"hL afkt s]xL
/sd jf lhG;L, k"FhLsf] ?kdf nufgL u/]sf x'G5g\ eg] ;fem]bf/L kmd{n] ug]{ cfo
cfh{gsf] efu]bf/ (Share) lgh ;fem]bf/ g} ePsf] x'+bf lghsf] pQm kmd{df lxt
/x]sf] dflgG5 . o;} u/L sDkgLdf c+lzof/n] cfkm\gf] z]o/ nufgLsf] ?kdf kF"hL
nufgL u/]sf x'G5g\ . pQm sDkgLn] ug]{ cfo cfh{g dfkm{t nfef+zsf] ?kdf k|fKt
ug]{ clwsf/ / ;:yf la36g x'+bfsf ca:yfdf ul/g] lat/0fdf ;d]t lghsf] clwsf/
/xg] x'+bf c+lzof/sf] pQm sDkgLdf lxt /x]sf] dflgG5 . ;+o'Qm pBddf ;+nUg
k|To]s ;b:osf] nufgL jf ;f] sfd ug{sf nflu k]z ul/Psf] k/:k/sf] ;Demf}tf
cg';f/sf] cg'kftdf ;f] ;+o'Qm pBddf lxt /x]sf] dflgG5 . dflysf cj:yfx?
tnsf] pbfx/0fdf v'nfOPsf] 5M
pbfx/0f !#=@=!M dfgf}+, sl:ds Aofkf/ k|f=ln= gfdsf] Ps sDkgLdf ^) k|ltzt
z]o/ lbg]zdfg eGg] AolQmsf] /x]5 / afFsL $) k|ltzt z]o/ /d]z dNn eGg]
AolQmsf] /x]5 eg] ;f] sDkgLdf ;f]xL cg'kftdf lbg]zdfg tyf /d]z dNnsf] lxt
(Interest) /x]sf] dflgG5 .
pbfx/0f !#=@=@M dfgf}+, wf]jL vf]nfdf aGg nfu]sf] k'n lgdf{0fsf] 7]Ssf lng lbj;
sDkgL ln= / lbg; sDkgL ln= n] ^)M$) sf] ;+o'Qm :jfldTj /x]sf] ;+o'Qm pBd
x'g] u/L ;8s ljefusf] af]nkq k]z u/]sf /x]5g\ . lbj; lbg; ;+o'Qm pBddf
;f]xL cg'kftdf tL sDkgLx?sf] lxt (Interest) /x]sf] dflgG5 .
!#=#

lglxt :jfldTj M
laz]if u/L ;Da4 JolQmx?aLrsf] sf/f]jf/df x'g ;Sg] d"No x:tfGt/0f -bkmf ##_,
;Da4 JolQmx? aLrsf] x:tfGt/0f -bkmf $%_ / cGt/fli6o s/ ;+emf}tf -bkmf &#_
;DaGwL Aoa:yfnfO{ :ki6 kfg{sf nflu lgsfosf] jf:tljs wgL olsg ug]{
cjwf/0ff (Pass-through Approach) cGtu{t lglxt :jfldTjsf ;DaGwdf AofVof
ul/g' cfaZos /x]sf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -/_ df lglxt :jfldTjnfO{
lgDgfg';f/ kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 .
@-/_
lglxt :jfldTj eGgfn] b]xfosf] :jfldTj ;Demg' k5{ M
-!_ s'g} lgsfosf] ;DaGwdf s'g} k|fs[lts JolQm jf k|fs[lts JolQmsf] lxt
g/x]sf] lgsfon] ;f] lgsfodf k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf Ps jf a9L
dWo:y lgsfox?f/f /fv]sf] lxtsf cfwf/df l;lh{t :jfldTj, jf
s'g} lgsfodf k|fs[lts AolQm jf k|fs[lts AolQmsf] lxt g/x]sf] lgsfon] wf/0f
u/]sf] ;f] lgsfosf] ;DklQ / cfo dflysf] clwsf/nfO{ To:tf] lgsfosf] ;f]
lgsfodfly lglxt :jfldTj (Underlying Ownership on Entity) /x]sf] dflgG5 .
pbfx/0f !#=#=!M dfgf}+, lxdfn Aofkf/ k|f=ln= sf sf]dn P08 sDkgL k|f=ln= tyf
lztn O{Ge]i6d]06 k|f=ln= z]o/ xf]N8/x? /x]5g\ . sf]dn P08 sDkgL k|f=ln=n]
pQm sDkgLsf] ^) k|ltzt z]o/ vl/b u/]sf] /x]5 eg] lztn O{Ge]i6d]06 k|f=ln=n]
afFsL $) k|ltzt z]o/ vl/b u/]sf] /x]5 . of] nufgLn] lxdfn Jofkf/ k|f=nL= df
sf]dn P08 sDkgL k|f=ln= / lztn O{Ge]i6d]06 k|f=ln= sf] k|ToIf :jfldTj (Direct

188

ownership) l;h{gf

u/]sf] 5 .
lztn O{Ge]i6d]06 k|f=ln=sf] *) k|ltzt z]o/ zld{nL k|f=ln= n] / j+fsL @)
k|ltzt lbjfs/ k|f=ln=n] vl/b u/]sf] /x]5 . o; ca:yfdf, lxdfn Aofkf/ k|f=ln
df zld{nL k|f=ln= tyf lbjfs/ k|f=ln=sf] qmdzM #@ -*)%X$)%_ k|ltzt tyf
* -@)%X$)%_ k|ltzt dWo:y lgsfo4f/f l;h{gf ePsf] ck|ToIf lglxt
:jfldTj (Underlying Ownership through interposed entity) /x]sf] dflgG5 .
-@_ s'g} lgsfosf] :jfldTj /x]sf] ;DklQsf] ;DaGwdf ;f] lgsfodf lglxt
:jfldTj /x]sf JolStx?sf] :jfldTjsf] ;dfg'kftsf] cfwf/df lgwf{/0f
ePsf] ;DklQsf] :jfldTj
s'g} AolQmsf] s'g} lgsfosf] ;DklQ jf cfodf cfkm\gf] clwsf/sf] cg'kft -;f+of]lus
clwsf/ ;d]t_ sf] cfwf/df To:tf] lgsfodf ;f] AolQmsf] lglxt :jfldTj /x]sf]
dflgG5 . s'g} AolQmsf] s'g} lgsfodf $) k|ltzt lx:;f /x]5 . ;f] lgsfosf]
:jfldTjdf /x]sf] s'g} hUuf /x]5 eg] lgsfodf /x]sf] pQm ;DklQ dfly lghsf]
;dfg'kflts cfwf/df cyf{t $) k|ltztn] x'g cfpg] /sd a/fa/ lglxt :jfldTj
(Underlying Ownership on asset) /x]sf] dflgG5 . pQm ca:yf tnsf] pbfx/0fdf
v'nfO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !#=#=@M dfgf}+, sl:ds Aofkf/ k|f=ln= gfdsf] Ps sDkgLdf ^) k|ltzt
z]o/ lbg]zdfg eGg] AolQmsf] /x]5 / afFsL $) k|ltzt z]o/ /d]z dNn eGg]
AolQmsf] /x]5 . pQm sDkgLsf] ;'ud Aofkf/ lgud eGg] sDkgLdf ?= ! s/f]8
a/fa/sf] nufgL /x]5 . o; ca:yfdf pQm lguddf ;f] sDkgLsf] nufgL dfly
;f]xL cg'kftdf lbg]zdfg tyf /d]z dNnsf] lglxt :jfldTj (Underlying
Ownership on asset) /x]sf] dflgG5 .
!#=$

lgsfox?sf ;DaGwdf nfu" x'g] s/sf l;4fGtx? M

lgsfox?sf ;DaGwdf nfu" x'g] s/sf l;4fGtx?sf ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf %@ df
lgDgfg';fsf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
%@-!_ s'g} lgsfo s/ bflvnf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu To;sf] lxtflwsf/L eGbf 5'}
?kdf lhDd]jf/ x'g]5 .
s'g} klg lgsfonfO{ s/ bflvnf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nfuL pQm lgsfosf lxtflwsf/L
(Beneficiary) eGbf leGb} ?kdf lnO{G5 .
pbfx/0f !#=$=!M dfgf}+, lztn O{Ge]i6d]06 k|f=ln=sf] @ hgf z]o/xf]N8/ dWo] Ps
hgfn] pQm sDklgsf] ^) k|ltzt / csf]{n] $) k|ltzt z]o/ lnPsf /x]5g\ .
pQm sDkgLn] cfo jif{ @)^&)^* df ?= %) nfv d'gfkmf u/]sf] /x]5 . s/
kZrftsf] d'gfkmfaf6 sDkgLn] !) k|ltztsf b/n] nfef+z lat/0f u/]sf] /x]5 .
o;/L e'Qmfg ug]{ nfef+zdf nfUg] s/ sf u/L lxtflwsf/LnfO{ e'QmfgL lbg'
kb{5 . lgsfon] cfh{g u/]sf] d'gfkmfaf6 lgsfon] ltg'{kg]{ s/sf] b/df s/ lt/L
;s]tf klg ;f] lgsfosf] lxtflwsf/Ln] ;f] lgsfoaf6 k|fKt ePsf] lat/0f eg] s/
d'Qm x'g ;Sb}g . cyf{t, lgsfosf] cfodf s/ ltg]{ bfloTj ;f]xL lgsfosf] x'g] /
lxtflwsf/Lsf] cfodf -lgsfoaf6 x'g] lat/0f_ df s/ ltg'{ kg]{ bfloTj
lxtflwsf/L s} x'G5 . o;/L lgsfon] lxtflwsf/Lsf] tkm{af6 Withholding Agent
189

sf] ?kdf ;d]t sfd ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .

%@-@_ lgsfoaf6 x'g] ljt/0f bkmf %# df pNn]v eP adf]lhd x'g]5 / To;/L x'g]
ljt/0fdf bkmf %$ adf]lhd o;sf lxtflwsf/LnfO{ s/ nufOg]5 .
lgsfoaf6 o; P]gsf] bkmf %# cg';f/ cfkm\gf lxtflwsf/Lx?nfO{ u/]sf] lat/0f tf]lsPsf ckjfb afx]s cGo s'g} klg x}l;otn] ul/Psf] e'QmfgL jf d'gfkmfsf]
k"+lhs/0f_ ;f] lgsfoaf6 lxtflwsf/Lx?nfO{ ul/Psf] ljt/0f dflgg] x'+bf P]gsf] bkmf
%$ cg';f/ nfef+z ljt/0f u/]sf] dfgL P]gsf] bkmf ** sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 s_ cg';f/ % k|ltztsf b/n] sf ug'{ kb{5 . o; ;DaGwL la:t[t AofVof a'bf g+=
!#=% df ul/Psf] 5 .
%@-#_ lgsfoaf6 k|fKt ul/Psf] /sd / Aoxf]l/Psf] vr{ /sd lgsfon] cGo
JolQmsf] nflu k|fKt u/]sf] jf gu/]sf] jf vr{ Aoxf]/]sf] jf gAoxf]/]sf] h] h:tf]
eP klg lgsfon] k|fKt u/]sf] / Aoxf]/]sf] dflgg]5 .
lgsfoaf6 k|fKt ul/Psf] /sd, csf]{ AolQmsf] nflu k|fKt u/]sf] jf gu/]sf] h] eP
klg ;f]xL lgsfon] g} k|fKt u/]sf] dflgG5 . To:t}, lgsfoaf6 vr{ Aoxf]l/Psf] /sd
klg csf]{ AolQmsf] nflu vr{ u/]sf] jf gu/]sf] h] eP klg ;f]xL lgsfon] g} vr{
Aoxf]/]sf] dflgG5 .
%@-$_ lgsfosf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] ;DklQ / jxg ul/Psf bfloTjnfO{ ;f]xL
lgsfosf] :jfldTj jf ef/df /x]sf] dflgg]5 . o:tf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] ;DklQ /
jxg ul/Psf bfloTjnfO{ cGo s'g} JolQmsf] :jfldTj jf ef/df /x]sf] dflgg]
5}g .
lgsfo ;+rfnfgfy{ lgsfosf] gfddf /x]sf ;DklQx? h:t} ejg, kmlg{r/ tyf cGo
;DklQx? lgsfo s} :jfldTjdf /x]sf] dflgG5 . o;/L lgsfosf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf]
;DklQ cGo AolQmsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] dflgg]5}g . Pj+ k|sf/n] lgsfon] axg u/]sf]
bfloTjnfO{ ;d]t ;f]xL lgsfosf] bfloTj dflgG5 .
%@-%_ lgsfosf] cfosf] nflu To;sf] Aoj:yfks, lxtflwsf/L jf lgsfo hf]
;'s}n] bflvnf u/]sf] ljb]zL cfos/ ;f] lgsfon] bflvnf u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
lgsfosf] cfo afkt a'emfpg'kg]{ jf a'emfPsf] lab]zL cfos/ ;f] lgsfo cfkm} jf
o;sf Aoa:yfks jf lxtflwsf/L (having interest on such entity) dWo] hf] ;'s}
AolQmx? dfkm{t bflvnf u/]sf] eP klg ;f]xL lgsfon] g} a'emfPsf] dflgG5 .
%@-^_ s'g} lgsfo / o;sf Joj:yfks tyf lxtflwsf/L aLrsf] sf/f]jf/nfO{
kl/R5]b& / bkmf $% sf] cwLgdf /xL dfGotf lbOg]5 .
s'g} lgsfo / o;sf Aoa:yfks tyf lxtflwsf/L larsf] sf/f]af/nfO{ /sdx?sf]
kl/df0fLs/0f, af+8kmf+8 / rfl/qLs/0f tyf ;Da4 AolQmx? larsf] x:tfGt/0f /
cGo u}/ ahf/ x:tfGt/0f ;DaGwL Aoa:yfx?sf] clwgdf /xL dfGotf lbO{G5 .
P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -s g_ df ;Da4 JolQmnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kl/eflift ul/Psf]
5M
;Da4 JolQm eGgfn] Ps csf]{ JolQmsf] dg;fo cg';f/ sfd ug]{ Ps jf
PseGbf a9L JolQm jf To:tf JolQmx?sf] ;d"x ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn]
b]xfosf JolQmx? ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 M
190

!#=%

-!_ k|fs[lts JolQm / ;f] JolQmsf] gft]bf/ jf s'g} JolQm jf ;f] JolQmsf]
;fem]bf/,
-@_ ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkg / ;f] ;+:yfkgdf :jfldTj ePsf] JolQm, /
-#_ s'g} lgsfo cfkm} jf cfkm";+u ;DalGwt cGo JolQm jf ;xof]uL lgsfo
jf To:tf ;xof]uL lgsfo;+u ;DalGwt cGo s'g} JolQm jf lgsfo;+u
ldn]/ s'g} lgsfosf] cfo, k"FhL jf dtflwsf/sf] krf; k|ltzt jf
;f]eGbf a9L lx:;f lgoGq0f ug]{ jf ;f]af6 kmfObf k|fKt ug{] lgsfo .
t/ b]xfosf JolQm ;Da4 JolQm x'g] 5}g M
-!_ sd{rf/L,
-@_ ljefun] ;Da4 JolQm xf]Og egL tf]s]sf] JolQm .
;Da4 AolQm ;DaGwL la:t[t laa/0f o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b @ df pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 .
lgsfoaf6 x'g] ljt/0fM
lgsfoaf6 x'g] lat/0fsf ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf %# df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf]
5M
%#-!_ lgsfoaf6 x'g] ljt/0fdf b]xfosf s'/fx? ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{5 M
-s_ lgsfoaf6 cfgf] s'g} lxtflwsf/LnfO{ s'g} klg x}l;otn] ul/Psf]
e'QmfgL, jf
-v_ d'gfkmfsf] k"FhLs/0f .
s'g} lgsfodf /x]sf] ;+lrt d'gfkmf jf cGo sf]ifaf6 gub nfef+z lat/0f gu/L
cfkm\gf lxtflwsf/LnfO{ af]g; z]o/sf] ?kdf jf z]o/sf] r'Qmf d"No j[l4 u/L jf
z]o/ lk|ldod vftfdf cfDbfgL u/L lat/0f u/]sf] ca:yfdf d'gfkmfsf] k"FhLs/0f
u/]sf] dflgG5 .
s'g} lgsfodf s'g} AolQmsf] lxt /x]sf] cj:yfdf o:tf] lgsfoaf6 ;f] lgsfosf
lxtflwsf/LnfO{ bkmf %# sf] clwgdf /xL ul/g] e'QmfgLnfO{ lat/0f dflgG5 . of]
Joj:yf cg';f/ ljt/0f b'O{ y/Lsf] x'G5 M
!= d'gfkmfsf] k"lhs/0f
@= pkbkmf -@_ df tf]lsPsf afx]s h'g;'s} k|sf/sf] e'QmfgL
nfef+zsf] ?kdf k|fKt ul/g] lat/0f /sdnfO{ P]gsf] bkmf ( cg';f/ cfo u0fgf ubf{
;dfa]z ug'{ kg]{ ePtfklg afl;Gbf sDkgLaf6 ePsf] ljt/0f bkmf (@-!_-s_ cg';f/
clGtd s/sL x'g] e'QmfgL dflgg] x'+bf bkmf (-#_-s_ cg';f/ cfodf ;dfa]z ug'{
kb}{g . nfef+z lgsfoaf6 lat/0f x'g] Ps vf; k|sf/sf] e'QmfgL xf] . t;y{ P]gsf]
k|of]hgsf] nfuL lgsfoaf6 lxtflwsf/LnfO{ ul/g] s'g}klg e'QmfgL rfx] lhG;L xf];
jf gubdf To;nfO{ o; bkmfsf] clwgdf /xL lgsfoaf6 ePsf] lat/0f dflgG5 .
%#-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;f] pkbkmfsf] v08 -s_ df
pNn]v ePsf] s'g} e'QmfgL lgDg cj:yfx?df dfq ljt/0f ePsf] dflgg]5 M
-s_ lgsfoaf6 k|fKt x'g;Sg] k|ltkmnsf] ;fdf lxtflwsf/Ln] pQm lgsfonfO{
e'QmfgL u/]sf] /sdeGbf ;f] e'QmfgL a9L ePdf, /
191

-v_ ;f] e'QmfgLdf lgDg /sdx? ;dfj]z gePdf M

-!_ lxtflwsf/Lsf] cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ePsf /sdx?,
-@_ ljt/0fsf] sf/0fn] afx]s clGtd ?kdf s/ sL ePsf] e'QmfgLx? .
dfly pkbkmf -!_ df lgsfoaf6 lxtflwsf/LnfO{ ePsf] e'QmfgLnfO{ ljt/0f elgPtf
klg pkbkmf -@_ n] lgDg e'QmfgLx?nfO{ ljt/0f dfg]sf] 5}g .
lxtflwsf/Ln] lgsfoaf6 kfPsf] e'QmfgLnfO{ lghsf] s/of]Uo cfo u0fgf ubf{
;dfj]z x'g] /sdx?sf] e'QmfgL ljt/0f dflgb}g .
ljt/0fsf] sf/0fn] afx]s clGtd ?kdf s/ sL ePsf] e'QmfgLx? klg
ljt/0f dflgb}g .
%#-#_
s'g} lgsfosf] ljt/0fn] ;f] lgsfosf] ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] d"No 36fpg]
ePdf dfq To:tf] ljt/0f d'gfkmfsf] ljt/0f jf k"FhLsf] lkmtf{ dflgg]5 .
%#-$_ b]xfosf s'g} cj:yfdf s'g} lgsfosf] ljt/0fnfO{ bkmf %% sf] cwLgdf /xL
d'gfkmfsf] ljt/0f dflgg]5 M
-s_ pkbkmf -#_ df plNnlvt lsl;dsf] ljt/0f ePdf / ljt/0fsf] ;dodf
lgsfosf] bfloTjsf] ahf/ d"No tyf k"FhLs[t ul/Psf] d'gfkmf ;d]t
;dfj]z ePsf] k+F"hL of]ubfg /sdsf] hDdf /sdeGbf ;DklQsf] ahf/
d"No adf]lhdsf] /sd a9L ePdf,
-v_ d'gfkmfsf] k"FhLs/0f ePdf .
of] Joj:yf cg';f/ d'gfkmfsf] k"+lhs/0fnfO{ lgsfoaf6 ul/g] lat/0f dfgL s/
nufO{G5 . lgsfoaf6 e'QmfgL ePsf] cj:yfdf dflysf pkbkmf -!_, -@_ / -#_ sf]
clwgdf /xL lgDgfg';f/sf] /sd ljt/0f / k"lh lkmtf{ dflgG5M
d'gfkmfsf] lat/0f nufot ;'lawfx?sf] lat/0f (Deemed
!= ljt/0f =
Dividend)

@ d'gfkmfsf] lat/0f x'gsf nflu k'/f x'g' kg]{ zt{M

s= ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] d"No lat/0fsf] sf/0fn] 36\g' kg]{
v= lgsfosf] ;DklQsf] ahf/ d"No, k"FhLsf] of]ubfg / bfloTjsf] ahf/ d"Nosf]
of]u eGbf a9L x'g' k5{
3= k"FhLsf] lkmtf{ = ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] d"No 36\g] u/L ePsf] lat/0f d'gfkmfsf]
lat/0f
%#-%_ pkbkmf -#_ df plNnlvt ljt/0f d'gfkmfsf] ljt/0f gePsf] xb;Dd k"FhL
lkmtf{ ePsf] dflgg]5 .
%#-^_ s'g} lgsfosf] ljt/0f k"FhLsf] lkmtf{ gePsf] xb;Dd ;f] lgsfosf] nfef+z
dflgg]5 .
:ki6Ls/0f M o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu d'gfkmfsf] k"FhLs/0f eGgfn] af]g; z]o/
jf o:t} s'g} lxt hf/L u/L k+F"lhs[t u/]sf] jf ;f] lgsfosf] lxtsf] r'Qmf /sddf

192

a[l4 u/]sf] jf lgsfosf] lk|ldod tyf k"FhL vftfdf gfkmfnfO{ cfDbfgL afFw]sf]
;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 .
k"FhLsf] lkmtf{ / d'gfkmfsf] lat/0f
P]gsf] bkmf %# sf] dflysf] Joj:yf cg';f/ lgsfoaf6 cfkm\gf] s'g} lxtflwsf/L
(Beneficiary) nfO{ lgDg cj:yfdf afx]s cGo s'g} klg x}l;otn] u/]sf] e'QmfgLnfO{
lat/0f (Distribution) dflgPsf] 5 M
-s_ e'QmfgL k|fks lxtflwsf/Ln] u/]sf] e'QmfgL jfktsf] lkmtf{ e'QmfgL
-v_ k|fksnfO{ ljt/0f afx]ssf zLif{sdf s/ nfUg] e'QmfgL
-u_ ;DklQsf] d"No g36fPsf e'QmfgL
-3_ ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] ahf/ d"No d"Nof+sg ubf{ ePsf] d'gfkmfeGbf a9L e'QmfgL
-_ bkmf %% adf]lhdsf e'QmfgLdWo] k"lh lkmtf{ dflgg] c+zsf] e'QmfgL
pbfx/0f !#=%=!M dfgf}+, lztn ufd]{06 k|f=ln=df 5]t]g bf]h]{ eGg] AolQm z]o/
xf]N8/ Pj+ k|aGw ;+rfns /x]5g\ . lghn] ;f] sDkgLnfO{ rfn' k"Flhsf nfuL ?= %
nfv lbPsf /x]5g\ . sDkgLn] ;f] /sd lkmtf{ ubf{ sDkgLsf] lxtflwsf/LnfO{ g}
e'QmfgL ePtf klg k|fks lxtflwsf/Ln] u/]sf] e'QmfgL jfktsf] lkmtf{ e'QmfgL
ePsfn] ;f] e'QmfgL ljt/0f xf]Og .
pbfx/0f !#=%=@M dfgf}+, ;Dk"0f{ a}+s ln=n] hdfn eGg] AolQmnfO{ /f]huf/L lbPsf]
/x]5 . hdfn ;f] a}+ssf] z]o/wgL -lxtflwsf/L_ ;d]t /x]5g\ . ;Dk"0f{ a}+s ln=n]
lgh hdfnnfO{ cf=a= @)^%.^^ df ?= % nfv tna e'QmfgL lghsf] pQm a}+sdfg}
/x]sf] vftfdf hDdf u/L lbPsf] /x]5 . ;f] cf=a= df pQm vftfdf /x]sf] /sddf
a}+sn] s/ sf u/L ?= @) xhf/ Aofh hDdf u/]sf] /x]5 . ;fy}, ;f] aif{ hdfnn]
lghL 3/ lsGgsf] nfuL ;f]xL a}+saf6 g} cGo AolQmnfO{ lbO{g] 3/ shf{df nfu"
x'g] Jofh b/ g} nfu" x'g] zt{df ?= !) nfv C0f lnPsf /x]5g\ . a}+sn] ;f] shf{
/sd l;w} 3/ lalqm]tfnfO{ ltl/lbPsf] /x]5 . a}+sn] ;f] cf=a= df !) k|ltztn]
nfef+z 3f]if0ff u/]sf] /x]5 / tbg'?k hdfnn] cfkm\gf] nufgLsf] cfwf/df s/ sf
u/L ?= %,))) a}+saf6 nfef+z klg k|fKt u/]sf /x]5g\ .
dfyLsf] pbfx/0fdf hdfnn] a}+sdf sfd u/]sf] sf/0f k|fKt u/]sf] tna, lgIf]k
/fv] afkt k|fKt Aofh tyf ahf/ b/df Aofh e'Qmfg ug]{ zt{df k|fKt shf{
;'lawfnfO{ lat/0f dflgb}g . ;f] cf=a=df lghn] k|fKt u/]sf] nfef+z dfq lat/0f
-nfef+z_ dflgg]5 .
dfly pNn]lvt ca:yfdf lxtflwsf/Lsf] x}l;otn] geO{ /f]huf/L Pj+ lgIf]ksf]
cfwf/df k|fKt tna, Aofh, C0f k|fKt u/]sf] /sd P]gsf] bkmf %# cg';f/ lat/0fsf]
kl/lwaf6 aflx/ /flvPsf] 5 lsgsL tnj jfkt k|fKt u/]sf] /sd bkmf * cg';f/
/f]huf/Lsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfa]z ug'{ kb{5, lgIf]k afkt k|fKt u/]sf] Aofh /sd
bkmf ** cg';f/ clu|d s/sf ul/g] / bkmf (@ cg';f/ clGtd s/sL e'QmfgL
ePsf] x'+bf bkmf %# pkbkmf -#_ cg';f/ lat/0f dflgb}g . shf{ ;fk6sf] xsdf eg]
hdfnsf] 3/ laqm]tf k|ltsf] bfloTj 36\g uPsf] t/ ;f] afkt a}+saf6 lnPsf] C0f Aofh ;lxt_ ltg]{ zt{df a}+saf6 3/wlgnfO{ /sd e'Qmfg u/]sf] x'bf+ To:tf]

193

e'QmfgLnfO{ lat/0f dflgb}g . To:t}, nfef+zsf] lat/0f jf e'QmfgL eg] clGtd

s/sL e'QmfgL ePtfklg P]gsf] bkmf %# pkbkmf -#_ cg';f/ lat/0f dflgG5 .
bkmf %# pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd s''g} klg lgsfoaf6 ul/g] lat/0fn] ;f] lgsfosf]
;DklQ / bfloTjsf] d"No 36fpg] ePdf dfq} To:tf] sfo{nfO{ lat/0f jf k"+hLsf]
lkmtf{ dflgG5 .
pbfx/0f !#=%=# M dfgf}+,

ABC Co. Pvt. Ltd

sf] jf;nft lgDgfg';f/sf] /x]5 M

Balance Sheet of ABC Co. Pvt. Ltd.

/sd ? nfvdf

@) Fixed Assets
#)
@) Current Assets
@)
!)
%) Total
%)
dfgf}, o; cf=a=df ;f] sDklgn] !) k|ltzt nfef+z lat/0f ug]{ 3f]if0ff uof] .
To; ca:yfdf ;f] sDkgLsf] ;DklQ / ;+lrt d'gfkmf 36\g] x'+bf ;f]xL cg'zf/
jf;nftnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
Share Capital
General Reserve
Other Liabilities
Total

Balance Sheet of ABC Co. Pvt. Ltd. (after distribution)

/sd ? nfvdf
Share capital
General reserve

Less, Dividend

@)
-@_

@)
!*

Fixed assets
Current Assets

#)
!*

!)
Total
$* Total
$*
pQm ca:yfdf ;f] sDkgLsf] ;DklQ / bfloTj 36\g uPsf] x'+bf ?= @ nfvnfO{
lat/0f dflgG5 .
Curent liabilities

pQm lat/0f x'+bfsf ca:yfdf ;DklQsf] ahf/ d"No, lgsfosf] bfloTjsf] ahf/ d"No
/ k"Flhs[t ul/Psf] d'gfkmf ;d]t ;dfa]z u/L ePsf] k"+hL of]ubfg /sdsf] hDdf
(Total) /sd eGbf a9L ePdf a9L ePhltsf] /sdnfO{ d'gfkmfsf] lat/0f dflgG5 .
pbfx/0f !#=%=$ M dfgf}+, hDaf] lkm8 k|f=ln=sf] ;DklQ ?= !) nfv /x]5 . z]o/
kF"hL ? ( nfv tyf hu]8f ?= %) xhf/ Pj+ cGo bfloTj ?= %) xhf/ /x]5 .
pQm sDkgLsf] ;DklQsf] ahf/ d"No ?= !@ nfv /x]5 tyf bfloTjsf] ahf/ d"No
?= %) xhf/ /x]5 . o;/L z]o/ k"lh ?= ( nfv tyf bfloTj sf] hDdf /sd ?=
( nfv %) xhf/ /x]sf] / ;DklQsf] ahf/ d"No ?= !@ nfv ePsf]n] ?= @ nfv
krf; xhf/;Ddsf] e'QmfgLnfO{ d'gfkmfsf] lat/0f dflgG5 . ;f]eGbf a9L e'QmfgL
ePdf a9L e'QmfgL /sd k"lh lkmtf{ dflgG5 .
dfgf} hDaf] lkm8sf] z]o/wgLn] ?= #)),))) nu]sf] /x]5 M
ljt/0f = lxtflwsf/LnfO{ e'QmfgL ePsf] cj:yfsf] ;DklQsf] ahf/ d"No
bfloTjsf] ahf/ d"No r'Qmf k"lh (Market price of net assets- paid up)
= !@))))) %),)))()),))) = @%),)))

194

e'QmfgL ?= #)),))) ePsfn] ?= @%),))) ;Dd ljt/0f (Profit-first) / ;f]eGbf

a9L ePsf] ?= %),))) k"lh lkmtf{ dflgG5 .
pbfx/0f !#=%=% M dfgf}+, hDaf] lkm8 k|f=ln=sf] v'b ;DklQ ?= !) nfv / z]o/
k"FhL ?= ( nfv %) xhf/ /x]5 . xl/ eGg] AolQmn] pQm sDkgLsf] ?= $ nfvsf]
z]o/ vl/b u/]sf /x]5g\ . ;fy} lghn] sDkgLnfO{ ? @ nfv ltg'{kg]{ /x]5 ;f]
/sd sDkgLsf] v'b ;DklQ u0fgf ubf{ ;dfa]z ePsf] 5 . sDkgLn] pQm ;fk6L
/sd ltg'{ gkg]{ u/L xl/nfO{ ldGxf lbPsf] ca:yfdf sDkgLn] xl/nfO{ ldGxf
lbPsf] /sd ?= @ nfv P]gsf] bkmf %# cg';f/ lat/0f dflgG5 lsgeg] sDkgLsf]
v'b ;DklQ, e'QmfgL ul/Psf] xb;Ddsf] /sdn] -cyf{t ? @ nfvn]_ 36\g uPsf]
5 . o; pbfx/0fdf, lat/0fsf] sf/0faf6 36\g uO{ v'b ;DklQ ?= * nfv -!)
nfv - @ nfv_ x'g uPsf] 5 . oxf+ ahf/d"Nosf] d'gfkmf ?= %),))) -v'b ;DklQ
?=!) nfv / z]o/ ?=( nfv %) xhf/sf] km/s_ dfq ePsfn] ;f] ?= %),)))
ljt/0f dflgG5 . lgsfosf] k+"hLsf] of]ubfg ? !,%),))) n] 36\g uPsf] x'+bf ;f]
/sdnfO{ k+"hLsf] lkmtf{ -Repayment of Capital_ dflgG5 . pQm nfef+z ?=%),)))
lat/0fdf clGtd s/sL u/L P]gsf] bkmf (@ cg';f/ e'QmfgL ug'{kb{5 .
pQm ;fk6L ldGxf kfPsf] xl/n] ;f] sDkgLsf] ?= () xhf/sf] dfq z]o/ vl/b
u/]sf /x]5g\ eg] lghsf] ;fk6L ckn]vg ?=@ nfv eO{ ?= %),))) ljt/0f / ?=
!,%),))) kF"lh lkmtf{ ePsfn] nufgLeGbf k"lh lkmtf{ a9L ePsf] /sd P]gsf]
bkmf $)-#_-v_ cg';f/ nufgLsf] vr{eGbf cfDbfgL a9L (Incoming is higher than
Outgoings) ePsfn] ;f] z]o/ nufgL g} lg;u{ dfgL bkmf #& adf]lhdsf] nfe ?=
^),))) nfO{ cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
d'gfkmfsf] k"Flhs/0f
d'gfkmfsf] k"Flhs/0f (Capitalization of Profit) eGgfn] lgsfon] cfh{g u/]sf] gfkmf jf
To:t} lx;fjaf6 gub lat/0f gu/L af]g; z]o/sf] ?kdf cfkm\gf c+lzof/x?nfO{
lat/0f ug]{ k|s[ofnfO{ d'gfkmfsf] k"+lhs/0f dflgG5 .
pbfx/0f !#=%=^ M dfgf}+, hDaf] lkm8 k|f=ln=sf] jf;nftdf Reserve df ?= %)
nfv ;+lrtL /x]5 . pQm sDklgsf] z]o/ k"+hL (Share Capital) ? !)) sf b/sf] @
nfv lsQf z]o/n] s'n ? @ s/f]8 /x]5 . pQm sDkgLn] o; cf=a=df %M! sf
b/n] af]gz z]o/ lbg] lg0f{o u/]sf] /x]5 . To:tf] ca:yfnfO{ d'gfkmfsf] k"Flhs/0f
u/]sf] dflgG5 . pQm d'gfkmfsf] k"Flhs/0fsf] nflu lgDgfg';f/sf] Accounting
Entires ul/G5 M
Reserve A/C Dr
$),)),)))
To share Capital AC Cr
$),)),)))
o;/L d'gfkmfsf] k"+lhs/0fnfO{ klg lgsfon] lat/0f u/]sf] dflgG5 .
pbfx/0f !#=%=& M dfgf}+, hDaf] lkm8 k|f=ln=sf] jf;nftdf ?= %) nfv ;+lrt
d'gfkmf / ?=() nfv z]o/ lk|ldod /x]5 . pQm sDklgsf] z]o/ k"+hL (Share
Capital) ? !)) sf b/sf] @ nfv lsQf z]o/n] s'n ? @ s/f]8 /x]5 . pQm
sDkgLn] o; cf=a=df ;+lrt d'gfkmfaf6 %M! sf b/n] / z]o/ lk|ldodaf6 %M@
sf b/n] af]gz z]o/ lbg] lg0f{o u/]sf] /x]5 . To:tf] d'gfkmf k"lhs/0f u/]sf]
a/fj/sf] af]g; z]o/nfO{ ljt/0f u/]sf] dflgG5 . pQm k"Flhs/0fsf] nflu
195

lgDgfg';f/sf]

Accounting Entires

ul/G5 M

$),)),)))
*),)),)))
To share Capital AC Cr
!@),)),)))
o;/L ul/Psf] d'gfkmfsf] k"+lhs/0fnfO{ lgsfon] lat/0f u/]sf] dflgG5 .
Accumulated Profit A/C Dr

Securities Premium A/c Dr

!#=^

nfef+zsf] s/
lgsfon] lat/0f ug]{ nfef+zsf] s/ ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf %$ df lgDgfg';f/sf]
Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5M
%$-!_
afl;Gbf lgsfon] ljt/0f u/]sf] nfef+zdf b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ s'g} sDkgLsf] z]o/jfnf jf ;fem]bf/L kmd{sf] ;fem]bf/nfO{ nfef+z
ljt/0f u/]df clGtd ?kdf s/ sLsf] ljlwn] s/ nfUg]5, /
s'g} afl;Gbf sDklgn] cfkm\gf c+lzof/x? jf ;fem]bf/L kmd{n] cfk\mgf ;fem]bf/x?nfO{
nfef+z lat/0f u/]df clGtd ?kdf s/sLsf] lalwn] s/ nufOG5 . pQm Aoa:yf
v'nfpg] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !#=^=! M dfgf}+, hDaf] lkm8 k|f=ln=df z]o/ xf]N8/ hldg ldofFn] ? ! nfv
nufgL u/]sf /x]5g\ . cf=a= @)^%.^^ df pQm sDklgn] !) k|ltztsf b/n]
nfef+z 3f]if0ff u/]sf] /x]5 / hldg ldofFnfO{ lghn] u/]sf] nufgLsf] !)
k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] ? !) xhf/ Nffef+z e'QmfgL lb+bf P]gsf] bkmf ** cg'zf/ %
k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] ? %)) nfef+z s/ sf u/L ?= (,%)) e'QmfgL lbg' kb{5 .
o;/L s/ sf u/L e'QmfgL u/]sf] nfef+z P]gsf] bkmf (@ cg';f/ clGtd s/sL
x'g] e'QmfgL xf] .
pbfx/0f !#=^=@ M dfgf}+, XY Ps ;fem]bf/L kmd{ /x]5 . pQm kmd{sf] X / Y
;fem]bf/x? /x]5g\ . pQm kmd{sf] Partnership Deed cg';f/ gfkmf gf]S;fgsf]
lat/0f @M! sf] cg'kftdf ul/g] /x]5 . cf=a= @)^%.^^ df ;f] lgsfosf] s/
kZrft gfkmf ?= ^) xhf/ /x]5 / Partnership Deed cg';f/ ;f] lgsfon] X
nfO{ ?= $) xhf/ -tLg v08sf] b'O{ v08_ / Y nfO{ ?= @) xhf/ -tLg v08sf]
Ps v08_ lat/0f u/]sf] /x]5 . o;/L ljt/0f ul/Psf] nfef+zdf nfef+z s/
nfUb5 .
-v_ cGo lgsfox?n] ljt/0f u/]df s/ nfUg] 5}g .
%$-@_ s'g} u}/ afl;Gbf lgsfon] s'g} afl;Gbf lxtflwsf/LnfO{ ljt/0f u/]sf]
nfef+znfO{ ;f] lxtflwsf/Lsf] cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z u/L s/ nfUg]5 .
s'g} u}/ afl;Gbf AolQmaf6 jfl;Gbf JolQmnfO{ lat/0f ul/Psf] nfef+z /sdnfO{
afl;Gbf AolQmn] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfa]z ug'{ kb{5 . t/ bkmf ^( adf]lhdsf
lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfoaf6 k|fKt nfef+znfO{ eg] ;f] bkmfdf ePsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd
cfodf ;dfj]z ug{ kb}{g . ljb]zL sDkgLaf6 ePsf] ljt/0fsf] pQm Aoa:yf v'nfpg]
pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
196

pbfx/0f !#=^=#M dfgf}+, 8fa/ ef/t ln= ef/tdf :yfkgf ePsf] sDkgL /x]5 .
pQm sDkgLdf g]kfnsf afl;Gbf sdn bfxfn eGg] AolQmsf] ?= @ s/f]8sf] z]o/
nufgL /x]5 t/ ;f] lgsfo sdn bfxfnsf ;Gbe{df lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfo xf]Og
/x]5 . 8fa/ ef/t ln= n] @) k|ltztsf b/n] nfef+z lat/0f u/]sf] /x]5 eg]
lgh sdnn] k|fKt ug]{ nfef+z ?=$) nfv cfkm\gf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfa]z ug'{
kb{5 .
pbfx/0f !#=^=$M dfgf}+, ldng d+uf]nsf] ef/tdf Ps ef/tLo;+u ;fem]bf/L kmd{
/x]5 . ;fem]bf/Laf6 of] jif{ ldngn] k|fKt ug]{ c+z ?= $ nfv cfkm\gf] cfo u0fgf
ubf{ nufgLsf] cfodf ;dfa]z ug'{ kb{5 .
%$-#_
pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;f] pkbkmf adf]lhd
s/ sL eO{ k|fKt ePsf] nfef+z ljt/0f u/]df s/ nfUg] 5}g .
clGtd ?kdf s/sL u/L ljt/0f u/]sf] nfef+zaf6 k'gM nfef+z lat/0f u/]df pQm
lat/0fsf] xb;Ddsf] /sddf nfef+z s/ sf ug'{ kb}{g . pQm Aoa:yf v'nfpg]
pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !#=^=%M dfgf}+, sdn P08 ;G;\ k|f=ln=n] nf]af] s+ ln= eGg] afl;Gbf
sDklgaf6 nfef+z s/ sf u/]/ ?= !) nfv nfef+z k|fKt u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm
sdn P08 ;G;\ k|f=ln=sf] d'gfkmf nfef+z cfo ;dfa]z ug'{ k"j{ ?= () nfv /x]5
. nfef+z k|fKt u/]sf] ?= !) nfv u/L hDdf ?= ! s/f]8 o; cf=a=df cfkm\gf
c+lzof/x?nfO{ gub nfef+z lat/0f ug]{ 3f]if0ff u/]sf] /x]5 . sdn P08 ;G;\
k|f=ln= sf ladn yfkf Ps hgf c+lzof/ /x]5g\ . lghn] ? % nfv a/fa/sf]
nfef+z k|fKt ug]{ /x]5g\ eg] lghnfO{ e'QmfgL ubf{ lgDgfg';f/ ?= @@,%)) nfef+z
s/ sf u/L jfsL ?=$,&&,%)) e'QmfgL lbg' kb{5 .
hDdf d'gfkmf nfef+z lat/0f
!)) nfv
s/ sL k|fKt nfef+z cfosf]
!) nfv
!) k|ltzt
nfef+z cfosf] c+z -!) nfv/!)) nfv_
ladn yfkfnfO{ e'QmfgL /sd
%,)),)))
s/ gnfUg] c+z -!) k|ltztn]_
%),)))
s/ nfUg] c+z -() k|ltztn]_
$,%),)))
% k|ltztn] x'g] s/ /sd
@@,%))
afFsL e'Qmfg ug'{ kg]{ /sd
? $,&&,%))
nfef+z cfo ePsf sDkgLn] k'gM nfef+z ljt/0f ug'{ kbf{ cfodf ;dfj]z ePsf]
nfef+zdf k'gM cfkm\gf lxtflwsf/LnfO{ nfef+z s/ ltg' gkg]{ Joj:yfn] To:tf]
nfef+z cfo x'g] sDkgLn] x/]s jif{sf] nfef+z cfo / ljt/0f ul/Psf] To:tf] /sdsf]
5'6\6} lx;fj (Dividend Imputation) agfO{ /fVg' kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nfluM
nfef+z k|fKt ePsf] /sd k|fKt nfef+zsf] o;
jif{df k|fKtdWo] of] k|fKt dWo]
/ jif{
z'? df}Hbft
nfef+z k|fKt
jif{ ljt/0f
ljt/0f ug{
af+sL
jif{ !
1000
1000
2000
197

!#=&

jif{ @

2000

jif{ #

2500

jif{ $

jif{ %

1000

2000

1500

2500

2500

2000

1000

1000

3000

1800

2200

lgsfosf] la36g
lgsfosf] la36g ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf %% df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5M
%%-!_
s'g} lgsfosf] la36gsf] qmddf lxtx?sf] lg;u{ x'Fbf s'g} lxtflwsf/Ln]
kfpg] gfkmfsf] c+z / of]ubfg u/]sf] k"+lhsf] c+zsf] cg'kftdf u/]sf]
ljt/0fnfO{ lgDg ;a} cj:yfx? k"/f ePdf ;f] lgsfosf] cf+lzs nfef+z /
cf+lzs k"FhLsf] e'QmfgL dflgg]5 M
-s_ k|rlnt sfg"gsf] k|ls|of k"/f u/L s'g} lgsfon] cfgf] lxt vl/b u/]sf]
jf s'g} lgsfosf] la36g ePsf] sf/0faf6 ;d]t ;f] lgsfodf /x]sf]
lxtsf] vf/]hL, df]rg jf ;dy{gsf] ;DaGwdf To:tf] lgsfoaf6 s'g}
ljt/0f ul/Psf],
-v_ k"0f{ la36g ePsf]df afx]s ;f] lgsfosf] d'gfkmfsf] c+zdf
lxtflwsf/Lx?sf] clwsf/sf] pko'Qm cg'kftdf ljt/0fsf] u0fgf
gePsf] jf dgfl;j ?kdf x'g g;s]sf], /
-u_ ;f] lg;u{kl5 ;f] ljt/0f k|fKt ug]{ ;f] lxtflwsf/L ;f] lgsfo;+u ;Da4
JolQm gePsf] .
lgsfoaf6 x'g] e'QmfgLnfO{ dfly pNn]v ePsf cfwf/df u0fgf ubf{ ahf/ d"Nodf
ePsf] d'gfkmf;Ddsf] /sd (Networth at market price less paid up Capital) ljt/0f
dflgG5 . t/ z]o/ ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g ug]{ u/L (For example, Buyback, forefeit,
surrender, internal reconstruction, redeemption) lxtflwsf/LnfO{ ePsf e'QmfgLdf
of] ;"q cg';f/ z]o/sf] r'Qmf /sd lkmtf{ ePtf klg ljt/0f dflgg] cj:yf
cfpb5 . lxtflwsf/LnfO{ ePsf] e'QmfgLdf ljt/0f klxnf] (Profit-first) cjwf/0ff
ePtf klg z]o/ ;+/rgf g} kl/jt{g ug]{ u/L ePsf] e'QmfgLdf eg] k"lhlkmtf{ klxnf]
(Capital Refund-first) ug]{ u/L e'QmfgL afF8kmfF8 ug]{ Joj:yf of] bkmfn] u/]sf] 5 .
z]o/ ;+/rgf kl/jt{g eGgfn] ;+VofTds z]o/ x'g] lgsfosf] z]o/ ;+Vofdf / cGosf]
z]o/ /sd -h:t}, ;+o'Qm pBd_ df ul/Psf] kl/jt{g xf] . cf+lzs ?kdf z]o/
;+/rgf kl/jt{g ePtf klg ;+o'Qm pBdsf xsdf o; P]gdf of] Joj:yfnfO{
lgsfosf] lj36g elgPsf] 5 . t/ k"0f{?kdf lj36g eO{ clGtd e'QmfgL ubf{ eg]
ljt/0f klxnf] (Profit-first) cjwf/0ff g} nfu' x'G5 . pQm ca:yf v'nfpg] pbfx/0f
tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !#=&=! M dfgf}+, nlntk'/ sDkgL ln= sf] r'Qmf k"Flh ?= ^ s/f]8 /x]5 . pQm
kmd{ k"0f{ ?kdf la36g ePsf] /x]5 . o;/L la36g x'+bf pQm kmd{sf] ;DklQsf]
lg;u{af6 ?= & s/f]8 k|fKt ePsf] /x]5 . lj36g ePsf] o; ca:yfdf k"FhLsf] c+z /
nfesf] c+z ljt/0f klxnf] (Profit-first) cjwf/0ff cg';f/ u0fgf ul/G5 / e'QmfgL
/sddWo] klxnf] ?= ! s/f]8nfO{ ljt/0f / afsL ?= ^ s/f]8nfO{ k"Flh lkmtf{ dflgG5 .

198

t/ pQm /sddWo] ?= # s/f]8dfq ljt/0f ePsf] cj:yfdf e'QmfgL x'g] /sd eg]
bkmf %%-!_ adf]lhd klxn] k"Flh lkmtf{ (Capital-first) sf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/ cf+lzs
k"lh lkmtf{ / cf+lzs ljt/0f dflgG5 . cyf{t ;DklQsf] ljt/0f cufl8sf] ahf/ d"No
?= & s/f]8 ePdf ljtl/t ?= # s/f]8nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ af+8kmf+8 ul/G5M
k"Flhlkmtf{ (600/700=85.71% of Rs. 3 crores) ?= @%&=!# nfv
ljt/0f
?= $@=*& nfv
ljt/0f dflgg] /sd ?= $@ nfv *& xhf/df nfef+z s/ nfUb5 .
pbfx/0f !#=&=@ M dfgf}+, dflysf] pbfx/0fdf hDdf ;DklQsf] d"No ?= $ s/f]8dfq
k|fKt eP5, o; cj:yfdf
ljt/0f = lxtflwsf/LnfO{ e'QmfgL ePsf] cj:yfsf] ;DklQsf] ahf/ d"No bfloTjsf]
ahf/ d"No r'Qmf k"lh (Market price of net assets- paid up)
= $ ) ^= @ s/f]8 -C0ffTds k"lhlkmtf{_
e'QmfgL ?=$ s/f]8 ePsfn] ;j} /sd k"lhlkmtf{ dflgG5 .
%%-@_
pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} lgsfodf /x]sf]
s'g} lxtflwsf/Lsf] lxt ;f] lgsfon] k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd dfGotf k|fKt
lwtf]kq lalgdo ahf/ dfkm{t vl/b u/L pQm lxtflwsf/LnfO{ u/]sf] ljt/0fdf
;f] pkbkmf / bkmf %# sf] Joj:yf nfu" x'g] 5}g .
z]o/wgLnfO{ dfly pNn]v ePsf zt{ / aGb]h afx]s h'g;'s} gfd, zt{, t/Lsf,
cjlw jf cj:yfdf ePsf e'QmfgLx? of t ljt/0f x'G5g\ of k"lh lkmtf{ . t/
;"lrs[t sDkgLn] sDkgL sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd :6s PS:r]Gh dfkm{t
cfkm\g} z]o/df nufgL u/]df To:tf] nufgLnfO{ 6]h/L :6sdf nufgL elgG5 . o:tf]
cj:yfdf z]o/wgLnfO{ g} e'QmfgL u/]tf klg o:tf] e'QmfgLnfO{ ljt/0f jf k"lh lkmtf{
dflgb}g . 6]h/L :6sdf nufgL ug{] cj:yfnfO{ lgDg pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/G5 M
pbfx/0f !#=&=# M g]kfn 8fFkm] sDkgL ln=n] cfkm\gf z]o/wgLsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf]
;f] sDkgLsf] ? !)) b/sf !,))) lsQf z]o/ g]kfn lwtf]kq lagLdo ahf/
dfkm{t ? %)) sf b/Dff vl/b u/]sf] /x]5 . o; ca:yfnfO{ ;f] sDkgLn] cfkm\gf]
z]o/df nufgL (Treasury Stock Investments) u/]sf] dflgG5 . o:tf] ca:yfdf
cfkm\gf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] z]o/ lalqm ug]{ z]o/wgLn] k|lt z]o/ ?= %)) sf b/n]
!,))) lsQfsf] x'g] ? %,)),))) k|fKt u/]sf] /sdnfO{ P]gsf] bkmf %# cg';f/
d'gfkmfsf] lat/0f jf k"Flh lkmtf{ gdfgL s]jn cGo sDkgL ;/xsf] nufgL
dflgG5 . o; cj:yfdf bkmf %# cfslif{t gx'g] x'+bf k"FhLut nfes/ nufpg' kg]{
x'G5 .
!#=*

lgsfo / lxtflwsf/L aLrsf] sf/f]af/

lgsfo / lxtflwsf/L aLrsf] sf/f]af/sf ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf %^ df lgDgfg';f/sf]
Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5M

199

%^-!_
bkmf $% sf] cwLgdf /xL s'g} lgsfo tyf ;f] lgsfosf] lxtflwsf/L
aLr Ps csf{df ljt/0fsf] s'g} tl/sf jf cGo s'g} lsl;dn] ;DklQsf]
:jfldTjsf] x:tfGt/0faf6 ;DklQ lg;u{ ePdf b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ ;DklQ x:tfGt/0fstf{n] ;f] ;DklQsf] lg;u{ x'g'eGbf tTsfn cl3sf]
ahf/ d"No ;/xsf] /sd ;f] lg;u{af6 k|fKt u/]sf] dflgg]5, /
-v_ ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f ul/lng] JolStsf] ;f] ;DklQ k|fKt ubf{ v08 -s_ df
pNn]v eP a/fa/sf] /sd nfut k/]sf] dflgg]5 .
%^-@_
bkmf $% sf] cwLgdf /xL s'g} lgsfo / ;f] lgsfosf] s'g}
lxtflwsf/LaLr Ps csf{df s'g} bfloTjsf] x:tfGt/0faf6 ;f] bfloTjsf] lg;u{
ePdf b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ bfloTj x:tfGt/0fstf{sf] ;f] bfloTj lg;u{ x'g'eGbf tTsfncl3sf] ahf/
d"No ;/xsf] /sd ;f] bfloTj lg;u{ ubf{ nfut k/]sf] dflgg]5, /
-v_ bfloTj x:tfGt/0f ul/lng] ;f] JolQmn] bfloTj lnFbf v08 -s_ df pNn]v
eP a/fa/sf] /sd k|fKt u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
P]gsf] bkmf %^ sf] pkbkmf -!_ tyf -@_ lgsfo / lgsfosf lxtflwsf/L lar
;DklQsf] :jfldTjsf] x:tfGt/0f u/L ul/Psf] lg;u{;+u ;DalGwt /x]sf]5 . of]
bkmfsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ lxtflwsf/L / lgsfoaLrsf] sf/f]jf/nfO{ lgDgfg';f/
kl/dfl0fs/0f ul/G5 M
s= ;f] x:tfGt/0fn] bkmf $%-^_ sf cj:yfx? k'/f u/]df ;DklQ v'b vr{df /
bfloTj v'b cfDbfgLdf
v= ;f] x:tfGt/0fn] bkmf $%-^_ sf cj:yfx? k'/f gu/]df ahf/ d"Nodf lg;u{ eO{
x:tfGt/0f ePsf] dflgG5 . lg;u{ ug]{ lgsfon] lg;u{df ePsf] nfenfO{ cfodf
;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
pQm Aoa:yf v'nfpg] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !#=*=! M dfgf}+, 8fFkm] sDkgL ln= Pp6f sf/ laqm]tf /x]5 . ;f] sDkgLdf
nfSkf z]kf{ eGg] AolQmsf] $) k|ltzt z]o/ /x]5 . pQm sDklgn] nfSkf z]kf{nfO{
?= !% nfv kg]{ sf/ ?= * nfvdf lalqm u/]sf] /x]5 . o:tf] ca:yfdf ;f]
sDkgLn] ?= !% nfvnfO{g} cfkm\gf] Joj;fosf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ cfodf ;dfa]z
ug'{ kb{5 . sDkgLsf] ;f] x:tfGt/0fn] bkmf $%-^_ adf]lhdsf zt{x? k'/f
gu/]sfn] ;f] x:tfGt/0fsf] kl/dfl0fs/0f ahf/ d"Nodf cyf{t ?=!% nfvdf ePsf]
dflgG5 . bkmf %# sf] k|of]hgsf nflu km/s e'QmfgL ePsf] ?=& nfv ljt/0f
dflgG5 .
pbfx/0f !#=*=@M dfgf}+, lztn ufd]{06 k|f=ln=df 5]t]g bf]h]{ eGg] AolQm z]o/
xf]N8/ Pj+ k|aGw ;+rfns /x]5g\ . pQm sDklgn] ufd]{G6 pTkfbg ug]{ u/]sf]
/x]5 . lghn] ;f] sDkgLaf6 ?= %)) kg]{ ufd]{06nfO{ ?= !)) df vl/b u/]sf
/x]5g\ . lgh ;f] sDkgLsf] k|aGw ;+rfns Pj+ lxtflwsf/L ;d]t /x]sf] / lghn]
;f] vl/bsf] km/s d"No ?= $)) cfkm\gf] cfodf ;dfa]z gu/]sf] v08df pQm ?=
$)) sDkgLsf] cfodf ;dfj]z u/L sDkgLaf6 lghnfO{ ?= $)) lat/0f u/]sf]
dflgG5 .
200

o;/L PseGbf a9L x}l;otdf lgsfoaf6 e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ lxtflwsf/Ln] k|fKt
u/]sf] ;'ljwf jf gub jf lhG;L h'g x}l;otdf k|fKt ePsf] xf] ;f]xL x}l;otdf
k|fKt ePsf] dfgL kl/dfl0fs/0f ug'{ kb{5 . o; pbfx/0fdf 5]t]gn] ;f] ;x'lnot
k"0f{ ufd]{G6 k|aGw ;+rfnssf] x}l;otdf kfPsf] cj:yfdf -h:t} cGo sd{rf/Ln]
klg To:tf] ;'ljwf kfpg] u/]sf /x]5g\_ ;f] km/s /sd lghsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf
;dfj]z x'G5 . 5]t]gsf] ;f] ;x'lnot sd{rf/Lsf] ?kdf gePsf] eP lghnfO{
ljt/0f ePsf] dflgG5 . lztn ufd]{G6nfO{ h'g ;'s} cj:yfdf klg ;f] ufd]{G6 ?=
%)) df g} lg;u{ dflgG5 .
%^-#_

s'g} lgsfon] s'g} lxtflwsf/LnfO{ nfef+zsf] ?kdf d'gfkmf afx]ssf]

nfef+z ljt/0f u/]df To:tf] nfef+zsf] /sdnfO{ ;f] lgsfosf] cfo u0fgf ubf{
;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
t/ tf]lsPsf] s'g} cj:yfdf of] pkbkmfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] s'/f nfu' gx'g] u/L
Aoj:Yff ug{ ;lsg]5 .
s'g}klg lgsfon] cfkm\gf lxtflwsf/LnfO{ d'gfkmf afx]ssf] /sdaf6 nfef+z lat/0f
u/]df To:tf] nfef+z /sdnfO{ ;f] lgsfosf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ cfos/ lgodfjnL,
@)%* sf] lgod !* sf] clwgdf /xL cfodf ;dfa]z ug'{ kb{5 . t/ lgod !* df
lgDgfg';f/sf] ca:yf v'nfO{Psf] 5 M
nfef+zsf] /sdnfO{ lgsfosf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ug'{ gkg]{ M
!*=-!_ P]gsf] bkmf %^ sf] pkbkmf -#_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds afSof+zsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu s'g}
lgsfon] b]xfosf] sfo{sf] nflu s'g} lxtflwsf/LnfO{ ;f] lgsfosf] Joj;fo
;+rfngsf] l;nl;nfdf ge} cGo sf/0fn] d'gfkmf afx]ssf] nfef+z ljt/0f u/]df
cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{ 5}g M
-s_ ;f] lgsfoaf6 lxtflwsf/LnfO{ pknJw u/fO{Psf] ;]jf, jf
-v_ lxtflwsf/Lsf] k|of]usf] nflu pknJw u/fOPsf] ;f] lgsfosf] :jfldTjdf
/x]sf] ;DklQ .
!*-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] ca:yfdf To:tf] ;]jf jf ;DklQsf] ;DaGwdf x|f; sL
nufot s'g} klg vr{ sL ug{ kfOg] 5}g .

pQm Aoa:yf v'nfpg] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

pbfx/0f !#=*=# M dfgf}+, bfxfn lnld6]8sf] s/ cfwf/ jf;nftsf] cj:yf
lgDgfg';f/ /x]5 M
k"lh tyf
bfloTj
k"lh
d'gfkmf
bfloTj

?=

ahf/
d"No

100,000
100,000
100,000

100,000

300,000

100,000

;DklQ

?=

ahf/
d"No

Jofkfl/s df}Hbft
x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ
Joj;flos ;DklQ

100,000

115,000

100,000

95,000

100,000

110,000

300,000

320,000

oxfF e'QmfgLaf6 x'g] ljt/0fsf] /sd lgDg ;"qaf6 lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] lyof] M
ljt/0f = lxtflwsf/LnfO{ e'QmfgL ePsf] cj:yfsf] ;DklQsf] ahf/ d"No bfloTjsf]
201

ahf/ d"No r'Qmf k"lh (Market price of net assets- paid up)
= #@),))) !)),)))!)),))) = !@),)))
dfgf}+ lgsfon] s'g} lxtflwsf/LnfO{ ?=!!%,))) sf] ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f u/]sf]
cj:yfdf ;f] e'QmfgL clwstd ljt/0fof]Uo /sd ?=!@),))) leq} k/]sfn] ljt/0f
dflgG5 . t/ s/ cfwf/ jf;nftdf ljt/0fof]Uo d'gfkmf ?=!)),))) dfq ePsfn]
d'gfkmf afx]ssf] nfef+z ljt/0f ePsf] ?=!%,))) bfxfn sDkgLsf] Joj;fosf]
cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
!#=(

:jfldTj kl/jt{gM
P]gsf] bkmf %& df lgsfosf] :jfldTjdf kl/jt{g x'g] cj:yf / o;/L :jfldTj
kl/jt{g ePsf] sf/0fn] cfos/ k|of]hgsf]nflu ;f] lgsfodf kg]{ c;/x? jf/] ljz]if
Joj:yf ul/Psf]5 . s'g} lgsfosf] ljut tLg aif{ cl3;Ddsf] :jfldTjsf] t'ngfdf
krf; k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf a9L :jfldTj kl/jt{g ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f] lgsfosf]
:jfldTj kl/jt{g x'G5 . o;/L :jfldTj kl/jt{g x'g] cj:yf >[hgf ePdf :jfldTj
kl/jt{g x'g] lgsfonfO{ d'ntM b'O{ lsl;dsf] c;/ kg{ hfG5 .
;j{k|yd ;f] lgsfosf] ;fljsdf sfod gul/Psf] (Unrealised) k'+hLut nfe jf
gf]S;fgLnfO{ :jfldTj kl/jt{g ePsf] ;dodf sfod (Realised) ul/G5 .

To;}u/L krf; k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf a9L :jfldTj xfl;n ug]{ gofF JolQmx?nfO{
k'/fgf JolQmx?sf] ;dodf ePsf] sf/f]jf/sf] sf/0fn] cfufdL aif{x?df
;dfof]hg ug{ kfpg] /sdx? (Tax Attributes) nfO{ ;dfof]hg ug{ aGb]h x'G5 .
%&-!_
s'g} lgsfosf] laut tLg jif{ cl3;Ddsf] :jfldTjsf] t'ngfdf krf;
k|ltzt jf ;f]eGbf a9L :jfldTj kl/jt{g ePdf ;f] lgsfon] cfk\mgf]
:jfldTjsf] ;DklQ jf cfkm"n] jxg u/]sf] bfloTj lg;u{ u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
!#=(=! ;dofjlwsf] u0fgfM
:jfldTj kl/jt{g eP gePsf] hf+r ug{ :jfldTj kl/jt{g ePsf] ;dofjlw /
:jfldTj kl/jt{g ePsf] k|ltzt b'j} x]g'{ kg]{ x'G5 . cjlwsf] xsdf tLg aif{ leqsf]
cjlwnfO{ dfq u0fgf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 eg] :jfldTjsf] k|ltztsf] nfuL Ps} k6s jf
k6s k6s u/L tLg aif{ leq (Moving - 3 years) kl/jt{g ePsf] s'n :jldTj
kl/jt{gnfO{ u0fgf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
lgDg pbfx/0fn] ;dofjlwsf] u0fgf ug]{ Joj:yfnfO{ :ki6 u5{M
pbfx/0f !#=(=! dfgf}+, @)^) r}q d;fGtdf s sDklgn] cfkm\gf] :jfldTjdf
ePsf] ;a} 1 sDkgLsf] #) k|ltzt z]o/ h sDklgnfO{ ljqmL u/]5 . 1
sDklgn] @)%( a};fv ! ut] z]o/ af8kmf8 u/]sfn] ;f] ldltb]lv @ aif{ leq
z]o/ ljqmL u/]s]f x'+bf ;do cjlwsf] lx;fjn] tLg aif{ leq ePsf] ePtf klg
tLg aif{ leqsf] cjlwdf %) k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf a9L :jfldTjdf kl/jt{g x'g'
kg]{df #) k|ltzt dfq :jfldTj kl/jt{g ePsf]5 . o;/L %) k|ltzt eGbf sd
:jfldTjdf kl/jt{g ePsf]n] bkmf %& cfs[i6 x'b}g .
@)^! r}q !% ut] v sDklgn] klg cfkm\gf] :jfldTjdf ePsf] ;a} #% k|ltzt
z]o/ 6 sDklgnfO{ ljqmL u/]5 . @)%( a};fv ! ut] b]lv s sDkgL / v
202

sDkgLn] z]o/ ljqmL u/]sf] cjlw tLg aif{ leq} kg{ hfG5 . cyf{t\ # aif{ leq
s sDkgLn] #) k|ltzt / v sDkgLn] #% k|ltzt u/L ^% k|ltzt z]o/
ljqmL ePsf]n] lgsfosf] :jfldTjdf %) k|ltzt eGbf a9L km/s kg{ hfg] x'+bf
@)^! r}q !% ut] 8fFkm] sDkgL k|f= ln= sDklgsf] :jfldTjdf kl/jt{g ePsf]
bkmf %& cfs[i6 x'G5 .
!#=(=@ :jldTj kl/jt{gsf] u0fgfM
s'g} lgsfosf] ljut tLg aif{ cl3;Ddsf] :jfldTjsf] t'ngfdf krf; k|ltzt jf ;f]
eGbf a9L :jfldTj kl/jt{g ;DjGwdf :jfldTjsf] k|ltztsf] nfuL Ps} k6s jf k6s
k6s u/L tLg aif{leq (Moving-3 years) kl/jt{g ePsf] s'n :jldTj kl/jt{gnfO{
u0fgf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . o; Joj:yfnfO{ lgDg pbfx/0fjf6 :ki6 ul/Psf] 5M
pbfx/0f !#=(=@ M dfgf}+, 8fFkm] sDkgL k|f= ln= eGg] sDkgL @)%( a}zfv @ ut]
:yfkgf ePsf] /x]5 . ;f] sDkgLdf ?= !,))) b/sf @,))) yfg z]o/ k"FhL
/x]5 . ;f] z]o/x? lgDgfg';f/sf z]o/wgLx?n] vl/b u/]sf /x]5g\M
qm=;= z]o/wgLsf] gfd
vl/b u/]sf] z]o/ ;+Vof
30.00%
s sDkgL
^))
35.00%
v sDkgL
&))
30.00%
u sDkgL
^))
5.000%
>L s
!))
hDdf
@,))) 100.00%
dfgf} @)^) r}q #) ut] s sDklgn] cfkm\gf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] ;a} #) k|ltzt
z]o/ h sDklgnfO{ ljqmL u/]sf] /x]5 . 8fFkm] sDkgL k|f=ln= @)%( a}zfv @
ut] dfq :yfkgf ePsf]n] s sDkgLn] ldlt @)^) r}q #) ut] ljlqm u/]sf] #)
k|ltzt z]o/ tLg aif{sf] cjlw leq %) k|ltzt eGbf sd z]o/ :jfldTj
x:tfGt/0f ePsf]n] o; cj:yfdf bkmf %& cfslif{t x'+b}g .
dfgf}+ @)^! r}q # ut] v sDkgLn] cfk\mgf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] ;a} z]o/ -#%
k|ltzt_ em sDkgLnfO{ ljqmL u/]sf] /x]5 . s sDkgLn] @)^) ;fn r}q #)
ut] cfk\mgf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] #) k|ltzt h sDkgLnfO{ ljlqm u/L :jfldTj
x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] ldlt @)^) r}q # ut] v sDkgLn] cfk\mgf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf]
;a} z]o/ -#% k|ltzt_ x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] x'Fbf s'n 8fFkm] sDkgL k|f=ln= sf] tLg
jif{sf] cjlwleqdf ^% k|ltzt z]o/ :jfldTjdf kl/jt{g ePsf]n] o; cj:yfdf
bkmf %& cfslif{t x'G5 .
dfgf}+, @)^! r}q # ut] v sDkgL n] cfkm\gf] :jfldTjdf ePsf] ;a} z]o/ em
sDklgnfO{ ljqmL u/]5 . v sDkgLn] ljqmL u/]sf] &)) z]o/n] hDdf @,)))
z]o/sf] #% k|ltzt :jfldTjdf kl/jt{g x'g hfG5 . @)%( a}zfv @ ut] b]lv
@)^! r}q d;fGt ;Dd ltg aif{sf] cjlw leq g} k/]sf]5 . of] ltg aif{sf]
cjlwdf s sDkgLn] h sDklgnfO{ ljqmL u/]sf] ^)) z]o/ / v sDkgLn]
em sDklgnfO{ ljqmL u/]sf] &)) z]o/sf] hDdf !#)) z]o/ 65.00% x'g
hfG5 . o;/L @)%( a}zfv @ ut] b]lv @)^! r}q d;fGt ;Dd ltg aif{sf] cjlw

!
@
#
$

203

leq k}+;7\7L k|ltzt eGbf a9L cyf{t\ k}+;7\7L k|ltzt :jfldTjdf kl/jt{g
ePsf]n] bkmf %& cfs[i6 x'G5 .
%&-!s_ pkbkmf -!_ df pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf] s'g} lgsfosf] krf; k|ltzt jf
;f] eGbf a9L :jfldTj kl/jt{gsf] u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu ;f] lgsfosf]
b]xfo adf]lhdsf] :jfldTjnfO{ dfq ;dfj]z ul/g] 5 M
-s_ ;f] lgsfosf] s'n :jfldTjsf] Ps k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf a9L :jfldTj
u|x0f ug]{ z]o/jfnfn] u|x0f u/]sf] :jfldTj, /
-v_ ;f] lgsfosf] s'n :jfldTjsf] Ps k|ltzt eGbf sd :jfldTj u|x0f ug]{
z]o/jfnf dWo] ;f] lgsfosf] s'n :jfldTjsf] Ps k|ltzt eGbf a9L
:jfldTj u|x0f ug]{ z]o/jfnfsf] ;Da4 JolQmn] u|x0f u/]sf] :jfldTj .
krf; k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf a9L :jfldTj kl/jt{gsf] u0fgf ubf{ lgsfosf] s'n
:jfldTjsf] Ps k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf a9L :jfldTj u|x0f ug]{ z]o/jfnfn] u|x0f u/]sf]
:jfldTjnfO{ dfq u0fgf ug'{ k5{ . t/, Ps k|ltzt eGbf sd :jfldTj u|x0f ug]{
z]o/jfnf, Ps k|ltzt eGbf a9L :jfldTj u|x0f ug]{ z]o/jfnfsf] ;Dj4 AolQm
ePdf Ps k|ltzt eGbf sd eP klg u0fgf ug'{ k5{ . of] Joj:yfnfO{ lgDg
pbfx/0fjf6 :ki6 ul/Psf] 5 M
pbfx/0f !#=(=# M dfgf}+, 8fFkm] sDkgL k|f= ln= eGg] sDkgL @)%( a}zfv @ ut]
:yfkgf ePsf] /x]5 . ;f] sDkgLdf ?= !,))) b/sf @,))) yfg z]o/ k"FhL
/x]5 . ;f] z]o/x? lgDgfg';f/sf z]o/wgLx?n] vl/b u/]sf /x]5g\M
qm=;= z]o/wgLsf] gfd
vl/b u/]sf] z]o/ ;+Vof
!
@
#
$
%
^
&
*
(

s sDkgL
v sDkgL
u sDkgL
>L s
>L v
>LdtL v
>L u
>L 3
>L ~
hDdf

^))
&))
^))
%)
#)
%
%
%
%
@,)))

30.00%
35.00%
30.00%
2.50%
1.50%
0.25%
0.25%
0.25%
0.25%
100.00%

dfyLsf] pbfx/0fdf >L v / >LdtL v >Ldfg\ >LdtL /x]5g\ eg] bkmf @ s g_ / bkmf @ -a_ cg';f/ oL b'a} ;Da4 JolQm x'g hfG5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf
>LdtL v ;+u % z]o/ cyf{t\ hDdf @,))) z]o/sf] )=@% k|ltzt cyf{t Ps
k|ltzt eGbf sd :jfldTj ePtfklg >L v ;+u #) z]o/ cyf{t !=% k|ltzt
:jfldTj ePsf]n] >LdtL v n] cfkm\gf] z]o/ j]r]df :jfldTj kl/jt{gsf]
u0fgfdf ;dfj]z ug'{ k5{ . t/, dfgf}+ >L 3 cGo z]o/jfnfx?;+u ;Da4
/x]g5g\ eg] >L 3 n] cfkm\gf] z]o/ j]r]df pgsf] :jfldTjsf] % z]o/ s"n
204

:jfldTjsf] )=@% k|ltzt cyf{t Ps k|ltzt eGbf sd x'g] x'+bf :jfldTj

kl/jt{gsf] u0fgfdf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g .
!#=(=# ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] lg;u{ M
s'g} lgsfosf] tLg aif{sf] cjlwdf (Moving - 3 years) krf; k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf
a9L :jfldTjdf kl/jt{g ePdf pQm lgsfosf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] ;DklQ / jxg
u/]sf] bfloTj lg;u{ u/]sf] dflgG5 . of] Joj:yfnfO{ lgDg pbfx/0fjf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]
5M
pbfx/0f !#=(=$ M dfgf}+, 8fFkm] sDkgL k|f= ln= sf] @)^@ r}q !% ut]
lgDgfg';f/sf] ;DklQ / bfloTj /x]5 .
@)^! r}q !% ut]sf] ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] ljj/0f
k'+hL / bfloTj
lstfjL d"No jhf/ d"No
;]o/ k'+hL
hu]8f
cGo
bfloTjx?

1,00,00,000 1,00,00,000
30,00,000
30,00,000
45,00,000

45,00,000

;DklQ
lstfjL d"No
clGtd df}Hbft
x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ
s ju{
hUuf

5,00,000
4,00,000

hDdf

43,50,000

1,75,00,000

2,18,50,000

ljb]zL d'b|f df}Hbft

hDdf

6,00,000
6,00,000

1,00,00,000 1,50,00,000

cGo nufgL
gub df}Hbft
a}+s df}Hbft
lg;u{jf6
nfe

jhf/ d"No

50,00,000

40,00,000

1,00,000

1,00,000

10,00,000

10,00,000

5,00,000

5,50,000

1,75,00,000 2,18,50,000

@)^@ r}q !% ut] 8fFkm] sDkgL k|f= ln= sf] bkmf %& jdf]lhd :jldTjdf kl/jt{g
ePsf] dflgg] cj:yf >[hgf ePsf]n] ;f] lbg ;f] sDklgsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf]
Jofkfl/s df}Hbft -Trading stock), X|f;of]Uo ;DklQ -Depreciable assets), tyf
Joj;foLs ;DklQx? -Land, Investment, Foreign currency A/c) / bfloTjx?sf] ahf/
d"Nodf lg;u{ ePsf] dflg ;f]sf] nfe ;d]t s/of]Uo cfodf ;dfj]z x'G5 .
pbfx/0f !#=(=% M dfgf}+, bfxfn lnld6]8sf] df3 !% df s/ cfwf/ jf;nftsf]
cj:yf lgDgfg';f/ /x]5 / z]o/ :jfldTjdf %% k|ltzt kl/jt{g eof] . o:tf]
cj:yfdf ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQ tyf bfloTj ahf/ d"No -bkmf $!_ df lg;u{ ePsf]
dflgG5 .
k"lh tyf
k"lh
d'gfkmf
bfloTj

?=

ahf/

100,000
100,000
100,000

100,000

;DklQ
Jofkfl/s df}Hbft
x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ
Joj;flos ;DklQ

?=

ahf/

100,000

115,000

100,000

95,000

100,000

110,000

205

bfloTj

100,000

100,000

300,000

100,000

Joj;flos ;DklQ

100,000

110,000

300,000

320,000

oxfF
!= x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] ;d"xut u0fgf ubf{ clGtddf afsL /x]sf] x|f; cfwf/
?=%,))) vr{ kfpg] x|f; vr{ (Terminal Depreciation) dflgG5 .
@= Joj;flos ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] lg;u{sf] v'b nfe ?= !),))) bkmf #^
adf]lhd u0fgf u/L Joj;fosf] ;dfj]z x'g] /sd -d'gfkmf / nfe_ df
;dfj]z x'G5 .
pk/f]Qmfg';f/sf] ;DklQ / bfloTj lg;u{ u/]sf] dflgP kZrft sDklgn] lgDgfg';f/
;DklQ / bfloTjsf] lg;u{ jfkt cfDbfgL / vr{ Plsg ug'{ k5{ . ;DklQ jf
bfloTjx? lgsfo;+u x'+bf x'b} klg lg;u{ ePsf] dflgg] x'+bf o:tf] lg;u{nfO{ ydf}tL
;lxtsf] lg;u{ (Disposal with Retention) elgG5 . h'g;'s} ;DklQ jf bfloTj lg;u{
ePdf jf lg;u{ ePsf] dflgPdf cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nfuL ;f] ;DklQsf] lg;u{jf6
ePsf] nfe jf gf]S;fgLsf] u0fgf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . bkmf $) cg';f/ lg;u{ ePsf] jf
lg;u{ ePsf] dflgPsf] ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] cfDbfgL (Incomings) vr{ (Outgoings)
eGbf a9L ePdf nfe, vr{ (Outgoings) cfDbfgL (Incomings) eGbf a9L ePdf
gf]S;fgL dflgG5 . of] ljz]if lsl;dsf] lg;u{ dflgPsf] cj:yf ePsf]n] cyf{t ydf}tL
;lxtsf] lg;u{ ePsf]n] o;df lg;u{sf] ;do;Dd ePsf ;DklQ jf bfloTj jfktsf
vr{ (Outgoings) sf] lx;fj lgsfo;+u x'g] ePtf klg of] lg;u{jf6 jf:tljs
cfDbfgL gx'g] x'+bf slt cfDbfgL sfod ug]{ eGg] k|of]hgsf]nfuL bkmf $! df ljz]if
Joj:yf ul/Psf]5 .
Jofkf/Ls df}HbftM cfo u0fgf ubf{ lgsfo;+u af+sL /x]sf] Jofkfl/s df}Hbft
-clGtd df}Hbft_ sf] ahf/ d"NonfO{ cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ k5{ eg] jf:tljs d"NonfO{
cfo u0fgf ubf{ bkmf !% adf]lhd vr{ sL ug'{ k5{ .
x|f;of]Uo ;DklQM x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{jf6 ePsf] nfe jf gf]S;fgLsf] u0fgf ubf{
P]gsf] cg';"rL @ sf] bkmf $ adf]lhd ug'{ kb{5 . lgsfo;+u af+sL /x]sf] k|To]s
;d"xsf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] ahf/ d"NonfO{ cfDbfgL (Incomings) dfgL ;f] /sdjf6
x|f; sL tflnsf jdf]lhd ;d"xdf af+sL /x]sf] x|f; cfwf/ /sd 36fpbf a9L x'g
cfpg] /sd (Balancing Charge) nfO{ cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{k5{ jf
olb 36L ePdf ;f] /sd x|f; vr{ (Terminal Depreciation) s6\6L kfpF5 .
Joj;flos ;DklQM lgsfo;+u /x]sf] Joj;flos ;DklQsf] ahf/ d"NonfO{ cfDbfgL
(Incomings) / jf:tljs d"NonfO{ vr{ (Outgoings) dfGbf cfDbfgL a9L ePdf nfe,
vr{ a9L ePdf gf]S;fgL x'G5 . Pp6f Joj;flos ;DklQdf nfe / csf]{ Joj;flos
;DklQdf gf]S;fgL ePdf gf]S;fgLnfO{ nfedf ;dfof]hg u/L af+sL v"b nfe jf v"b
gf]S;fgL lgsfNg' k5{ .
bfloTjM lgsfon] jxg u/]sf] bfloTj lg;u{ dflgPsf] ca:yfdf, bfloTj axg ubf{sf]
ca:yfdf sfod ePsf] ahf/ d"NonfO{ cfDbfgL (Incomings) / lg;u{ dflgPsf]
;dosf] ahf/ d"NonfO{ ;f] bfloTj jfktsf] vr{ (Outgoings) dflgG5 . o:tf] vr{
(Outgoings) eGbf cfDbfgL (Incomings) a9L ePdf nfe / vr{ a9L ePdf gf]S;fgL
206

x'G5 . Joj;flos bfloTjjf6 ePsf] nfe / gf]S;fgLsf] u0fgf u/L ;s] kl5 ljleGg
Joj;flos bfloTjjf6 ePsf] nfe / gf]S;fgLnfO{ ;dfof]hg u/L v"b nfe jf v"b
gf]S;fgL lgsfNg' k5{ . o:tf] lg;u{ kZrft\ ;f] lgsfon] k'gM ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf]
lg;u{ u/]df ahf/ d"No ;/x dflgPsf] cfDbfgL jf vr{ cj:yf cg';f/ vr{ jf
cfDbfgL dfgL k'gM u0fgf ul/G5 .
pk/f]Qm Joj:yfx?nfO{ lgDg pbfx/0fjf6 :ki6 ul/Psf] 5M
pbfx/0f !#=(=^M dfgf}+, pbfx/0f !#=(=@ df pNn]lvt 8fFkm] sDkgL k|f= ln= sf] @)^@
r}q @ ut] lgDgfg'f;/sf] ;DklQ / bfloTj /x]5 .
k'+hL / bfloTj
;DklQ
lstfjL d"No jhf/ d"No
lstfjL d"No jhf/ d"No
5,00,000
6,00,000
;]o/ k'+hL 1,00,00,000 1,00,00,000 clGtd
df}Hbft
30,00,000
30,00,000
4,00,000
6,00,000
s/
X|f;of]Uo
kZrftsf]
;DklQ
hu]8f
s ju{
45,00,000
45,00,000
1,00,00,000 1,50,00,0
cGo
hUuf
00
bfloTjx?
cGo nufgL 50,00,000 40,00,00
gub df}Hbft
a}+s df}Hbft
lg;u{jf6
nfe
hDdf

43,50,000

1,75,00,000

2,18,50,000

ljb]zL d'b|f
df}Hbft
hDdf

1,00,000

0
1,00,000

10,00,000

10,00,000

5,00,000

5,50,000

1,75,00,000

2,18,50,00
0

pbfx/0f !#=(=&M dfgf}+, pbfx/0f !#=(=@ df pNn]lvt 8fFkm] sDkgL k|f= ln= sf] @)^@
r}q @ ut] lgDgfg';f/sf] ;DklQ / bfloTj /x]5 .
@)^! r}q !% ut]sf] ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] ljj/0f
pk/f]Qm ljj/0f cg';f/sf] ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] lg;u{ jfkt lgDgfg';f/sf] /sd
cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ k5{ .
;DklQM
Jofkfl/s df}Hbft tkm{ clGtd df}Hbft d"Nosf lg;u{sf] ;dodf ahf/ d"No
^,)),))) nfO{ bkmf & sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -v_ jdf]lhd cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{
kg]{ x'G5 eg] clGtd df}Hbftsf] nfut (Book Value) %,)),))) nfO{ bkmf !%
jdf]lhd vr{ sL ug'{ k5{ .
x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ tkm{ x|f; sL kl5sf] af+sL d"No -x|f; cfwf/_ $,)),))) /
lg;u{sf] ;dodf ahf/ d"No ^,)),))) ePsf]n] cfDbfgL (Incomings) ^,)),)))
jf6 ;f] ;d"xsf] af+sL x|f; cfwf/ $,)),))) vr{ (Outgoings) x'g] x'+bf ;f] /sd

207

36fpbf af+sL /xg] /sd @,)),))) nfO{ bkmf & sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -3_
jdf]lhd cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
Joj;flos ;DklQ tkm{ hUuf, nufgL, gub df}Hbft, a}s df}Hbt, lab]zL d'b|fdf a}+s
df}Hbft /x]5 . sDklgsf] nfuL oL ;j} ;DklQ Joj;flos ;DklQ x'G5g\ . oL
;DklQx?sf] a]Unf a]Un} nfe / gf]S;fgL u0fgf u/L hDdf nfejf6 hDdf gf]S;fgL
36fO{ v"b nfe jf v"b gf]S;fgL u0fgf ug'{ k5{ .
hUuf tkm{ jf:tljs d"No (Book value) !,)),)),))) / lg;u{sf] ;dodf ahf/ d"No
!,%),)),))) ePsf]n] cfDbfgL (Incomings) cyf{t ahf/ d"No !,%),)),))) jf6
vr{ (Outgoings) !,)),)),))) 36fpbf x'g] nfe %),)),))) hUufsf] lg;u{jf6
nfe x'G5 .
nufgL tkm{ jf:tljs d"No (Book value) %),)),))) / lg;u{sf] ;dodf ahf/ d"No
$),)),))) ePsf]n] cfDbfgL (Incomings) cyf{t ahf/ d"No $),)),))) jf6 vr{
(Outgoings) %),)),))) 36fpbf x'g] gf]S;fgL !),)),))) nufgLsf] lg;u{jf6
gf]S;fgL x'G5 .
gub df}Hbft / a}+s df}Hbft tkm{ ;b}j Book Value / Market Value ;dfg x'g] x'+bf
oL ;DklQsf] nfe jf gf]S;fgL x'b}g .
lab]zL d'b|fsf] a}+s df}Hbft tkm{ jf:tljs d"No (Book value) %,)),))) / lg;u{sf]
;dodf ahf/ d"No %,%),))) ePsf]n] cfDbfgL (Incomings) cyf{t ahf/ d"No
%%),))) jf6 vr{ (Outgoings) %)),))) 36fpbf x'g] nfe %),))) lab]zL d'b|fsf]
a}+s df}Hbftsf] lg;u{jf6 nfe x'G5 .
of] pbfx/0fdf sDkgLsf] Joj;flos ;DklQx? dWo] hUuf / lab]zL d'b|fsf] ;+rLltdf
nfe / nufgLdf gf]S;fgL ePsf]n] hUufsf] lg;u{jf6 ePsf] nfe %),)),))) /
lab]zL d'b|fsf] ;+rLltsf] lg;u{jf6 ePsf] nfe %),))) sf] hDdf of]u %,)%),)))
jf6 nufgLsf] lg;u{df ePsf] gf]S;fgL !),)),))) 36fO{ af+sL /xg] $,)%),)))
Joj;flos ;DklQsf] lg;u{jf6 v"b nfe x'g] x'+bf bkmf & sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08
-u_ jdf]lhd cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
bfloTjM
lg;u{ dflgPsf] ca:yfdf bfloTj axg ubf{sf] ca:yfdf sfod ePsf] ahf/ d"NonfO{
cfDbfgL (Incomings) / lg;u{ dflgPsf] ;dosf] ahf/ d"NonfO{ ;f] bfloTj jfktsf]
vr{ (Outgoings) dflgG5 . o:tf] vr{ (Outgoings) eGbf cfDbfgL (Incomings) a9L
ePdf nfe / vr{ a9L ePdf gf]S;fgL x'G5 . dfyLsf] pbfx/0fdf z]o/ k'+hL / s/
lt/L ;s] kZrftsf] ;+lrtL bfloTj b]vfO{Psf]df oL bfloTjx?sf] ahf/ d"No /
jf:tljs d"No ;b}j ;dfg x'g] x'+bf oL bfloTjsf] lg;u{jf6 s'g} nfe x'b}g . ;fy} of]
pbfx/0fdf cGo bfloTjsf] jhf/ d"No / jf:tljs d"No ;dfg /x]sf]n] bfloTj tkm{
s]lx ul/ /xg' kb}{g . t/, s'g} bfloTjsf] lg;u{jf6 nfe jf gf]S;fgL ePdf Joj;flos
;DklQdf h:t} nfesf] hDdf of]ujf6 gf]S;fgLsf] hDdf of]u /sd 36fO{ v"b nfe
ePdf bkmf & sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -u_ jdf]lhd cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .

208

%&-!s_ pkbkmf -!_ df pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf] s'g} lgsfosf] krf; k|ltzt jf

;f] eGbf a9L :jfldTj kl/jt{gsf] u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu ;f] lgsfosf]
b]xfo adf]lhdsf] :jfldTjnfO{ dfq ;dfj]z ul/g] 5 M
-s_ ;f] lgsfosf] s'n :jfldTjsf] Ps k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf a9L :jfldTj
u|x0f ug]{ z]o/jfnfn] u|x0f u/]sf] :jfldTj, /
-v_ ;f] lgsfosf] s'n :jfldTjsf] Ps k|ltzt eGbf sd :jfldTj u|x0f ug]{
z]o/jfnf dWo] ;f] lgsfosf] s'n :jfldTjsf] Ps k|ltzt eGbf a9L
:jfldTj u|x0f ug]{ z]o/jfnfsf] ;Da4 JolQmn] u|x0f u/]sf] :jfldTj .
o; ;DjlGw JofVof dfyL !#=(=@ :jldTj kl/jt{gsf] u0fgfdf ul/Psf]5 .
!#=(=$ ;dfof]hg ug{ gkfpg] Joj:yfM
:jfldTj kl/jt{g ePsf] lgsfosf] :jfldTj kl/jt{g cl3 sfod /x]sf lhDd]jf/L
;fg{ kfpg] gf]S;fgL nufotsf ljleGg /sdx? (Tax Attributes) nfO{ :jfldTjdf
kl/jt{g kl5 ;dfof]hg ug{ gkfpg] u/L (No deferrals) bkmf %& sf] pkbkmf -@_
f/f jGb]h nufO{Psf]5 .
%&-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd s'g} lgsfosf] :jfldTj kl/jt{g ePdf
To:tf] kl/jt{g kl5 ;f] lgsfonfO{ b]xfosf sfo{ ug{ cg'dlt lbOg] 5}g M
-s_ :jfldTjsf] kl/jt{g x'g'eGbf cl3 ;f] lgsfoaf6 vr{ ul/Psf bkmf !$
sf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd cufl8 ;fl/Psf] Jofh sf ug{,
-v_ :jldTjsf] kl/jt{g x'g'eGbf cl3 ;f] lgsfonfO{ x'g uPsf] gf]S;fgL bkmf
@) adf]lhd sf ug{,
-u_ :jfldTjsf] kl/jt{gkl5 x'g uPsf] gf]S;fgLnfO{ bkmf @) sf] pkbkmf -$_
adf]lhd To:tf] :jfldTjsf] kl/jt{g cl3sf] s'g} cfo jif{df k5fl8
n}hfg,
-3_ :jfldTj kl/jt{g x'g'cl3 bkmf @$ sf] pkbkmf -$_ sf] v08 -s_
adf]lhd s'g} /sd jf vr{ afkt lx;fa u/]sf] / :jfldTjsf] kl/jt{g
kl5 ;f] /sd jf vr{sf] bkmf @$ sf] pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd ;RrfPsf]df
bkmf @$ sf] pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd ;dfof]hg ug{,
-_ :jfldTjsf] kl/jt{g x'g'cl3 bkmf @% sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -v_
adf]lhd s'g} /sdsf] lx;fa u/]sf] / :jfldTjsf] kl/jt{gkl5 ;f] /sd
k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ Tofu u/]sf] jf ;f] /sd s'g} JolQmsf] C0f bfaL
ePsf]df To:tf] JolQmn] pQm C0fnfO{ 8'a]sf] C0f dfgL ckn]vg u/]df
bkmf @% sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ;dfof]hg ug{,
-r_ :jfldTjsf] kl/jt{g x'g'cl3 ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{ ubf{ x'g uPsf]
3f6f :jfldTjsf] kl/jt{gkl5 ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt
cfDbfgLdf bkmf #^ adf]lhd 36fpg,
-5_ :jfldTj kl/jt{g x'g'cl3 bkmf ^) sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -v_ sf]
pkv08 -!_ adf]lhd lk|ldodsf] lx;fa u/]sf]df / :jfldTjsf] kl/jt{g

209

kl5 To:tf] lk|ldod laldtnfO{ lkmtf{ lbPdf ;f] adf]lhd vr{ bfaL ug{,
jf
-h_ :jfldTj kl/jt{g x'g'cl3 ljb]zL cfosf ;DaGwdf bflvnf u/]sf] s/nfO{
bkmf &! sf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd cfufdL jif{df ;fg{ .
s'g} lgsfosf] bkmf %& jdf]lhd :jfldTj kl/jt{g ePdf To;/L :jfldTj kl/jt{g
x'g' cufl8sf gf]S;fgL nufotsf lgDgfg';f/sf /sdx? (Tax Attributes) nfO{
:jldTj kl/jt{g kl5sf sf/f]jf/sf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ lhDd]jf/L ;f/]/ ;dfof]hg
ug{ bkmf %& sf] pkbkmf -@_ n] jGb]h u/]sf]5 .

olb :jfldTj kl/jt{g ePsf] lgsfo bkmf !$ sf] :kli6s/0fdf kl/eflift s/

5'6 kfpg] ;+:yf4f/f lgolGqt jfl;Gbf lgsfo /x]5 / lgoGq0f ug]{ JolQmnfO{
Aofh e'QmfgL u/]sf] /x]5 tyf ;f] Aofh bkmf !$ -@_ n] tf]s]sf] l;df eGbf
j9L eO{ bkmf !$ sf] pkbkmf -#_ jdf]lhd lhDd]jf/L ;fg{ kfpg] /x]5 eg]
:jfldTj kl/jt{g eP kZrft lhDd]jf/L ;f/]/ vr{ bfaL ug{ kfpb}g .

:jfldTj kl/jt{g x'g' cl3 ;f] lgsfonfO{ ePsf] gf]S;fgL :jfldTj kl/jt{g
eP kZrft bkmf @) jdf]lhd lhDd]jf/L ;f/]/ (Carry Forward) sL ug{
kfpb}g . olb :jfldTj kl/jt{g ePsf] sf/0fn] s/of]Uo cfo u0fgf ubf{
gf]S;fgL ePdf To:tf] gf]S;fgL klg :jfldTj kl/jt{g eP kZrftsf] s/of]Uo
cfo u0fgf ubf{ 36fpg kfO{b}g .

:jfldTj kl/jt{g eP kZrft ePsf] gf]S;fgLnfO{ bkmf @) sf] pkbkmf -$_

jdf]lhd lautsf aif{x?df lhDd]jf/L ;f/]/ (Carry Back) sL bfaL ug{
kfpb}g .

Pqm'cn cfwf/df :jfldTj kl/jt{g cuf8L] cfDbfgL jf vr{ n]v]sf] /sd nfO{
:jfldTj kl/jt{g kl5 jf:tljs cfDbfgL jf vr{ ubf{ e'QmfgL kfpg' kg]{ jf
lbg' kg]{ /sddf ;6xL b/sf] sf/0f nufot h'g;'s} sf/0fn] km/s kg]{ eO{
;RofPsf] cj:yfdf bkmf @$ jdf]lhd km/s /sdnfO{ ;dfof]hg ug{ kfpb}g .

Pq'mcn cfwf/df :jfldTj kl/jt{g cufl8] k|fKt ul/Psf] /sdsf] n]vf

/flvPsf]df :jfldTj kl/jt{g kl5 k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ 5f]8]df tyf C0f
bfjLnfO{ :jfldTj kl/jt{g kl5 8'j]sf] C0f dfgL ckn]vg u/]df bkmf @% sf]
pkbkmf -!_ cg';f/ ;dfof]hg ug{ kfpb}g .

:jfldTj kl/jt{g x'g' cl3 ;f] lgsfonfO{ ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{jf6

ePsf] gf]S;fgL :jfldTj kl/jt{g eP kZrft ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{jf6
x'g] cfDbfgLjf6 bkmf #^ jdf]lhd 36fpg kfpb}g . olb :jfldTj kl/jt{g
ePsf] sf/0fn] ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] lg;u{ dfgL nfe jf gf]S;fgL u0fgf ubf{
s'g} gf]S;fgL ePdf To:tf] gf]S;fgL klg :jfldTj kl/jt{g eP kZrft 36fpg
kfO{b}g .

:jfldTj kl/jt{g ePsf] lgsfo ;fdfGo jLdf Joj;fo ePdf ;f] lgsfon]
:jfldTj kl/jt{g x'g' cl3 ladssf] x}l;otdf lk|dLod e'QmfgL ug]{ u/L lx;fa
u/]sf] /sd :jfldTj kl/jt{g kl5 ljldtnfO{ lkmtf{ lbPdf To:tf] lk|dLod

210

/sd :jfldTj kl/jt{g kl5 s/of]Uo cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ vr{ sL bfaL ug{
kfpb}g .

ljb]zL >f]tsf] cfo x'g] lgsfosf] :jfldTj kl/jt{g ePdf / To:tf] lgsfon]
:jfldTj kl/jt{g x'g' cufl8 nfUg] eGbf a9L ljb]zdf lt/]sf] s/ :jfldTj
kl/jt{g kl5 nfUg] a}b]lzs s/df ldnfg ug{ kfpb}g .
!#=(=% s/ lgwf{/0f / cfo ljj/0fM
s'g} lgsfosf] :jfldTj kl/jt{g ePsf] dflgPsf] ca:yfdf :jfldTj kl/jt{g ePsf]
cfo aif{sf] :jfldTj kl/jt{g x'g' cl3 / kl5sf] efux?nfO{ a]Unf a]Un} cfo aif{sf]
?kdf dfGg' kg]{ Aoa:yf /x]sf] / ;f] ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf %& sf] pkbkmf -#_ df
lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
%&-#_
s'g} lgsfosf] :jfldTjdf s'g} cfo jif{df pkbkmf -!_ df plNnlvt
lsl;dn] kl/jt{g ePdf ;f] cfo jif{sf] :jfldTj kl/jt{g cl3 / kl5sf]
efux?nfO{ 5"f5"} cfo jif{x?sf] ?kdf dflgg]5 .
bkmf %& jdf]lhd s'g} lgsfosf] :jfldTj kl/jt{g ePdf :jfldTj kl/jt{g ePsf]
cfoaif{sf] cl3 / kl5sf] efux?nfO{ a]Unf a]Un} cfo aif{sf] ?kdf dfGg' k5{ . a]Unf
a]Un} cfo aif{ dfGg' kg]{ cj:yfn] ubf{ h'g ldltdf :jfldTj kl/jt{g x'G5 ;f] ldlt
eGbf cufl8sf] cjlwsf] nfuL / ;f] ldlt kl5sf] cjlwsf] nfuL a]Unf a]Un} :jo+ s/
lgwf{/0f u/L a]Unf a]Un} cfo ljj/0f lbg' k5{ . :jfldTj kl/jt{g kl5sf] cfo
ljj/0f tof/ kfbf{ ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] d"Nof+sg :jfldTj kl/jt{g ePsf] ;dosf]
ahf/ d"No cg';f/ sfod ug'{ k5{ .
:jfldTj kl/jt{g ePsf] cfo aif{sf] :jfldTj kl/jt{g x'g' cl3 / kl5sf] efux?nfO{
a]Unf a]Un} cfo aif{sf] ?kdf dfGg' kg]{ x'+bf cfo ljj/0f bflvnf ug]{ Dofb klg
km/s kg{ hfG5 . h'g ldltdf :jfldTj kl/jt{g x'G5, ;f] ldltn] tLg dlxgf leq
cfo ljj/0f bflvnf u/L ;Sg' k5{ .
pbfx/0f !#=(=* M dfgf}+, 8fFkm] sDkgL k|f= ln= eGg] sDkgLsf] @)^! r}q !% ut]
:jfldTj kl/jt{g ePsf] /x]5 eg] ;f] sDklgn] ;f] ldltn] # dlxgf leq cyf{t
@)^@ cfiff9 !$ ut] leq :jfldTj kl/jt{g cl3sf] efusf] cyf{t\ @)^) >fj0f !
ut] b]lv @)^! r}q !% ut] ;Ddsf] cjlwsf] cfo ljj/0f bflvnf ug'{ k5{ . t];}
u/L @)^! r}q !^ ut] b]lv @)^@ cfiff9 d;fGt ;Ddsf] cjlwsf] cfo ljj/0f
@)^@ cflZjg d;fGt leq bflvnf ug'{ k5{ .
!#=!) nfef+z s/ 36fpg glbg] Joj:yf
lgsfon] cfkm\gf lxtflwsf/LnfO{ lgsfon] cfh{g u/]sf] d'gfkmfjf6 ljt/0f ug{
;Sb5 . o:tf] ljt/0fnfO{ ;fdfGotofM nfef+zsf] ljt/0f elgG5 . nfef+zsf] ljt/0f
gub jf jf]gz z]o/ jf cGo s'g} :j?kdf ul/G5 . slxn]sfxL+ nfef+z s/ 5Ng]
dgzfon] lgsfo / lxtflwsf/Lsf] ljrdf k|jGw x'g ;Sb5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf nfef+z
s/ ltg'{ kg]{ u/L Joa:yf ug{sf] nflu o; P]gsf] bkmf %* df lgDgfg';f/sf]
Joa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
%*-!_
s'g} lgsfon] b]xfosf] ;a} cj:yfx? sfod /fvL u/]sf] k|aGwnfO{ nfef+z
s/ 36fpg u/]sf] k|aGw dflgg] 5 M
211

-s_ ;f] lgsfosf] ;+lrt, rfn" jf ck]lIft d'gfkmf ePdf,

-v_ lxt k|fKt ug]{ s'g} JolQmn] ;f] lgsfosf] s'g} lxt k|fKt u5{ / ;f] lxt
k|fKtstf{ jf lghsf] ;Da4 JolQmn] ;f] lgsfosf] xfnsf] jf ;flassf]
lxtflwsf/LnfO{ jf lghsf] ;Da4 JolQmnfO{ lxt k|flKt;+u ;DalGwt eP
jf gePklg / lxt k|fKtLsf] ;dodf e'QmfgL eP jf gePklg s'g}
e'QmfgL u/]sf]df,
-u_ ;f] e'QmfgL k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf lgsfosf] d'gfkmfdf k|ltlalDat ePdf,
/
-3_ ;f] lgsfon] ;f] lxt k|fKtstf{nfO{ nfef+z ljt/0f u/]sf]df / ;f]
nfef+zn] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kn] ;f] d'gfkmfnfO{ ;dfj]z u/]df .
%*-@_
pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ul/Psf] nfef+z s/ 36fpg] k|aGw cGtu{t s'g}
lgsfoaf6 nfef+z ljt/0f ul/Psf]df ;f] k|aGwnfO{ b]xfo ;/x ePsf]
dflgg]5M
-s_ lxt k|fKtstf{ jf lghsf] ;Da4 JolQmn] u/]sf] e'QmfgLnfO{ ;f] JolQmn]
u/]sf] e'QmfgL gdfgL ;f] lgsfon] v08 -v_ df plNnlvt ;flas jf
xfnsf] lxtflwsf/LnfO{ nfef+z ljt/0f u/] ;/x dflgg]5 .
dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] P]gsf] bkmfx? ;j} g} nfu' x'g] cj:yf /x]df nfef+zsf]
ckrng ePsf] dfgL nfef+z s/ c;'n pk/ ul/G5 . pQm Aoa:yf v'nfpg]
pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !#=!)=!M dfgf}+, 8fFkm] sDkgL k|f=ln= g]kfnsf] jfl;Gbf JolQm /x]5 . pQm
sDkgLsf] zt k|ltzt z]o/ Donald Inc. eGg] Ps u}/ jfl;Gbf sDkgLn] vl/b
u/]sf] /x]5 . 8fFkm] sDkgL k|f=ln=n] x/]s aif{ d'gfkmf cfh{g ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;/L
cfhL{t d'gfkmfnfO{ pQm sDkgLn] cfkm\gf lxtflwsf/L Donald Inc. nfO{ ljt/0f
gu/L ;l~rt u/L /x]sf] /x]5 . dfgf}+, pQm ;+lrtL d'gfkmf /sd ?= ! nfv k'u]sf]
/x]5 . :sfO{ sDkgL k|f=ln= g]kfndf :yfkgf ePsf] csf]{ sDkgL /x]5 . pQm
sDkgLn] Donald Inc. af6 8fFkm] sDkgL k|f=ln=sf] ;Dk"0f{ z]o/ ?= ! nfv ^)
xhf/df vl/b u/]sf] /x]5 . :sfO{ sDkgL k|f=ln=n] 8fFkm] sDkgL k|f=ln=sf] z]o/
vl/b u/L ;s] kZrft 8fFkm] sDkgL k|f=ln=n] ? &) xhf/sf] nfef+z ljt/0f ug]{
3f]if0ff u/]sf] /x]5 .
o; cj:yfdf :sfO{ sDkgL k|f=ln=n] Donald Inc. nfO{ z]o/ ljlqm jfkt
e'QmfgLdWo]sf] ?= ! nfv;Ddsf] ljt/0f dWo]sf] xfn ljtl/t ?=&) xhf/nfO{
:sfO{ sDkgL k|f=ln=n] kfPsf] nfef+z gdfgL 8fFkm] sDkgL k|f=ln= af6 Donald Inc.
nfO{ e'QmfgL u/]sf] ljt/0f dflgG5 . dfgf} ljt/0f u/]sf] jif{ afl;Gbf
z]o/wgLnfO{ nfef+zdf % k|ltzt / z]o/ ljlqm u/]sf] Donald Inc. nfO{ ;f] z]o/
x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] jif{sf] b/n] u0fgf ubf{ ;f] jif{ u}/ jfl;GbfnfO{ !) k|ltzt s/
nfUg] Joj:yf /x]5 eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf ;f] nfef+z :sfO{ sDkgLn] k|fKt ubf{
8f]gfN8 OGssf] b/n] !) k|ltzt s6\6f ug'{ kb{Yof] . Donald Inc. nfO{ ljt/0f
dflgPsfn] ;f] jf:tjdf ljt/0f ePsf] jif{df clu|d s/ e'QmfgL ubf{ bkmf !!(
adf]lhd Jofh ;d]t nfUb5 .

212

-v_ ;f] lgsfoaf6 lxt k|fKtstf{nfO{ ljt/0f ul/Psf] nfef+z v08 -s_ df
plNnlvt nfef+zaf6 ;f] e'QmfgL elgPsf] /sd 36fO{ x'g cfpg] /sd
a/fa/ ePsf] dflgg]5 .
dfyL pNn]v ul/Psf] pbfx/0fdf :sfO{ sDkgLn] Joj;fo u/L sdfPsf] d'gfkmf
;lxt s'g} jif{df uP/ ?=! nfv !) xhf/ nfef+z e'QmfgL u/]sf] ePdf nfef+z
km/s ?=! nfv;Dddf Donald Inc. n] 8fFkm] sDkgL k|f=ln=af6 nfef+z jfkt k|fKt
u/]sf] / afsL ?=!) xhf/dfq :sfO{ sDkgLn] nfef+z kfPsf] dflgGYof] hjsL ;j}
nfef+z :sfO{ sDkgLn] g} k|fKt ub{5 .
!#=!! nfef+zdf nfUg] s/sf] b/ Pj+ 5'6 tyf ;'lawfM
!#=!!=! nfef+zdf nfUg] s/sf] b/M
P]gsf] bkmf ** sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd Affl;Gbf sDkgL tyf
;fem]bf/L kmd{n] e'QmfgL ug]{ nfef+zdf % k|ltztsf b/n] s/ sL ug'{ kg]{ Aoa:yf
/x]sf] 5 . bkmf (@ sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -s_ df o:tf] e'QmfgLnfO{ clGtd ?kdf
s/sL x'g] e'QmfgL dflgPsf] 5 . cyf{t o;/L s/ sL k5L k|fKt x'g] e'QmfgLnfO{
cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb}{g . u}/ afl;Gbf AolQmn] e'Qmfg u/]sf] nfef+z cfonfO{
Joj;fo jf nufgLsf] cfodf ;dfa]; u/L ;fdfGo b/n] s/ nfUb5 . o;/L u}/
afl;Gbf AolQmn] e'Qmfg u/]sf] nfef+z cfodf ;f] b]zsf] sfg"g adf]lhd lt/]sf] s/
eg] nfef+z k|fKt ug]{ AolQmn] cfkm\gf] s/ bfloTjdf j}b]lzs s/ ldnfg u/L
;dfof]hg ug{ ;Sb5g\ . t/, o;/L a}b]lzs s/ ldnfg ubf{ g]kfnsf] cf}ift s/sf]
b/ eGbf a9L eg] ;f] aif{ ldnfg ug{ kfO{g] 5}g . o;/L ldnfg u/L afFsL /x]sf] s/
/sd eg] cfufdL aif{df ;f/L To:tf] s/ bfloTj;+u ;dfof]hg ug{ ;lsG5 .
a}b]lzs s/ ldnfg ;DaGwdf o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !$ df la:t[t AofVof
ul/Psf] 5 .
P]gsf] bkmf ^* sf] pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmsf] g]kfnl:yt ljb]zL
:yfoL ;+:yfkgn] s'g} cfo jif{df ljb]z k7fPsf] cfo ;f] ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgn]
;f] jif{df ljt/0f u/]sf] nfef+z /sd a/fa/ x'g]5 . To:t} cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf @ sf]
pkbkmf -^_ adf]lhd u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmsf] g]kfn l:yt ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgn]
ljb]z k7fPsf] cfodf kfFr k|ltztsf b/n] s/ nfUg] Aoa:yf 5 .
!#=!)=@ 5'6 tyf ;'lawfM
P]gsf] bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd ;+rfngdf /x]sf] ;xsf/L P]g, @)$*
adf]lhd btf{ eO{ ;+rfng ePsf] s[lif jf jg k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t ;xsf/L ;+:yf tyf
u|fdL0f ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf jf ;+3sf] cfodf s/
nfUg] 5}g . o:tf] ;+:yf jf ;+3n] ljt/0f u/]sf] nfef+zdf ;d]t s/ nfUg] 5}g .
P]gsf] bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf -#s_ sf] v08 -u_ adf]lhd ljz]if cfly{s If]qdf :yflkt
pBf]un] ljt/0f u/]sf] nfef+zdf sf/f]jf/ ;+rfng ;'? u/]sf] ldltn] % jif{;Dd zt
k|ltzt s/ gnfUg] cyf{t nfef+z e'QmfgL ubf{ >f]tdf s/ sL ug{ gkg]{ Pj+ 5}7f},
;ftf} tyf cf7f} jif{df nfUg] s/sf] %) -cyf{t @=%_ n] / gjf} jif{ b]lv ;fdfGo
b/ -cyf{t %_ n] s/ nfU5 .

213

kl/R%]b 14

cGt/fli^<o s/ Pj+ j}b]lzs s/ ldnfg

(International Taxation and Foreign Tax Adjustment)

!$=!

!$=@

cfos/ P]g, @)%* n] s'g} u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQmn] g]kfndf /f]huf/L, Joj;fo jf
nufgLdf ;+nUg /xL cfo cfh{g u/]sf] jf e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf] 5 eg] To;/L k|fKt
ePsf] cfo tyf e'QmfgLdf cfosf] >f]tsf] cfwf/ (Source Basis) df g]kfndf s/
nfUg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] jfl;Gbfn] g]kfn aflx/ cfo cfh{g jf e'QmfgL
k|fKt u/]sf] 5 eg] To;/L cflh{t cfo tyf k|fKt e'QmfgLdf klg jfl;Gbfsf] cfwf/
(Residence Basis) df g]kfndf s/ nfUb5 . g]kfnsf jfl;Gbf JolQmn] cGo b]zdf
u/]sf] cfo cfh{g tyf u}/ jfl;Gbfsf] g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] cfo, e'QmfgLx?df nfUg]
s/ cGt/fli6o s/sf] bfo/f cGtu{t kb{5 . g]kfnsf] jfl;Gbf JolQmn] g]kfn
afx]ssf cGo b]zx?df ;]jf, /f]huf/L, Joj;fo, nufgL jf cfsl:ds nfe cfbL
af6 cfo cfh{g ug]{ sfo{df ;+nUg e} cfo cfh{g u/]sf] 5 eg] To;/L cfo cfh{g
u/]sf] cfonfO{ g]kfndf ePsf] cfo ;fy ;dfj]z u/L ;f]xL cg';f/ s/ ltg'{ kb{5 .
To:t} g]kfn aflx/sf u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQmn] g]kfndf /f]huf/L, Joj;fo, nufgL jf
cfsl:ds nfeaf6 cfo cfh{g u/]sf] 5 eg] g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf cfodf cfos/
ltg'{kg]{ Joj:yf cfos/ P]gn] u/]sf] 5 . u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQmn] g]kfndf cfh{g u/]sf]
tyf g]kfnL jfl;Gbf JolQmn] g]kfn jfx]ssf b]zx?df cfh{g u/]sf] cfodf ltg'{kg]{
s/ tyf To; ;DjGwL ljleGg Joj:yf o; kl/R5]bdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
cGt/fli6o s/sf] ;Gbe{df ljb]zL :yfoL ;++:yfkg, lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfo, a}b]lzs
s/ ldnfg ;DaGwL k|fjwfgnfO{ o; kl/R5]bdf :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 .
ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkg (Foreign Permanent Establishment)
;fdfGotofM :yfoL ;+:yfkg eGgfn] Aoj;fo ug]{ :yfgnfO{ a'emfp+5 . P]gsf] bkmf @
sf] v08 -s b_ df :yfoL ;+:yfkgnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 M
:yfoL ;+:yfkg eGgfn] s'g} JolQmn] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{
:yfg ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] b]xfosf :yfg ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 M
-!_ Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ ;fdfGo qmddf :jtGq x}l;otn] sfo{ ug]{
;fwf/0f Ph]06 afx]s s'g} Ph]06 dfkm{t s'g} JolQmn] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs
?kdf Joj;fo ug]{ :yfg,
-@_ s'g} JolQmsf] d'Vo pks/0f jf d'Vo d]lzg/L /x]sf] jf k|of]u u/]sf] jf
h8fg u/]sf] :yfg,
-#_ s'g} afx| dlxgfsf] cjlwdf Ps} k6s jf k6sk6s u/L gAa] lbgeGbf
a9L s'g} JolQmn] sd{rf/L dfkm{t jf cGo k|sf/n] k|fljlws, Joj;flos
jf k/fdz{ ;]jf k|bfg u/]sf] s'g} b]zsf] Ps jf PseGbf a9L :yfg, jf
-$_ s'g} JolQmn] gAa] lbg jf ;f]eGbf a9L ;do;Dd lgdf{0f ug]{, h8fg
ug]{ jf :yfkgf ug]{ cfof]hgfdf ;+nUg /x]sf] :yfg tyf ;f]
cfof]hgfsf] ;'kl/j]If0f ;DaGwL ls|ofsnfkx? ;+rfng u/]sf] :yfg .
AolQmn] cfkm\gf] Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ :yfg (Fixed Place) nfO{ :yfoL ;+:yfkg
(Permanent Establishment) elgG5 . :yfoL ;+:yfkgsf] s/ Jojxf/sf nflu ljb]zL

:yfoL ;+:yfkgsf] ?kdf x]l/g' kb{5 . ljb]zL JolQmsfnflu lgDg cj:yfdf sf/f]jf/
ug]{ :yfg ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgsf] ?kdf /xG5M
Joj;fo ug]{ :yfg (Fixed Place) M u}/ jfl;Gbfn] g]kfndf Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{
u/L h'g;'s} k|sf/n] :yfkgf u/]sf] ;+/rgf :yfoL ;+:yfkg xf] . o:tf] ;+/rgfdf
zfvf, km\ofS6|L, js{;k, Joj:yfkg :yn, t]n s'jf, vfgL, Uof+; s'jf, s[lif jf
jg:ktL kmfd{, cfbL kb{5g\ . u}/ afl;Gbfsf] g]kfndf /x]sf] Joj;fo ug]{ :yfg
(Fixed Place) af6 ul/Psf] Joj;fo :yfoL ;+:yfkg x'g p;sf] a;fO{ cjlw
u0fgf ug'{ kb}{g .
pbfx/0f !$=@=!M dfgf}+, American Sport Inc. n] cfkm\gf] ;fdfg g]kfndf laqmL
lat/0f ug]{ p2]Zon] b/jf/dfu{df zfvf sfof{no vf]n]sf] /x]5 . cfos/ P]g,
@)%* df lgsfo jf k|fs[lts JolQmnfO{ s/ nfUg] Joj:yf ul/Ptf klg u}/
jfl;Gbfsf] zfvfdfq ePklg :yfoL ;+:yfkgsf] ?kdf s/ nfUb5 .
:yfg k|wfg /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] ;+/rgf slt lbg g]kfndf k|efjsf/L /Xof]
u0fgf ul/ /xg kb{}g .
dfly pNn]v ul/Psf Fixed Place Based :yfoL ;+:yfkg jfx]s lgDg sfo{df ;+nUg
/x]sf u}/ jfl;Gbf ;d]t g]kfndf :yfoL ;+:yfkg /x]sf] dflgG5 .
Ph]G;L :yfoL ;+:yfkg (Agency PE) M Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ ;fdfGo qmddf
:jtGq x}l;otn] sfo{ ug]{ ;fwf/0f Ph]06 afx]s s'g} Ph]06 dfkm{t s'g} JolQmsf]
k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf Joj;fo ug]{ :yfg g]kfndf ePdf ;f] Ph]G6dfkm{t ul/Psf]
sfdsf] :yfg :yfoL ;+:yfkg xf] . :jtGq Ph]G6n] u/]sf] sfd eg] :yfoL
;+:yfkg dflgb}g . cGt/fli6o Joj;fodf ;f] ljb]zLn] s'g} s/f/ ug{ clwsf/
lbPsf] :yfgLo Ph]G6n] ;f] clwsf/ ;fdfGo :j?kdf g} cfkm\gf] Principal sf]
gfddf s/f/ u/L k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] Ph]G;L :jtGq x}l;ot
afx]ssf] Ph]G6 (Dependent Agent) dflgG5 .
pbfx/0f !$=@=@M dfgf}+, American Sport Inc. n] cfkm\gf] ;fdfg g]kfndf laqmL
lat/0f ug]{ p2]Zon] g]kfnsf] afl;Gbf Amco Sports Pvt. Ltd. nfO{ lat/s
lgo"Qm u/]sf] /x]5 / Amco Sports Pvt. Ltd. n] cfkm\gf] ;fdfg ;f] cd]l/sL
sDkgLaf6 cfoft u/L cfkm\g} hf]lvd / b/ ljZn]if0fdf cfkm} b/ lgwf{/0f u/L
;fdfg ljlqm ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . ljlqmsf nflu g]kfndf cfoft ul/Psf] ;f] ;fdfgdf
cd]l/sL sDkgLsf] :jfldTj, ljlqm d"No jf ;DefJo u|fxssf ;DaGwdf s'g}
k|ltjGw jf ljz]if ;xof]u x'b}g, s]jn ;f] cd]l/sL sDkgLn] g]kfndf ;fdfg
k7fpbf Amco Sports Pvt. Ltd. dfkm{t k7fO lbG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf Amco
Sports Pvt. Ltd. sf] Joj;fodf cd]l/sL sDkgLsf] ;xof]u b]lvPtf klg cfkm\gf]
sf/f]jf/ ;+rfngdf k"0f{?kdf :jtGq ePsfn] ;fdfGo cfoftstf{ dfq xf] . o;
cj:yfdf Amco Sports Pvt. Ltd. cd]l/sL sDkgLsf] g]kfnL :yfoL ;+:yfkg
xf]Og .
;f]xL pbfx/0fdf Amco Sports Pvt. Ltd. n] ug]{ ljlqmsf] b/ cd]l/sL sDkgLn]
tf]Sg] / gfkmf 3f6f cd]l/sL sDkgLn] Joxf]g]{ u/L sf/f]jf/ ug]{ Ph]G;L
Dependent Agent sf] ?kdf :yfoL ;+:yfkg dflgG5 . Dependent Agent x'g
215

3f]if0ff jf sfuhft eGbf klg Jojxf/ k|wfg x'G5 . Dependent Agent n]

cfkm\gf] d"n sDkgLsf] :yfoL ;+:yfkgsf] sf/f]jf/ / ;f] sf/f]jf/af6 cfkm"n]
kfpg] sldzg jf cGo k|sf/sf] k|ltkmn ;lxtsf] cfkm\gf] sf/f]jf/sf] j]Unfj]Un}
cfo ljj/0f a'emfpg' kb{5 .
;]jf k|bfg ug]{ :yfoL ;+:yfkg (Service PE) M u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQmn] g]kfndf ;]jf
k|bfg ug]{ u/]sf]df cfo jif{sf] s]xL cjlw cfkm\gf sd{rf/L k7fO{ jf cGo
k|ltlgwL4f/f ;]jf k|bfg u/]sf] x'g ;Qm5 . sd{rf/L jf k|ltlgwL k7fPsf]
cj:yfdf ;fdfg ljqmL jf pTkfbg h:tf] tf]lsPsf] Ps} cfwf/ v8f eO{ Joj;fo
;+rfng ePsf] klg b]lvb}g . t/ u}/ jfl;Gbfn] cfkm\g} sd{rf/L k7fO{ jf cGo
k|ltlglwTjsf] t/Lsfaf6 g]kfndf ;]jf Joj;fo -k|fljlws, Joj;flos jf k/fdz{
;]jf jf To:t} k|sf/sf ;]jf_ u/]sf] cj:Yffdf lgh sd{rf/L jf k|ltlgwLsf] j;fO{
hDdf cjlw x/]s j;fO{ /x]sf lbgsf] ljut !@ dlxgfsf] cjlwsf] () lbg (90
days stay in moving 365 days) k'u]df ;f] a;fO{sf] cfwf/df ;]jf k|bfg ug]{
JolQm :yfoL ;+:yfkg x'G5 .
pbfx/0f !$=@=#M dfgf}+, American Sport Inc. n] g]kfndf v]ns'bsf] cGt/fli6o
cj;/ ;DalGw cg';Gwfgsf] sfd kfPsf] /x]5 . p;n] ;f] sfd ;DkGg ug{ @
sd{rf/L k7fO{ hgj/L ! b]lv #% lbg sfd u/]5g\ . k'gM af+sL sfd ;DkGg ug{
h'nfO{df #) lbg / l8;]Dj/df ^) lbg @ hgf sd{rf/L g]kfndf a;L sfd
u/]sf /x]5g\ . American Sport Inc. sf] sd{rf/Lx?n] sfd ;DkGg ug{ g]kfn
a;fO{ ljut !@ dlxgfsf] cjlwsf] () lbg (90 days stay in moving 365 days )
k'u]sfn] ;f] American Sport Inc. :yfoL ;+:yfkg ePsf] dflgG5 .
lgdf{0f / h8fg ;DalGw :yfoL ;+:yfkg (Construction PE) M u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQmn]
g]kfndf s'g} lgdf{0f, h8fg jf :yfkgf ug]{ ;DalGw sfd u/]sf] jf ;f] ;+u
cg';f+lus ;]jf k|bfg u/]s]f cj:yfdf ;f] lgdf{0f, h8fg jf :yfkgf ug]{ :yfgdf
;f] u}/ jfl;Gbfsf] pkl:ytL lg/Gt/ () lbg jf ;f]eGbf a9L ePdf ;f] lgdf{0f,
h8fg jf :yfkgf :yfg g} :yfoL ;+:yfkg x'G5 .
pbfx/0f !$=@=#M dfgf}+, Singapore Construction Company n] d]nDrL
cfof]hgfsf] 6g]nsf] n]bf] ;'sfpg] sfo{sf nflu !)) lbgsf] sfof{b]z kfP5 .
pQm sDkgLn] cfk\mgf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ % hgf sd{rf/L k7fPsf] /x]5 / tL
sd{rf/Lx?n] tf]lsPsf] sfo{ (% lbg leq ;DkGg u/]sf /x]5g\ . o; cj:yfdf
Singapore Construcion Company n] g]kfndf nuftf/ () lbg eGbf a9L ;+nUg
/xL sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/]sf]n] :yfoL ;+:yfkg dflgG5 .
s'g} JolQmn] cfkm' jfl;Gbf /x]sf] b]z jfx]ssf cGo b]zx?df dfly pNn]lvt cj:yf
adf]lhd k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ :yfgnfO{ ljb]zL :yfoL
;+:yfkg elgG5 . afl;Gbf JolQmn] csf]{ b]zdf sfof{no, sf/vfgf, uf]bfd, ljqmL
sIf jf k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkgsf] dfWodaf6 csf]{ b]zdf Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{
;Sb5g .

216

!$=@=! ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgsf] s/of]Uo cfo

ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgsf] s/of]Uo cfodf jfl;Gbf sDkgL ;/xsf] skf]{/]6 s/
nfUb5 . To:tf :yfoL ;+:yfkg / d'n sDkgLaLr ;DklQjfktsf vr{x?, lz/:y
vr{x?, cfo tyf bfloTjsf] af+8kmf+8 ug]{ t/Lsf ;DaGwL t/Lsfx? lgwf{/0f ePsf]
x'g' kb{5 . o; v08sf :yfoL ;+:yfkgsf] d'gfkmf / nfe u0fgf ug{ cfjZos kg]{
s]xL cfwf/x?af/] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .
:jtGq lgsfo (Separate entity)M ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkg s/ k|of]hgsf nflu
d"n sDkgLeGbf :jtGq lgsfo dflgG5 .
k"lh nufgL (Capital investments)M :yfoL ;+:yfkgdf nufgL u/]sf] /sdnfO{
;f] ;+:yfkgsf] k"lh ;/x s/ Jojxf/ ul/G5 . t/ ;+:yfkgdf d'n sDkgL jf
;Da4 JolQmn] C0f nufgL u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] C0fnfO{ d"n sDkgLsf]
;+:yfkgdf ePsf] nufgL ;/x Jojxf/ ul/G5 . t/ To:tf] C0f cfd{ n]Gy
cjwf/0ff cg';f/ cGo t]>f] kIf;+u lnPsf] eP x'g ;Sg];Ddsf] zt{df ePdf
eg] C0f /sdsf] g} Jojxf/ ul/G5 . cfd{ n]Gy cjwf/0ff adf]lhdsf] C0f g}
ePtf klg d"n sDkgLsf] s"n ;DklQ / k"lhsf] cg'kfteGbf sd cg'kftdf
k"lh nufgL u/]sf] eP ;f] C0fnfO{ k"lh ;/x Jojxf/ u/L afsL /sdnfO{ dfq
C0f dflgG5 . t/ Jofhsf ;DaGwdf eg] bkmf !$-@_ adf]lhd x'G5 .
;DklQsf] af+8kmf+8 (Allocation of assets)M ;+:yfkgsf] cfly{s clwsf/df /x]sf
;DklQ (Economic Ownership) jfktsf] vr{x? -x|f;, gf]S;fgL, vr{_
;+:yfkgsf] x'G5 .
vr{sf] af+8kmf+8 (Allocation of expense)M ;+:yfkgsf] sf/f]jf/dfdfq nfu]sf
vr{x? ;+:yfkgsf] vr{ dflgG5 . t/ d'n sDkgLn] u/]sf ck|ToIf vr{x? dWo]
bkmf ## adf]lhd af+8kmf+8 ePsf] xb;Ddsf] vr{ ;+:yfkgsf] vr{ dflgG5 .
cfosf] af+8kmf+8 (Allocation of income)M ;+:yfkgsf] sf/f]jf/af6 ePsf cfox?
;+:yfkgsf] cfo dflgG5 . t/ d'n sDkgLn] ;+:yfkgaf6 k|fKt u/]sf jf ug'{
kg]{ cfox? af+8kmf+8 u/L ;f] xb;Ddsf] cfo ;+:yfkgsf] cfo dflgG5 .
d"No x:tfGt/0f (Transfer Pricing)M d'n sDkgL jf ;Da4 JolQmx?;+u
;+:yfkgaf6 sf/f]jf/ ePsf] -vl/b, x:tfGt/0f jf e'QmfgLx?_ cfd{ n]Gy
cjwf/0ff adf]lhdsf] x'g' kb{5 . cfd{ n]Gydf ePsf sf/f]jf/ ePtf klg d'n
sDkgL;+usf :jtGq sf/f]jf/x?df cGo JolQm;+usf sf/f]jf/x? ;/x
e'QmfgLdf s/ sl6\6 nufotsf s/ Jojxf/ x'G5 .
Ph]G;L ;+:yfkg (Agency PE)M Ph]G;Ldfkm{t sf/f]jf/ u/]sf sf/0f l;h{gf
ePsf] ;+:yfkgdf ;f] Ph]G6sf] cfkm\gf] sf/f]jf/ / ;+:yfkgsf] sf/f]jf/nfO{
5'6\6f5'6\6} JolQm dflgg] 5 . Ph]G6sf] ;+:yfkg dflgg] sf/f]jf/df dfly pNn]v
ePsf ;j} cjwf/0ffx? nfu' x'G5g\ .
Dflysf cjwf/0ffsf cfwf/df ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgsf] Joj;fosf] s/of]Uo cfo
lgwf{/0f ul/G5 / To:tf] s/of]Uo cfodf cg';"lr ! adf]lhdsf] s/sf] b/ nfu'
x'G5 .
P]gsf] bkmf ^* df ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgsf] cfodf nfUg] s/ jf To:tf lgsfon]
ljb]z k7fPsf] cfodf nfUg] s/sf ;DjGwdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf ^* df
ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgx?;Fu ;DjlGwt ljleGg kIfx?sf] ;DjGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
217

^*-!_
bkmf # df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg o; P]gsf cGo
Joj:yfx?sf] cwLgdf /xL u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmsf] g]kfnl:yt s'g} ljb]zL :yfoL
;+:yfkgsf] cfodf nfUg] s/ bflvnf ug{] lhDd]jf/L ;f]xL ;+:yfkgsf] x'g]5 .
P]gsf] bkmf # df cfos/ nufpg] lgDgfg';f/sf] cfwf/ k|:t't ul/Psf]5M
-s_ s'g} cfo jif{df s/of]Uo cfo ePsf] JolSt,
-v_ bkmf ^* sf] pkbkmf -#_ / -$_ adf]lhd s'g} cfo jif{sf] cfo ljb]zdf
k7fpg] u}/afl;Gbf JolStsf] g]kfndf cjl:yt ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkg, /
-u_ s'g} cfo jif{df clGtd ?kdf s/ sL eO{ e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ JolQm .
pk/f]Qm cg';f/ v08 -s_ sf] JolQmsf] cfo g]kfnsf] >f]t ePsf] jf ljb]zdf >f]t
ePsf] jf b'j} b]zdf >f]t ePsf] cfodf s/ nfUb5 eg] v08 -v_ / -u_ sf]
Joj:yfdf g]kfndf >f]t ePsf] cfodf dfq s/ nfUg] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . P]gsf]
bkmf # sf] v08 -s_ cg';f/sf] cfo g]kfndf >f]t ePsf] jf gePsf] h'g lsl;dsf]
ePklg g]kfnsf] jfl;Gbf JolQmn] cfh{g u/]sf] 5 eg] To; cfodf g]kfndf s/ ltg{'
kg{] Joj:yf 5 .
g]kfnsf] s'g} jfl;Gbf JolQmn] ljb]zdf cfh{g u/]sf] cfodf cfo cfh{g u/]sf] b]zdf
;d]t s/ ltg{' kg{] / pQm cfodf g]kfndf klg s/ nfUg] x'Fbf bfxf]/f] s/ nfUg hfg]
cj:yf gxf];\ eGg] p2]Zon] bkmf &! df j}b]lzs s/ ldnfg ug{] ;DjGwdf Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 .
u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmsf] g]kfnl:yt s'g} ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgsf] ;DjGwdf To:tf]
JolQmn] zfvf, sfof{no, ljqmL sIf, Jofkfl/s uf]bfd, lgdf{0f ;fO6 cflbsf]
dfWodaf6 g]kfndf Joj;fo ;+rfng u/]df To:tf] Joj;foaf6 ePsf] cfodf s/
c;"nLsf] nflu JolQmsf] :yfoL ;+:yfkg g} lhDd]jf/ /xG5 . ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgn]
g]kfndf ;+rfng u/]sf] sf/f]jf/sf] xb;Ddsf] cfodf g]kfndf s/ nfUb5 . P]gsf]
o; Joj:yfn] ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgn] g]kfndf u/]sf] sf/f]jf/af6 ePsf] cfosf]
s/ ltg]{ bfloTj ;f]xL ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgdf lglxt ul/Psf] 5 . o; ;DaGwL
k|fjwfg tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 v'nfO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !$=@=$M dfgf}+, :k]gsf] Dare Devil Inc. ;fxl;s sfo{f/f dgf]/~hg
u/fpg] sDkgL /x]5 . pQm sDkgLn] g]kfndf zfvf ;+rfng u/L g]kfnLx? tyf
g]kfndf cfpg] ljb]zL ko{6sx?nfO{ Sky Jump u/fO{ dgf]/~hg pknAw u/fpFb}
cfPsf] /x]5 . cfly{s jif{ @)^$.^% df Dare Devil Inc. sDkgLsf] g]kfnsf]
zfvfn] ?= ! s/f]8 s/of]Uo cfo k|fKt u/]sf] /x]5 . Dare Devil Inc. sDkgL
ljb]zL lgsfo ePsf] / To;n] zfvff/f g]kfndf sfo{ ;+rfng u/]sf]n] pQm
zfvf g]kfnsf] cfos/ P]g cg';f/ ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkg x'G5 . cf=j=@)^$.^%
df ePsf] s/of]Uo cfodf s/ ltg]{ bfloTj :k]g l:yt Dare Devil Inc. sf] geO{
g]kfndf cjl:yt zfvf cyf{t ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgsf] x'G5 . Dare Devil Inc.
sDkgLsf] g]kfnsf] zfvfn] pQm cfodf k|rlnt skf]{/]6 b/ cg';f/ s/ ltg'{
kb{5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm Dare Devil Inc. n] :k]gdf k7fPsf] cfodf ;d]t ljb]z
k7fPsf] cfodf nfUg] s/ bflvnf ug]{ bfloTj ;d]t g]kfn l:yt Dare Devil Inc.
sf] zfvf sfof{no cyf{t ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkg sf] x'G5 .

218

^*-@_
ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgsf] cfojf6 bkmf ^( adf]lhd ;f] ;+:yfkgsf]
:jfldTj ePsf] JolQmsf] cfo 5'6\ofpg' kg]{5 .
P]gn] bkmf ^( df lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfosf] cfodf nfUg] s/ ;DjGwdf Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] ljb]z l:yt s'g} lgsfodf k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf
?kdf lxt /x]sf] / cfkm} jf ;Da4 JolQm ;d"x dfkm{t lgoGq0f sfod u/]sf] /x]5
eg] To:tf] lgsfo lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfo x'G5 . ;f]xL bkmfn] lgolGqt ljb]zL
lgsfosf] s/of]Uo cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;f] lgsfonfO{ jfl;Gbf lgsfo eP ;/x dfgL
cfo u0fgf ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . s'g} ljb]zL lgsfosf] g]kfnl:yt :yfoL
jfl;Gbfn] s/of]Uo sf/f]jf/ u/L cfo k|fKt u/]sf] 5 / pQm ljb]zL lgsfodf g]kfnL
jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] lxt /x]sf] 5 eg] To; cj:yfdf ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgsf] k'/}
cfojf6 g]kfnL jfl;Gbfsf] lxt j/fj/ ;dfg'kflts ?kn] x'g] /sd 56\ofpg' kg]{5 .
pQm Aoa:yf tnsf] pbfx/0fdf v'nfO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !$=@=%M dfgf}+, e"6fgsf] bf;f] sG;\6S;g sDkgL ln=df g]kfndf btf{
ePsf] ltldnf lgdf{0f sDkgL k|f=ln=sf] ^) k|ltzt z]o/ :jfldTj
/x]5 . o; cj:yfdf P]gsf] bkmf ^( sf] Joj:yf cg';f/ bf;f] sG:6S;g sDkgL
ln= lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfo xf] . bf;f] sG;\6S;g sDkgL ln=n] sf7df8f}+sf]
wfkf;Ldf lqms]6 :6]l8od lgdf{0f ug]{ 7]Ssf k|fKt u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm :6]l8od
lgdf{0f u/] jfkt ?= ! s/f]8 Joj;fosf] cfo -dfgf} ;dfj]z x'g] cfo % s/f]8 /
vr{ sl6\6 ?=$ s/f]8_ k|fKt ePsf] /x]5 . bf;f] sG;\6S;g sDkgL ln= lgolGqt
ljb]zL lgsfo ePsf] / ;f] sDkgLsf] :yfoL ;+:yfkg g]kfndf /xsfn] lgoGq0fsf]
cg'kftdf ;f]xL cfo jif{df ltldnf lgdf{0f sDkgLsf] cfodf ;dfj]z x'g] /sd
?=# s/f]8 tyf vr{ sl6\6 ?=@ s/f]8 $) nfv ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . ;f] sDkgLsf]
cfo ?= ! s/f]8df @% k|ltzt s/ lt/L afsL /x]sf] ?= &% nfv dWo] d'n
sDkgL e'6fg k7fpbf ljb]z k7fPsf] cfodf ?= #) nfv dfq ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
^*-#_
u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmsf] g]kfnl:yt ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgn] ljb]z k7fPsf]
cfodf bkmf # sf] v08 -v_ df pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf] :yfoL ;+:yfkg pk/
s/ nfUg]5 .
P]gsf] bkmf # n] s'g} u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgsf] ?kdf g]kfndf
cjl:yt ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgn] ljb]z k7fPsf] cfodf g]kfnl:yt ljb]zL :yfoL
;+:yfkgnfO{ s/ nufpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf ^* sf] pkbkmf -!_ n]
ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgnfO{ Joj;fo ;+rfng jfkt k|fKt cfodf skf]{/]6 s/ nufpg]
Joj:yf 5 . :yfoL ;+:yfkg b]zsf] sDkgL P]g nufot cGo P]gaf6 btf{ gePsf]
x'g] x'Fbf To:tf :yfoL ;+:yfkgn] cfh{g u/]sf] cfo nfef+zsf] ?kdf ljt/0f gx'g] /
ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgsf] k|d'v lgsfo h'g b]zdf 5 ;f]xL b]zdf Joj;foaf6
cflh{t cfo Repatriate x'g] ub{5 . o;/L Repatriate /sddf s/ nufpg] Joj:yf
o; bkmfn] u/]sf] 5 . pQm Aoa:yf tnsf] pbfx/0fdf v'nfO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !$=@=^M dfgf}+, O{6fnLsf] a'Nff]{:sL sG:6S;g sDkgL ;8s lgdf{0f ug]{
sDkgL /x]5 . pQm sDkgLn] g]kfndf ;8s lgdf{0f ug]{ 7]Ssf k|fKt u/]sf] /x]5 .
pQm sDkgLn] cf=j= @)^$.^% df ( dlxgfsf] cjwLdf cfkm"n] k|fKt u/]sf] 7]Ssf
jfktsf] ;8s lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/]sf] /x]5 . ;8s lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{df
pQm sDkgL ( dlxgf ;+nUg /x]sf]n] g]kfnsf] P]g cg';f/ :yfoL ;+:yfkg
219

dflgG5 . ;8s lgdf{0f jfkt pQm sDkgLn] ?= ! s/f]8 s/of]Uo cfo k|fKt u/]sf]
/x]5 . o; cj:yfdf pQm sDkgL ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkg ePsf]n] cfh{g u/]sf] ?=
! s/f]8df @% k|ltztn] x'g cfpg] skf]{/]6 s/sf] ?kdf ?= @% nfv cfos/ ltg'{
kb{5 . ?= @% nfv skf]{/]6 cfos/ lt/]kl5 afFsL /x]sf] /sd ?= &% nfv pQm
sDkgLsf] Head Office df k7fPsf] /sd ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgn] ljb]zdf
k7fPsf] cfo dflgg] / pQm cfodf P]gsf] cg';"rL! sf] bkmf @ sf] pkbkmf -^_
cg';f/ % k|ltztn] s/ e'QmfgL ug'{ kb{5 . :yfoL ;+:yfkgn] s/ lt/sf] ;j} cfo
cfkm\gf] d'n sDkgLdf k7fpbf ljb]z k7fPsf] cfo dflgg] /sddf P]gsf] bkmf #v_ sf] JolQmsf] ?kdf s/ nfUb5 .
ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgn] ljb]z k7fPsf] cfodf ;f]xL ;+:yfkgdf s/ nfUg] x'gfn]
;j} cfo ?= &% nfvdf ljb]z k7fpbf ;f]df nfUg] % k|ltzt s/ ?= # nfv &%
xhf/ s6\6f u/L ?= &! nfv @% xhf/ dfq k7fpg' kb{5 .
^*-$_ u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmsf] g]kfnl:yt ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgn] s'g} cfo jif{df
ljb]z k7fPsf] cfo ;f] ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgn] ;f] jif{df ljt/0f u/]sf]
nfef+z /sd a/fa/ x'g]5 .
s'g} u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQmsf] g]kfnl:yt ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgn] u}/ jfl;Gbf
lgsfonfO{ g]kfnsf] sf/f]jf/af6 ePsf] cfo lab]z k7fPsf] /x]5 eg] o;/L k7fPsf]
cfo (Repatriated Income) df s/ nfUb5 . o;/L ljb]z k7fPsf] cfo (Repatriated
Income) cGo s'g} u}/ jfl;Gbf lgsfosf] g]kfnl:yt ;Dj4 lgsfox?n] e'QmfgL
u/]sf] nfef+z ;/x g} x'G5 . ;Dj4 lgsfox?n] e'QmfgL ug]{ nfef+zdf s/ ltg]{
bfloTj ljb]zl:yt lgsfosf] x'G5 eg] ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgn] ljb]z k7fPsf]
cfodf ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgn] g} s/ ltg'{ kb{5 . ;Dj4 lgsfox?n] e'QmfgL u/]sf]
nfef+zsf] ;|f]t g]kfndf x'g] eGg] bkmf ^& sf] pkbkmf -^_ sf] v08 -s_ n] Joj:yf
adf]lhd nfef+zdf nfUg] s/ P]gsf] bkmf ** sf] pkbkmf -%_ sf] v08 -s_ n]
Joj:yf u/] cg';f/ clu|d s/ sLsf] ?kdf sf x'g] Joj:yf 5 . t/ ljb]z
k7fPsf] cfo (Repatriated Income) sf] ;DjGwdf P]gsf] bkmf # sf] v08 -v_
adf]lhd g} s/ nfUg] / o;/L nfUg] s/sf] b/ cg';"rL! sf] bkmf @ sf] pkbkmf ^_ n] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;/L ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgn] ljb]z k7fPsf] /sdnfO{ ;f]
:yfoL ;+:yfkgn] ;f] jif{df ljt/0f u/]sf] nfef+z /sd j/fj/ g} x'g] Joj:yf P]gn]
u/]sf] 5 . pQm Aoa:yf tnsf] pbfx/0fdf v'nfO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !$=@=&M dfgf}+, ef/tsf] s:d; jLdf sDkgLn] g]kfndf zfvf sfof{no
:yfkgf u/L g]kfndf ;fdfGo jLdf Joj;fo u/L cfPsf] /x]5 . g]kfndf zfvf
sfof{no vf]nL jLdf Joj;fo u/]sf]n] pQm zfvf sfof{no P]g cg';f/ ljb]zL
:yfoL ;+:yfkg x'G5 . pQm sDkgLn] cf=j= @)^$.^% df g]kfndf ;fdfGo jLdf
sf/f]jf/ u/L ?= ! s/f]8 cfo cfh{g u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm zfvfn] g]kfnsf] skf]{/]6
cfos/sf] b/ cg';f/ pQm cfodf ?= #) nfv s/ bfloTj e'Qmfg u/L afFsL
/x]sf] ?= &) nfv dWo] ?= %) nfv ef/t l:yt cfkm\gf] d'Vo sfof{nodf k7fPsf]
/x]5 eg] To;/L k7fOPsf] cfodf (Repatriated Income) df cg';"rL! sf] bkmf
@ sf] pkbkmf -^_ cg';f/ % k|ltztn] x'g] /sd ?= @ nfv %) xhf/ g]kfnsf]
zfvfn] s/ jfkt bflvnf ug'{ kb{5 .

220

!$=#

lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfo (Controlled Foreign Entity)

lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfo eGgfn] s'g} cfo jif{df s'g} afl;Gbf JolQmsf] k|ToIf
?kdf jf Ps jf a9L dWo:y u}/ afl;Gbf lgsfox?sf] dfWodaf6 ck|ToIf ?kdf
lxt /x]sf] s'g} u}/ afl;Gbf lgsfonfO{ hgfpF5 / ;f] JolQm ;f] lgsfo;+u ;Da4
/x]sf] 5 jf ;f] ;Da4 dflgg] JolQm tyf s'g} cGo a9Ldf rf/ afl;Gbf JolQmx? ;f]
lgsfo;+u ;Da4 ePsf] eP To:tf] lgsfonfO{ klg lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfo ;Demg'
k5{ .
pQm :kli6s/0f cg';f/ s'g} lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfo x'g Pp6} jfl;Gbf JolQmn] ;f]df
cfo, k"lh jf dtflwsf/ (Income, Capital or voting right) sf] dfWodjf6 lgoGq0f
u/]sf] 5 jf g]kfnL jfl;Gbfsf] ljb]zl:yt s'g} lgolGqt lgsfo jf cGo lgsfo tyf
g]kfnsf] s'g} lgsfo tyf ;f] lgsfo;+u ;Da4 a9Ldf $ afl;Gbf JolQmn] %)
k|ltzt eGbf a9L :jfldTj lnPsf] 5 eg] To:tf lgsfox? klg lgolGqt ljb]zL
lgsfo x'G5 . g]kfnsf] jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] ljb]z l:yt sDkgL 6i6 jf ;fem]bf/ h;df
%) k|ltzt eGbf j9L :jfldTj jf lxt 5 eg] To:tf lgsfox? lgolGqt ljb]zL
lgsfo x'G5g\ . o; ;DaGwL k|fjwfg tnsf] pbfx/0fx?af6 v'nfO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !$=#=!M dfgf}+, ;u/dfyf sDkgL ln= g]kfnsf] jfl;Gbf sDkgL /x]5 .
pQm sDkgLsf] hfkfgl:yt cGgk"0f{ sDkgL k|f=ln=df &) k|ltzt z]o/ :jfldTj
/x]5 . o; cj:yfdf g]kfnsf] jfl;Gbf ;u/dfyf sDkgL ln=sf] cGgk"0f{ sDkgL
k|f=ln=df k|ToIf ?kdf lxt tyf lgoGq0f /x]sf]n] cGgk"0f{ sDkgL k|f=ln= g]kfnL
jfl;Gbfaf6 lgolGqt ljbzL lgsfo xf] .
pbfx/0f !$=#=@M dfgf}+, sf]zL sDkgL ln= g]kfnsf] jfl;Gbf sDkgL /x]5 . pQm
sDkgLsf] kfls:tfgl:yt cGgk"0f{ sDkgL k|f=ln=sf] d"gfkmfdf efu lng] cu|flws/
z]o/df nufgL u/]sf] /x]5 . cu|flwsf/ z]o/af6 sDkgLsf] &) k|ltzt cfo
sf]zL sDkgLsf] x'g] z]o/ ;Demf}tf /x]5 . o; cj:yfdf g]kfnsf] jfl;Gbf
;u/dfyf sDkgL ln=sf] cGgk"0f{ sDkgL k|f=ln=df k|ToIf ?kdf cfodf lgoGq0f
/x]sf]n] cGgk"0f{ sDkgL k|f=ln= g]kfnL jfl;Gbfaf6 lgolGqt ljbzL lgsfo xf] .
pbfx/0f !$=#=#M dfgf}+, d]rL sDkgL ln= g]kfnsf] jfl;Gbf sDkgL /x]5 . pQm
sDkgLsf] kfls:tfgl:yt sDkgLsf] $) k|ltzt ;fwf/0f z]o/df nufgL u/]sf]
/x]5 . z]o/ wgLsf] ;f] ju{n] & dWo] $ ;+rfns lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/
sDkgLsf] k|jGwkqdf /x]]5 . o; cj:yfdf g]kfnsf] jfl;Gbf ;u/dfyf sDkgL
ln=sf] k|ToIf ?kdf ;+rfng lgoGq0f /x]sf]n] ;f] sDkgL g]kfnL jfl;Gbfaf6
lgolGqt ljbzL lgsfo xf] .
pbfx/0f !#=#=$M dfgf}+, dfly pbfx/0f !$=#=! df pNn]lvt cGgk"0f{ sDkgL
k|f=ln= u}/ jfl;Gbf sDkgL ePklg g]kfnL jfl;Gbf JolQmaf6 lgolGqt sDkgL xf] .
pQm sDkgLsf] hfkfgl:yt s~rgh+3f k|f=ln=df *) k|ltzt z]o/ :jfldTj
/x]5 . cGgk"0f{ sDkgL k|f=ln= g]kfnL jfl;Gbf sDkgLsf] ;Dj4 lgsfo
(Associated Entity) xf] / pQm sDkgLn] s~rgh+3f k|f=ln=dfly *) k|ltzt
z]o/f/f lgoGq0fdf /fv]sf] cj:yfdf s~rgh+3f k|f=ln=df g]kfnL jfl;Gbf sDkgL
;u/dfyf sDkgL ln=sf] cfkm\gf] ;Da4 lgsfo4f/f ck|ToIf ?kdf lgoGq0fdf
/x]sf] x'Fbf pQm sDkgL klg lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfo xf] .

221

s~rgh+3f sDkgLdf g]kfnL jfl;Gbfsf] ;Da4 lgsfo dfkm{t lgoGq0f %^ -&)

sf] *) k|ltzt_ k|ltzt ePsfn] of] lgolGqt afl;Gbf lgsfo ePsf] xf] .
pbfx/0f !$=#=%M dfgf}+, A, B, C, D, E / F g]kfnsf jfl;Gbf JolQmx? x'g .
pgLx?n] hfkfgl:yt ABC sDkgLdf !) k|ltztsf b/n] z]o/ :jfldTj lnPsf
/x]5g\ . A, B, C, D, E / F g]kfnsf jfl;Gbf JolQm ePtf klg ;Dj4 JolQmx?
/x]g5g\ . ltgLx?n] hfkfgl:yt sDkgL ABC df !) k|ltztsf b/n] cyf{t ^)
k|ltzt z]o/ :jfldTjdf /x]sf] ePtfklg $ hgf eGbf a9L AolQmaf6 pQm
sDkgL lgolGqt ePsf] x'+bf ;f] sDkgL g]kfnL jfl;Gbf JolQmx?af6 lgolGqt
ljb]zL lgsfo dflgb}g .
!$=#=@ lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfosf] cfo
s'g} jfl;Gbf JolQmsf nflu cfkm"n] nufgL u/]sf] ljb]zL lgsfo s/ k|of]hgsf nflu
ljb]zL lgolGqt lgsfosf] cj:yfdf k/]df To:tf] ljb]zL lgsfosf] s/ Jojxf/
lgDgfg';f/ x'G5M
;Da4 cfo lgwf{/0f M ;f] ljb]zL lgsfonfO{ cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] k|of]hgsfnflu
g]kfnsf] afl;Gbf lgsfo ;/x dflgG5 . To;}n],
To:tf lgsfo /x]sf d'n'ssf] s/ jif{ jf lgsfosf] cfly{s jif{ h];'s} ePtf
klg g]kfnsf] cfo jif{ cg';f/ cfo ljj/0f tof/ ug'{ kb{5 .
cfos/ P]g, @)%* adf]lhd Joj;fosf] cfo jf nufgLsf] cfo lgwf{/0f ul/G5
o;/L g]kfnsf] cfo jif{sf] cjlwdf cfos/ P]g, @)%* adf]lhd u0fgf u/]sf]
cfonfO{ ;f] lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfosf ;Gbe{df ;Da4 cfo (Attributable
income) elgG5 .
P]gsf] bkmf ^( sf] :kli6s/0fdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ lgDgfg';f/sf] cfonfO{
lgolGqt ;Dj4 cfo eGg] a'lemG5 M
;Da4 cfo eGgfn] s'g} cfo jif{df s'g} lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfosf] s/of]Uo cfo
u0fgf ubf{ ;f] lgsfonfO{ afl;Gbf lgsfo eP ;/x dfgL u0fgf ul/Psf] s/of]Uo
cfo ;Demg' k5{ .
o; k|fjwfgnfO{ v'nfpg] pbfx/0f tn lbO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !$=#=^M dfgf}+, ;u/dfyf ln= g]kfndf btf{ ePsf] /x]5 . hfkfg l:yt
cGgk"0f{ sDkgL k|f=ln= ;u/dfyf ln= lgolGqt lab]zL lgsfo /x]5 . pQm cGgk"0f{
sDkgLn] cfo jif{ @)^&.^* df cfk\mgf] Joj;fojf6 ?= ! s/f]8 Joj;fosf] cfo
k|fKt u/]sf] /x]5 . o; cj:yfdf cGgk"0f{ sDkgL k|f=ln= -ljb]zL lgolGqt lgsfo_
sf] g]kfnL cfo jif{df cfos/ P]g, @)%* adf]lhd u0fgf ul/Psf] s/of]Uo cfo
;f] lgsfosf] ;Dj4 cfo xf] .
g]kfnsf] sDkgL ;u/dfyf ln= sf] ;f] lgsfoaf6 k|fKt cfo ;f] cGgk"0f{ sDkgL
k|f=ln=sf] ;Da4 cfo dWo] sDkgLsf] z]o/sf] ;dfg'kflts ?kn] x'g] /sd x'G5 .
cyf{t cGgk"0f{ sDkgL k|f=ln=sf] ;Da4 cfosf] &) k|ltztn] x'g cfpg] ?= &)
nfv ;u/dfyf sDkgLsf] hfkfg >f]tsf] cfo xf] .

222

P]gn] lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfodf /x]sf] lxt jfktsf] cfosf] u0fgf ug]{ ;DjGwdf
cGo ljb]zL lgsfoaf6 k|fKt cfo eGbf km/s ?kn] u0fgf ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 . s'g} jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] s'g} lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfodf /x]sf] lxt jf z]o/sf]
cfwf/df ;dfg'kflts ?kn] x'g] /sd jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfon] cfk\mgf lxtflwsf/Lx?nfO{ nfef+z ljt/0f gu/]sf]
cj:yfdf ;d]t nfef+z ljt/0f ul/Psf] ;/x dfgL pQm lgsfodf /x]sf] cfk\mgf]
clwsf/sf] cfwf/df x'g cfpg] /sdnfO{ JolQmsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{5 .
lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfodf jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] lg0ff{os clwsf/ x'g] x'bf To:tf
lgsfodf ePsf] cfonfO{ g]kfnsf] cfodf ;dfj]z gu/L s/sf] bfloTj :yug
(Deferred) ug{jf6 lgolGqt ug{ P]gn] o; lsl;dsf] ljz]if Joj:yf u/]sf] xf] . o;
ljifodf P]gsf] bkmf ^(-!_ n] lgDgfg';f/ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
^(-!_ s'g} lgsfon] s'g} cfo jif{sf] cGTodf lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfosf] ?kdf ;f]
lgsfon] ;f] jif{df ePsf] ;Dj4 cfosf] nfef+z ljt/0f u/]df cfgf
lxtflwsf/Lx?nfO{ ;dfg'kftdf b]xfo adf]lhd nfef+z ljt/0f u/]sf] dflgg]5 M
-s_ nfef+z ljt/0f ubf{ ;f] cfodf /xg] ;f] lxtflwsf/Lx?sf] clwsf/
cg';f/, jf
-v_ tL clwsf/x? dgfl;j ?kdf lglZrt gePdf ljefun] kl/l:ylt cg'?k
pko'Qm 7fg]sf] tl/sf cg';f/ .
pk/f]Qm Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 yk k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !$=#=&M dfgf}+, g]kfndf btf{ ePsf] sDkgL ;u/dfyf ln=sf] hfkfg l:yt
cGgk"0f{ sDkgL k|f=ln= k|ToIf ?kn] lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfo /x]5 . To:t}
s~rgh+3f k|f=ln= g]kfnsf] sDkgL ;u/dfyf ln=sf] ck|ToIf ?kdf lgolGqt
ljb]zL lgsfo /x]5 . cfo jif{ @)^&.^* df cfos/ P]g, @)%* cg';f/ u0fgf
ubf{ cGgk"0f{ sDkgLsf] ?= ! s/f]8 cfo /x]sf] 5 . To:t} s~rgh+3f k|f=ln=sf]
klg pQm jif{df ?= ! s/f]8 cfo /x]sf] 5 .
cGgk"0f{ sDkgL tyf s~rgh+3f k|f=ln= ;u/dfyf ln= g]kfnsf] lgolGqt lgsfo
ePsfn] tL lgsfox?sf] cfo jif{ @)^&.^* sf] cfo ;u/dfyf g]kfnsf] ;Dj4
cfo ePsfn] ;u/dfyf g]kfnnfO{ ljb]zL lgolGqt lgsfox?af6 lgDgfg';f/
nfef+z ljt/0f u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
!= cGgk"0f{ sDkgLdf &) k|ltzt z]o/ /x]sf]n] z]o/ :jfldTjsf] ;dfg'kflts
?kdf x'g] ;Dj4 cfo ?= &) nfv .
@= s~rgh+3f k|f=ln=df cGgk"0f{ sDkgLsf] *) k|ltzt z]o/ /x]sf]n] ;u/dfyf
sDkgLsf] k|efjsf/L cg'kft %^ k|ltzt dfq /x]sf]n] ;f]sf] ;dfg'kflts ?kn]
x'g] /sd ?= %^ nfv .
#= g]kfnsf] sDkgL ;u/dfyf ln=sf] k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf ?kdf /x]sf] lgolGqt
ljb]zL lgsfoaf6 cfk\mgf] z]o/ :jfldTjsf] cfwf/df x'g] ;Dj4 cfo cGgk"0f{
sDkgL k|f=ln=sf] &) nfv tyf s~rgh+3f k|f=ln=sf] ?= %^ nfv u/L hDdf
?= ! s/f]8 @^ nfv hfkfgL >f]tsf] cfo x'G5 .
g]kfnsf] sDkgL ;u/dfyf ln=n] cf=j= @)^&.^* sf] cfo ljj/0fdf lgolGqt
223

ljb]zL lgsfoaf6 k|fKt cfosf] ?kdf ?= ! s/f]8 !@ nfv sDkgLsf] cfodf

;dfj]z ug'{k5{ .
lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfosf] ;DjGwdf g]kfnsf] cfos/ P]gn] jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] lxtsf]
cfwf/df ;dfg'kflts ?kn] x'g] /sd cfodf ;dfj]z ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;sf]
nflu u}/ jfl;Gbfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfon] nfef+zsf] ?kdf e'QmfgL
ul//fVg'kg]{ 5}g . lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfon] cfk\mgf] sDkgLsf] cfly{s cj:yf Pj+
cGo Joj;flos cj:yfsf] cWoogsf] cfwf/df nfef+z ljt/0f ug]{ jf gug]{ jf
u/]df slt ug]{ eGg] ljifo :jljj]sLo clwsf/ leq kb{5 . jfl;Gbf JolQmn]
lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfox?sf] ;Da4 cfosf] cfwf/df cfk\mgf] clwsf/ cg';f/ k|fKt
x'g] /sd ;f]xL jif{df g} cfosf] ?kdf ;dfj]z ul/;Sg] x'Fbf kl5 To:tf lgolGqt
ljb]zL lgsfon] nfef+z ljt/0fsf] ;dodf e'QmfgL u/]sf] /sdnfO{ jfl;Gbf JolQmn]
cfk\mgf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ 5}g . P]gsf] bkmf ^(-@_ df o; ;DjGwdf
lgDgfg';f/ Joj:yf 5 .
^(-@_
s'g} cfo jif{sf] cGTodf lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf]
lgsfoaf6 ;f] cfo jif{df pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd afx]s ljt/0f ul/Psf
nfef+zx?df s/ nfUg] 5}g .
pk/f]Qm Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 yk k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !$=#=*M dfgf}+, hfkfgdf btf{ ePsf] cGgk"0f{ sDkgL k|f=ln= df g]kfnsf]
jfl;Gbf sDkgL ;u/dfyf ln=sf] &) k|ltzt z]o/ /x]5 . ;f] sf/0fn] ubf{
cGgk"0f{ sDkgL k|f=ln= lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfo dflgG5 . cGgk"0f{ sDkgL k|f=ln=n]
cfo jif{ @)^&.^* df ePsf] ;Da4 cfo ?= ! s/f]8 dWo] ?= %) nfv cf=j=
@)^*.^( df cfk\mgf lxtflwsf/Lx?nfO{ nfef+z ljt/0f u/]sf] /x]5 . o;
cj:yfdf ;u/dfyf g]kfn cfk\mgf] z]o/ :jfldTjsf] cfwf/df -cGgk"0f{ sDkgL
k|f=ln=df &) k|ltzt z]o/ :jfldTj ePsf]n]_ ljt/0f ul/Psf] nfef+z dWo] ?= #%
nfv k|fKt u/]sf] /x]5 . ;u/dfyf ln=n] cfo jif{ @)^&.^* df g} cfk\mgf] cfo
ljj/0fdf lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfodf /x]sf] cfk\mgf] lxtsf] cfwf/df x'g] /sd
cfodf ;dfj]z u/L s/ bflvnf u/L ;s]sf] x'Fbf cfo jif{ @)^*.^( df lgolGqt
ljb]zL lgsfo cGgk"0f{ sDkgL k|f=ln= af6 nfef+z jfkt k|fKt /sdnfO{ cfodf
;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g .
P]gsf] bkmf ^( adf]lhd lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfodf /x]sf] ;Da4 cfo dWo]
;dfg'kflts ?kn] x'g] /sd jfl;Gbf JolQmn] cfkm\gf] cfodf b]vfpg' kb{5 . t/
ck|ToIf lgoGq0f ePsf lgsfon] ljt/0f u/]sf] nfef+z To;sf] lgoGq0f ug]{
lgsfodf k|fKt eO{ ;f] lgoGq0f ug]{ lgsfosf] ;Da4 cfosf] s/ u0fgf ubf{ ;f]
/sd bf]xf]/f] kg{ hfG5 . of] bf]xf]/f] x6fpg P]gsf] bkmf ^( sf] pkbkmf -#_ df
lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf 5 .
^(-#_
nfef+z ljt/0fsf] ;dodf lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfo;+u ;Da4 /x]sf
lxtflwsf/Lx?nfO{ ;f] lgsfoaf6 pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ljt/0f ul/Psf] dflgg]
nfef+zsf] ;DaGwdf b]xfo adf]lhd ePsf] dflgg]5 M
-s_ ;f] lgsfosf] ;Da4 cfosf] lsl;d / ;|f]t ;/xsf] ljz]iftf ePsf], /

224

-v_ ;f] lgsfosf] ;Da4 cfosf] k|To]s lsl;d / ;|f]t dWo]af6 ;dfg'kflts
?kdf ljt/0f u/]sf] .
dflysf] pbfx/0fdf s~rgh+3f sDkgLsf] ;Da4 cfosf] ;dfg'kfltsn] x'g] /sd -?=
%^ nfv_ s/of]Uodf cfodf ;dfj]z u/L s/ lt/L ;lsPsf] 5 . s~rgh+3f
sDkgLn] nfef+z ljt/0f u/]sf jif{ ;f] sf] lgoGq0f ug]{ csf]{ lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfo
cGgk"0f{ sDkgLdf ?=^) nfv k|fKt x'G5 . cGgk"0f{ sDkgLsf] nfef+z k|fKt ePsf]
jif{sf] ;Da4 cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;f] nfef+z ;dfj]z ug{ kb}{g . h;n] ubf{ bf]xf]/f] s/
gnfUg] lglZrt x'G5 .
lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfosf] ;Dj4 cfodf lxtflwsf/Lx?n] cfk\mgf] :jfldTj jf lxtsf]
clwsf/sf] cfwf/df cfo ePs} jif{df ;dfg'kflts ?kdf cfk\mgf] cfodf ;dfj]z
u/]sf] x'G5 . pkbkmf -!_ n] ljb]zL lgolGqt lgsfosf] lxtflwsf/Lx?n] ;Dj4
cfosf] ;dfg'kflts ?kdf x'g] /sd nfef+z ljt/0f ;/x dfgL cfodf ;dfj]z
u/]sf] x'Fbf o;sf] nflu lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfon] nfef+z ljt/0f jfktsf] e'QmfgL
ul//fVg' kg]{ 5}g . s'g} jif{sf] ;Dj4 cfo lxtflwsf/Ln] ;f]xL cfo jif{df cfk\mgf]
cfo ljj/0fdf cfosf] ?kdf ;dfj]z ul/;s]sf] x'G5 eg] To:tf lgolGqt ljb]zL
lgsfon] ;f] cfo jif{ kl5sf] cfo jif{df nfef+z ljt/0f ub{5 jf csf{lt/ of] jif{sf]
cfodf ljutsf] nfef+z ljt/0f ePsf] klg x'g ;Qm5 . cfo cfh{g u/]sf d'n'sdf
;f] cfojfkt ;f]xL d'n'ssf] s/ sfg"g cg';f/ skf]{/]6 s/ lt/]sf] x'g ;Qm5 /
nfef+z ljt/0f jfkt lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfo cjl:yt /x]sf] b]zsf] cfos/ P]gsf]
Joj:yf cg';f/ nfef+zdf klg s/ nfu]sf] x'g ;Qm5 . o;/L lgsfon] lt/]sf]
skf]{/]6 s/ / skf]{/]6 s/ cfo ubf{sf] jvt ldnfg ug'{ kb{5 . nfef+zdf nfu]sf] s/
j/fj/sf] /sd lxtflwsf/Lsf] nflu lghn] k|fKt u/]sf] dflgg] nfef+zsf] cg'kftdf
5'6 lbg' kg]{ x'G5 . o; ;DjGwL Joj:yf P]gsf] bkmf ^( sf] pkbkmf -$_ / -%_ df
lgDgfg';f/ u/]sf] 5 .
^(-$_
pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd ljt/0f ul/Psf] dflgg] /sdsf ;DaGwdf pkbkmf %_ jf bkmf %@ sf] pkbkmf -%_ adf]lhd bflvnf ul/Psf] dflgg] ;d]t s'g}
lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfoaf6 bflvnf ul/Psf] s'g} s/ ;f] lgsfo;+u ;Da4
lxtflwsf/Lsf nflu 5'6\ofpg' kg]{5 .
^(-%_
jfF8kmfF8sf] ;dodf pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd 5"6\ofOPsf] s/ lxtflwsf/Ln]
bflvnf u/]sf] dflgg]5 / To:tf] s/sf nflu lxtflwsf/Ln] bkmf &! df
Joj:yf ul/Padf]lhd s/ ldnfg ug]{ ;'ljwf kfpg ;Sg]5 .
o; Joj:yfn] lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfosf lgoGqs jfl;Gbfn] lgDgfg';f/sf] s/ sl6\6
;'ljwf k|fKt ub{5g\M
pk/f]Qm Aoj:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 yk k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !$=#=(M dfgf}+, hfkfgdf btf{ ePsf] cGgk"0f{ sDkgL k|f=ln= df g]kfnsf]
jfl;Gbf sDkgL ;u/dfyf ln=sf] &) k|ltzt z]o/ /x]5 . ;f] sf/0fn] ubf{
cGgk"0f{ sDkgL k|f=ln= lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfo dflgG5 . cGgk"0f{ sDkgLn]
;u/dfyf g]kfnnfO{ cf=j=@)^&.^* df ?= #% nfv nfef+z ljt/0f u/]sf] /x]5 .
;f] sDkgLsf] ;Da4 cfo ?= ! s/f]8 ePsf] / ;f] jif{df skf]{/]6 s/ ?=@( nfv
225

lt/]sf] /x]5 . cGgk"0f{ sDkgL k|f=ln= hfkfgl:yt sDkgL ePsf] / hfkfgsf]

cfos/ P]g adf]lhd nfef+z e'QmfgLdf !) k|ltztn] clu|d s/sL ug'{kg]{
Joj:yf /x]5 . o; cj:yfdf cGgk"0f{ sDkgLn] ljt/0f u/]sf] nfef+z jfkt
s/sL ePsf] /sd / skf]{/]6 s/sf] ;dfg'kflts /sd bkmf &! sfnflu s/
ldnfg of]Uo /sd dflgG5 .
lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfosf] ;Dj4 cfodf jfl;Gbf JolQmn] cfk\mgf] clwsf/sf]
;dfg'kflts ?kdf cfk\mgf] cfodf ;dfj]z ul/;s]sf] e'QmfgL k|fKt gePsf] cj:yf
;d]t cfos/ jfktsf] cfo x'G5 . csf{lt/ k|ToIf lgoGq0f ePsf] sDkgLn] ljt/0f
u/]sf] jf:tljs nfef+zdf s/ nfUb}g . gePsf] cfonfO{ cfo dfgL s/ nufOg] /
ePsf] cfodf s/ gnfUg] x'gfn] o:tf sDkgLdf cNksflng s/ km/stf
(Temporary timing difference) kg{ hfG5 . lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfodf x'g] o:tf]
km/stf x6fpg o; P]gsf] bkmf ^( sf] pkbkmf -^_ / -&_ n] lgDgfg';f/ Joa:yf
u/]sf] 5 .
^(-^_
ljt/0fsf] ;dodf pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lxtflwsf/LnfO{ ljt/0f ul/Psf]
dflgg] /sdnfO{ ;f] k|fks lxtflwsf/Lsf] ;f] ljt/0f ug]{ lgsfodf lxtsf]?kdf
/x]sf] s'g} ;DklQ jf bfloTj afktsf] vr{df ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
^(-&_
ljt/0fsf] ;dodf pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd s/ 5"6 kfpg] lxtflwsf/LnfO{
ljt/0f ul/Psf] nfef+znfO+{ k|fks lxtflwsf/Lsf] ;f] ljt/0f ug]{ lgsfodf
lxtsf] ?kdf /x]sf] s'g} ;DklQ jf bfloTj afktsf] cfDbfgLdf ;dfj]z ug'{
kg]{5 .
pk/f]Qm Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 yk k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !$=#=!)M dfgf}+, dflysf] pbfx/0f !$=#=& df pNn]v eP jdf]lhd
g]kfnsf] sDkgL ;u/dfyf ln=sf] k|ToIf ?kdf lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfo cGgk"0f{
sDkgLsf] cfo jif{ @)^&.^* sf] ;Dj4 cfo jfkt bkmf ^( sf] pkbkmf -!_
cg';f/ ?= &) nfv tyf ck|ToIf ?kdf /x]sf] lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfo s~rgh+3f
k|f=ln=sf] ;Dj4 cfo dWo] ;dfg'kflts ?kdf cfodf ;dfj]z ePsf] /sd ?= $@
nfv u/L hDdf /sd ?= ! s/f]8 !@ nfv ;u/dfyf ln=sf] cfodf ;dfj]z ul/g]
5 . o;/L ;dfj]z u/]sf] hDdf /sd ?= ! s/f]8 !@ nfv cGgk"0f{ k|f=ln=df
/x]sf] lxt jfkt ePsf] vr{ (Outgoing) sf] ?kdf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
pbfx/0f !$=#=!!M dfgf}+, dfly pbfx/0f !$=#=& df ;u/dfyf ln=n] cfo jif{
@)^%.^^ df lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfo cGgk"0f{ k|f=ln= jf6 ?= #% nfv nfef+z
jfkt k|fKt u/]sf] /x]5 . ;u/dfyf ln=n] pkbkmf -@_ cg';f/ dfly pNn]lvt eP
cg';f/ k|fKt /sd ?= #% nfvnfO{ ;DjlGwt lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfo /x]sf]
;DklQsf] cfDbfgL (Incoming) sf ?kdf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
^(-*_ o; P]gsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu bflvnf u/]sf] ljb]zL cfos/nfO{ jf pkbkmf
-%_ jf bkmf %@ sf] pkbkmf -%_ adf]lhd s'g} lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfon]
bflvnf u/] ;/x dflgPsf] ljb]zL cfos/nfO{ ;f] lgsfon] o; P]g adf]lhd
bflvnf u/]sf] jf bflvnf u/] ;/x dflgPsf] s/ /sd dflgg]5 .

226

o; P]gsf] k|of]hgsf] lgldQ pkbkmf -%_ cg';f/ bflvnf ePsf] tyf lgsfosf] nflu
lxtflwsf/L jf lgsfo hf] ;'s}n] bflvnf u/]sf] ePtf klg o;/L bflvnf ePsf]
ljb]zL cfos/ lgsfon] bflvnf u/]sf] dflgg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; bkmfsf]
k|of]hgsf] nflu ljb]zL cfos/ eGgfn] lgolGqt ljb]zL lgsfo cjl:yt /x]sf] b]zn]
nufPsf] cfos/ jf e'QmfgL jfkt sf ePsf] clu|d s/nfO{ ;d]t dfGg'kg]{ Joj:Yff
pkbkmf -*_ n] u/]sf] 5 .
!$=$

g]kfndf hn ofqf, xjfO{ oftfoft jf b"/ ;+rf/ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] u}/
afl;GbfnfO{ nfUg] s/M
!$=$=! hn oftfoft tyf xjfO{ oftfoft ;]jf M
s'g} u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQmn] g]kfndf hn ofqf, rf6{/ ;]jf ;+rfng jf xjfO{ oftfoft
(Cross-boarder Transport) ;+rfng u/L k|fKt u/]sf] e'QmfgL g]kfnsf] >f]t x'g] eGg]
P]gsf] bkmf ^& sf] pkbkmf -^_ sf] v08 -5_ n] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . P]gsf] o;
bkmfn] To;/L ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmsf] cfodf ;dfj]z x'g] /sd
;f]df nfUg] s/sf] b/ tyf sf ug{ gkfOg] vr{sf] ;DjGwdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . hn
ofqf, rf6{/ ;]jf, xjfO{ oftfoft ;+rfngf/f cfo cfh{g ug]{ u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQmsf]
;DjGwdf P]gn] ljz]if Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . of] bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu u}/ jfl;Gbf
JolQm nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 M
:ki6Ls/0f M o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu u}/ afl;Gbf JolQm eGgfn] g]kfn jflx/
d'Vo sfof{no /x]sf] ;Da4 lgsfox?sf] ;d"xleq /x]sf] afl;Gbf lgsfo ;Demg'
k5{ .
cyf{t o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQm eGgfn] g]kfn jflx/ d'Vo
sfof{no /x]sf] ;Dj4 lgsfox?sf] ;d"xleqsf] jfl;Gbf lgsfo ;Demg' k5{ eGg]
:ki6 kf/]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df hn ofqf, rf6{/ ;]jf tyf xjfO{ ;]jf ;+rfng ug{
g]kfndf sfof{no :yfkgf jf clwsf/ k|fKt ;]N; Ph]G6x? lgo'Qm u/]sf] 5 eg] klg
o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu g]kfn :yfoL ;+:yfkg gdfgL u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQm g}
dflgg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf &) sf] pkbkmf -!_ df
lgDgfg';f/sf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 M
&)-!_
hn ofqf ;+rfng, rf6{/ ;]jf ;+rfng jf xjfO{ oftfoft ;+rfng ug]{
u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmsf] s'g} cfo jif{sf] s/of]Uo cfodf ;f] jif{df cGt/ rnfg 6fG;l;kd]G6_ af6 k|fKt /sd afx]s b]xfosf sfo{x?af6 k|fKt /sdx?
;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{5 M
-s_ g]kfnaf6 k|:yfg x'g] ofq'x?sf] cf];f/ k;f/, jf
-v_ g]kfnaf6 rnfg ul/Psf] 8fFs, kz'k+IfL jf dfn;fdfgsf] cf];f/ k;f/ .
g]kfnsf] Po/kf]6{nfO{ 6flGh6sf] ?kdf k|of]u u/L tyf Pp6f Po/nfoG;af6 g]kfnsf]
Po/kf]6{;Dd ofqf u/L ;f]xL jf csf]{ Po/nfOG;af6 cfk\mgf] uGtJo :yfgdf k|:yfg
u/]sf] 5 eg] To:tf ofq'x?n] e'QmfgL u/]sf] /sd o; bkmf k|of]hgsf] nflu xjfO{
;]jf ;+rfnsn] cfk\mgf] g]kfn >f]tsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g . To:t} dfn
;fdfgsf] ;Gbe{df klg csf]{ b]zsf] :yfgaf6 g]kfnsf] Po/kf]6{;Dd 9'jfgL u/]sf] /
227

g]kfnaf6 csf]{ uGtJo (Destination) ;Dd 9'jfgL u/]sf] 5 eg] ;f] jfkt k|fKt cfo
;d]t xjfO{ oftfoft ;+rfng ug]{ JolQmsf] g]kfnsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{kb}{g . s'g}
JolQmn] xjfO{ oftfoft ;]jfsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfndf g} z'? k+|:yfg ljGb' eO ofq'x?
cf];f/ k;f/ eP jfkt e'QmfgL u/]sf] xjfO{ oftfoft jfktsf] /sd tyf g]kfnaf6
g} rnfg ePsf] dfn;fdfgsf] cf];f/ k;f/ jfkt k|fKt u/]sf] e'QmfgLsf] /sd dfq
o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu pQm JolQmsf] cfodf ;dfj]z x'g] /sd dflgg]5 .
hnofqf tyf rf6{/ ;]jf ;DjGwdf klg cfodf ;dfj]z x'g] /sd pko'{Qm cg';f/ g}
x'G5 . pk/f]Qm Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !$=$=!M dfgf}+, ;fpbL c/jdf btf{ ePsf] /f]N; Po/j]hn] sf7df8f}+ /
;fpbL c/jsf] l/ofbjLr xjfO{ ;]jf ;+rfng u/]sf] 5 . pQm Po/j]hn] sf7df8f}+df
xjfO{ oftfoftsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ zfvf ;+rfng u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm Po/j]hsf]
>fj0fsf] xjfO{ ;]jf ;+rfng tyf cGo sfo{ jfkt lgDg';f/ cfo ePsf] /x]5 .
!=
@=

sf7df8f}+af6 k|:yfg ug]{ ofq'x? jfkt k|fKt /sd

sf7df8f}+ klxnf] ljGb' e} 9'jfgL ePsf dfn;fdfg
jfkt k|fKt /sd
#= e'6fg tyf Nxf;faf6 sf7df8f}+ 6flGh6 ePsf
ofqfaf6 k|fKt /sd
$= e'6fgaf6 9'jfgL e} sf7df8f}+ Transit eO{ cfPsf]
dfn;fdfgsf] ef8f jfkt k|fKt
%= sf7df8f}+ jLdfg:yndf xjfO{ ofq'x?sf] ;'ljwfsf]
nflu ;+rfng u/]sf] /]i6'/]06af6 k|fKt /sd
^= cGo Po/nfOG;sf] ;]jf ;+rfngdf u|fp08 ;le{;
pknAw u/fP jfkt k|fKt /sd
hDdf cfo
P]gsf] o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu /f]N; Po/j]hsf] >fj0f
/sd lgDgfg';f/ x'G5 .
!= sf7df8f}+af6 k|:yfg ug]{ ofq' cf];f/ k;f/ jfkt
k|fKt cfo
@= sf7df8f}+ klxnf] ljGb' e} 9'jfgL eP jfktsf]
dfn;fdfg jfktsf] /sd
bkmf &)-!_ cg';f/ ;dfj]z x'g] hDdf /sd

?=!,)),)),))).
?=%),)),))).
?=%),)),))).
?=%),)),))).
?=@%,)),))).
?=@%,)),))).
?=#,)),)),))).
dlxgfsf] ;dfj]z x'g]
?=!,)),)),))).
?=%),)),))).
?=!,%),)),))).

dflysf] pbfx/0fdf ;dfa]; x'g] cfonfO{ g} ;f] Po/j]hsf] bkmf &)-!_

k|of]hgsf]nflu s/of]Uo cfo dflgG5 / bkmf &)-#_ adf]lhd To:tf] /sdaf6 tL
/sdx?sf] u0fgf;+u ;DalGwt vr{x? ;f] s/of]Uo cfo u0fgf ubf{ sL ug{ kfOg]
5}g . o;/L u0fgf ul/Psf] s/of]Uo cfodf P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf @ sf] pkbkmf
-&_ adf]lhd kfFr k|ltztsf b/n] s/ nfUg]5 .
dflysf] pbfx/0fdf pNn]lvt e'6fg tyf Nxf;faf6 sf7df8f}+ 6flGh6 ePsf ofq'af6
k|fKt /sd ?= %),)),)))., e'6fgaf6 9'jfgL e} sf7df8f}+ Transit eO{ cfPsf]
228

dfn;fdfgsf] ef8f jfkt k|fKt ?= %),)),))). eg] o; bkmf adf]lhd ;f]

Po/j]hsf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb}{g . To:t}, sf7df8f}+ jLdfg:yndf xjfO{ ofq'x?sf]
;'ljwfsf] nflu ;+rfng u/]sf] /]i6'/]06af6 k|fKt /sd ?= @%,)),))). / cGo
Po/nfOG;sf] ;]jf ;+rfngdf u|fp08 ;le{; pknAw u/fP jfkt k|fKt /sd ?=
@%,)),))). eg] cGo Aoa;fosf] cfo ;/x u0fgf u/L @% k|ltztsf b/n] s/
e'QmfgL ug'{ kb{5 .
!$=$=@ tf/, /]l8of], clK6sn kmfOj/ jf e" pku|x ;+rf/ Joj;fo M
s'g} u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQmn] g]kfndf tf/, /]l8of], clK6sn kmfOj/ jf e"pku|x h:tf
;+rf/sf] dfWodaf6 vj/ jf ;"rgf ;+k|]if0f ug]{ (Cross-boarder data transmission)
Joj;fo ;+rfng u/L g]kfndf :yflkt ;+oGqaf6 ul/Psf], g]kfndf pTklQ ePsf] jf
gePsf] vj/ jf ;"rgfsf] ;+k|]if0faf6 k|fKt u/]sf] e'QmfgL g]kfnsf] >f]t x'g] Joj:yf
P]gsf] bkmf ^& sf] pkbkmf -^_ sf] v08 -h_ n] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . P]gsf] o;
bkmfn] To:tf] Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmsf] cfodf ;dfj]z x'g] /sd
;f]df nfUg] s/sf] b/ tyf sf ug{ gkfOg] vr{sf] ;DjGwdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . of]
bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQm nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 M
:ki6Ls/0f M o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu u}/ afl;Gbf JolQm eGgfn] g]kfn jflx/
d'Vo sfof{no /x]sf] ;Da4 lgsfox?sf] ;d"xleq /x]sf] afl;Gbf lgsfo ;Demg' k5{ .
o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQm eGgfn] g]kfn jflx/ d'Vo sfof{no
/x]sf] ;Dj4 lgsfox?sf] ;d"xleqsf] jfl;Gbf lgsfo ;Demg' k5{ eGg] :ki6 kf/]sf]
5 . o;nfO{ tnsf] pbfx/0fdf cem k|i6 kfl/Psf] 5 M
o; ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf &) sf] pkbkmf -@_ df lgDgfg';f/sf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 M
&)-@_
tf/, /]l8of], clK6sn kmfOj/ jf e"pku|x ;+rf/sf] Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{
u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmsf] s'g} cfo jif{sf] s/of]Uo cfodf g]kfndf :yflkt
;+oGqjf6 ul/Psf] g]kfndf pTklQ ePsf] jf gePsf] vj/ jf ;"rgfsf]
;+k|]if0faf6 k|fKt /sdx? ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
P]gsf] o; Joj:Yff tf/, /]l8of], clK6sn kmfOj/ jf e" pku|x ;+rf/ Joj;fo
;+rfng ug]{ u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] ;DjGwdf ePsf] ljz]if Joj:yf xf] . o:tf]
Joj;fodf ;+nUg JolQmn] g]kfndf pTklt ePsf] jf gePsf] vj/ jf ;"rgfsf]
;Dk|]if0f g]kfndf :yflkt ;+oGqaf6 ePsf] 5 eg] ;f] jfkt k|fKt cfo /sdnfO{
;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . pk/f]Qm Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 k|sfz
kfl/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !$=$=@M dfgf}+, ;'k/ :6f/ l6=le=g]6js{ u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQm /x]5 . pQm
g]6js{n] cfkm'f/f k|zf/0f ul/Psf] ;j} sfo{qmdx? g]kfnsf bz{sx? ;fd' k|zf/0f
x'gsf] nflu sf7df8f}+df Pp6f ;+oGq :yflkt u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm :yflkt ;+oGq
dfkm{t g]kfnsf l6=le= s]j'n ck/]6/nfO{ cfk\mgf] sfo{qmd ;Dk|]if0f ug]{ u/]sf] /x]5
/ o;/L ;Dk|]if0f jfkt l6=le=s]j'n g]6js{af6 lglZrt /sd z'Nssf] ?kdf lng]
u/]sf] /x]5 . ;'k/ :6f/ l6=le= g]6js{n] o;/L l6=le= s]j'n ck/]6/af6 k|fKt /sd
o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ;'k/ :6f/ l6=le= g]6js{n] cfk\mgf] cfodf ;dfj]z
ug'{ kb{5 . dflysf] pbfx/0fdf ;dfa]; x'g] cfo ;'k/ :6f/ l6=le= g]6js{sf] bkmf
229

&)-@_ k|of]hgsf]nflu s/of]Uo cfo dflgG5 / bkmf &)-#_ adf]lhd To:tf]

/sdaf6 tL /sdx?sf] u0fgf;+u ;DalGwt vr{x? s/of]Uo cfo u0fgf ubf{ sL
ug{ kfOg] 5}g . o;/L u0fgf ul/Psf] s/of]Uo cfodf P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf
@ sf] pkbkmf -&_ adf]lhd kfFr k|ltztsf b/n] s/ nfUg]5 .
pbfx/0f !$=$=#M dfgf}+, g]kfndf btf{ ePsf] PrP;lj;L g]kfn a}+s lnld6]8
PrP;lj;L a}ls+u g]6js{ cGtu{tsf] afl;Gbf a}s xf] . ;f] a}+sn] cfkm\gf]
g]6js{sf a}+sx?df ;"rgf k|;f/ ug{] Ps pks/0f PrP;lj;L g]kfn a}+s
lnld6]8sf] sfof{nodf h8fg u/]sf] /x]5 . ;f] pks/0faf6 PrP;lj;L g]6js{sf
;j} a}+sdf ;"rgf k|jfx x'bf] /x]5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;f] pks/0f g]kfndf h8fg
ePsfn] PrP;lj;L ;d"xn] k|fKt ug]{ jf k|fKt u/]sf] dflgg] /sddf bkmf &)-@_
adf]lhd g]kfndf s/ nfUb5 .
!$=$=# nfUg] s/sf] b/M
s'g} u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQmn] g]kfndf hnofqf, rf6{/ ;]jf, xjfO{ oftfoft ;]jf,
;+rfng u/L k|fKt u/]sf] cfo tyf g]kfndf tf/, /]l8of], clK6sn kmfOj/ jf e"
pku|x ;+rf/sf] Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ JolQmx?sf] pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ cg';f/ ;dfj]z
x'g] cfodf nfUg] s/sf] ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf &) sf] pkbkmf -#_ df lgDgfg';f/sf]
Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 M
&)-#_
pkbkmf -!_ jf -@_ adf]lhd s'g} u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmsf] s/of]Uo cfodf
;dfj]z ul/g] /sdx?df cg';"rL! sf] bkmf @ sf] pkbkmf -&_ df tf]lsPsf]
b/n] s/ nfUg]5 . t/,
-s_ ;f] JolQmsf] s'g} jfFsL s/of]Uo cfosf ;DaGwdf bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ s/
u0fgf ubf{ tL /sdx?nfO{ u0fgf ug'{ kg]{ 5}g,
-v_ tL /sdx?sf] u0fgf;+u ;DalGwt vr{x? ;f] jfFsL s/of]Uo cfo u0fgf
ubf{ sL ug{ kfOg] 5}g, /
-u_ tL /sdx?sf ;DaGwdf o; bkmf adf]lhd ;f] JolQmaf6 bflvnf ug'{ kg]{
s/ /sdaf6 ;f] JolQmn] s'g} klg s/ ldnfg ug]{ ;'ljwf kfpg] 5}g .
s'g} u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQmn] g]kfndf hnofqf, rf6{/ ;]jf, xjfO{ oftfoft ;]jf, ;+rfng
u/L k|fKt u/]sf] cfo tyf g]kfndf tf/, /]l8of], clK6sn kmfOj/ jf e" pku|x
;+rf/sf] Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ JolQmx?sf] pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ cg';f/ ;dfj]z x'g]
cfodf 5'} b/n] s/ nfUg] Joj:yf P]gn] u/]sf] 5 . pkbkmf -!_ tyf -@_ cg';f/
cfo x'g] JolQmsf] cfodf P]gsf] cg';"rL! sf] bkmf @ sf] pkbkmf -&_ cg';f/ %
k|ltztn] s/ nfUg] 5 . hnofqf ;]jf, xjfO{ oftfoft, tf/, /]l8of], clK6sn kmfOj/
jf e" pku|x ;+rf/sf] Joj;fo u/] jfkt k|fKt jf cfodf ;f] ;+u ;DalGwt vr{x?
To:tf] s/of]Uo cfo u0fgf ubf{ sL ug{ gkfOg] x'gfn] s'n cfog} s/of]Uo cfo x'+bf
;f] /sddf g} s/ nfUb5 . o:tf] JolQmsf] pkbkmf -!_ jf -@_ cg';f/ ;dfj]z x'g]
cfosf] cltl/Qm cGo cfo 5 eg] To:tf] cltl/Qm cfo pQm JolQmsf] pkbkmf -!_
jf -@_ adf]lhdsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g / To:tf] cfo cGo ;fdfGo
Joj;fo ;/x g} u0fgf ul/g' kb{5 . To:t} pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ sf] cltl/Qm cfo
;d]t /x]sf] cj:yfdf pkbkmf -!_ tyf -@_ sf] cfo k|fKt ug{ ePsf] s'g} klg
lsl;dsf] vr{x? cGo cfo u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu sf ug{ kfOb}g . To:t} o;
230

bkmf jdf]lhd ;f] JolQmaf6 bflvnf ug'{kg]{ s/ /sdx?df ;f] JolQmn] s'g}klg s/
ldnfg ug]{ ;'ljwf kfpg] 5}g . pk/f]Qm Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6
k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !$=$=$M dfgf}+, /f]N; Po/j]hn] sf7df8f}+ / ;fpbL c/jsf] l/ofbjLr xjfO{
;]jf ;+rfng u/]sf] 5 . pQm Po/j]hn] sf7df8f}+df xjfO{ oftfoftsf] Joj:yfkg
ug{ zfvf ;+rfng u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm Po/j]hsf] >fj0fsf] xjfO{ ;]jf ;+rfng tyf
cGo sfo{ jfkt lgDgfg';f/ cfo ePsf] /x]5 .
!=
@=
#=
$=
%=
^=

sf7df8f}+af6 k|:yfg ug]{ ofq'x? jfkt k|fKt /sd

sf7df8f}+ klxnf] ljGb' e} 9'jfgL ePsf dfn;fdfg
jfkt k|fKt /sd
e'6fg tyf Nxf;faf6 sf7df8f}+ 6flGh6 ePsf
ofqfaf6 k|fKt /sd
e'6fgaf6 9'jfgL e} sf7df8f}+df cfPsf] /
sf7df8f}+af6 9'jfgL ePsf] dfn;fdfgsf] ef8f jfkt
k|fKt
sf7df8f}+ jLdfg:yndf xjfO{ ofq'x?sf] ;'ljwfsf]
nflu ;+rfng u/]sf] /]i6'/]06af6 k|fKt /sd
cGo Po/nfOG;sf] ;]jf ;+rfngdf u|fp08 ;le{;
pknAw u/fP jfkt k|fKt /sd
hDdf cfo

?=!,)),)),))).
?=%),)),))).
?=%),)),))).
?=%),)),))).
?=@%,)),))).
?=@%,)),))).
?=#,)),)),))).

/f]N; Po/j]hsf] pk/f]Qm cg';f/ cfo k|fKt ug{ lgDgfg';f/ vr{ ePsf] /x]5 .
&=
*=
(=
!)=
!!=
!@=

xjfO{ l6s6 jfktsf] vr{

?=%),)),))).
rfns bnsf] xf]6n tyf vfgf vr{
?=%),)),))).
u|fp08 ;]jf ;+rfngdf ePsf vr{
?=#),)),))).
/]i6'/]06 ;+rfng jfkt vr{
?=@),)),))).
e'6fg Nxf;faf6 cfPsf ofq' jfktsf] vr{
?=%),)),))).
e'6fgaf6 9'jfgL e} cfPsf] dfn;fdfgsf]
k'gM9'jfgLdf ePsf] vr{
?=%),)),))).
hDdf vr{
?=@,%),)),))).
gf]6 M /f]N; Po/j]hsf] pQm cf=a= df cfk\mgf] !)) j6f p8fg tyf cGo
Po/nfOG;sf] !)) u/L hDdf @)) j6f p8fgsf] u|fp08 Joj:yfkg (Ground
Handling) u/]sf] /x]5 .
dfly pbfx/0fdf pNn]lvt cfo tyf cfo k|fKt ug{ ePsf vr{sf] ;DjGwdf bkmf
&) sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] ;dfj]z x'g] cfo tyf cGo cfo /
sf ug{ kfpg] vr{ lgDgfg';f/ x'G5 .

231

!=

bkmf &) sf] k|of]hgsf] lgldQ /f]N; Po/j]hsf] >fj0f dlxgfsf] -!_ / -@_
cg';f/ cfo ?= !,%),)),))). dfq x'G5 . pQm cfodf cg';"rL! sf] bkmf
@ sf] pkbkmf -&_ cg';f/ % k|ltztsf b/n] ?= &,%),))). s/ nfUb5 .
@= -#_ / -$_ cg';f/ ePsf] cfo ?= !,)),)),))). g]kfnsf] cfo gePsf]n]
pQm cfodf cfos/ P]g, @)%* cg';f/ s/ nfUb}g .
#= -%_ tyf -^_ cg';f/ /f]N; Po/j]hsf] cfo bkmf &) cg';f/sf] cfo gePsf]n]
;fdfGo Joj;fosf] cfo u0fgf u/L x'g cfpg] s/of]Uo cfodf lgsfonfO{ nfu"
x'g] b/n] s/ nfUb5 .
$= -%_ tyf -^_ cg';f/ /f]N; Po/j]hsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ pQm cfo k|fKt ug{
ePsf] vr{ sf ug{ kfpF5 .
%= vr{ tkm{ -&_, -*_ tyf -(_ dWo] cfk\mg} xjfO{ ;]jfsf] u|fp08 x\of08lndf
ePsf] vr{ bkmf &) sf] k|of]hgsf] lgldQ ePsf] vr{ ePtfklg bkmf &)
jdf]lhdsf] cfoaf6 ;f] cfo jfkt vr{ sf ug{ gkfpg] .
^= vr{tkm{sf] -!!_ tyf -!@_ sf] vr{ g]kfndf cfos/ ltg'{ gkg]{ cfosf] nflu
ePsf] vr{ ePsf]n] vr{ sf ug{ gkfOg] .
&= cfotkm{sf] -%_ tyf -^_ cg';f/ cfo k|fKt ug{ nfu]sf] vr{ u|fp08 ;]jf
;+rfngdf ePsf vr{ dWo] cfwf vr{ /sd ?= !%,)),))).tyf /]i6'/]06
;+rfng jfkt ePsf] vr{ sf] ?= @),)),))).u/L ?= #%,)),))).sf ug{
kfpF5 .
*= cfotkm{sf] -%_ tyf -^_ adf]lhdsf] cfo ?= %),)),))).df a'Fbf g+= &
cg';f/sf] vr{ ?= #%,)),))). sf u/L cfpg] ?= !%,)),))). df skf]{/]6
s/sf] ?kdf @% k|ltztsf b/n] s/ nfUb5 .
pbfx/0f !$=$=%M dfgf}+, dn]l;ofdf btf{ ePsf] cNkmf Po/j]hn] g]kfndf p8fg
;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ u/]sf] /x]g5 t/ ljlqm Ph]06 dfkm{t pQm Po/j]hn] pQm
cfojif{df a}+ssaf6 cGo d'n's hfg] ofq'nfO{ ?= % s/f]8 a/fa/sf] l6s6 lalqm
Pa+ ;]jf pknAw u/fPsf] /x]5 . o; ca:yfdf P]gsf] bkmf &) Pj+ cg';"rL !
sf] bkmf @ sf] pkbkmf -&_ adf]lhd a}+ssaf6 k|:yfg x'g] ofq'nfO{ ;]jf k'ofP
afkt cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf @ sf] pkbkmf -&_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+z adf]lhd
?= % s/f]8sf] @ n] x'g] ?= !) nfv s/ nfUb5 .

!$=% a}b]lzs s/ ldnfg (Foreign Tax Credit)

!$=%=! a}bl] zs s/ ldnfg ug{ ;lsg] Aoj:yf
P]gdf g]kfnsf] jfl;Gbf JolQmn] ;+;f/ e/L hxfF cfo cfh{g u/] klg ;f] cfonfO{
g]kfnsf] cfodf ;dfj]z u/L cfos/ ltg'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf]5 . s'g} jfl;Gbf JolQmn]
g]kfn jflx/ Joj;fo, /f]huf/L, nufgL jf cfsl:ds nfejf6 cfo cfh{g u/]sf] 5
eg] To;/L cfo cfh{g u/]sf] b]zdf To; b]zsf] cfo s/ P]g cg';f/ s/ lt/sf] x'g
;S5 . jfl;Gbf JolQmn] hxf+ ;'s} cfh{g u/]sf] cfo ePtf klg g]kfnsf] cfodf
;dfj]z u/L s/ ltg'{kg]{ x'bf / g]kfn jflx/ cfh{g u/]sf] cfodf ToxL b]zdf s/
lt/L;s]sf] x'Fbf bf]xf]/f] s/ nfUg] cj:yf l;h{gf x'G5 . o;/L s'g} jfl;Gbf JolQmsf]
j}b]lzs cfo 5 / To; cfodf ljb]zdf ;d]t s/ lt/sf] 5 eg] Pp6} cfodf bf]xf]/f]

232

s/ gnfuf]; eGg] p2]Zon] P]gsf] bkmf &! n] j}b]lzs s/ ldnfg ug{ kfpg] ;'ljwf
lbPsf] 5 .
&!-!_
s'g} afl;Gbf JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df bflvnf u/]sf] s'g} ljb]zL cfo s/
;f] JolQmsf] lgwf{/0fof]Uo ljb]zL cfo afkt bflvnf ul/Psf] s/sf] xb;Dd ;f]
cfo jif{df ;f] ljb]zL cfos/ afkt s/ ldnfgsf] bfaL ug{ ;Sg]5 .
P]gsf] pko'{Qm Joj:yfn] jfl;Gbf JolQmn] lghsf] lgwf{/0fof]Uo ljb]zL cfo jfkt
bflvnf u/]sf] s/sf] xb;Dd s/ ldnfg bfjL ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;/L
j}b]lzs s/ ldnfg ug{ pQm JolQmn] ljb]zdf s/ bflvnf u/]sf] x'g' k5{ . pQm
Aoj:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 yk k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !$=%=!M dfgf}+, ;'>L /fd]Zj/L zdf{ g]kfndf /f]huf/L u/L cfo cfh{g ug]{
JolQm /lxl5g\ . lgh g]kfnsf] z'e nIdL a}+sdf cf=j= @)^%.^^ df sfo{/t /x]sL
/lxl5g\ . pgn] @)^% df3 b]lv r}q;Dd cfkm' sfo{/t a}+sdf tLg dlxgfsf]
nflu ljbf lnO{ dn]lzofsf] d] a}+sdf sfd u/]sL /lxl5g\ . pQm a}+sdf sfd u/]
jfkt # dlxgfsf] ?= # nfv cfo cfh{g u/]sL /lxl5g\ . pgn] cfh{g u/]sf] ?= #
nfvdf dn]lzofsf] cfos/ P]g cg';f/ ?= ^) xhf/ cfos/ jfkt s/ bflvnf
u/]sL /x]l5g\ . o; cj:yfdf ;'>L /fd]Zj/L zdf{n] dn]lzofdf cfh{g u/]sf] ?= #
nfv cfo ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L u0fgf ul/Psf] lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfosf cfwf/df
g]kfndf k]; ul/Psf] cfkm\gf] cfo ljj/0f cg';f/ nfUg] s/ bflvnf ubf{
dn]lzofdf bflvnf u/]sf] s/ P]gsf] bkmf &! cGtu{t /xL ldnfgsf] nflu bfjL
ug{ kfpl5g\ .
!$=%=@ a}b]lzs s/ ldnfg ug]{ k|s[of
a}b]lzs s/ ldnfg ug]{ k|s[ofsf ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf &! sf] pkbkmf -@_, -#_ tyf
-$_ df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf ul/Psf] 5 M
&!-@_
pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd bfaL ul/Psf] ljb]zL s/ ldnfgsf] u0fgf ubf{ b]xfo
adf]lhd ug'{ kg]{5 M
-s_ k|To]s b]zsf] ;|f]tsf] lgwf{/0fof]Uo ljb]zL cfosf nflu 5"f5"} u0fgf ug'{
kg]{5, /
-v_ k|To]s u0fgfsf ;DaGwdf ;f] jif{df pQm JolQmsf] g]kfnsf] s/sf] cf};t
b/eGbf lgwf{/0fof]Uo ljb]zL cfosf xsdf a9L s/sf] b/n] ;f] ljb]zL
s/ ldnfgsf] bfaL ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
g]kfnsf] jfl;Gbf JolQmn] ljb]zdf cfh{g u/]sf] cfodf e'QmfgL u/]sf] ljb]zL s/sf]
ldnfg ubf{ jf ldnfg ug{ bfjL ubf{ g]kfnsf] s/sf] cf};t b/ eGbf j9L e'QmfgL
u/]sf] 5 eg] g]kfnsf] cf};t s/sf] b/ eGbf j9L /sd ldnfgsf] nflu bfjL ug{
gkfpg] Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cfos/ P]gn] u/]sf] 5 . s'g} JolQmn] ljb]zdf cfo cfh{g
u/]sf] 5 / ;f] cfodf s/ bflvnf u/]sf] 5 eg] g]kfndf pQm cfo ;dfj]z u/L @%
k|ltzt s/ bflvnf ubf{ bf]xf]/f] s/sf] bfloTj kg]{ x'bf ;f]af6 pGd'ltm lbg ljb]zdf
bflvnf u/]sf] s/ g]kfndf ltg'{kg]{ s/df ldnfg ug{ kfpg] (Credit) ;'ljwf k|bfg
u/]tfklg g]kfndf ltg'{kg]{ s/ eGbf j9L lt/]sf] 5 eg] To;/L lt/]sf] ;Dk"0f{ s/sf]
/sd ldnfg ug{ gkfpg] u/L lgoGq0f u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] nflu P]gdf g]kfnsf] s/

233

cf}ift b/ eGbf j9L gx'g] egL pNn]v u/]sf] / P]gdf g} g]kfnsf] s/sf] cf}ift b/sf]
kl/efiff u/]sf] 5 .
sltko jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] j}b]zLs cfo Ps eGbf j9L b]zdf ePsf] x'g ;S5 . s'g}
JolQmsf] Ps eGbf j9L b]zdf j}b]lzs cfo 5 / tL b]zx?df s/ lt/]sf] 5 eg]
To;/L cfo jfkt tL b]zx?df lt/]sf] j}b]lzs s/ ldnfg ubf{ cfo ePsf] b]z
cg';f/ 5'6[f 5'6[} ?kdf j}b]lzs s/ ldnfg ug{ bfjL ug'{ kg]{5 . ljleGg b]zx?df
ePsf cfo tyf tL b]zx?df bflvnf u/]sf] j}b]lzs s/ Psd'i6 ?kdf ldnfgsf]
nflu bfjL ug{ kfOb}g . o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu lgwf{/0fof]Uo ljb]zL cfo
tyf g]kfnsf] s/sf] cf}ift b/ nfO{ bkmf &! sf] :kli6s/0fsf] v08 -s_ / -v_
df lgDgfg';f/ :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 M
:ki6Ls/0f M
-s_ lgwf{/0fof]Uo ljb]zL cfo eGgfn] s'g} cfo jif{df s'g} afl;Gbf JolQmsf]
;f] jif{df s'g} /f]huf/L, Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 ePsf] ;f] JolQmsf]
lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfodf ;dfj]z ul/g] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] cfo ;Demg' k5{ M
-!_ ljb]zL ;|f]taf6 ePsf] cfo, jf
-@_ h'g;'s} ;|f]tsf] eP tfklg bkmf ^( cGtu{t ;f] afl;Gbf JolQmnfO{
ljt/0f ul/Psf] dflgg] u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmsf] cfo .
-v_ g]kfnsf] s/sf] cf};t b/ eGgfn] s'g} cfo jif{df s'g} ljb]zL s/
ldnfg ug'{ cufj} sf] bkmf # sf] v08 -s_ df plNnlvt JolQmn] ;f]
jif{df bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ s/sf] /sdnfO{ ;f] JolQmsf] ;f] cfojif{sf]
s/of]Uo cfon] efu u/L x'g cfpg] /sdnfO{ Ps;on] u'0fg ubf{ x'g
cfpg] b/ ;Dg' k5{ .
g]kfnsf] s/sf] cf};t b/nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ a'em\g ;lsG5 M
lab]zL s/ ldnfg c3L
hDdf nfUg] s/
s/sf] cf}ift b/
X !))
s/of]Uo cfo
pk/f]Qm Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 yk k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !$=%=@M dfly pbfx/0f !$=%=! df pNn]lvt ;'>L /fd]Zj/L zdf{n] g]kfnsf]
z'e nIdL a}+saf6 cf=j= @)^%.^^ df ?= ^ nfv kfl/>lds k|fKt u/]sL /lxl5g\ . ;f]
dWo] lgh sfo{/t z'e nIdL a}+sn] ?= ! nfv %) xhf/ :jLs[t casfz sf]ifdf
bflvnf ul/lbPsf] /x]5 . pgn] @)^% df3 b]lv r}q;Dd cfkm' sfo{/t a}+sdf tLg
dlxgfsf] nflu ljbf lnO{ dn]lzofsf] d] a}+sdf sfd u/]sL /lxl5g\ . pQm a}+sdf sfd
u/] jfkt # dlxgfsf] ?= # nfv cfo cfh{g u/]sL /lxl5g\ . pgn] cfh{g u/]sf] ?= #
nfvdf dn]lzofsf] cfos/ P]g cg';f/ ?= ^) xhf/ cfos/ jfkt s/ bflvnf u/]sL
/x]l5g\ . o; cj:yfdf ;'>L /fd]Zj/L zdf{n] cfkm\gf] cfo ljj/0f cg';f/ nfUg] s/
bflvnf ubf{ dn]lzofdf bflvnf u/]sf] s/ ldnfgsf] nflu bfjL ug{ kfpg] /sd
lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 M

234

lja/0f
g]kfnsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfo
dn]lzofsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfo

/sd ?=

600,000.00

300,000.00

lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo -s_

36fpg]M
l:js[t casf; of]ubfg -v_
af:tlas of]ubfg
lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfosf] Ps ltxfO{
clwstd l;df
rGbf vr{ -u_
s/of]Uo cfo -svu_

900,000.00

(150,000.00)

150,000.00

300,000.00

300,000.00

0.00
750,000.00

s/sf] u0fgf

?= !,!%,))) ;Dd
gnfUg]
12,750.00
?= *%,))) df !% n]
1,37,500.00
afFsL ?= %,%),))) df @% n]
1,50,250.00
hDdf
Go"gM dlxnfnfO{ 5'6 -cg'=!-!_-!!_ adf]lhd
15,025.00
s/ /sdsf] !) n]
0.00
cf}ifwf]krf/ s/ ldnfg
135,225.00
lab]zL s/ ldnfg c3L hDdf nfUg] s/
54,090.00
Go"gM a}b]lzs s/ ldnfg
hDdf s/ bfloTj

a}b]lzs s/ ldnfgsf] u0fgf

lab]zL s/ ldnfg c3L hDdf nfUg] s/
s/sf] cf}ift b/
s/of]Uo cfo
=

81,135.00

!))

18.03%

300,000.00
lab]zsf] cfo
=
60,000.00
lab]zdf lt/]sf] s/
=
54,090.00
bfaL of]Uo s/ -!*=)# n]_
=
;'>L /fd]Zj/L zdf{sf] dn]lzofdf /f]huf/L jfkt cflh{t cfodf ?= ^),))). s/
sf ePsf] /x]5 . pgsf] cf=j= @)^%.^^ sf] s/of]Uo cfodf nfUg] g]kfnsf] s/sf]
cf}ift b/ !*=)# k|ltztn] dn]lzofdf /f]huf/Lsf] lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo ?= # nfvsf]
x'g] s/ /sd ?= %$,)(). ;Dd a}b]lzs s/ ldnfg bfjL ug{ kfpg] ePsf]n] pgn]
?= ^),))). j}b]lzs s/ bflvnf u/]tf klg ?= %$,)(). dfq j}b]lzs s/sf] ?kdf
ldnfg ug{ kfpFl5g\ .

235

&!-#_ pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -v_ df Joj:yf ul/Psf] ;Ldfsf] sf/0fn] pkbkmf -!_
adf]lhd ljb]zL s/ ldnfg ug{ kfpg] ;'ljwf k|bfg gul/g] s'g} JolQmsf]
lgwf{/0fof]Uo ljb]zL cfosf ;DaGwdf bflvnf u/]sf] s'g} ljb]zL cfos/nfO{
b]xfo adf]lhd ug{ kfOg]5 M
-s_ cfufdL jif{df ;fg{ ;lsg], /
-v_ o:tf] ljb]zL cfo ePsf] b]zdf ;|f]t /x]sf] ;f] JolQmsf] efjL cfojif{sf]
lgwf{/0fof]Uo ljb]zL cfosf ;DaGwdf bflvnf u/]sf] dflgg] .
s'g} jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] Joj;fo, /f]huf/L jf nufgL cfo g]kfn jflx/ cfh{g u/]sf]
/x]5 / jflx/ cfo cfh{g u/]sf] b]zdf To; b]zsf] cfos/ P]g cg';f/ bflvnf
ePsf] s/ j}b]lzs s/ ldnfgsf] ?kdf g]kfndf ltg'{kg]{ cfos/df ldnfg ug{ kfpg]
Joj:yf /x]sf] ePtfklg To:tf] s/ ldnfg g]kfnsf] s/sf] cf}ift b/ eGbf j9L
bflvnf ePsf] sf/0fjf6 bflvnf u/]sf] /sd dWo] cf+lzs ?kdf ldnfg x'g g;Sg]
x'G5 . s'g} JolQmsf] j}b]lzs s/ bflvnf u/]sf] cfo jif{df ldnfg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g
eg] ldnfg x'g g;s]sf] xb;Ddsf] j}blzs s/ ldnfg cfufdL jif{ ;fg{ ;Sg]
Joj:yf P]gn] u/]sf] 5 . To;/L ldnfg x'g g;s]sf] s/ /sd h'g b]zdf lt/]sf] s/
ldnfg x'g g;s]sf] xf] ;f]xL b]zsf] >f]tsf] ?kdf cfufdL cfo jif{sf] lgwf{/0fof]Uo
ljb]zL cfosf] ;DjGwdf bflvnf u/]sf] dflgg]5 . pk/f]Qm Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf
tnsf] pbfx/0fx?af6 yk k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !$=%=#M dfgf}+, pbfx/0f !$=^=@ pNn]lvt ;'>L /fd]Zj/L zdf{sf] cf=a=
@)^%.^^ df lab]zdf ePsf] cfodf e'Qmfg ul/Psf] a}b]lzs s/ ?= ^) xhf/
cf=a= @)^%.^^ sf] cfos/ bfloTj af6 ;dfof]hg x'g afFls ?= %,(!). cfufdL
aif{sf] a}b]lzs cfo -dn]lzofsf] cfo_ df nfUg] s/;+u ;dfof]hg ug]{ u/L ;fg{
;Sg]l5g\ .
pbfx/0f !$=%=$M dfgf}+, ;Gtf]if x:tsnf O06/k|fOh]hn] x:tsnf ;fdfg pTkfbg
u/L ljqmL ug]{ Joj;fo ub{5 . pQm O06/k|fOh]hn] cfkm\gf] ;fdfg ljqmL ug{
sf7df08f}+sf] cltl/Qm ef/tsf] snsQf tyf stf/sf] bf]xfdf ljqmL sIf /fv]sf] 5 .
cf=j= @)^^.^& df pQm O06/k|fOh]hsf] g]kfn tyf ljb]zdf /x]sf] ljlqm sIfsf]
lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfo lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 .
sf7df8f}+ ljqmL sIf
%,)),))).
snsQfsf] ljqmL sIf
!),)),))).
stf/sf] ljqmL sIf
%,)),))).
pk/f]Qm ljqmL sIfdf ePsf] lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfodf ;Gtf]if x:tsnf O06/k|fOh]hn]
lgDgfg';f/ j}b]lzs s/ bflvnf u/]sf] 5 .
-!_ snsQf ljqmL sIfsf] !),)),))). lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfodf #) k|tlztsf b/n]
?= #,)),))).
-@_ stf/sf] bf]xfsf] ljqmL sIfsf] ?= %,)),))). lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfodf !%
k|ltztsf b/n] ? &%,))).
obL ;Gtf]if x:tsnf O06/k|fOh]h k|fs[lts AolQm eP / lghn] ;f] cf=a= df bDklQ
5gf}6 u/]sf] eP lghn] cf=j= @)^%.^^ df g]kfndf ePsf] Joj;fo tyf ljb]zdf
ePsf] cfo jfkt lgDgfg';f/ s/ ltg'{kg]{ x'G5 .

236

lja/0f
sf7df8f}+ ljqmL sIf
snsQf -ef/t_ sf] ljqmL sIf
bf]xf -stf/_ sf] ljqmL sIf

/sd ?=

500,000.00

1,000,000.00

500,000.00

lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo -s_

5'6 /sdx?M
5'6 kfpg] casf; of]ubfg -v_
rGbf vr{ -u_
s/of]Uo cfo -s-v-u_

2,000,000.00

2,000,000.00

s/sf] u0fgf
?= @,)),))) ;Dd
?= !,)),))) df !% n]
afFsL ?= !&,)),))) df @% n]
hDdf s/
Go"gM a}b]lzs s/ ldnfg
ef/tsf]
stf/sf]
hDdf s/ bfloTj
s/ ldnfg kfpg] /sd u0fgf
s/of]Uo cfo
j}b]lzs s/ ldnfg cl3sf]] s/
a}b]lzs s/ ldnfgsf] u0fgf

gnfUg]

15,000.00

425,000.00

440,000.00

s/sf] cf}ift b/
=

d'n's
lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfo
cf}ift b/ -@@=))_ n] x'g] /sd
;f] d'n'sdf lt/]sf] s/
-ljutsf] afsL ;d]t\_
bfaL of]Uo s/
cfufdL aif{ bfaL ug{ ;lsg] /sd

(220,000.00)

(75,000.00)

145,000.00

2,000,000.00
440,000.00

lab]zL s/ ldnfg c3L

hDdf nfUg] s/
s/of]Uo cfo

!))

22.00%

ef/t

stf/

1,000,000

500,000

220,000

110,000

300,000
220,000

75,000

75,000

80,000

237

;Gtf]if x:tfsnf O06/k|fOh]hsf] ljb]zsf] ;d]t hDdf lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfo

@),)),))). ePsf] / ;f] jfkt lghsf] s/ bfloTj ?= $,$),))) ePsf]n]
g]kfnsf] s/ cf}ift b/ @@=)) k|ltzt x'G5 . pQm O06k|fOh]hn] stf/sf] bf]xfsf]
ljqmL sIfdf ePsf] cfo jfkt stf/df !% k|ltztsf b/n] ?=&%,))). j}b]lzs
s/sf] ?kdf bflvnf u/]sf]df g]kfndf ltg'{kg]{ s/ bfloTj ldnfg bfjL u/]sf]df
stf/df lt/]sf] s/ g]kfnsf] s/sf] cf}ift b/n] u0fgf ubf{ x'g] /sd eGbf sd
ePsf]n] pQm j}b]lzs s/ ;a} ldnfg ug{ kfp+5 . To:t}, ef/tsf] snsQf ljqmL
sIfdf ePsf] lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfodf ?= #,)),))). s/ bflvnf u/]sf] 5 . pQm
cfj= @)^^.^& df pQm O06/k|fO{h]hsf] g]kfndf ltg'{kg]{ g]kfnsf] s/sf] cf}ift b/
@@=)) k|ltzt ePsf]n] ef/tsf] snsQfdf ljqmLsf] lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo ?=
!),)),))). jfkt ?= @,@),))). dfq j}b]lzs s/sf] ?kdf ldnfgsf] nflu bfjL
ug{ kfp5 . o; cj:yfdf pQm O06/k|fOh]hsf] ef/tdf lt/]sf] s/ dWo] ldnfg x'g
g;s]sf] ?= *),))). cfufdL jif{sf] nfuL ;fg{ kfp5 . o;/L ;f/]sf] /sd ;Gtf]if
x:tsnf O06/k|fOh]hsf] cfufdL cf=j=df ef/tsf] snsQfsf] ljqmL sIfjf6 x'g]
lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfo jfkt bflvnf u/]sf] dflgg]5 . o:tf] /sd ;dfof]hg gx'Gh]n
;Dd ;fg{ ;lsG5 .
&!-$_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} cfo jif{sf]nflu s'g}
JolQmn] ;f] jif{df kfpg] ljb]zL s/ ldnfgsf] bfaL 5f]8L o:tf] ldnfg ;'ljwf
pknAw /x]sf] ljb]zL cfos/ afktsf] /sd vr{ bfaL ug{ klg ;Sg]5 .
P]gn] jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] j}b]lzs cfo 5 / ;f]df ljb]zdf cfos/ lt/sf] 5 eg]
g]kfnsf] s/sf] cf}ift b/sf] l;dfleq /xL j}b]lzs s/ ldnfg ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . t/ s'g} jfl;Gbf JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df j}b]lzs cfo jfkt ljb]zdf s/
lt/]sf] 5 eg] To;/L lt/]sf] s/ pQm ljb]zsf] cfo g]kfnsf] cfo ;d]t ;dfj]z
ubf{ nfUg] s/df ldnfg gu/L ljb]zdf bflvnf u/]sf] s/ /sd j/fj/sf] /sdnfO{
vr{ bfjL ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf (Foreign Tax- Expense Method) ;d]t /x]sf] 5 . o:tf]
ca:yfdf o;/L ltl/Psf] s/ /sdnfO{ bfaL of]Uo vr{ dflgG5 . pQm Aoa:yf
tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 ;d]t v'nfO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !$=%=%M dfgf}+, laZj?k sfk]{6 k|f=ln= g]kfndf un}+rf pTkfbg ug]{
Joj;fo ubf]{/x]5 . pQm k|f=ln= cfkm\gf] un}rf ljZj jhf/df ljqmL ug]{ p2]Zon]
cf=j= @)^%.^^ df hd{gLsf] k|mfs+km6{df ljqmL sIf vf]nL To; ljqmL sIfjf6
ePsf] sf/f]jf/df ?= !),)),))). lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfo cfh{g u/]sf] /x]5 .
k|mfs+km6{ ljqmL sIfdf ePsf] lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfodf hd{gLsf] cfos/ P]g cg';f/ ?=
#,%),))). s/ bflvnf u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm k|f=ln=sf] g]kfnsf] sf/f]jf/jf6 ;d]t
?= !),)),))). lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfo k|fKt ePsf] /x]5 . o; cj:yfdf p;n]
cfkm\gf] s/ bfloTj lgDgfg';f/ lgwf{/0f ug{ kfp5 .
laa/0f
g]kfndf ePsf] lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfo
Go"gM hd{gLdf bflvnf s/
hDdf s/of]]Uo cfo
nfUg] s/ -g]kfnsf] cfodf @)

g]kfnsf] Joj;fo
1,000,000.00

hd{gLsf] Joj;fo
1,000,000.00
(350,000.00)

1,000,000.00

650,000.00

200,000.00

162,500.00

238

tyf hd{gLsf] cfodf @%_

hDdf bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ s/

?= #,^@,%))=))
o; pbfx/0fdf ;f] k|f=ln=sf] hd{gLsf] Joj;fodf ltg'{ kg]{ s/ ?= !,^@,%))
;d]t ?=# nfv ^@ xhf/ % ;o g]kfndf s/ bflvnf ug'{ kb{5 .

239

kl/R%]b 15

bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tf ;DaGwL Joj:yf

(Provision related to Double Tax Avoidence Agreements)

!%=!

!%=@

cfos/ P]g, @)%* n] g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ cGo s'g} b]zsf] ;/sf/;+u bf]xf]/f] s/
d'lQm tyf 5n lg/f]ws ;Demf}tf ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . b]zx?sf]
jLrdf x'g] Jofkf/, k|ljlwx?sf] x:tfGt/0f tyf Ps b]zsf] JolQmn] csf]{ b]zdf ug{]
k'FhL nufgLsf sf/0fn] Ps b]zsf afl;Gbfx?sf] csf{] b]zdf cfosf] >f]t x''g hfg]
ePsf]n] cfk'm afl;Gbf /x]sf] b]zdf / To:tf] cfosf] >f]t /x]sf] b]zdf ;d]t b'O{
b]zdf s/ nfUg hfg] x'G5 . o;/L Pp6} JolQmsf] Pp6} cfodf bf]xf]/f] s/ nfUg hfg]
cj:yf x'G5 . To:tf] cj:yfaf6 pGd'lQm lbg ljleGg b]zx?sf] jLrdf bf]xf]/f] s/
d'lQm tyf ljQLo 5n lg/f]ws ;Demf}tf ul/G5 . g]kfnsf] cfos/ P]gn] bf]xf]/f] s/
d'lQm tyf ljQLo 5n lg/f]ws ;Demf}tf nufot s/ k|zf;gdf kf/:kl/s ;xof]u
k|bfg ug]{ ljifodf ;d]t ;Demf}tf x'g ;Sb5 . cfos/ P]g, @)%* n] cGt/f{li6o
;Demf}tfsf] ;DjGwdf P]gsf] bkmf &# df 5'} Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . cGt/f{li6o s/sf]
;Gbe{df bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;DaGwL k|fjwfg Pj+ ;f] ;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf cfwf/x?nfO{
o; kl/R5]bdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
cGt/f{li6o ;Demf}tf
P]gsf] bkmf &# n] cGt/fli6o ;Demf}tf Pj+ bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 M
&#-!_
s'g} JolQmsf] s'g} cfodf o; P]g jf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd s/ nfUg]
Joj:yf ePsf] / ;f]xL cfodf ljb]zL d'n'sdf klg s/ nfUg] /x]5 eg] o:tf]
bf]xf]/f] s/ gnfUg] ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljb]zL ;/sf/l;t cGt/f{li6o ;Demf}tf
ug{ ;Sg]5 .
s'g} JolQmsf] cfosf] >f]t jfl;Gbf ePsf] b]zdf dfq l;ldt ge} ljb]zL d'n'sdf
;d]t cfos/sf ljleGg lzif{s cGtu{tsf] cfosf >f]t /x]sf] x'g ;Sb5 . o;n]
ubf{ cfosf] >f]t ePsf] b]zsf] cfosf] P]g cg';f/ To; b]zdf s/ nfUg] / To;
b]zdf cfh{g u/L k|fKt u/]sf] cfo :jb]zdf Nofpbf jf jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] ;+;f/
e/Lsf] cfodf s/ nfUg] l;4fGt cg';f/ s/ nfUg] b]zdf cfh{g u/]sf] cfo ;d]t
;dfj]z u/L cfos/ e'QmfgL ubf{ Pp6} cfodf bf]xf]/f] s/ nfUg hfg] x'G5 . o:tf]
cj:yfdf bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ePsf] 5 eg] s'g} JolQmsf] Pp6} cfodf
b'O{ j6f b]zdf s/ gnfUg] x'G5 . pQm Joj:yf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 ;d]t v'nfO{Psf]
5.
pbfx/0f !%=@=!M dfgf}+, gu]Gb| emf g]kfnsf] jl/i7 cfFvf zNo lrlsT;s /x]5g\ .
cfly{s jif{ @)^$^% df lghn] ef/tsf] db|f;sf] c:ktfndf >f]t AolQmsf]
x}l;otn] $ dlxgf ;]jf k|bfg u/L ?= !) nfv ;]jf z'Ns k|fKt u/]sf] /x]5g .
g]kfn ;/sf/ / ef/t ;/sf/jLr bf]xf]/f] s/ dl'Qm ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ePsf] / pQm
;Demf}tfdf >f]t JolQmsf] x}l;otn] zNo lqmof ;]jf k|bfg ug{] JolQmn] jfl;Gbf
gePsf] b]zdf !*# lbgeGbf sd ;]jf k|bfg u/L k|fKt u/]sf] cfodf >f]t b]zdf
s/ gnfUg] Joj:yf /x]5 eg] o; cj:yfdf 8f= gu]Gb| emfn] ef/tdf u/]sf]
cfvfsf] zNo lrlsT;f jfkt k|fKt cfodf ef/tdf cfos/ ltg{' kb{}g .

obL g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf ef/t ;/sf/ aLr o; lsl;dsf] bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm
;Demf}tf gePsf] cj:yfdf ef/tdf k|fKt u/]sf] cfodf ef/tdf s/ e'QmfgL
ug{'kg{] / g]kfndf ;d]t ;f] cfo ;dfj]z u/L s/ ltg'{kg{] x'G5 . o;y{ o;af6
Pp6} cfodf bf]xf]/f] s/ nfUg] cj:yf x'g hfG5 .
&#-@_

g]kfn;+u ;DkGg ePsf s'g} cGt/f{li6o ;Demf}tf adf]lhd csf]{ b]zsf]

;Ifd clwsf/Ln] ;f] csf]{ b]zsf] s/ sfg"g cGtu{t s'g} aSof}tf /fVg]
JolQmn] a'emfpg' kg]{ /sd g]kfndf ;+sng ul/lbg ljefunfO{ cg'/f]w u/]sf]
cj:yfdf of] pkbkmf nfu" x'g]5 .
s'g} Ps b]zdf cfo cfh{g ubf{ cfo cfh{g u/]sf] b]zsf] cfos/ P]g cg';f/
bflvnf ug{'kg{] s/ bfloTj e'QmfgL gu/L csf]{ b]zdf uO{ j:g] JolQmx?nfO{ cfo
cfh{g ePsf] b]zdf nfUg] s/sf] bfloTjaf6 pGd"lQm gldnf]; eGg] clek|fon]
b]zx?sf] jLrdf x'g} bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tfdf s/ ;+sngsf] nflu ;xof]u ug{]
;DjGwL ljifonfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z ug{] k|rng /x]sf] 5 . o; lsl;dsf] Joj:yfn] s/
bfloTjaf6 pGd'lQm kfpg Pp6f b]zaf6 efuL csf{] b]zdf j:g] p2]ZonfO{ lgoGq0f
ub{5 . bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tfsf] ljleGg gd"gf -Model_ x?df o;;DjGwL
Joj:yfnfO{ 5'} wf/fsf] ?kdf /fVg yflnPsf] 5 . OECD Model kl5Nnf] ;+:s/0fdf
s/ ;+sngdf ;xof]u -Assistance in Collection of Tax_ nfO 5'} wf/fsf] ?kdf
;dfj]z u/]sf]5 . To:t} SAARC Model df klg o; wf/f ;dfj]z ePsf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] cfos/ P]gdf dfly pNn]v u/]sf] Joj:yf ;dfj]z u/L ;+ljbfsf/L b]znfO{
To; b]zsf] s/ bfloTj ;+sngdf ;xof]u ug{] k|Tofe"lt lbPsf] 5 . csf]{ b]zdf s/
bfloTj /x]sf] cfkm\gf] jfl;Gbf JolQmaf6 s;/L s/ ;+sng ug{], slt lbg;Dd
;+sng ug{] eGg] ljleGg ljifox?sf] ;DjGwdf b'O{ b]zsf] jLrdf ;DkGg x'g]
;Demf}tfdf g} lj:t[t ?kdf pNn]v ePsf] x'G5 . pQm Joj:yf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6
;d]t v'nfO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !%=@=@M dfgf}+, cld/ x';]g eGg] JolQmn] cf]dfgdf cf=a= @)^$.^% df
;f]xL b]zsf] jfl;Gbf JolQm e} xf]6n Joj;fo ;+rfng u/]sf /x]5g\ . pgn]
cf]dfgdf Joj;fo ;+rfng u/]afkt cf]dfgdf ?= !) nfv s/ e'QmfgL ug{'kg{]
/x]5 . lghn] kfls:tfgdf pQm s/ bflvnf gu/L b]z 5f]8L @)^%.^^ b]lv
g]kfnsf] jfl;Gbf JolQm e} a;]sf /x]5g . lghn] g]kfndf jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] ?kdf
Joj;fo ;~rfng ;d]t u/]sf /x]5g .
g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf cf]dfg ;/sf/ jLr bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm tyf ljQLo 5n lg/f]w
;DaGwL ;Demf}tfdf s/ ;+sngdf ;xof]u ug]{ wf/f ;dfj]z ePsf] 5 eg]
cf]dfgsf] ;Ifd clwsf/Ln] g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf dxflgb{]zs -;Ifd
clwsf/L_ nfO{ cf]dfgdf aSof}tf /x]sf] cld/ x';}gsf] s/ bfloTj ;+sng ug{
kqfrf/ u/]df g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf] dxflgb{]zsn] o; bkmfsf]
clwgdf /xL s/ ;+sngdf ;xof]u ul/lbg' kb{5 .
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pkbkmf -@_ nfu" x'g] cj:yfdf ljefun] ;f] ;Ifd clwsf/LnfO{ ;f] /sd
k7fpg] k|of]hgsf] nflu s/ aSof}tf /fVg] ;f] JolQmnfO{ lnlvt ?kdf ;"rgf
u/L ;f] ;"rgfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] ldltleqdf To:tf] /sd ljefudf bflvnf
ug{ nufpg ;Sg]5 .
241

g]kfnn] bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm tyf ljQLo 5n lg/f]w ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf] b]zsf]
;Ifd clwsf/Ln] s/ ;+sngsf nflu cg'/f]w u/L k7fPsf] cj:yfdf ljefun]
;+sngsf] k|lqmof cjnDjg ug{'kb{5 . ;+emf}tf ePsf] b]zdf s/ bfloTj /x]sf]
g]kfnsf] jfl;Gbf JolQmaf6 s/ ;+sng u/L k7fpgsf] nflu ljefun] /sd bflvnf
ug{'kg{] Dofb ;lxt lnlvt ;"rgf hf/L ug{' kb{5 . dflysf] pbfx/0f @ df cld/
x';}gsf] cf]dfgdf /x]sf] s/ bfloTj c;""nL u/L k7fpg cf]dfgsf] ;Ifd clwsf/Ln]
g]kfnsf] ;Ifd clwsf/LnfO{ kqfrf/ u/]s]f cj:yfdf cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefun] lgh
cld/ x';}gnfO{ cf]dfgdf lghn] bflvnf ug{'kg{] s/ /sd bflvnf ug'{kg{] ldlt
pNn]v u/L ;"rgf hf/L ug{'kb{5 .
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s'g} cGt/f{li6o ;Demf}tfdf g]kfnn] cfo jf e'QmfgLdf 5"6 lbg' kg]{ jf
cfo jf e'QmfgLdf s/sf] 36fOPsf] b/ nufpg' kg]{ u/L Joj:yf ul/Psf]
ePdf of] pkbkmf nfu" x'g]5 .
s'g}klg b]zsf] cfos/ P]gn] cfosf] k|sf/ cg';f/ klg s/ nfUg] b/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
x'G5 . bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tfdf cfosf] k|sf/ cg';f/ To;df nfUg] s/ jf s'g
b]zdf To:tf] cfodf s/ nfUg] xf] :ki6 ?kdf ljleGg wf/fx?df pNn]v ePsf]
x'G5 . b]zsf] cfos/ P]gdf tf]lsPsf] b/ / ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ePsf] b/ sltko
cfodf km/s kg{ ;Sb5 . ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ePsf] b/ P]gdf pNn]v ePsf] b/eGbf
36L ePsf] cj:yf jf ;Demf}tfdf s'g} JolQmsf] cfosf] >f]t b]zdf 5'6 lbg] pNn]v
ePsf] t/ To:tf] JolQmsf] cfodf P]gdf s/ nfUg] cj:yf x'g ;Sb5 . P]g cg';f/
s/ nfUg] tyf a9L b/n] s/ nfUg] t/ ;Demf}tf cg';f/ s/ gnfUg] jf 36L b/n]
s/ nfUg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 eg] bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ePsf] b]zsf]
;Gbe{df ;Demf}tfsf] Joj:yf cg'?k ug{'kb{5 . g]kfnsf] cfos/ P]gn] o;} pkbkmf
dfkm{t ;Demf}tfsf] Joj:yf k|efjsf/L x'g] k|Tofe"tL u/]sf] 5 . pQm Joj:yf tnsf]
pbfx/0fx?af6 ;d]t v'nfO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !%=@=#M dfgf}+, rLgsf] Dr. Lee n] g]kfnsf] e[s'6L d]l8sn sn]hdf
cWofkg sfo{ u/L ?= !) nfv cfo k|fKt u/]sf /x]5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf rLg
;/sf/sf] jLrdf x:tfIf/ ePsf] bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tfdf Ps b]zsf]
k|fWofksn] csf{] b]zdf cWofkg ubf{ lghn] k|fKt u/]sf] cfodf To:tf] b]zdf b'O{
jif{ s/ gnfUg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ctM o; cj:yfdf g]kfnsf] cfos/ P]gsf]
Joj:yf k|efjsf/L ge} ;Demf}tfsf] Joj:yf k|efjsf/L x'g] x'bf Dr. Lee n]
g]kfnsf] e[s'6L d]l8sn sn]haf6 k|fKt u/]sf] cfodf g]kfndf s/ ltg{' kb{}g .
pbfx/0f !%=@=$M dfgf}+, g]kfn tyf stf/ ;/sf/ jLr bf]xf/]f s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tf
;DkGg ePsf] 5 . pQm ;Demf}tfdf Ps b]zsf] jfl;Gbf JolQmn] csf{] b]zdf C0f
nufgL u/L k|fKt u/]sf] Jofh cfodf !) k|ltztn] s/ nfUg] Joj:yf pNn]v
u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cfos/ P]gn] jfl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQm jfx]s cGo JolQmn]
k|fKt u/]sf] Jofh cfodf !% k|ltztn] >f]tdf s/ sL ug{'kg{] / u}x| jfl;Gbf
JolQmsf] xsdf o;/L !% k|ltztsf b/n] sL ul/Psf] s/ g} clGtd s/ x'g]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . cf=a=@)^^.^& df stf/sf jfl;Gbf JolQm hfls/ x';}gn]
g]kfnsf] s0ff{nL hnljB't sDkgLdf ?= ! s/f]8 nufgL u/L ?= !) nfv Jofh
cfo k|fKt u/]sf] /x]5 . o; cj:yfdf lgh hfls/ x';}gn] k|fKt u/]sf] Jofhdf
g]kfnsf] cfos/ P]g cg';f/ !% k|ltztn] ?= ! nfv %) xhf/ s/ nfUg] x'G5

242

t/ stf/;+usf] ;Demf}tfsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ ?= ! nfv -!) k|ltzt_ dfq s/

nfUg] x'G5 . ctM g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf stf/ ;/sf/ jLr bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tf
ePsf] x'bf hfls/ x';}gsf] Jofh cfodf ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] b/ cg';f/
!) k|ltztn] x'g] ? ! nfv dfq s/ nfUb5 .
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pkbkmf -$_ nfu" ePsf] cj:yfdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf] s'g} lgsfonfO{ s/
5"6 jf s/ sLsf] ;'ljwf pknAw x'g] 5}g M
-s_ ;f] ;Demf}tfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ;f] ;Demf}tfsf] csf]{ kIf /x]sf] /fi6sf]
afl;Gbf dflgg] lgsfo, /
-v_ ;f] lgsfosf] lglxt :jfldTjsf] krf; k|ltzt jf ;f]eGbf a9L lx:;f
k|fs[lts JolQmx?4f/f jf s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] lxt g/x]sf]
lgsfox?4f/f u|x0f ul/Psf], / ;f] ;Demf}tfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ;f]
JolQmx? jf lgsfox? ;f] ;Demf}tfsf] csf]{ kIf /x]sf] /fi6sf] jf
g]kfnsf] klg afl;Gbf gePsf] .
pkbkmf -$_ n] g]kfnsf] P]gsf] Joj:yf eGbf sd s/ bfloTj x'g] u/L Joj:yf
pNn]v e} ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ePsf] cj:yfdf ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ePsf] Joj:yf g}
k|efjsf/L x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t/ pkbkmf -$_ sf] Joj:yf pkbkmf -%_ df
pNn]v ul/Ps]f JolQmsf] ;DjGwdf eg] Joj:yf k|efjsf/L gx'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
;Demf}tfdf ePsf] s/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf kfpg ;+ljbfsf/L d'n'ssf] jf g]kfnsf] jfl;Gbf
JolQm ePsf] x'g'kb{5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu g]kfn / stf/sf aLrdf bf]xf]/f] s/ pGd'QmL ;DalGw ;Demf}tf 5 .
P]gsf] of] bkmf cg';f/ ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ s'g} stf/L sDkgLsf] slDtdf %) k|ltzt
z]o/wgL stf/sf] s/ sfg"g cg';f/ jfl;Gbf JolQm jf g]kfnsf] jfl;Gbf JolQm x'g'
kb{5 . stf/sf] jfl;Gbf JolQm jf g]kfnsf] jfl;Gbf JolQm jfx]s cGo b]zsf]
jfl;Gbf JolQmx?sf] ^) k|ltzt z]o/ ePsf] stf/L sDkgLn] of] bkmf adf]lhdsf]
s/ ;x'lnot k|fKt ug{ ;Qm}g .
:ki6Ls/0f M o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu cGt/f{li6o ;Demf}tf eGgfn]
b]xfosf] Joj:yf ug]{ s'g} ljb]zL ;/sf/;+u ;DkGg ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] xsdf
nfu" ePsf] s'g} ;lGw jf ;Demf}tf ;Demg' k5{ M
-s_ bf]xf]/f] s/af6 d'lQm lbg] / ljQLo 5n lg/f]w ug]{, jf
-v_ s/ bfloTjsf] sfof{Gjogdf kf/:kl/s k|zf;lgs ;xfotf k|bfg ug]{ .
cfos/sf] ;DjGwdf ljb]zL d'n's;+u ;DkGg x'g] ;Demf}tfx? d'Vo ?kdf bf]xf]/f] s/
d'lQm tyf ljQLo 5n lg/f]w ug{] ;DjGwdf g} x'G5 . t/ sltko b]zx?sf] jLrdf
k"0f{?ksf] -Full-fledged_ ;Demf}tf ge} l;ldt ljifodf ;d]t ;Demf}tf x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
JolQmsf] ;a} k|sf/sf] cfo jf gd"gf ;Demf}tf -Model Agreement_ sf] ;j} wf/fx?
;dfj]z u/L ;Demf}tf ug{ a9L ;do nfUg] / b]zx?sf] cfly{s ultljlwsf] cj:yf
cg';f/ l;ldt ljifodf dfq ;Demf}tf ePklg x'g] sf/0fj; s]xL wf/fdfq ;dfj]z
u/L ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ug{ ;lsG5 . b'O /fi6jLr Exchange of Information sf]
;DjGwdf dfq ;Demf}tf x'g ;Sb5 . To:t} Pp6f b]zdf s/ bfloTj /fvL csf{]

243

b]zdf j:g] k|j[ltnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ b]zx?sf] jLrdf Assistance in Collection of

Tax sf] nflu dfq ;Demf}tf ePsf] x'g ;Sb5 .
bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm jf ljQLo 5n lg/f]w ug{] ;DjGwdf klg JolQmx?sf] ;j} cfox?sf]
;DjGwdf ;Demf}tf ge} l;ldt If]q Pj+ cfosf] nflu dfq ;Demf}tf x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
ljz]if u/L Shipping and Air Enterprises sf] cfosf] nflu dfq w]/} b]zx?sf] jLrdf
;Demf}tf ePsf] kfOG5 . b]zx?sf] jLr Jofkf/, nufgL, k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f Pj+ ;]jf
k|bfg cflb cfly{s ultljwL gePsf] cj:yfdf ;d]t Shipping and Air Enterprises
ultljwL x'g ;Sg] x'+bf o;sf] ljljw kIfnfO{ :ki6 u/L ;Demf}tf x'g ;Sb5 .
!%=# bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tf
!%=#=! bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tfsf] kl/ro
jt{dfg ljZjdf s'g} klg /fi6 PlSnP/ cfly{s ultljlwdf /xg ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g .
b]zsf] ltj| cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu ljsf;zLn /fi6x?nfO{ j}b]lzs nufgL, cfw'lgs
k|ljlw tyf ljz]if1x?sf] ;]jf cfjZos kb{5 . To:t} ljsl;t /fi6n] cfkm\gf] b]zdf
nufgLsf] cj;/ sd x'+b} uPsf] tyf ljsf;lzn /fi6|df jhf/ Pj+ sRrf kbfy{sf]
pknJwtf Pj+ ;:tf] >dzlQmsf] pknAwtfsf] sf/0fjf6 ljsf;zLn b]zdf nufgL
k|jflxt ug]{ sfo{ ;fdfGo e} ;s]sf] 5 . Ps b]zsf] jfl;Gbf JolQmn] csf]{ b]zdf
Joj;fo ug]{ /f]huf/L jf ;]jf k|bfgdf ;xefuL x'g], k"FhL Pj+ C0f nufgL ug]{ Pj+
k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ug]{ sfo{jf6 csf]{ b]zdf cfo cfh{g ug]{ u5{g\ . o;/L k|fKt x'g]
cfodf h'g b]zdf cfo k|fKt ePsf] 5 ;f] b]zsf] cfos/ P]g cg';f/ s/ nfUg]
Joj:yf /x]sf] x'G5 . csf]{tkm{ s'g} klg jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] :jb]zL cfodf dfq s/
gnfuL h'g;'s} b]zdf cfo ePsf] ePklg s/ nufpg] clwsf/ -Exclusive Right of
Taxation_ jfl;Gbf /x]sf] b]znfO{ x'G5 .
g]kfnsf] cfos/ P]gsf] d'Vo ?kdf @ j6f s/sf] cfwf/ /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf]
jfl;Gbfn] h'g;'s} b]zdf cfo k|fKt u/]klg ;f] cfo dfly s/ nufpg] clwsf/
g]kfnnfO{ /x]sf] 5 . To:t} s'g} u}/ jfl;Gbfsf] g]kfndf >f]t ePsf] cfo 5 eg]
;f]df s/ nufpg] clwsf/ klg cfos/ P]gn] g]kfnnfO{ pknJw u/fPsf] 5 .
jfl;Gbf JolQmnfO{ jfl;Gbf /x]sf] b]zdf s/ nfUg] tyf cGo b]zdf ePsf] cfh{gdf
;f] b]zdf ;d]t s/ nfUg] x'bf s'g} JolQmsf] Pp6} cfodf bf]xf]/f] s/ nfUg] cj:yf
l;h{gf x'g ;S5 . s'g} klg JolQmsf] Pp6} cfodf b'O{ b]zdf s/ gnfUg] Joj:yf ug{
tyf jfl;Gbf gePsf] b]zdf cfo cfh{g u/] jfkt e'QmfgL u/]sf] s/ ldnfg ug]{
Joj:yfsf] nflu ljleGg b]zx?sf jLrdf bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ug]{
ul/G5 . s'g JolQmsf] s'g cfodf s'g b]zdf s/ nfUg], slt b/df s/ nfUg], csf]{
b]zdf lt/]sf] s/ cfkm\gf] b]zdf s;/L / slt;Dd ldnfg ug]{ eGg] ;DjGwdf :ki6
x'g b'O{ b]zsf] jLrdf ul/g] ;Demf}tfnfO{ g} bfxf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tf elgG5 .
!%=#=@ bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tf ;DjGwL ;dfg cjwf/0ff
bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tfn] cGt/f{li6o sf/f]jf/nfO{ ;d]6\5 . s'g} b]zsf] cGt/f{li6o
s/ kIf cfGtl/s -Inbound_ tyf afx\o -Outbound_ b'j} x'G5 . bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm
;Demf}tf ;DjGwdf ljleGg cjwf/0ff /x]sf] ePtfklg s]xL ljifox?df ;dfg
cjwf/0ff /x]sf] kfOG5 . cGt/f{li6o ?kdf ;dfg cjwf/0ff /x]sf] d'Vo j'+bfx?
lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M
244

-!_ h'g b]zdf Jofkf/, Joj;fo, sf/f]jf/ jf cGo s'g} klg sf/0fjf6 cfo cfh{g
x'G5 eg] To;/L ePsf] cfo cfh{gdf >f]t b]znfO{ s/ nufpg] klxnf] clwsf/
x'G5 . s'g} b]zsf] jfl;Gbf JolQmn] csf]{ b]zdf zfvf ;+rfng u/L k|efjsf/L
Joj:yfkgf/f sfof{no jf sf/vfgf ;+rfng u/L ;lqmo ?kdf cfo cfh{g
u/]sf] 5 eg] To;/L u/]sf] cfodf cfo cfh{g u/]sf] b]zdf g} s/ nfUb5 .
-@_ s'g} b]zsf] jfl;Gbf JolQmn] csf]{ b]zdf :yfoL ;+:yfkgsf] dfWodjf6 sf/f]jf/
gu/L jfl;Gbf ePsf] b]zdf g} j;L k"Flh nufgL, C0f nufgL Pj+ k|ljwL
x:tfGt/0f ug]{ sfo{ u/L cfo cfh{g ug{ ;Sb5g\ . o;/L cfkm} csf]{ b]zdf
s'g} g s'g} ?kdf ;lqmo geO{ k|fKt u/]sf] cfodf >f]t b]zdf l;ldt b/n] s/
nfUb5 .
-#_ s'g} b]zsf] jfl;Gbf JolQmn] csf]{ b]zdf cfo k|fKt u/]sf] 5 eg] cfo cfh{g
u/]sf] b]zdf >f]tdf s/ nfUb5 . o;/L >f]tdf nfu]sf] s/ ldnfg u/] kZrft
s/ nufpg] clwsf/ jfl;Gbf /x]sf] b]znfO{ x'G5 .
-$_ s'g} b]zsf] jfl;Gbf JolQmn] csf]{ b]zdf cfo cfh{g ubf{ >f]t ePsf] b]zdf
lt/]sf] s/ ldnfg ug'{ kb{5 . o;/L >f]t b]zdf lt/]sf] s/ jfl;Gbf b]zdf
ldnfg ug]{ Joj:yfn] s'g} klg JolQmsf] Pp6} cfodf bf]xf]/f] s/ gnfUg] cj:yf
x'G5 .
bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tf ubf{ cfodf s/ nufpg] ;DjGwdf b'O{ b]zsf] jLr x'g]
jftf{jf6 to x'G5 . cGo cfosf lzif{sdf jftf{f/f to ePtfklg dflysf j'bfx?sf]
;DjGwdf ;+ljbfsf/L -Contracting_ b]zx?sf jLrdf ;dfg wf/0ff /x]sf] x'G5 .
!%=#=# bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tfsf] p2]Zo
s'g} JolQmn] s'g} b]zdf cfo cfh{g u/]sf] 5 eg] ;f] b]zsf] cfos/ P]g cg';f/ s/
nfUg] Joj:yf /x]sf] x'G5 . jt{dfg ljZjdf sltko JolQmsf] cfo Pp6} b]zdf dfq
l;ldt gx'g ;S5 . cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ Joj;fo nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0fsf]
dfWodaf6 JolQmsf] pkl:ytL csf]{ b]zdf x'g ;S5 . cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ Pj+
nufgLaf6 b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df ;xof]u k'Ub5 . o;/L cGt/f{li6o sf/f]jf/df
;+nUg b'j} b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf; x'g uO{ ;du| ?kdf ljZjs} cfly{s ljsf;df
;xof]u k'Ug hfG5 . b'O{ b]zjLr s'g} klg :j?kdf x'g] sf/f]jf/nfO{ ;xh ug{ jf
;+ljbfsf/L b]zx?sf] jLrdf pko'Qm ?kn] >f]tsf] jfF8kmfF8 ug]{ Joj:yfsf] nflu
bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ePsf] x'G5 . bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tf ;DkGg
ug'kg]{ ljleGg p2]Zox? x'G5g\ . ;f] dWo] k|d'v p2]Zox? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
-!_ bf]xf]/f] s/sf] cj:yfnfO{ x6fpg] M ;fdfGotofM s'g} JolQmn] cfh{g u/]sf]
cfodf h'g b]zdf cfh{g ePsf] 5 ;f]xL b]zdf s/ nfUb5 . To; b]zsf] P]g
cg';f/ To:t} jfl;Gbf JolQmn] cfo cfh{g h'g b]zdf u/]sf] ePtfklg jfl;Gbf
ePsf] b]zdf s/ nfU5 . o;/L Pp6} JolQmsf] Pp6} cfodf b'O{j6f b]zdf s/
nfUg] Joj:yf x6fpg] p2]Zon] b]zx?sf] jLrdf bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tf
;DkGg x'G5 . pQm Joj:yf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 ;d]t v'nfO{Psf] 5 .

245

pbfx/0f !%=#=!M dfgf}+, Mr. Peter ;+o'Qm clw/fHosf] jfl;Gbf JolQm /x]5g\ .
pgn] cfo jif{ @)^%.^^ df g]kfnsf] j]nfot l:yt cfjf;Lo /fhb'tfjf;df
6]lnkmf]g ck/]6/sf] ?kdf sfo{ u/L cfo cfh{g u/]sf /x]5g\ . Mr. Peter
;+o'Qm clw/fHosf] jfl;Gbf ePklg 6]lnkmf]g ck/]6/sf] ?kdf sfo{ u/L
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|fKt u/]sf] /sd P]gsf] bkmf ^&-^_-em_ cg';f/ g]kfnsf]
>f]t x'G5 / pgn] k|fKt u/]sf] cfodf g]kfnsf] cfos/ P]g cg';f/ s/
nfUb5 .
;+o'Qm clw/fHosf] cfos/ P]gn] s'g} b]zsf] ;/sf/L ;]jfjf6 lghs} jfl;Gbf
JolQmn] cfo k|fKt u/]sf] 5 eg] ;+o'Qm clw/fHodf g} s/ nfUg] Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 eg] o; cj:ydf Mr. Peter n] k|fKt u/]sf] cfodf b'j} b]zdf s/
nfUg hfG5 .
olb g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf ;+o'Qm clw/fHo ;/sf/ jLr bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm
;+emf}tf ;DkGg ePsf] 5 eg] ;/sf/L ;]jfjf6 k|fKt u/]sf] cfodf s'g
b]zdf s/ nfUg] eGg] ;DaGwdf :ki6 Joj:yf x'g] x'bf To; cj:yfdf Mr.
Peter nfO{ b'j} b]zdf s/ gnfuL Pp6f b]zdf dfq s/ nfUb5 .
-@_ s/sf] ef/ sd ug]{M s'g} JolQmn] csf]{ b]zdf cfo cfh{g u/] jfkt cfo
cfh{g u/]sf] b]zdf ;f]xL b]zsf] cfos/ P]g cg';f/ s/ nfUb5 . s'g} b]zsf]
jfl;Gbf JolQmn] cfo cfh{g u/]sf] b]z tyf jfl;Gbf b]zsf] ljrdf bf]xf]/f] s/
d'lQm ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ePsf] 5 eg] cfosf] k|s[lt cg';f/ nfUg] s/sf] b/
;d]t lglZrt ul/Psf] x'G5 . olb cfo cfh{g u/]sf] b]zsf] cfos/ P]gn]
tf]s]sf] s/sf] b/ eGbf b'O{ b]zjLr ;DkGg ;Demf}tfdf pNn]lvt s/sf] b/
sd eP bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tfsf] sf/0fjf6 s/sf] ef/ sd kg{ hfG5 .
pQm Joj:yf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 ;d]t v'nfO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !%=#=@M dfgf}+, ABC sDkgL g]kfnsf] ljB't pTkfbg ug]{ sDkgL
/x]5 . pQm sDkgLn] ckm\gf] Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu lrgLof gful/s
Mr. Chang jf6 !) k|ltztsf] b/n] Jofh e'QmfgL ug]{ zt{df ?= ! s/f]8
C0f lnPsf] /x]5 . cf=j= @)^$.^% df pQm C0fsf] Jofh jfkt ABC
sDkgLn] Mr. Chang nfO{ ?= !) nfv e'QmfgL u/]sf] /x]5 . g]kfnsf]
cfos/ P]g cg';f/ u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQmnfO{ o:tf] Aofh e'QmfgLdf !%
k|ltzt clu|d s/ sL ug'{ kb{5 . Mr. Chang lrlgof jfl;Gbf JolQm ePsf]
tyf g]kfn / rLg ;/sf/ jLr ;DkGg bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tf cg';f/
Jofh cfodf !) k|ltztn] s/ nfUg] Joj:yf ePsf]n] Mr. Chang nfO{
s/sf] ef/ % k|ltztn] sd kg{ hfG5 .
-#_ s/sf] bfloTjsf] clglZrttf sd ug]{ M s'g} klg b]zsf] cfos/ P]g ;f] b]zsf]
cfjZostf cg';f/ ;+zf]wg x'g ;Sb5 . cfos/ P]g ;+zf]wg ubf{ s'g}
JolQmsf] cfodf nfUg] s/sf] b/ j9\g hfg ;Sg] cj:yf x'G5 . Pp6f b]zsf]
jfl;Gbf JolQmn] csf]{ b]zdf nufgL ubf{sf] ;dodf /x]sf] s/sf] b/ kl5
;+zf]wgsf] sf/0faf6 kl/jt{g x'g ;Sg] x'+bf s'g} JolQmn] cfodf nfUg] s/sf]
;DjGwdf clglZrttf /xg ;Sb5 . olb nufgL ug]{ JolQm jfl;Gbf /x]sf] b]z
tyf nufgL u/]sf] b]zsf] jLrdf bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ePsf] 5
eg] cfosf] k|s[lt cg';f/ s/sf] b/ lglZrt x'g] Pj+ ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ePsf]
246

s/sf] b/ To; b]zsf] cfos/ P]gdf pNn]lvt b/ eGbf j9L ePsf] cj:yfdf
;d]t ;Demf}tfsf] Joj:yf g} k|efjsf/L x'g] x'+bf s/sf] bfloTjsf] clglZrttf
x'b}g . pQm Joj:yf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 ;d]t v'nfOPsf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !%=#=#M dfgf}+, Mr. Habib kfls:tfgL jfl;Gbf JolQm /x]5g\ . pgn]
j}+lsu Joj;fonfO{ ;xh jgfpg] Computer Softwore sf] ljsf; u/]sf
/x]5g\ . pgn] ljsf; u/]sf] Computer Software g]kfnsf] ABC a}+sn] %
jif{;Dd cljl5Gg k|of]u ug]{ clwsf/ lnO{ k|To]s jif{ ?= ! s/f]8 /f]oN6L
e'QmfgL ug]{ u/]sf] /x]5 . g]kfnsf] cfos/ P]g cg';f/ /f]oN6Lsf] e'QmfgLdf
!% k|ltztsf b/n] s/ nfUg] Joj:yf 5 . cfos/ P]gdf k6s k6s
;+zf]wg eO{ /f]oN6Lsf] e'QmfgLdf nfUg] s/sf] b/df kl/jt{g x'g ;Sg] x+'bf
/f]oN6L jfkt k|fKt cfodf nfUg] s/sf] clglZrttf Mr. Habib nfO{ /lx/xg
;S5 . Mr. Habib kfls:tfgL afl;Gbf ePsf] Pj+ g]kfn / kfls:tfg ;/sf/
jLr bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tf ePsf] cj:yfdf g]kfnsf] cfos/ P]gdf
;+zf]wg eO{ /f]oN6L e'QmfgLdf nfUg] s/sf] b/ j9fP klg bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm
;Demf}tfsf] sf/0fjf6 lghnfO{ nfUg] s/sf] b/sf] ;DjGwdf s'g} clglZrttf
x'b}g .
-$_ s/ r'xfj6 sd ug]{ McGt/f{li6o sf/f]jf/df ;+nUg x'g] JolQmx?n] s/sf] b/
j9L ePsf] b]zaf6 t'ngfTds ?kdf s/sf] b/ sd ePsf] b]zdf cfonfO{
x:tfGt/0f -Transfer Pricing_ ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf /xG5 . o;n] ubf{ h'g b]zdf
sf/f]jf/ eO{ cfo k|fKt ePsf] 5 ;f] b]zdf nfUg' kg]{ s/ /sd sd x'g uO{
>f]t b]znfO{ gf]S;fgL kg{ hfg ;Sg] cj:yf x'G5 . sf/f]jf/ ug]{ jfl;Gbf
JolQm /x]sf] b]z tyf sf/f]jf/ ePsf] b]zsf] jLrdf bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tf
;DkGg ePsf] 5 eg] o; lsl;dsf] r'xfj6nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 . bf]xf]/f]
s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tfdf ;+ljbfsf/L b]zsf] jfl;Gbfsf] sf/f]jf/ ;DjGwL ;"rgf
cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf x'g] x+'bf pQm Joj:yfsf] clwgdf /xL sf/f]jf/sf]
hfgsf/L lng ;lsG5 . ctM o; lsl;dsf] Joj:yfn] s/ r'xfj6sf]
;DefjgfnfO{ Go"g ug{ ;xof]u k'ofp+b5 . pQm Joj:yf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6
;d]t v'nfO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !%=#=$M dfgf}+, df}l/;;\df /x]sf] Ps sDkgLn] ;jf/L ;fwg
ljqmLsf] sfo{ ug]{ u/]sf] /x]5 / To; sDkgLsf] g]kfn tyf s'j]tdf :yfoL
;+:yfkg /x]5 . df}l/;;\sf] cfos/ P]gn] Joj;fosf] cfodf @) k|ltztn]
s/ nfUg] Joj:yf u/]sf] /x]5 eg] g]kfnsf] cfos/ P]gn] ;fdfGo
Joj;fosf] cfodf @% k|ltztsf b/n] s/ nfUg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To:t}
s'j]tdf s/sf] b/ !% k|ltzt /x]5 . df}l/;;\sf] sDkgLn] g]kfndf k7fPsf]
k|lt uf8Lsf] d"No ?= * nfv /x]5 / s'at] df ;f]xL lsl;dsf] uf8L ?= &
nfv k|lt uf8Lsf b/n] k7fpg] u/]sf] /x]5 . o;/L pQm sDkgLn] g]kfnaf6
df}l/;;\df d"No x:tfGt/0f (Transfer Pricing) sf] Arrangement u/]sf]
dflgg]5 . g]kfn tyf df}l/;;\ jLr bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tf ePsf]n]
g]kfnsf] clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Ln] (Competent Authority) df}l/;;\sf]
sDkgLn] p;sf] cGo :yfoL ;+:yfkgdf k7fPsf] d"No ;DjGwL hfgsf/L
(Exchange of Information) dfu ug{ ;Sb5 . o;/L dfu u/]sf] hfgsf/L
df}l/;; ;/sf/n] pknJw u/fpg' kb{5 .
247

!%=#=$ bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tfsf gd"gfx? (Models)

b]zx?sf] jLrdf x'g] j:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf] cfbfg k|bfg, k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f, k"+hL tyf
C0f nufgLsf] sf/0fjf6 Pp6f b]zdf cfo k|fKt x'g] tyf pQm cfo k|fKt ug]{ JolQm
csf]{ b]zsf] jfl;Gbf x'g ;Sg] x'+bf JolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf] cfosf] ;DjGwdf b'O{ j6f
b]zx?sf] cfos/ P]gx? cfslif{t x'g] ub{5 . ;fdfGotofM cfo k|fKt ePsf] b]zdf
To; b]zsf] cfos/ P]g cg';f/ >f]tsf] cfwf/df s/ nfUb5 . jfl;Gbf JolQmsf]
;+;f/e/sf] cfo (Worldwide Income) df s/ nfUg] l;4fGt ePsf] b]zx?sf] cfos/
P]gn] jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] b]z jflx/ cfh{g u/]sf] cfodf ;d]t s/ nfUb5 . o;/L
Pp6} JolQmsf] Pp6} cfodf bf]xf]/f] s/ nfUg hfG5 . s'g] klg JolQmsf] Pp6} cfodf
bf]xf]/f] s/ gnfuf];\ tyf b'a} b]zdf s/ gnfUg] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g glbgsf] nflu
b]zx?sf] jLrdf bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tf ;DkGg x'g] ub{5 .
cGt/f{li6o ;Demf}tfsf] d'Vo p2]Zo bf]xf]/f] s/jf6 pGd'lQm lbg' xf] . o;sf] nflu
;Demf}tfx?df JolQmsf] s'g cfodf s'g b]zdf s/ nfUg] xf] ;f] cfosf] k|s[ltsf]
cfwf/df olsg ul/Psf] x'G5 . sltko cfodf JolQmsf] >f]t ePsf] b]zsf] ;fy ;fy}
jfl;Gbf ePsf] b]zdf nfu]sf] s/ jfl;Gbf ePsf] b]zdf 3f]if0ff u/L ;f] cfodf
nfu]sf] s/nfO{ ldnfg ug]{ Joj:yf u/L bf]xf]/f] s/jf6 pGd"lQm lbPsf] x'G5 . jt{dfg
;dodf cGt/f{li6o ;Demf}tfx?df ;"rgfsf] cfbfg k|bfgjf6 s/ r'xfj6 lgoGq0f
ug{ k|efjsf/L Joj:yf /fVg yfn]sf] 5 . s'g} Ps b]zsf] jfl;Gbf JolQmn] csf]{
b]zdf ltg'{kg]{ s/ bfloTj jSof}tfdf /fv]sf]5 eg] ;+ljbfsf/L b]zx?sf] jLrdf Ps
csf]{ b]zdf /x]sf] jSof}tf s/ c;"nL ug]{ ;DjGwL ljifox? ;d]t cGt/f{li6o
;Demf}tfx?df Joj:yf ug{ yflnPsf] 5 .
b]zx?sf] jLrdf bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQmsf] nflu ul/g] ;Demf}tfx? s;/L ubf{ pko'Qm x'G5
jf ;Demf}tf ubf{ s'g} Ps b]znfO{ k|fKt x'g] s/ /sd km/s kg{ ghfcf]; eGg]
p2]Zon] cGt/f{li6o ;Demf}tfsf ljleGg gd'gf (Model) x? k|rngdf /x]sf 5g\ .
s]xL jif{ cufl8 blIf0f PlzofnL If]qLo ;xof]u ;+u7g (SAARC) n] ;d]t l;ldt
ljifox?nfO{ ;dfj]z u/L SAARC Model hf/L u/]sf] 5 . d'Vo ?kdf k|rngdf
/x]sf] ;Demf}tsf gd'gfx? (Models) lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 .
-s_ /fi6 ;+3sf] gd'gf -UN Model_
-v_ cfly{s ;xof]u Pj+ ljsf; ;+u7gsf] gd'gf -OECD Model_
-u_ blIf0f PlzofnL If]qLo ;xof]u ;+u7gsf] gd'gf -SAARC Model_
-3_ US Model
-_ Netherlands Model
cGt/fli6o ;Demf}tfsf] ;DjGwdf k|sflzt ljelGg Models dWo] OECD Model tyf
Un Model a9L k|rngdf /x]sf 5g\ . b'j} Model x?df ;Demf}tfn] ;dfj]z ug]{
JolQmx?, ;dfj]z ul/g] s/x?, kl/efiffx?, cfosf] k|s[lt cg';f/ s/ nfUg] b]zsf]
JolQm cfkm} ;lqmo geO{ csf]{ b]zdf k"FhL nufgL, k|ljwL x:tfGt/0f Pj+ ;DklQx?
k|of]u ug{ lbP jfkt k|fKt ul/g] cfo Passive Income x?df >f]t b]zdf nfUg] s/,
JolQm cfkm} ;lqmo eO{ Joj;fo jf ;]jf k|bfg u/] jfkt k|fKt ug]{ cfodf nfUg] s/,
;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg Pj+ csf]{ b]zdf >f]t ePsf] cfo jfkt jfl;Gbf ePsf] b]zdf
3f]if0ff u/]sf] cfo tyf lt/]sf] s/ ldnfg ug]{ tl/sf -Method_ cflb ;dfj]z ePsf]
248

5 . b'j} Model cfkm}df k"0f{ ePtfklg JolQmsf] cfosf] k|s[lt cg';f/ s/ nfUg] b]z
tyf nfef+z, Jofh Pj+ /f]oN6Lsf] cfodf >f]t b]zdf nfUg] s/sf] b/ cflb ljifodf
km/s wf/f0ffx? /x]sf] 5 . oL b'j} Model x?df /x]sf] s]xL k|d'v km/s wf/0ff
lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 .
-!_ UN Model df ljleGg @( j6f wf/fx? -Articles_ /x]sf] 5 eg] OECD
Model df #! -xfn #)_ j6f wf/fx? -Articles_ /x]sf 5g\ . OECD model
df UN Model df pNn]v ePsf] wf/fx?sf] cltl/Qm "Assistance in the
Collection of Taxes" tyf "Teritorial Extension" nfO{ klg gd'gfdf ;dfj]z
u/]sf] 5 eg] Independent Personnel Services nfO{ x6fPsf] 5 .
-@_ OECD Model n] lgdf{0f ;DjGwL :yfoL ;+:yfkg x'gsf] nflu csf]{ b]zdf Ps
jif{ eGbf j9L sfo{/t /x'g kg]{ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . o; ljifodf UN Model n] ^
dlxgfeGbf j9L csf]{ b]zdf sfo{/t /x]df :yfoL ;+:yfkg x'g] pNn]v u/]sf]
5 . UN Model n] ejg lgdf{0f tyf h8fgdf k|ToIf?kdf ;'k/Lj]If0f ug]{ sfo{
klg :yfoL ;+:yfkg x'g] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
-#_ UN Model n] s'g} JolQmn] cfkm\gf] sd{rf/Lx? jf cGo JolQm dfkm{t csf]{
b]zdf ;]jf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 / o;/L ;]jf k|bfg u/]sf] cjwL !*# lbgeGbf j9L
ePdf To:tf] ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ JolQm ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ b]zsf] :yfoL ;+:yfkg Enterprises_ x'g] eGg] :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
-$_ UN Model n] Joj;fosf] cfosf] wf/fdf :yfoL ;+:yfkgsf] cfo u0fgf ug]{
;DjGwdf OECD Model sf] If]q eGbf j9L If]q ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . UN Model
n] :yfoL ;+:yfkgsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ "Force of Attraction Rule" nfO{ ;d]t
;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . Force of Attraction Rule eGgfn] olb s'g} b]zdf csf]{
b]zsf] :yfoL ;+:yfkg 5 eg] :yfoL ;+:yfkg ePsf] b]zsf] s'g} JolQmn] :yfoL
;+:yfkgsf] d"Vo sfof{no jf To;;+u cfj4 JolQm;+u sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] 5 eg]
To; lsl;dsf] sf/f]jf/jf6 x'g] cfo :yfoL ;+:yfkgsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug]{
k2tLnfO{ hgfp+5 .
-%_ OECD Model n] Shipping and Air Transport Enterprises sf] cfodf To:tf]
Enterprises sf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg -Place of Effective Management_ /x]sf]
b]zdf dfq s/ nfUg] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . UN Model n] o; lsl;dsf] cfodf
s/ nfUg] ;DjGwdf @ j6f ljsNkx? lbPsf] 5 .
-^_ s'g} b]zsf] sDkgLn] ljt/0f ug]{ nfef+zdf lxtflwsf/Lsf] sDkgLdf /x]sf] z]o/
:jfldTjsf] cfwf/df % jf !% k|ltztn] sDkgL jfl;Gbf JolQm /x]sf] b]zdf
s/ nfUg] eGg] OECD Model df pNn]v 5 . t/ UN Model n] sDkgL jfl;Gbf
/x]sf] b]zdf nfUg] s/sf] b/ :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5}g .
-&_ OECD Model n] Jofh cfh{g ePsf] b]zdf !) k|ltztn] s/ nfUg] pNn]v
ePsf] t/ UN Model n] Jofh cfodf nfUg] s/sf] b/ lkIfLo jftf{jf6 olsg
ug{ pko'Qm x'g] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
-*_ OECD Model n] /f]oN6Ljf6 k|fKt cfodf jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] b]zdf dfq s/
nfUg] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . o; ;DjGwdf UN Model n] /f]oN6Lsf] cfodf >f]t
b]zdf klg s/ nfUg] t/ slt b/df nfUg] eGg] ;DjGwdf ;+alGwt b]zx?n]
lkIfLo ?kdf olsg ug{ pko'Qm x'g] wf/0ff /fv]sf] 5 .
249

-(_

n] o;sf] wf/f !$ "Independent Personal Services" -5'} wf/f_

nfO{ kl5Nnf] ;+zf]wgdf x6fPsf] 5 . UN Model n] o; wf/fnfO{ xfn;Dd
sfod /fv]sf] 5 .
-!)_ OECD Model n] ;g\ @))* sf] ;++zf]wg kZrft Exchange of Information sf]
If]qnfO{ Jofks u/]sf] 5 . o;n] s'g} JolQmsf] a}+lsu ;'rgfnfO{ klg
Exchange of Information x'g] ljifodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 .
-!!_ OECD Model tyf UN Model df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] JolQm, s/x?, kl/efiffx?
cfosf] k|s[lt cg';f/ s/ nfUg] b]z tyf s/sf] b/ nufot cGo ljifox?nfO{
lgDgfg';f/sf] wf/fx?df ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 .
OECD Model

Article

!
@
#
$
%
^=
&=
*=
(=
!)=
!!
!@
!#=
!$=
!%
!^=
!&=
!*=
!(
@)
@!
@@
@#
@$
@%

UN Model

OECD Model

Persons Covered

Persons Covered

Taxes Covered

Taxes Covered

General Definitions

General Definitions

Resident

Resident

Permanent Establishment

Permanent Establishment

Income from Immovable Property

Income from Immovable Property

Business Profits

Business Profits

Shipping Inland water ways

transport and Air transport

Shipping Inland water ways

transport and Air transport

Associated Enterprises

Associated Enterprises

Dividend

Dividend

Interest

Interest

Royalties

Royalties

Capital Gains

Capital Gains

Independent Personnel Services

Deleted

Dependent Personnel Services

Income from Employment

Director's fees & Remmuneration of

Top Level Managerial Officials

Director's Fees

Artists and Sportsperson

Artists and Sportsmen

Pensions and Social Security

Payments

Pensions

Government Service

Government Service

Students

Students

Other Income

Other Income

Capital

Capital

Method for Elimination of Double

Taxation

Method for Elimination of Double

Taxation

Non-discrimination

Non-discrimination

Mutual Agreement Procedure

Mutual Agreement Procedure

250

@^
@&=

Exchange of Information

Exchange of Information

Member of Diplomatic Mission and

Consular Posts

Assistance in the Collection of

Taxes
Members of Diplomatic Missions
and Consular Posts

@* Entry in to Force
Territorial Extensions
@( Termination
Entry into Force
#)
Termination
#!
!%=#=% g]kfnn] u/]sf] bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tfsf d'Vo cjwf/0ffx?
s'g} cfodf s/ gnfUg] jf sd s/ nfUg] cflb ljifodf csf]{ b]zsf] ;/sf/;Fu
bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tf ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ cfos/ P]g, @)%* n] g} clwsf/
k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljb]zL /fi6x?;+u bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm tyf ljQLo 5n
lg/f]w ;Demf}tf ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] xf;Dd ljleGg !) j6f /fi6x?;+u bf]xf]/f]
s/ d'lQm tyf ljQLo 5n lg/f]w ;Demf}tf u/]sf] 5 . bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tf
ul/Psf] ;j} b]z;+u k"0f{ ?kdf -Comprehensive_ ;Demf}tf ePsf] 5 . g]kfnn] cGo
/fi6x?;+u ;Demf}tf ubf{ UN Model tyf OECD Model sf] Joj:Yff cg'?k u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfnn] klxnf] bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm tyf ljQLo 5n lg/f]w ;Demf}tf ;g\ !(*& df
ef/t ;/sf/;+u u/]sf] lyof] . kl5 qmdzM gj]{, yfONof08, df}l/;;\ cflb /fi6x?;+u
x:tfIf/ eO{ xfn;Dd !) j6f /fi6x?;+u ;Demf}tf ePsf] 5 . g]kfnn] u/]sf] bf]xf]/f]
s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ePsf] d'Vo d'Vo j'+bfx? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 .
-!_ g]kfnn] xfn;Dd ;Demf}tf u/]sf] !) j6f b]zx? dWo] gj]{ ;/sf/;+u ePsf]
;Demf}tfdf ;dfj]z x'g] s/df k"FhL -capital_ nfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 .
gj]{ ;/sf/;+u ePsf] ;Demf}tf "In respect of Income and/or Capital" df ePsf]
5 . cGo /fi6;+u ePsf] ;Demf}tf "In respect of Income" df ePsf] 5 .
-@_ g]kfnn] x:tfIf/ u/]sf] bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tfdf s'g} JolQmn] lgdf{0f,
h8fg, :yfkgf ug]{ cfof]hgfdf ;+nUg /x]sf] :yfg tyf ;f] cfof]hgfsf]
;'k/Lj]If0f lqmofsnfk ;+rfng u/]sf] :yfg :yfoL ;+:yfkg x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 . o; ;DjGwdf g]kfnn] UN Model sf] Joj:yf c+lusf/ u/]sf] 5 .
-#_ s'g} JolQmn] sd{rf/Ldfkm{t jf cGo k|sf/n] s'g} b]zsf] Ps jf PseGbf a9L
:yfgdf k|fljlws, Joj;flos jf k/fdz{ ;]jf k|bfg u/]sf] sf/0fn] :yfoL
;+:yfkg /x]sf] dflgg] u/L g]kfnn] ;Demf}tf u/]sf] 5 . o; ljifodf ;f] b]zdf
;+nUg x'gkg]{ lbgsf] ;+Vof eg] ;Demf}tf ePsf] b]zx?df km/s km/s 5 .
-$_ g]kfnn] :yfoL ;+:yfkgsf] cfo u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf]nflu s]xL b]z;+u "Force
of Attraction Rule" ;d]t cjnDjg u/]sf] 5 .
-%_ Shipping and Air Transport Enterprises sf] ;DjGwdf g]kfnn] ;Demf}tf u/]sf]
clwsf+z ;Demf}tfx?df To:tf] Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ JolQm /x]sf] b]zdf s/
nfUg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 .
-^_ g]kfnn] ;Demf}tf u/]sf] /fi6x?sf] ;/sf/ tyf s]lGb|o a}+snfO{ Jofh jfkt
e'QmfgL u/]sf] Jofhdf >f]t b]zdf s/ gnfUg] u/L ;Demf}tf u/]sf] 5 .
-&_ s'g} v]nf8L tyf snfsf/x?n] h'g b]zdf cfo cfh{g u/]sf] 5 ;f]xL b]zdf
s/ nfUg] Joj:Yff u/L ;Demf}tf ePsf] 5 . t/ s'g} v]nf8L jf snfsf/nfO{
251

e'QmfgL ul/Psf] /sd ;fj{hlgs sf]if -Public Funds_ jf6 ul/Psf] 5 eg]
>f]t ePsf] b]zdf s/ gnfUg] Joj:Yff ;lxt g]kfnn] ;Demf}tf u/]sf] 5 .
-*_ g]kfnn] cGo /fi6x?;+u u/]sf] ;Demf}tf dWo] ef/t;+u ePsf] ;Demf}tf jfx]s
cGodf k"+lhut nfesf] ljifonfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 .
-(_ lzIfs jf k|fWofksn] csf]{ b]zdf lzIf0f jf k|fWofkg k]zfdf ;+nUg /xL u/]sf]
cfo cfh{gdf lglZrt cjwLsf] nflu s/ gnfUg] Joj:yf ;dfj]z u/L bf]xf]/f]
s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tf ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 .
-!)_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] u/]sf] ;j} ;Demf}tfx?df /f]oN6L jfkt k|fKt cfodf Psd'i6
!% k|ltztn] >f]t b]zdf s/ nfUg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 .
-!!_ g]kfnn] u/]sf] ;Demf}tfdf s'g} JolQmn] csf]{ b]zdf cfh{g u/]sf] cfodf s/
e'QmfgL ubf{ cfo cfh{g u/]sf] b]zdf bflvnf u/]sf] s/ cfkm' afl;Gbf /x]sf]
b]zsf] cfos/df ldnfg ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ;dfj]z ePsf] 5 . t/ o;/L
bflvnf u/]sf] s/sf] ldnfg g]kfnsf] -afl;Gbf b]zsf]_ k|rlnt s/sf] b/ eGbf
j9L gx'g] u/L cyf{t Ordinory Credit Method ckgfPsf] 5 .
g]kfnn] u/]sf] ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ePsf] d'Vo d'Vo j'+bfx? dfly pNn]v eP
adf]lhd 5 . g]kfnn] u/]sf] ;Demf}tf cg';f/ nfef+z, Jofh tyf /f]oN6L afkt k|fKt
cfodf nfUg] s/sf] b/ Pj+ g]kfnn] ;Demf}tf u/]sf] b]zx?sf] gfd tn pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] u/]sf] bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;Demf}tf u/]sf] b]zx?
qm=;+= ;Demf}tf u/]sf] b]z
;Demf}tf ljifo
!=
ef/t
cfosf] ;DjGwdf -In respect of Income_
@=
gj]{
cfo tyf k"+hLsf] ;DjGwdf -In respect of
Income and/or Capital_
#=
yfONof08
cfosf] ;DjGwdf -In respect of Income_
$=
>Ln+sf
cfosf] ;DjGwdf -In respect of Income_
%=
df}l/;;
cfosf] ;DjGwdf -In respect of Income_
^=
cli6of
cfosf] ;DjGwdf -In respect of Income_
&=
kfls:tfg
cfosf] ;DjGwdf -In respect of Income_
*
rLg
cfosf] ;DjGwdf -In respect of Income_
(=
blIf0f sf]l/of
cfosf] ;DjGwdf -In respect of Income_
!)= stf/
cfosf] ;DjGwdf -In respect of Income_
g]kfnn] u/]sf] bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm ;+emf}tf u/]sf b]zx?;+u nfef+z, Jofh tyf /f]oN6L
cfodf nfUg] s/sf] b/x? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5M
qm=;+= b]zsf] gfd
nfef+zdf s/
Jofhdf s/ /f]oN6Ldf s/
!=
ef/t
!)%, !%%
!)%, !%%
a9Ldf !%%
@=
gj]{
%% !)%, !%%
!)%, !%%
a9Ldf !%%
#=
yfONof08
!%%
!)%, !%%
a9Ldf !%%
$=
>Ln+sf
!%%
!)%, !%%
a9Ldf !%%
%=
df}l/;;\
%% !)%, !%%
!)%, !%%
a9Ldf !%%
^=
cli6of
%% !)%, !%%
!)%, !%%
a9Ldf !%%
252

&=
kfls:tfg
!)%, !%%
!)%, !%%
*
rLg
!)%
!)%
(=
b=sf]l/of
%% !)%, !%%
!)%,
!)= stf/
!)%
!)%
gf]6M nfef+zdf nfUg] s/sf] km/s b/ pNn]v ePsf] b]zx?;+u
k|ltztsf] cfwf/df s/sf] b/ pNn]v ePsf] 5 .

a9Ldf !%%
a9Ldf !%%
a9Ldf !%%
a9Ldf !%%
k"Flhsf] nufgLsf]

253

kl/R%]b 16

e'QmfgLdf s/ sL
(Withholding Tax)

!^=!=

s/ nfUg] sf/f]af/ ug]{ AolQmnfO{ cfos/sf] bfo/fdf Nofpg Pj+ lgoldt ?kn] s/
;+sng ug]{ p2]Zon] cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] kl/R5]b !& df >f]tdf s/ sL
;DaGwL k|fjwfg /x]sf 5g\ . o;/L e'QmfgL s} ;dodf cyf{t >f]tdf g} s/ sL x'g]
k|fjwfgnfO{ e'QmfgL ->f]t_ df s/ sL (Tax Deduction at Source, TDS_ elgG5 .
e'QmfgL ubf{ nfUg] s/ /sd e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{af6 sf ug]{ x'+bf o;nfO{ Withholding
Tax ;d]t elgG5 . cfo ubf{sf avtdf g} s/ ltl/g] ePsfn] o;/L s/ ltg]{
cjwf/0ffnfO{ Pay As You Earn (PAYE) elgG5 . s/ sL ug]{ bfloTj ePsf]
AolQmn] P]gn] tf]s]sf] e'QmfgLdf s/ sL ug'{ kg]{ Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf :ki6 kfg'{
o; kl/R5]bsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .
!^=@= e'QmfgLdf s/ sL (Withholding Tax)
!^=@=! e'QmfgLdf s/ sL;+u ;DalGwt kIf M
cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] kl/R5]b !& df e'QmfgLdf s/ sL ;DaGwL Joj:yf 5 .
e'QmfgLdf s/ sL eGgfn] s'g} klg JolQmn] cfo jif{df u/]sf] cfonfO{ P]gsf]
kl/R5]b !& cGtu{t pNn]lvt bkmfx?df pNn]v ul/Psf e'QmfgLsf lsl;dx?df
e'QmfgL ubf{ s} cj:yfdf tf]lsPsf] b/n] s/ sf u/L afFsL /sd e'QmfgL ul/g]
k|0ffnLnfO{ e'QmfgLdf s/ sL (Withholding Tax) elgG5 . vf; u/L o:tf] k|0ffnL
nufgLjf6 ePsf] cfo, nfef+z, /f]huf/Lsf] cfo, ;]jfz'Ns, 7]Ssf kf (Contract)
cflbdf ul/g] e'QmfgLdf To:tf] e'QmfgL x'Fbfsf cj:yfdf g} clu|d s/ sf u/L
afFsL /sd e'QmfgL ul/G5 . o; k|0ffnLn] ubf{ ;/sf/nfO{ clu|ddf /fh:j ;+sng
klg x'g] / s/sf] bfo/fdf a9L s/bftfx? klg ;d]l6g'sf ;fy} ;/sf/ tyf s/bftf
b'j}sf] s/ ;+sng nfut (Compliance Cost) klg Go"g x'g hfG5 . ljz]if u/L
c;+ul7t If]q, 5l/Psf / ;fgf e'QmfgLx? Pj+ lgl:s[o cfo x'g] k|fs[lts JolQmx?
(Hard to Tax Group) sf] cfodf s/ nufpg] p4]Zon] ;d]t o:tf] k|jGw ul/Psf]
xf] .
e'QmfgLdf s/ sL ug]{ ;Gbe{df clu|d s/ sL ug]{ JolQm (Withholding Agent) /
clu|d s/ sL x'g] JolQm (Withholdee) b'O{ dxTjk"0f{ kIfx? x'G5g\ .
P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd clu|d s/ sL ug]{ JolQm eGgfn] /f]huf/L,
nufgL k|ltkmn, ;]jf z'Ns tyf 7]Ssf jf s/f/ ;d]tsf] e'QmfgL ubf{ kl/R5]b!&
adf]lhd clu|d s/ sL ug]{ st{Jo ePsf] JolQm ;Demg' k5{ .
jfl;Gbf JolQmn] u/]sf] e'QmfgL]df dfq s/ sL ug'{ kb{5 . o; lx;fjn] u}/ jfl;Gbf
JolQm clu|d s/ sL ug]{ JolQm (Withholding Agent) x'g ;Qm}g . csf{lt/ P]gsf]
kl/R5]b !& cGtu{tsf e'QmfgL kfpg] JolQm clu|d s/ sL x'g] JolQm (Withholdee)
ePsfn] e'QmfgLsf] k|fks jfl;Gbf jf u}/ jfl;Gbf hf];'s} JolQm x'g ;Qm5 .
cfos/ P]g, @)%* n] ljleGg e'QmfgLx?df clu|d s/ sL u/]/ dfq e'QmfgL ug'{
kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf]5 . o;/L clu|d s/ sL u/]/ dfq e'QmfgL ug'{ kg]{ /sd e'QmfgL
ubf{ P]gdf tf]s]sf] b/ cg';f/ x'g] /sd sf u/L af+sL /sd dfq ;f] AolQmnfO{

e'QmfgL ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf] s/ sL ug'{ kg]{ bfloTj ePsf] AolQmnfO{ clu|d s/
sL ug]{ JolQm elgG5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu s'g} afl;Gbf /f]huf/bftfn] cfkm\gf] sd{rf/LnfO{ kfl/>lds e'QmfgL
ubf{ e'QmfgLdf s/ sf u/L e'QmfgL ug'{ kg]{ bfloTj ePsf] ca:yf /x]5 eg] o:tf
/f]huf/bftfnfO{ clu|d s/ sL ug]{ JolQm elgG5 . To:t}, s'g} sDkgLn] s'g}
k/fdz{bftfnfO{ s'g} sfd nufP jfkt s/ sL u/]/ ;]jf z'Ns e'QmfgL ub{5 eg]
To;/L s/ sL u/]/ ;]jf z'Ns e'QmfgL ug]{ AolQmnfO{ clu|d s/ sL ug]{ JolQm
dflgG5 . ;dli6ut ?kdf tn pNn]lvt AolQmx?nfO{ clu|d s/ sL ug]{ AolQmsf]
?kdf lnO{G5 .
qm=;+=

e'QmfgL -cfo_ sf] lsl;d

clu|d s/ sL ug]{ JolQm

P]gsf] bkmf

g]kfndf
;|f]t
ePsf] kfl/>lds e'QmfgL ug]{
/f]huf/Laf6 s'g} sd{rf/L jf afl;Gbf /f]huf/bftf
sfdbf/n]
k|fKt
u/]sf]
kfl/>lds

*&-!_

g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] Jofh, e'QmfgL

k|fs[lts ;|f]t, ef8f, /f]oN6L, JolQm
;]jf z'Ns, sldzg jf ljqmL
jf]g; / cjsfz e'QmfgL

ug]{

afl;Gbf

**-!_

7]Ssf jf s/f/ afkt krf; e'QmfgL

xhf/ ?k}ofFeGbf a9Lsf] /sd JolQm
e'QmfgL

ug]{

afl;Gbf

*(-!_

cfsl:ds nfe
/sdsf] e'QmfgL

jfktsf] e'QmfgL lbg] JolQm

**s

clu|d s/ sL ug]{ JolQm v'nfpg] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

pbfx/0f !^=@=!M dfgf}+, g]kfn /fi6 a}+sdf gf]6 hnfg ug]{ sfo{df ul7t ;ldltdf
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 lhNnf sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{nosf k|ltlglw /xg]
Joj:yf /x]5 . pQm ;ldltsf] j}7sdf pkl:yt eP afkt a}7s eQf ?= @%).
sf] Aoa:yf /x]5 . ;f]xL Joj:yf jdf]lhd >LdtL ;'gogf :jf+/nfO{ pQm ;ldltdf
pkl:yt eP jfkt g]kfn /fi6 a}+saf6 k|fKt x'g] a}7s eQf e'QmfgL ?= @%). df
P]gsf] bkmf ** cg';f/ !% k|ltztsf b/n] clu|d s/ sf u/L afFsL /sd ?=
@!@.%) lghnfO{ e'QmfgL ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . o; sfo{df g]kfn /fi6 a}+snfO{ clu|d
s/ sL ug]{ JolQm elgG5 .
P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -0f_ adf]lhd s/ sL x'g] JolQm eGgfn] /f]huf/L, nufgL
k|ltkmn, ;]jf z'Ns tyf 7]Ssf jf s/f/ ;d]tsf] e'QmfgL ubf{ kl/R5]b!& adf]lhd
s/ sL u/L e'StfgL k|fKt ug]{ jf e'StfgL k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ ePsf] JolSt ;Demg'
k5{ .

255

s/ sL x'g] AolQm eGgfn] e'QmfgL k|fKt ubf{ >f]tdf s/ sf eO{ e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{
JolQmnfO{ hgfp+5 . s/ sL x'g] AolQm jfl;Gbf jf u}/ jfl;Gbf hf] ;'s} x'g ;Qm5
t/ cj:yf cg';f/ s/ sLsf] b/ eg] km/s x'g ;Qm5 . ;f] Aoa:yf tnsf]
pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5M
pbfx/0f !^=@=@M dfly pbfx/0f !^=@=! df pNn]v ul/Psf] pbfx/0fdf clu|d s/
sf u/L afFsL x'g cfpg] ?= @!@.%) k|fKt ug]{ >LdtL ;'gogf :jf+/nfO{ clu|d
s/ sL x'g] JolQm elgG5 .
!^=@=@ /f]huf/bftfaf6 s/ sL M
P]gsf] bkmf *& df /f]huf/bftfaf6 /f]huf/Lsf] cfo e'QmfgLdf s/ sL ;DaGwdf
lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf ul/Psf] 5 M
-!_ k|To]s afl;Gbf /f]huf/bftfn] /f]huf/Laf6 s'g} sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/n] k|fKt
u/]sf] cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ul/g] g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] s'g} /sd
e'QmfgL ubf{ cg';"rL ! adf]lhdsf] b/n] x'g] s/ sL ug'{ kg]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd s/ sL ug'{ kg]{ /f]huf/bftfsf] bfloTj b]xfosf]
sf/0fn] 36\g] jf ;dfKt x'g] 5}g M
-s_ /f]huf/bftfn] pNn]lvt e'QmfgLaf6 cGo s'g} /sd sL ug]{ jf
/f]Ssf /fVg] jf 36fpg] clwsf/ jf st{Jo ePsf]df, jf
-v_ cGo k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/sf] /f]huf/Laf6
ePsf] cfo 36fpg gkfpg] ePsf]df .
P]gsf] bkmf * cg';f/ ;dfa]; ul/g] /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf 5'6 tyf ;'lawf 36fO{ x'g
cfpg] s/ of]Uo cfodf P]gsf] cg';"rL ! df pNn]v ul/Psf] s/sf] b/ cg';f/ x'g
cfpg] s/ bfloTjdf /f]huf/bftfn] e'Qmfg u/]sf] cf}ifwL pkrf/ jfktsf] s/ ldnfg
(Medical Tax Credit) u/L ;s]kl5sf] v'b s/ /sdnfO{ bfdf;fxLn] dfl;s ?kdf
lghsf] kfl/>ldsaf6 sf u/L ;DalGwt /fh:j sfof{nodf k|To]s dlxgf ;dfKt
ePsf] @% ut] leq a'emfpg' kb{5 . o;/L /f]huf/Laf6 ePsf] cfosf] s/ bfloTj
olsg u/L s/ sf ug]{ bfloTj o; P]gn] /f]huf/bftfnfO{ tf]s]sf] 5 . o;/L s/
bfloTj olsg ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu /f]huf/bftfn] kfl/>lds e'QmfgLaf6 cGo s'g}
/sd -h:t}, k]ZsL afkt sf ug'{ kg]{ /sd_ 36fpg kfpg] cl3sf/ ePtfklg
/f]huf/bftfsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf s/ sL ug]{ bfloTj ;dfKt x'b}g . o;sf] cnfjf
of] P]g jfx]s cGo k|rlnt sfg"g jdf]lhd /f]huf/Lsf] cfo 36fpg gkfpg] egL
tf]lsPsf] ePtfklg /f]huf/bftfsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf s/ sL ug]{ bfloTj ;dfKt
x'g] 5}g . ;f] Aoa:yf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !^=@=# M dfgf}+, cfly{s aif{ @)^$.^% df g]kfn ;]jf a}+s ln= sf] Ps
sd{rf/Lsf] dfl;s kfl/>lds ?= #),))) /x]5 . ;f] a}+sn] lghsf] dfl;s
e'QmfgLdf lgodfg';f/ ?= $,%)) s/ sf ug'{ kg]{ /x]5 . cfiff9 @)^% sf]
kfl/>ldsaf6 a}+sn] lghn] lnPsf] k]ZsL afkt ?= @*,))) sf ug'{ kg]{ /x]5 .
cyf{t ;f] dlxgf lghn] ?=@,))) dfq gub e'QmfgL k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] /x]5g\ . o;
ca:yfdf lghsf] kfl/>lds e'QmfgLaf6 a}+sn] k]ZsL afkt ?= @*,))) sf ug{
;Sg] ePtf klg s/ sL ug'{ kg]{ bfloTjaf6 ;f] a}+s pGd'Qm x'g ;Sb}g . o;/L
k]ZsL /sd sf ug'{ cufl8 lgodfg';f/ x'g cfpg] s/ ?= $,%)) sf u/L ;f]
256

/sd ;DalGwt sfof{nodf bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .

pbfx/0f !^=@=$ M dfgf}+, g]kfn ;]jf a}+s ln= n] k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[tnfO{
lghsf] kfl/>ldsdf s/ gsf6L Psd'i6 ?kn] e'QmfgL ug]{ zt{df cfly{s aif{
@)^%.^^ sf] nflu aflif{s ?= $),)),))) kfl/>lds kfpg] u/L lgo"Qm u/]sf]
/x]5 . ;]jfsf] zt{ adf]lhd a}+sn] lghnfO{ kfl/>lds e'QmfgL ubf{ >f]tdf s/
sf ug{ g;Sg] ePtfklg ;f] a}+sn] k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[tsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf
s/ sL ug]{ bfloTj ;dfKt x'g] 5}g / ;f] a}+sn] lghnfO{ e'Qmfg ug]{
kfl/>ldsdf -lghsf] x}l;ot Pp6} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] ?kdf dflgg] u/L 5gf}6
ug]{ bDklQ dfGbf_ lgDgfg';f/ lghsf] tkm{af6 a}+sn] lt/]sf] s/nfO{ ;d]t cfo
dfgL s'n kfl/>lds (Backward Calculation of Gross Salary) u0fgf u/L ;f]
adf]lhd x'g cfpg] ?= !@,&%,### s/ sL u/L bflvnf ug'{ kb{5 .
5,275,333
s'n /f]huf/Lsf] cfo
140,000
s/ gnfUg] /sd
12,750
85,000
15% n]
klxnf]
1,262,583
5,050333 25% n]
afFsL
1,275,333
s'n s/ /sd
4,000,000
s/ kl5sf] kfl/>lds /sd
o;/L s/ bfloTj k5fl8sf] kfl/>lds lgwf{/0f ubf{ lghnfO{ lbg' kg]{ hDdf
kfl/>lds a/fa/sf] /sd cfpg] u/L s'n kfl/>ldsdf cfaZos ;dfof]hg ug'{
kb{5 .
!^=@=# /f]huf/bftfn] kfl/>lds e'QmfgLdf s/ sL ug]{ tl/sf M
/f]huf/bftfn] kfl/>lds e'QmfgLdf s/ sL ug]{ tl/sfsf ;DaGwdf cfos/
lgodfanLsf] lgod #! Dff lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
lgod #!M s'g} /f]huf/bftfn] P]gsf] bkmf *& sf] pkbkmf -!_ jdf]lhd /f]huf/Laf6

clu|d s/ sL ubf{ b]xfo adf]lhd ug'{ kg]{5 M

-s_ P]gsf] bkmf %! jdf]lhd cf}ifwL pkrf/ jfkt s/ ldnfg ug{ kfpg] eP
To;nfO{ ldnfg ug{ ;Sg], /
-v_ sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/sf] aflif{s kfl/>ldsdf nfUg] s/sf] bfdf;fxLsf]
lx;fjn] dfl;s ?kdf clu|d s/ sL ug'{ kg]{ .

dfly pNn]v ul/P cg';f/ s'g} klg /f]huf/bftfn] s/ sL ubf{ lgDgfg';f/ ug'{
kb{5M
1.
/f]huf/bftfn] sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/LnfO{ cfojif{sf] klxnf] e'QmfgL ug'{ cufj} ;f]
sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/n] k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] /sdx? u0fgf u/L /f]huf/Lsf] cfosf]
lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo -cyf{t cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kg]{ s'n /sd_ olsg ug{'
kb{5 . z'? cg'dfg adf]lhd cfo tyf s/ lgwf{/0f u/L dfl;s ?kn]
;dfg'kflts cfwf/df s6\6f ul/Psf] /sddf s'g} kl/jt{g ePdf To;/L
km]/abn ePsf] dlxgfsf] kfl/>lds e'QmfgL ug'{ cufj} ;f] cfodf ;+zf]wg u/L
/f]huf/Lsf] cfo olsg ug'{ kb{5 .
257

P]gsf] bkmf ^# sf] pkbkmf -@_ / lgod @! cg';f/ /f]huf/bftfn] e'Qmfg u/L
lbPsf] :jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifdf u/]sf] of]ubfg eP ;f] /sd 36fpg' kb{5 .
3.
b'u{d If]qdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L eP P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf -%_
adf]lhd b'u{d eQf jfkt tf]lsPsf] /sd lghsf] s/ of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg'
kb{5 .
4.
P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf -^_ adf]lhd g]kfnsf ljb]z l:yt
s'6g}lts lgof]udf sfo{/t sd{rf/L eP lghn] k|fKt u/]sf] j}b]lzs eQfsf]
krxQ/ k|ltzt /sd lghsf] s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg' kb{5 .
5.
jfl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQmsf] lga[lQe/0f cfo /x]sf] eP P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf]
bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf -(_ adf]lhdsf] /sd lghsf] s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg'
kb{5 . t/ lghsf] lgj[lQe/0f cfo ;f] /sd eGbf sd ePdf lgj[lQe/0f
cfosf] xb;Dd dfq 36fpg kfpb5 .
6.
s'g} jfl;Gbf sd{rf/L ckf /x]5 eg] P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf
-!)_ adf]lhdsf] /sd s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg' kb{5 .
7.
jfl;Gbf sd{rf/Ln] nufgL jLdf -h:t}, hLjg jLdf_ u/]sf] eP P]gsf] cg';"rL
! sf] bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf -!@_ adf]lhd ?=@),))) jf e'Qmfg ul/Psf] jLdf
lk|ldod dWo] h'g 36L x'G5 ;f] /sd lghsf] s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg' kb{5 .
8.
jfl;Gbf sd{rf/L Psn AolQm eP P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf !
Pj+ Pp6} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] ?kdf dflgg] u/L 5gf}6 ug]{ bDklQ eP pkbkmf @_ cg';f/ nfUg] s/sf] u0fgf u/L s/ bfloTj olsg ug{' kb{5 .
9.
u}x| jfl;Gbf sd{rf/L eP ;db/df @% k|ltztsf] b/n] s/sf] u0fgf ug'{ k5{ .
10. P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf -!!_ adf]lhd s'g} afl;Gbf k|fs[lts
JolQm /f]huf/Lsf] cfo dfq cfh{g ug]{ dlxnf /lxl5g\ eg] To:tf] k|fs[lts
AolQmn] ltg'{kg]{ s/ /sddf bz k|ltzt 5'6 lbO{ s/ /sd olsg ug'{ kb{5 .
t/ bDktLsf] ;x'lnot lnPsf] cj:yfdf o:tf] 5'6 lbg kfOb}g .
11. s/ bfloTj olsg e} ;s]kl5 afl;Gbf sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/sf] xsdf
/f]huf/bftfn] e'Qmfg u/]sf] bkmf %! cg';f/sf] cf}ifwf]krf/ s/ ldnfg ug'{
kb{5 .
12. s/ ldnfg kZrft x'g cfpg] v'b s/ bfloTjnfO{ !@ dlxgfn] jf gf]s/L cawL
;f] eGbf sd eP ;f]xL adf]lhd bfdf;fxLn] efu ubf{ x'g cfpg] s/ bfloTj
kfl/>lds e'QmfgLaf6 sf u/L ;DjlGwt sfof{nodf a'emfpg' kb{5 .
13. /f]huf/Lsf] cfo tyf s/sf] u0fgf ;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf @)^^ ;d]t k|sfzg
eO{;s]sf]n] lj:t[t JofVofsf nflu To;}nfO{ ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] ?kdf lng'
pko'Qm x'G5 .
k'gZrM != Ps k6sdf Pp6f dfq jfl;Gbf /f]huf/bftf ePsf] /f]huf/L cfo x'g]
JolQmsf] s/ /f]huf/bftfn] s6\6f u/]sf] /sddfq x'g] ePsfn] cfo jif{sf]
aLrdf /f]huf/ bftf kl/jt{g u/]sf JolQmn] cl3Nnf] /f]huf/bftfaf6 k|fKt
u/]sf] /sd / e'QmfgLdf s6\6f u/]sf] /sd pNn]v ePsf] ljj/0f bkmf (!
adf]lhdsf] k|df0fkq gof /f]uhf/bftf ;dIf k]z ug'{ kb{5 . gof
2.

258

/f]huf/bftfn] klg ;f] cfo jif{sf] e'QmfgLdf s/ s6\6f ubf{ ;f] ljj/0f
cg';f/ ;dfof]hg ug'{ kb{5 .
@= /f]huf/Lsf] cfo cfh{g ug]{ AolQmsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfo jfx]s lgj[lQe/0f
cfo ;d]t ePdf, /f]huf/Lsf] cfosf ;fy} Joj;fo jf nufgL jf b'j}sf]
cfo ePdf, Ps k6sdf Ps eGbf a9L /f]huf/bftf ePdf, u}/ afl;Gbf
/f]huf/bftfaf6 cfo k|fKt ug]{ ePdf, P]gsf] bkmf !@ adf]lhdsf] rGbf
vr{ 5'6 bfaL ug]{ ePdf jf /f]huf/bftfn] hDdf u/L lbPsf] casfz
of]ubfg afx]s yk casfz of]ubfg afkt 5'6 bfaL ug{ k/]df ;DalGwt
sfof{no ;dIf cfo laa/0f bflvnf ug'{ kb{5 . ;f] Aoa:yf tnsf]
pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5M
pbfx/0f !^=@=%M dfgf}, b]a]z v8\sf eGg] Psn AolQm World and Nepal eGg] Ps
;+:yfdf ^ dlxgfsf] Contract df @)^^ efb| ! b]lv @)^^ df3 d;fGt ;Dd sfo{/t
/x]5g\ . pQm ;+:yfn] ;f] cawLdf lgDgfg';f/sf] e'QmfgL u/]sf] /x]5 .
tna dfl;s
? *),))).
lghnfO{ sfof{no tyf JolQmut k|of]hgsf] nflu Ps 8fO{e/ ;lxtsf] sf/ pknAw
u/fPsf] /x]5 .
;f] ;+:yfn] e'QmfgL u/]sf] /sddf lgodfg';f/n] dfl;s ?kdf s/ sf u/L ;DjlGwt
/fh:j sfof{nodf a'emfpg' kg]{ 5 .
/sd ?=
lja/0f
480,000.00
tna
2,400.00
uf8L ;'lawf
482,400.00
/f]huf/Lsf] lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo
5'6 /sdx?
482,400.00
s/of]Uo cfo
s/sf] u0fgf
1,600.00
?= !,^),))) df ! n]
15,000.00
?= !,)),))) df !% n]
55,600.00
afFsL ?= @,@@,$)) df @% n]
72,200.00
hDdf s/ bfloTj
12,033.33
k|lt dlxgf s/ bfloTj -72,200.00/6)
;f] ;+:yfn] lghsf] dfl;s tnjaf6 ?= !@,)##.)) s/ sf u/L csf]{ dlxgfsf] @%
ut] leq ;DjlGwt /fh:j sfof{nodf a'emfpg' kb{5 .
pbfx/0f !^=@=^M dfgf}, efO{ /fhf eGg] AolQm s'g} Ps ljQLo ;+:yfdf k|jGwssf] ?kdf sfo{
ub} cfO{ /x]sf 5g\ . lghn] cf=j= @)^^.^& df lgDgfg';f/sf] cfo /f]huf/bftfx?af6 k|fKt
u/]sf /x]5g\ .
tna dfl;s
bz} vr{

? $),))).
? $),))).

259

z}lIfs eQf
? @,))). k|lt dlxgf
dx+uL eQf
? @,))). k|lt dlxgf
af]g;
? ^),))).
lghnfO{ sfof{no tyf JolQmut k|of]hgsf] nflu Ps 8fO{e/ ;lxtsf] sf/ pknAw
u/fPsf] /x]5 .
8fOe/sf] dfl;s tna tyf eQf ? *,))). ljQLo ;+:yfn] g} e'QmfgL ubf]{ /x]5 .
pQm d'Vo k|jGwssf] ufl8sf] nflu dfl;s k]6f]n vr{ ;/b/ ? !),))). nfUbf] /x]5 /
;f] sf/sf] nflu cf=a= @)^^.^& df ?= @%,))). sf] dd{t vr{ nfu]sf] /x]5 . oL
/sdx?sf] e'QmfgL ljQLo ;+:yfn] g} ubf]{ /x]5 .
lghnfO{ sfof{nosf] cfjf; Joj:yf ;d]t pknAw u/fO{Psf] 5 .
lghnfO{ lghsf] cfjfzdf h8fg ul/Psf] 6]lnkmf]g vr{ jfkt ? @,))). k|lt dlxgf
sfof{non] pknAw u/fpg] u/]sf] /x]5, ;f] dWo] AolQmut vr{ %) .
lghsf] cfjfzdf /]vb]v ug{sf] nflu Pshgf ;]So"/L6L uf8{ pknAw u/fPsf] / lgh
uf8{nfO{ k|lt dlxgf ? ^))). pknAw u/]sf] /x]5 / uf8{ k|of]u u/]jfkt lgh
k|jGwssf] dfl;s tnaaf6 ? #,))). sf ug]{ ul/Psf] /x]5 .
lghn] cfjfz C0f jfkt sfof{noaf6 % b/n] Aofh ltg]{ u/L ? !),)),))). sf]
shf{ aif{ e/L pkef]u u/]sf /x]5g\ . pQm ;+:yfn] o:t} lsl;dsf] shf{ cGo C0fLnfO{
lb+bf cf}ift * sf b/n] Aofh lng] u/]sf] /x]5 .
lghn] @)^^ d+l;/df 3/ljbf jfkt Ps dlxgfsf] tna klg k|fKt u/]sf /x]5g\ .
sfof{non] lghn] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tnasf] !) / ;f] df TolQg} /sd yk u/L sd{rf/L
;+ro sf]if -:jLs[t casfz sf]if_ df hDdf u/Llbg] u/]sf] / lghsf] ;xdtLdf
sfof{non] gfu/Ls nufgL sf]ifdf k|ltdlxgf @),))). sf b/n] hDdf ug]{ u/]sf] /x]5
.
lghn] cfkm\gf] nflu ?= @,%),))). sf] / cfkm\gf] >LdtLsf] nflu ?= !,%),))). sf]
hLjg jLdf g]kfn jLdf ;+:yfgdf u/]sf /x]5g\ / ;f] afktsf] lk|ldod ;f] cf=a=df
qmdzM ?= !(,))). tyf !$,))). lt/]sf /x]5g\ .
lghn] @)^^ sf] >fj0f dlxgfdf lq=la= lzIf0f c:ktfndf :jf:Yof]krf/df ?=@),))).
vr{ u/]sf /x]5g\ .
lgh / lghsL >LdtLn] ;f] cf=a= df bDklQ x'gsf] nflu 5gf}6 u/]sf /x]5g\ / ;f]
cf=a= df lghsL >LdtLsf] s'g} cfo /x]g5 .
lghsf] lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo, s/ of]Uo cfosf] u0fgf lgDgfg';f/ u/L cfo laa/0f k]; ug'{
kb{5 .
/sd ?=
lja/0f
480,000.00
tna
40,000.00
bz} vr{
24,000.00
z}lIfs eQf
24,000.00
dx+uL eQf
60,000.00
af]g;
2,400.00
uf8L ;'lawf
8fO{e/sf] tna -tn gf]6df pNn]v_
gnfUg]
k]6f]n vr{ -tn gf]6df pNn]v_
gnfUg]
dd{t vr{ -tn gf]6df pNn]v_
gnfUg]
9,600.00
cfaf; ;'lawf
12,000.00
6]lnkmf]g vr{ -@)))X!@X%)_
260

;]So"/L6L uf8{ ;'lawf -^,)))#,)))_x!@

shf{ ;'lawf -*%_x!),)),)))
3/ljbf jfkt tna
cjsfz sf]ifdf of]ubfg
ljlQo ;+:yfaf6 k|fKt s'n /f]huf/Lsf] cfo
/f]huf/Lsf] lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo
5'6 /sdx?M
5'6 kfpg] casf; of]ubfg
;+rosf]ifdf hDdf u/]sf]
/f]huf/stf{sf] kfl/>ldsaf6 sf u/L
;+rosf]ifdf hDdf u/]sf]
/f]huf/bftfn] /f]huf/stf{sf] ;xdtLdf
gful/s nufgL sf]ifdf hDdf u/]sf]
hDdf casfz of]ubfg
lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfosf] Ps ltxfO{
clwstd l;df
s/of]Uo cfo
lhag jLdf lk|ldod afkt 36fpg kfpg]
cfkm\gf] / cfkm\gf] >LdtLsf] nflu lt/]sf]
lk|ldod
clwstd l;df
s/of]Uo cfo -s/sf] u0fgfsf] nflu_

36,000.00
30,000.00
40,000.00
48,000.00
806,000.00
806,000.00

(268,666.67)
48,000.00
48,000.00
240,000.00
336,000.00
268,666.67
300,000.00
5,37,333.33
(20,000.00)
33,000.00
20,000.00
5,17,333.33

s/sf] u0fgf
?= @,)),))) ;Dd ! n]
2,000.00
?= !,)),))) df !% n]
15,000.00
afFsL ?= @,!&,###.## df @% n]
54,333.33
hDdf
71,333.33
Go"gM cf}ifwL vr{ ldnfg
750.00
hDdf s/ bfloTj
70,583.33
k|lt dlxgf s/ bfloTj (70,583.33/12)
5,881.94
lghsf] dfl;s tnjaf6 ?= %,**!.($ s/ sf u/L csf]{ dlxgfsf] @% ut]leq ;DjlGwt
/fh:j sfof{nodf a'emfpg' kb{5 .
gf]6M uf8L ;'lawf afkt bkmf @& -!_-v_ adf]lhd tnjsf] )=% x'g] /sd cfodf ;dfa];
u/]sf]n] ;f]xL ;'ljwf cGtu{tsf cGo /sd ;dfa]; ug'{ gkg]{ .

Ps k6sdf Pp6f dfq} jfl;Gbf /f]huf/bftf ePsf] / sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/sf]

/f]huf/Lsf] cfo g]kfn >f]t ePsf] /f]huf/Laf6 dfq} ePsf] / /f]huf/bftfn] e'QmfgL
u/]sf] cf}ifwf]krf/ vr{ jf cjsfz of]ubfg jfx]s cGo vr{ jf s/ ldnfg bfjL
gePsf] sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf bkmf *& cg';f/ /f]huf/bftfaf6 s/ sf u/]sf] /sd g}
clGtd s/ dflgg] x'Fbf pQm /sd ;DjlGwt sfof{nodf bflvnf u/]df o; P]gsf]
bkmf # sf] v08 -u_ df pNn]v eP jdf]lhdsf] JolQmn] s/ bfloTj k'/f u/]sf]
261

dflgG5 . To:tf] JolQmn] cfo ljj/0f a'emfpg' kb}{g / /f]huf/bftfn] sf u/L hDdf
u/L lbPsf] s/ /sd g} clGtd x'g]5 .
/f]huf/L cfo x'g] Psn k|fs[lts AolQmsf] xsdf ?= !,^),))) / Pp6} k|fs[lts
JolQmsf] ?kdf dflgg] u/L 5gf}6 ug]{ bDklQsf] xsdf ?= @,)),))) eGbf a9L
s/of]Uo cfo x'g] /f]huf/stf{n] :yfoL n]vf gDa/ (Permanent Account Number
PAN) lng' kg]{ / /f]huf/bftfn] /f]huf/stf{nfO{ kfl/>lds e'QmfgL ubf{ >f]tdf s/
sL u/]sf] /sd ;DalGwt /fh:j sfof{nodf bflvnf ubf{ pQm /f]huf/stf{sf]
:yfoL n]vf gDa/ ;d]t pNn]v ug'{ kg]{5 .
kfl/>lds s/ ;DjlGw lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf]nflu o; ljefujf6 k|sflzt ul/Psf]
/f]huf/Lsf] cfo tyf s/ u0fgf eGg] lgb]{lzsf x]g'{ xf]nf .
!^=@=$ nufgL k|ltkmn / ;]jf z'Nssf] e'QmfgL ubf{ s/ sL M
P]gsf] bkmf ** df nufgL k|ltkmn / ;]jf z'Nssf] e'QmfgL ubf{ e'QmfgLdf s/ sL
;DaGwL lgDgfg';f/sf] k|fjwfgsf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
**-!_ afl;Gbf JolQmn] g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] Jofh, k|fs[lts ;|f]t, ef8f, /f]oN6L,
;]jf z'Ns, sldzg jf ljqmL jf]g; / cjsfz e'QmfgL sf] /sd e'QmfgL ubf{
s"n e'QmfgL] /sdsf] kGw| k|ltztsf b/n] s/ sL ug'{ kg]{5 .
jfl;Gbf JolQm eGgfn] k|fs[lts JolQmsf] xsdf ;fdfGo j;f]jf;sf] :yfg g]kfndf
/x]sf] jf cljl5Gg #^% lbgsf] cjlwdf !*# lbg jf ;f]eGbf a9L g]kfndf /x]sf] jf
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 cfo jif{sf] s'g} ;dodf ljb]zdf v6fO{Psf] h'g;'s} cj:yf
ePklg To:tf] JolQmnfO{ g]kfnsf] jfl;Gbf dflgG5 . To:t} lgsfosf] -cGo AolQm_
xsdf ;fdfGotofM g]kfndf btf{ ePsf] lgsfonfO{ hgfp+b5 .
To:t} g]kfndf >f]t ePsf] e'QmfgL eGgfn] g]kfndf /x]sf] ;DklQ jfkt jf ;DklQ
k|of]u afkt e'QmfgL, g]kfndf u/]sf] bfloTj afktsf] e'QmfgL jf g]kfndf cfwf/
/x]sf] sf/f]af/af6 k|fKt e'QmfgLnfO{ ;fdfGotofM g]kfn >f]t ePsf] e'QmfgL
dflgG5 .
P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -z_ adf]lhd k|fs[lts ;|f]t afktsf] e'StfgL eGgfn]
b]xfosf] s'g} e'StfgLsf] /sd ;Demg' k5{ M
-!_ hldgaf6 kfgL, vlgh kbfy{ jf cGo hLljt jf lgh{L{j ;|f]t lgsfNg]
clwsf/ k|fKt u/] jfktsf] e'QmfgL, jf
-@_ hldgaf6 ;du| jf cf+lzs ?kdf lgsflnPsf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t / vlgh
kbfy{sf] hLljt jf lghL{j ;|f]tsf] kl/df0f jf d"Nosf cfwf/af6 u0fgf
ul/Psf] /sd .
P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -s d_ adf]lhd ;]jf z'Ns eGgfn] s'g} JolStn] pknAw
u/fPsf] ;]jf afkt lghnfO{ ahf/ d"No cg';f/ e'QmfgL ul/Psf] s'g} z'Ns ;Demg'
k5{ / ;f] zAbn] sldzg, j}7s eQf, Joj:yfkg z'Ns jf k|fljlws ;]jf z'NsnfO{
;d]t hgfpF5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu k/fdz{bftf nfO{ lghn] ;]jf pknAw u/fP afkt lbO{g] e'QmfgL
(Consultancy Fee), n]vf k/LIf0f ;]jf pknAw u/fP afkt n]vf k/LIfsnfO{ lbO{g]
262

kfl/>lds ;]jf z'Ns x'G5 . t/ cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIfs e'QmfgLstf{sf] sd{rf/L eP

lghnfO{ lbO{g] kfl/>lds eg] /f]huf/L cGtu{t kb{5 . To:t} laqmL k|aGwsf] nflu
lgo"Qm Ph]06 (Sales Agent) nfO{ lbO{g] sldzg ;d]t ;]jf z'Ns cGtu{t kb{5 . t/,
laqmLsf] nIo xfl;n u/] afkt tf]lsPsf sd{rf/LnfO{ pknAw x'g] sldzg eg]
/f]huf/L cGtu{t kb{5 .
s/ 5'6 ePsf] u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf, cGt/f{li6o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf, s'g} lgof]u,
sfof{no jf cGo s'g} ;+:yfn] cfkm'nfO{ s'g} k|ltkmn k|fKt gx'g] sfo{sf] nflu
:yfgLo ?kdf lbPsf] cg'bfg (Local Subsidy), k/fdz{ ;DalGw ;Demf}tf (Consulting
Contract) jf cGo s'g} ;Demf}tf (Contract) sf] ?kdf ;]jf ;DjlGw ;Demf}tf u/L /sd
e'QmfgL ubf{ lgDgfg';f/ ug'{ k5{M
!= s/ 5'6sf] k|df0fkq k]z u/]sf] ;+:yfnfO{ ;f] ;+:yfsf] p2]Zo cg';f/sf] sfo{qmd
;+rfng ug{ k|ltkmnsf] cf; gu/L cg'bfg e'QmfgL ubf{ clu|d s/ sL ug'{
kb}{g . o:sf] cy{ e'QmfgLstf{n] s/ 5'6 kfPsf] ;+:yfnfO{ e'QmfgL u/]sf] x'g' k5{,
e'QmfgLstf{n] s'g} lsl;dsf] k|ltkmnsf] cf; u/]sf] jf s'g} k|ltkmn k|fKt u/]sf]
x'g' x'b}g, e'QmfgLsf] :j?k cg'bfgsf] ?kdf x'g' k5{ / o:tf] e'QmfgL ;f] s/ 5'6
kfPsf] ;+:yfsf] p4]Zo cg';f/sf] sfo{ ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu ul/Psf] x'g' k5{ .
oL ;j} zt{x? k'/f eP dfq e'QmfgLsf] cj:yfdf s/ sL ug'{ kb}{g .
@= s/ 5'6sf] k|df0fkq k]z u/] klg dfyL v08 -!_ df pNn]lvt s'g} zt{ k'/f
gePsf] e'QmfgL ubf{ jf s/ 5'6sf] k|df0fkq k]z gug]{ ;+:yfnfO{ e'QmfgL ubf{
jf cGo s'g} JolQmnfO{ e'QmfgL ubf{ lgDgfg';f/ ug'{ k5{M

e'QmfgLstf{sf] tkm{jf6 x'g] vr{sf] aLn, ef}r/ / vr{sf] k|df0f k]z u/]
kl5 ;f]wegf{ ug]{ jf lx;fj km5f}{6 ug]{ /sdsf] xsdf o:tf] /sd e'QmfgL
k|fKt ug]{ ;+:yf jf JolQmsf] cfDbfgL x'g] geO{ e'QmfgLstf{sf] tkm{jf6 x'g]
vr{ ePsf]n] o:tf] e'QmfgLdf clu|d s/ sL ug'{ kb}{g .

t/ vr{sf] ;f]wegf{ ubf{ jf lx;fj km5f}{6 ubf{ ;Demf}tf ug]{ csf]{ kIfn]
cfos/ P]g, @)%* jdf]lhd s/ sL ug'{ kg]{ e'QmfgL u/] gu/]sf] / u/]sf]
eP ;f] e'QmfgLdf s/ sL u/] gu/]sf] Plsg ug'{ k5{ .

s/ sL u/]sf] eP s/ sL u/]sf] /sd /fh:jdf bflvnf u/]sf] lg:;f

k]z u/fpg], s/ sL gu/]sf] eP sL u/L /fh:jdf bflvnf u/fpg' k5{ .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu s'g} s/ 5'6 ePsf] u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfn] s'g} tflnd ;+rfng
ug{ s'g} k/fdz{bftf;+u ;Demf}tf u/]sf] /x]5 . ;f] ;Demf}tf cg';f/ ;f]
k/fdz{bftfnfO{ ;f] ;+:yfn] k/fdz{bftfsf] ;]jf z'Nssf cltl/Qm ;xefuLx?nfO{
ljt/0f ug]{ d;nGb, ;xefuLsf] vfgf vr{, tflnd ;+rfng ug{ xnef8f cfbL
;+:yfn] vr{ ug'{ kg]{ /sd jLn ef}r/ k]z u/L km5f}{6 ug]{ u/L k/fdz{bftfnfO{
e'QmfgL lbg' kg]{ /x]5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;f] ;+:yfn] ;f] k/fdz{bftfnfO{ e'QmfgL
u/]sf] ;]jfz'Nsdf clu|d s/ sL ug'{ k5{ . ;f] ;+:yfsf] tkm{jf6 k/fdz{bftfn]
u/]sf] d;nGb, ;xefuLsf] vfgf vr{, xnef8f cfbL jfktsf] jLn jdf]lhd
e'QmfgL ug]{ jf:tljs vr{sf] e'QmfgLdf eg] s/ sL ug'{ kb}{g . lx;fj km5f}{6
ubf{ xn ef8f h:tf s/ sL x'g' kg]{ e'QmfgLdf eg] s/ sL u/fO{ /fh:jdf
bflvnf u/fpg' k5{ .
263

k/fdz{ lbg] jf ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] JolQmn] k/fdz{ lbg] jf ;]jf pknAw
u/fpg] sfo{sf] nflu ;]jf z'Ns u0fgf ubf{ ;]jf z'Nssf] cltl/Qm /fqL eQf,
xf]6n vr{ cflb zLif{s ;dfj]z u/L s'n k|fKt ug]{ ;]jf z'Nssf] u0fgf ePsf]
5 eg] ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ JolQmn] ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;Gbe{df ePsf To:tf vr{ ;]jf
k|bfg ug]{ JolQmsf] vr{ ePtf klg ;f] s6fO{ ;]jf z'Ns u0fgf ug{ kfO{b}g .
lghn] ;]jf pknAw u/fpFbf t]>f] kIfnfO{ e'QmfgL ePsf] ePtf klg ;]jf
pknAw u/fpg] JolQmn] vr{ dfq ub{5 / ljn ekf{O k]z u/L ;]jf kfpg]
JolQmaf6 e'QmfgL k|fKt ub{5 eg] dfq ;f] jf:tljs /sdsf] e'QmfgLdf clu|d
s/ sL ug'{ kb}{g . ;]jf k|bfosn] ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;DaGwdf ljleGg zLif{sx?
s6fO{ k|fKt u/]sf] 5 eg] klg ;f]nfO{ Psd'i6 ;]jf z'Ns e'QmfgL dfgL clu|d
s/ sL ug'{ kb{5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu s'g} u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfn] s'g} tfnLd ;+rfng ug{ s'g}
k/fdz{bftf;+u ;Demf}tf u/]sf] /x]5 . ;f] ;Demf}tf cg';f/ ;f] k/fdz{bftfnfO{
;f] ;+:yfn] k/fdz{bftfsf] ;]jf z'Nssf cltl/Qm ;f] k/fdz{bftfn] cfkm\gf] nflu
jf cfkm\gf] sd{rf/L jf k|ltlgwLsf] nflu vr{ ug'{ kg]{ xjfO{ ef8f, xf]6n vr{,
b}lgs vr{ cfbL sf] nflu j]Un} zLif{s cGtu{t e'QmfgL ug]{ /x]5 eg] o:tf] vr{
jfktsf e'QmfgL ;]jf z'Nssf] c+z x'g] x'+bf ;]jf z'Nsdf ;dfj]z u/L clu|d
s/ sL ug'{ k5{ . ;f] Aoa:yf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5M
pbfx/0f !^=@=&M dfgf}+, g]kfn ;/sf/ :jf:Yo ;]jf laefun] :jf:Yo ;DaGwL
hgr]tgf d'ns sfo{sf] nflu Ps k|f=ln= nfO{ ?= $),))) e'Qmfg u/]sf] /x]5 .
o;sf] cnfjf pQm k|f=ln= sf sd{rf/LnfO{ xjfO{ ef8f, xf]6n vr{, b}lgs vr{
cfbL afkt ?= @),))) e'Qmfg u/]sf] /x]5 . o;/L ;]jf z'Ns afx]s k|f=ln= sf
sd{rf/Lsf] nflu e'QmfgL u/]sf] xjfO{ ef8f, xf]6n vr{ cflbnfO{ ;d]t ;]jf
z'Nssf] c+z dfgL s/ sL ug'{ kg]{ x'+bf hDdf ^),))) df g} clu|d s/ sL ug'{
k5{{ . To:tf] e'QmfgL ;]jf z'Ns ePsf] x'+bf ;f] e'QmfgLdf d'=c=s/ df btf{ gePsf]
eP !% k|ltztn] s/ sL ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 eg] d'=c=s/ df btf{ ePsf] eP !=%
k|ltztn] s/ sL ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
t/ pQm hgr]tgf d'ns sfo{sf nflu pQm k|f=ln= sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ gv6fO{
ljefusf] sd{rf/L v6fpg] / pQm vl6Psf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ljn, ekf{O{ k]z
ul/;s]kl5 jf:tljstfsf cfwf/df pQm k|f=ln=sf tkm{af6 ?= @),))) :jf:Yo
;]jf ljefun] sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ e'QmfgL lbg] /x]5 eg] pQm /sd k|f=ln= nfO{
e'QmfgL ePtf klg clu|d s/ sL ug'{ kb}{g .
pbfx/0f !^=@=*M dfgf}+, dfly pbfx/0f @=& df pNn]lvt ;]jfsf] nflu g]kfn
;/sf/ :jf:Yo ;]jf laefun] :jf:Yo ;DaGwL hgr]tgf d'ns sfo{ ug]{ Tax
Exempt NGO nfO{ lan ekf{O{ k]z ug'{ kg]{ u/L cg'bfg lbPsf] /x]5 eg] To:tf]
e'QmfgLdf P]gsf] bkmf **-$_-u_ adf]lhd s/ sL ug'{ kb}{g .

264

pbfx/0f !^=@=(M Dffgf}+, s'g} s/ 5'6 ePsf] cGt/fli6|o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfn] s'g}
lhNnfdf cfkm\gf] p2]Zo cg';f/sf] sfo{qmd The Promotion of Local Product
of the Region nfO{ ;xof]u / ;dGjo u/fpg RofDj/ ejgdf ;f] ;+:yfsf]
;Dks{ sfof{no :yfkgf ug{ RofDj/ ckm sdz{sf] :yfgLo lgsfo;+u :yfgLo
cg'bfg (Local Subsidy) sf] ?kdf tLg jif{sf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf] vr{ ug]{ u/L
;Demf}tf u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm ;Dks{ sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx?n] sfo{qmd ;+rfng ubf{
pQm INGO k|lt lhDd]jf/ x'g] /x]5g\ . -dfgf}+, pQm RofDj/ ckm sdz{n] :yfgLo
k|zf;gdf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ?kdf btf{ u/fPsf], t/ cfGtl/s /fh:j
sfof{nodf s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf] ?kdf btf{ eO{ s/ 5'6sf] k|df0fkq k|fKt
u/]sf] /x]g5_
sfo{qmd ;+of]hs -a9Ldf ?= !$,))) k|lt dlxgf INGO nfO{ ekf{O{
k]z ug'{ kg]{_ nfO{ # jif{sf nflu
sfof{no k|jGws -a9Ldf ?= !$,))) k|lt dlxgf INGO nfO{ ekf{O{
k]z ug'{ kg]{_ nfO{ # jif{sf nflu
;jf/L rfns -a9Ldf ?= *,))) k|lt dlxgf INGO nfO{ ekf{O{ k]z
ug'{ kg]{_ nfO{ # jif{sf nflu
sfof{no ef8f, ;fdfg vr{
sfof{nosf]nflu sf]7f ef8f -k|lt dlxgf !),))) sf b/n] @ sf]7fsf]
ljn k]z ug'{ kg]{_
lah'nL kfgL -k|lt dlxgf !,%)) sf b/n]] ljn k]z ug'{ kg]{_
sfof{no ;/;kmfO{ -k|lt dlxgf !,%)) sf b/n]] ljn k]z ug'{ kg]{_
6]lnkmf]g dx;'n -k|lt dlxgf a9Ldf #,))) ljn k]z ug'{ kg]{_
O{06/g]6 dx;'n -k|lt dlxgf a9Ldf !,%)) ljn k]z ug'{ kg]{_

sfof{no ;+rfng vr{

lrof, skmL, vfg]kfgL -k|lt dlxgf @,&)) sf b/n]]
ljn k]z ug'{ kg]{_
ljljw vr{ -k|lt dlxgf a9Ldf %,))) INGO sf]
lgod jdf]lhd vr{ u/L ljn k]z ug'{ kg]{_
clkm; cf]e/x]8 - ljn k]z ug'{ gkg]{_
hDdf vr{
lhG;Lsf] ?kdf RofDj/sf] ;xefuLtf x'g]

%)$,)))
%)$,)))
@**,)))
#^),)))
%$,)))
%$,)))
!)*,)))
%$,)))

(&,@))
!*),)))
@,%$,!))
@$,%&,&))
$,%),)))

265

o; ;DaGwdf pQm INGO n] e'Qmfg ug]{ /sdsf ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/ x'G5 .

s/ 5'6 x'g] ;+:yfsf] ?kdf btf{ ePsf] pQm INGO n] cfkm\gf] ;Dks{ sfof{no
;+rfng ug{ s/ 5'6 x'g] ;+:yfsf] ?kdf btf{ gePsf] RofDa/ (NGO) nfO{
e'QmfgL ubf{ ;f] INGO nfO{ vr{sf] ;Ssn ekf{O{ k]z ug'{ kg]{ e'QmfgLx?df clu|d
s/ sL ug'{ kb}{g t/ vr{sf] ;f]wegf{ ubf{ jf lx;fj km5\f}{6 ubf{ ;Demf}tf ug]{
csf]{ kIfn] cfos/ P]g, @)%* jdf]lhd s/ sL ug'{ kg]{ e'QmfgL u/] gu/]sf] /
u/]sf] eP ;f] e'QmfgLdf s/ sL u/] gu/]sf] Plsg ug'{ k5{ . ;fy} s/ sL u/]sf]
eP s/ sL u/]sf] /sd /fh:jdf bflvnf u/]sf] lg:;f k]z u/fpg], s/ sL
gu/]sf] eP sL u/L /fh:jdf bflvnf u/fpg' k5{ . t/ r]Dj/sf] ejgdf /x]sf
sf]7f ef8fdf lnP jfkt r]Dj/nfO{ ul/g] 3/ ef8fdf s/ sL ug'{ k5{ .
ljn k]z ug'{ gkg]{ clkm; cf]e/x]8 vr{sf] e'QmfgLdf eg] of] vr{ INGO sf]
geO{ RofDj/sf] cfDbfgL ePsf]n] s/ 5'6 x'g] ;+:yfsf] ?kdf btf{ gePsf] pQm
RofDa/nfO{ e'QmfgL ubf{ s/ sL ug'{ k5{ .
pbfx/0f !^=@=!)M Dffgf}+ ul/jL lgjf/0fdf ;xof]u ug]{ p2]Zo eO{ s/ 5'6sf]
k|df0fkq k|fKt u/]sf] s'g} u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ s'g} cGt/f{li6\|o u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfn] s'g} k|ltkmnsf] cf; gu/L ul/jLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sfx?sf] cfo a[l4
;DjGwL tfnLd ;+rfng u/L jLn ekf{O{sf] cfwf/df lx;fa km5f}{6 ug]{ u/L Local
Subsidy jf Consulting Contract sf] ?kdf j9Ldf lgDgfg';f/sf] vr{ ug]{ u/L
;Demf}tf u/]sf] /x]5M
sfof{no ;+rfng vr{
^,#!,)))
sfo{qmd ;+rfng vr{M
!,&^,)))
l/;f];{ k;{gnfO{ eQf
%),)))
;xefuLnfO{ oftfoft vr{
@!,)))
xn ef8f
$,)))
;xefuLnfO{ vfgf vr{
#),)))
d;nGb nufot cGo vr{
&!,)))
6|\]lg+u Dof6]l/on pTkfbg
#,)),)))
hDdf
!!,)&,)))
pk/f]Qm ;+emf}tf jdf]lhd s/ 5'6sf] k|df0fkq k|fKt NGO nfO{ NGO sf] p2]Zo
cg';f/sf] sfo{ ug{ vr{ u/]sf] jLn jdf]lhd lx;fj km5f}{6 u/L e'QmfgL ubf{
clu|d s/ sL ug'{ kb}{g . t/, NGO n] vr{ ubf{ eg] cfos/ P]g, @)%*
jdf]lhd s/ sL u/L e'QmfgL ug'{ kg]{ /sddf s/ sL ug'{ k5{ .

266

pbfx/0f !^=@=!!M dfgf}+, ufpF ;]jf kl/jf/ gfds u}x| ;/sf/L ;+:yf (NGO) n]
g]kfnu~hdf tflnd ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu sf7df8f}+ a:g] k/fdz{bftf xl/z
dfy]dfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf] vr{ ug]{ clVtof/L k|bfg u/L kfl/>lds tyf b}lgs
eQf afx]ssf] lan ekf{O{ k]z ePkl5 e'QmfgL lbg] u/L s/f/;Demf}tf u/]sf]
/x]5 .
k|lt lbg kfl/>lds ?= %,))). sf b/n] @ lbgsf]
sf7df8f}+g]kfnu~h xjfO{ ef8f
:yflgo e|d0f vr{
b}lgs eQf (TADA)
vfgf vr{ -al9df k|lt lbg ?= %)). sf b/n]_
:6]zg/L -al9df k|lt JolQm ?= %). sf b/n]_
;xefuLx?nfO{ lbjf vfgf -al9df k|lt JolQm ?= #)).
sf] b/n]_
xn ef8f
hDdf ?=

!),))).
(,))).
!,))).
@,))).
!,))).
@,))).
#),))).
%,))).
^),))).

P]gsf] bkmf *( cg';f/ 7]Ssf jf s/f/ eGgfn] pQm bkmfdf lbOPsf] :kli6s/0f
cg';f/ dfly pNn]v ul/Psf sfo{x? ;DkGg u/L jf:tljs lan cg';f/ e'QmfgL
ug{sf] nflu ul/Psf] ;Demf}tf jf s/f/ gkg]{ x'Fbf bkmf *( cfs[i6 x'g] cj:yf
b]lvb}g . bkmf ** df pNn]v ul/Psf e'QmfgLx? dWo] lgh xl/z dfy]dfn] k|fKt
ug]{ k/fdz{ z'Ns jfkt ?= !),)))., sf7df8f}+ g]kfnu~h xjfO{ ef8f
?=(,))), :yfgLo e|d0f vr{ ?= !,))), b}lgs eQf ?= @,))), vfgf vr{ ?=
!,))) u/L x'g] ?= @#,))) df !% k|ltztsf b/n] clu|d s/ ?= #,$%). sf
ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . k|:t't pbfx/0fdf xl/z dfy]dfn] :6]zg/L, ;xefuLx?nfO{ lbjf
vfgf Pj+ xn ef8f aLn ekf{O{ k]z ug]{ clVtof/L dfq k|fKt u/]sf] / lghsf]
k/fdz{ sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] nflu lghsf] vr{ geO{ k/fdz{bftfsf] vr{ ePsf]n] ;f]df
clu|d s/ sL ug'{ kb}{g . t/ olb jLn ekf{O{ k]z ug'{ gkg]{ u/L s'g} sfo{
;+rfng ug{ s'g} ;Demf}tf eO{ ;db/df e'QmfgL u/]sf] eP To:tf] k'/} e'QmfgL
/sddf clu|d s/ sL ug'{ k5{ .
pbfx/0f !^=@=!@M dfgf}+, pbfx/0f !^=@=!! df pNn]lvt tflnd ;~rfng ug{sf]
nflu lgh k/fdz{bftf xl/z dfy]dfnfO{ lan ekf{O{ k]z ug'{ gkg]{ u/L
?=
^),))) df s/f/;Demf}tf u/]sf] /x]5 eg] of] ?= ^),))) df g} clu|d s/ sL
ug'{ k5{ .
P]gsf] bkmf ** sf] pkbkmf -!_ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd nufgL jf k|ltkmnsf]
e'QmfgLdf !% k|ltztn] s/ sL ug'{ kg]{ pNn]v ePtfklg b]xfosf e'QmfgLx?df
b]xfosf b/n] s/ sL ug'{ kg]{5 M
cjsfz e'QmfgLdf s/ sL M
cjsfz e'QmfgL eGgfn] k|fs[lts JolQmn] cjsfz lnPsf] cj:yfdf lghnfO{ lbO{g]
e'QmfgL jf k|fs[lts JolQmsf] d[To' ePsf] cj:yfdf lghsf] cfl>tnfO{ lbO{g]
e'QmfgLnfO{ hgfpF5 . o; cy{df k|fs[lts JolQm s'g} sd{rf/L ePdf lghn]
/f]huf/Ljf6 cjsfz kfPsf] cj:yfdf jf lghsf] d[To' ePsf] cj:yfdf lbO{g]
267

e'QmfgL cjsfz e'QmfgL x'G5 / ;f] JolQm s'g} Joj;foL jf nufgLstf{ ePdf
lghsf] pd]/ cG7fpGg aif{ k'u]df jf lghsf] d[To' ePdf jf lgh :yfoL ?kdf ckf
ePdf ul/g] e'QmfgL cjsfz e'QmfgL x'G5 . clu|d s/ sL k|of]hgsf] nflu cjsfz
e'QmfgLnfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf zLif{sdf ljefhg ug'{ k5{M

g]kfn ;/sf/ jf :jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifjf6 ePsf] cjsfz e'QmfgL,

:jLs[t glnPsf] cjsfz sf]ifjf6 ePsf] cjsfz e'QmfgL,

cGo sf]ifjf6 ePsf] cjsfz e'QmfgL /

cGo cjsfz e'QmfgL

**-!_-!_ g]kfn ;/sf/ jf :jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifaf6 ePsf] cjsfz e'QmfgLsf]
xsdf bkmf ^% sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd u0fgf ul/Psf] nfedf
kfFr k|ltztsf b/n],
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;]jfaf6 sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/Lx?sf] cjsfz x'Fbf ul/g] cjsfz
e'QmfgLsf ;fy} :jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifaf6 e'QmfgL ubf{ ;f] e'QmfgL /sdsf] %)
k|ltzt jf ?= % nfv dWo] h'g a9L x'G5 ;f] /sd 36fO{ afFsL x'g cfpg] nfedf %
k|ltztsf b/n] clu|d s/ sf u/L e'QmfgL lbg' kb{5 . ;f] Aoa:yf tnsf]
pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf] 5M
pbfx/0f !^=@=!#M dfgf}+, xl/ k|;fb sfkm\n] g]= a}+= ln=df @)$$ a}zfv ! ut] ;xfos

:t/df lgo"Qm ePsf /x]5g\ . lgh @)^% h]i7 ! ut] ;]jfaf6 lgj[Q eP . lgj[Q x'+bfsf
cj:yfdf lghn] lgDgfg';f/sf /sd k|fKt u/]sf /x]5g\ .
-!_ ;+ro sf]if @)%* r}q !* ut];Dd ;fFjf
$,)),)))
-@_ ;+ro sf]if @)%* r}q !( ut] b]lv @)^% a}zfv
d;fGt ;Ddsf] ;fFjf
*,)),)))
-#_ ;+ro sf]if @)%* r}q !* ut];Dd Aofh
!,%),)))
-$_ ;+ro sf]if @)%* r}q !( ut] b]lv @)^% a}zfv
d;fGt ;Ddsf] Aofh
!,%),)))
;+rosf]if jfkt hDdf k|fKt ug]{ /sd =
!%,)),)))
cfos/ lgodfjnL @)%( sf] lgod @) sf] pklgod -^ s_ cg';f/ lghsf] s/ 5'6 x'g]
/sdsf] u0fgf lgDgfg';f/ ug'{ kb{5 .
P]g nfu' x'g'eGbf k"j{sf] ;+rosf]if ;fjfF
$,)),)))
P]g nfu' x'g'eGbf k"j{sf] ;+rosf]if Jofh
!,%),)))
5'6 x'g] ;+ro sf]if /sd ?=
%,%),)))
P]g nfu' e};s] kZrftsf] casfz e'QmfgLsf] u0fgf lgDgfg';f/ ug'{kb{5 .
P]g nfu' kZrftsf] ;+rosf]if -casfz sf]if_ /sd
*,)),)))
P]g nfu' kZrft ;+rosf]if -casfz sf]if_ df Aofh
!,%),)))
hDdf ;+ro sf]if /sd ?=
(,%),)))
P]g nfu' e};s] kZrft ;+rosf]if /sd ;d]tnfO{ cjsfz sf]if elgG5, olb pQm cjsfz
sf]if :jLs[t cjsfz sf]if ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f] sf]ifaf6 ul/g] e'QmfgLnfO{ s/ k|of]hgsf]
nflu lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ug'{kb{5 .
P]g nfu' eP kZrft :jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifaf6 k|fKt s'n /sd
(,%),)))
P]gsf] bkmf ^% sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -v_ cg';f/ nfe u0fgf ubf{ e"QmfgL /sdsf] %)

268

jf %,)),))) dWo] h'g a9L x'G5 ;f] /sd 36fpg' kb{5, h; cg';f/,
-!_ e"QmfgL /sdsf] %) n] x'g] /sd
= $,&%,)))
-@_ tf]lsPsf] /sd
= %,)),)))
P]g nfu' e};s] kZrft :jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifaf6 hDdf = (,%),))) e"QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf]
t/ P]gsf] bkmf ^% sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -v_ cg';f/ nfe u0fgf ubf{ = %,)),)))
5'6 kfpg] ePsf]n] ;f] sf u/L afFsL ?= $,%),))) df P]gsf] bkmf ** sf] pkbkmf -!=!_
adf]lhd kfFr k|ltztsf b/n] s/ sf u/L ;f] casfz sf]ifn] afFsL /sd lghnfO{ e'QmfgL
lbg' kb{5 .
pbfx/0f !^=@=!$M dfgf}+, dfyL pbfx/0f g++ @=!# df a}+ssf] sd{rf/L ljlgofdjnL cg';f/
pkbfgsf] lgDgfg';f/ Joj:yf /x]5 .
% jif{ ;]jf cjwL k'/f ePsf nflu
k|lt jif{ ;]jf cjwL k'/fsf] nflu cfwf dlxgfsf]
tna
% jif{ eGbf a9L !) jif{;Dd
k|lt jif{ ;]jf cjwL k'/fsf] nflu Ps dlxgfsf]
tna
!) jif{ eGbf a9L !% jif{;Dd
k|lt jif{ ;]jf cjwL k'/fsf] nflu 8]9 dlxgfsf]
tna
!% jif{ eGbf a9L

k|lt jif{ ;]jf cjwL k'/fsf] nflu b'O{ dlxgfsf]

tna
;]jf lgj[Q x'+bf lghsf] tnj ?= $),))). k|lt dlxgf /x]5 . lghsf] @)%* r}q !*
ut];Dd ^) lbg / lgj[Q x'+bf !@) lbg 3/ ljbf /x]5 . ;f] jfkt = !,^),))). e'QmfgL
k|fKt u/]sf /x]5g\ . lghsf] s/ u0fgf lgDgfg';f/ ug'{kb{5 .
pkbfg /sd e"QmfgL -@!=)* jif{sf] k|lt jif{ @ dlxgfsf] tnj a/fa/_ !^,*^,$)).
cfos/ lgodfjnL @)%(sf] lgod @) -^_ cg';f/ P]g k|f/De x'g' eGbf cufl8 / k5fl8sf]
;+lrt ljbf jfktsf] /sd / kfs]sf] pkbfg lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ug'{kb{5 . hDdf ;]jf cjlw
@! aif{ ! dlxgf dWo] @)%* r}q !* ut] ;Dd ;]jf cjlw !$ jif{ !! dlxgf !* lbg .
3/ ljbf jfkt k|fKt /sd
!,^),))).
@)%* r}q !* ut] ;Ddsf]kfs]sf] ljbf ^) lbgsf]
*),))).
ljbf jfkt s/of]Uo cjsfz e'QmfgL -s_
*),))).
pkbfg /sd
!^,*^,$)).
@)%* r}q !* ut];Dd kfs]sf] pkbfg
-!!,(^,@$)._
-$),))) !$=(%# jif{ @ dlxgfsf b/n]_
s/of]Uo cjsfz pkbfg -v_
$,(),!^).
s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu cjsfz e"QmfgL -sv_
? %,&),!^).
pQm s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu u0fgf ul/Psf] cjsfz e"QmfgL = %,&),!^). df cfos/ P]g
@)%* sf] bkmf **-!_ cg';f/ !% sf b/n] x'g] clu|d s/ sL u/L e"QmfgL lbg' kb{5 .
o;/L clu|d s/ sf u/L e"QmfgL k|fKt /sd P]gsf] bkmf (@ cg';f/ clGtd s/ sL u/L
k|fKt ul/Psf] e"QmfgL x'g] x'+bf P]gsf] bkmf *-#_ cg';f/ /f]huf/Lsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z
ug'{ kb}{g . o;df lgod @) -^_ sf] v08 -s_ df P]g nfu' x'g'eGbf k"j{ kfs]sf] pkbfg /
ljbf jfktsf] /sd cjsfz x'+bfsf cj:yfdf dfq lx;fj lstfj u/L e'QmfgL ul/g] x'Fbf
cjsfz x'Fbfsf cj:yfdf vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tnaaf6 u0fgf u/L s/ 5'6 lbg' kb{5 .
t/, pQm e'QmfgL g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|fKt ePsf] eP bkmf ^% sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -v_
cg';f/ x'g cfpg] nfe cyf{t ?= % nfv jf krf; k|ltzt dWo] h'g a9L x'G5 ;f] s6fO{
afFsL /sddf % k|ltztsf b/n] s/ sL ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .

269

**-@_-u_ :jLs[t glnPsf] cjsfz sf]ifaf6 nfe e'QmfgL ubf{ nfe /sdsf] kfFr
k|ltzt ,
:jLs[t glnPsf] cjsfz sf]ifjf6 cjsfz e'QmfgL ubf{ k|fs[lts JolQm
-lxtflwsf/L_ n] u/]sf] of]ubfgdf of]ubfg ubf{ s} cj:yfdf of]ubfg /sdnfO{
cfodf ;dfj]z u/L s/ ltg'{ kg]{ x'G5 . t;y{ o:tf] e'QmfgLsf] nfe u0fgf ubf{
cjsfz e'QmfgLsf] /sdjf6 ;f] k|fs[lts JolQmn] klxn] s/ lt/]/ of]ubfg u/]sf]
/sd 36fO{ af+sL /xg] /sd -nfe_ df % k|ltztsf b/n] s/ sL ug'{ k5{ . of]
Joj:yfnfO{ tnsf] pbfx/0fjf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5M
pbfx/0f !^=@=!% dfgf}+, xl/ k|;fb sfkm\n] lxdfnog pBf]udf sfo{/t sd{rf/L
/x]5g\ . pQm pBf]un] aflif{s ?kdf lghsf] gfddf s'g} l:js[t glnPsf] cjsfz
sf]ifdf ;]jf lgj[t eP kl5 pkbfg lbg] k|of]hgsf] nflu aflif{s ?= !,)),))) sf
b/n] & aif{ ;Dd of]ubfg u/L lbPsf] /x]5 . o;/L pkbfg sf]ifdf /sd of]ubfg
ubf{ of]ubfg ul/Psf] /sdnfO{ lghsf] jflif{s /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ul/Psf]
/x]5 . lgh ;]jf lgj[t eP kl5 ;f] cjsfz sf]ifn] lghnfO{ ?= !),)),)))
pkbfg e'QmfgL u/]sf] /x]5 . o; cj:yfdf lghnfO{ pkbfg e'QmfgL ubf{
lgDgfg';f/ s/sf] u0fgf ug'{ k5{ .
hDdf pkbfg e'QmfgL -cfDbfgL_
!),)),)))
s/ lt/L of]ubfg u/]sf] /sd -vr{_
&,)),)))
nfe
#,)),)))
cjsfz sf]ifn] e'QmfgL ug]{ pkbfgdf #,)),))) nfe x'g] x'+bf ;f] /sdsf] %
k|ltztsf b/n] !%,))) s/ sL u/L af+sL ?= (,*%,))) dfq e'QmfgL ug'{ k5{ .
cjsfz sf]if jfx]ssf cGo sf]ifjf6 cjsfz e'QmfgL ubf{ k|fs[lts JolQm lxtflwsf/L_ n] s/ lt/]sf] /sd of]ubfg u/]sf] eP l:js[t glnPsf] cjsfz
sf]ifjf6 ul/g] cjsfz e'QmfgL ;/x s/sf] u0fgf u/L af+sL /sd -nfe_ df
!% k|ltztsf b/n] s/ sL k5{ . t/, s/ glt/]sf] /sd of]ubfg u/]sf] jf
k|fs[lts JolQmsf] of]ubfg g} gePsf] sf]ifjf6 cjsfz e'QmfgL ePsf] eP
To:tf] cjsfz e'QmfgLsf] s'n /sddf !% k|ltztsf b/n] s/ sL ug'{ k5{ .
of] Joj:yfnfO{ tnsf] pbfx/0fjf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5M
pbfx/0f !^=@=!^ dfgf}+, xl/ k|;fb sfkm\n] ljsfzl;n a}+sdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L
/x]5g\ . pQm a}+sn] sd{rf/L sNof0fsf] nflu a}+sdf sf]if :yfkgf u/L aflif{s
?kdf lgZrLt /sd hDdf ug]{ u/]sf] /x]5 . ;f] sf]ifsf] cfGtl/s lgodfjnL
cg';f/ sd{rf/L cjsfz ePdf ;f] sf]ifjf6 lgodfjnLdf tf]lsP jdf]lhdsf]
/sd sd{rf/LnfO{ e'QmfgL ul/g] /x]5 . of] Joj:yf cg';f/ lgh xl/ k|;fb
sfkm\n]n] ;]jf lgj[t eP kl5 ?= ^,)),))) k|fKt ug]{ /x]5g\ eg] lghnfO{ of]
/sd e'QmfgL ubf{ ?= ^,)),))) sf] !% k|ltztsf b/n] ?= (),))) s/ sL
u/L af+sL ?= %,!),))) lghnfO{ e'QmfgL ug'{ k5{ .

s'g} k|fs[lts JolQm ;]jf lgj[t ePsf] sf/0fn] lghnfO{ /f]huf/bftfn] dfyL
pNn]v ul/P jdf]lhdsf] s'g} lghL sf]ifjf6 cjsfz e'QmfgL lbg ;S5 .
o;sf] ;fy} Psd'i7 ?kdf pkbfg, ;+lrt ljbf jfktsf] /sd, ;+lrt
cf}ifwf]krf/ jfktsf] /sd cflb sf ;fy} lgoldt ?kdf lgj[lQe/0f klg lbg
;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf /f]huf/bftfn] Psd'i7 lbg] e'QmfgL / lgoldt ?kdf
270

lbg] e'QmfgLnfO{ 5'6\ofpg' k5{ . Psd'i7 lbg] e'QmfgL cyf{t\ pkbfg, ;+lrt
ljbf jfktsf] /sd, ;+lrt cf}ifwf]krf/ jfktsf] /sd cflbsf] e'QmfgLdf s'n
e'QmfgLsf] !% k|ltztsf b/n] s/ sL ug'{ k5{ eg] lgoldt ?kdf lbO{ /xg]
lgj[lQe/0fnfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] cfo ;/x u0fgf u/L ;f]lx jdf]lhd s/ sL ug'{
k5{ . of] Joj:yfnfO{ tnsf] pbfx/0fx?jf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5M
pbfx/0f !^=@=!& dfgf}+, xl/ k|;fb sfkm\n] ljsfzl;n a}+sdf )%( b]lv sfo{/t
sd{rf/L /x]5g\ . pQm a}+sn] ;]jf lgj[t eP kl5 lghnfO{ pkbfgsf] ?kdf
Psd'i7 ?kdf ?= ^,)),))) e'QmfgL ug'{ kg]{ /x]5 eg] lghnfO{ of] /sd
e'QmfgL ubf{ ?= ^,)),))) sf] !% k|ltztsf b/n] ?= (),))) s/ sL u/L
af+sL ?= %,!),))) e'QmfgL ug'{ k5{ . .
pbfx/0f !^=@=!* dfgf}+, xl/ k|;fb sfkm\n] ljsfzl;n a}+sdf )%( ;fn b]lv
sfo{/t sd{rf/L /x]5g\ . pQm a}+sn] ;]jf lgj[t eP kl5 lghnfO{ lghn] ;]jf
cjlwdf pkef]u gu/]sf] ljbf jfkt ?= %),))) / ;]jf cjlwdf pkef]u
gu/]sf] cf}ifwf]krf/ vr{ jfkt ?= !,)),))) e'QmfgL ug'{ kg]{ /x]5 eg]
lghnfO{ oL /sdx? e'QmfgL ubf{ !% k|ltztsf b/n] s/ sL u/L af+sL /sd
e'QmfgL ug'{ k5{ .
pbfx/0f !^=@=!(M dfgf}+, xl/ k|;fb sfkm\n] ljsfzl;n a}+sdf )$) ;fn b]lv
sfo{/t sd{rf/L /x]5g\ . pQm a}+sn] ;]jf lgj[t eP kl5 lghnfO{ tf]lsPsf]
/sd d[To'kof{Gt dfl;s ?kdf kfpg] u/L lgj[lQe/0f lbg] Joj:yf /x]5 . lgh
)^^ >fj0f ! ut] ;]jf lgj[t eP5g\ . lghn] ;f] aif{ dfl;s ?= !),))) sf
b/n] !# dlxgfsf] /sd lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] /x]5g\ . ;f] cfoaif{df >Ldltsf] s'g}
cfo /x]g5 . lgh / lghsf] >Ldltn] cf=a= )^^.^& sf] nflu Pp6} k|fs[lts
JolQm x'g 5gf}6 u/]sf /x]5g\ eg] lghsf] s/sf] u0fgf lgDgfg';f/ ug'{ k5{ .
aflif{s lgj[lQe/0f cfo
!,#),)))
Ps k|ltzt s/ nfUg] l;df ?= @,)),))) sf]
@% k|ltztn] x'g] /sd 36fpg
-%),)))_
af+sL s/of]Uo cfo
*),)))
nfUg] s/ ! k|ltztn
*))
dfl;s e'QmfgLdf s/ s6\6f -*)).!@_
?=^^.^&
pbfx/0f !^=@=@)M dfgf}+, xl/ k|;fb sfkm\n] ljsfzl;n a}+sdf @)$) ;fn b]lv
sfo{/t sd{rf/L /x]5g\ . pQm a}+sn] ;]jf lgj[t eP kl5 lghnfO{ tf]lsPsf]
/sd d[To'kof{Gt dfl;s ?kdf kfpg] u/L lgj[lQe/0f lbg] Joj:yf /x]5 . lgh
)^^ >fj0f ! ut] ;]jf lgj[t eP5g\ . lghn] ;f] aif{ dfl;s ?= !),))) sf
b/n] !# dlxgfsf] /sd lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] /x]5g\ . ;f] cfoaif{df >Ldltsf] cGo
s'g} Joj;fojf6 @ nfv cfo /x]5 . lgh / lghsf] >Ldltn] cf=a= @)^&.^*
sf] nflu Pp6} k|fs[lts JolQm x'g 5gf}6 u/]sf /x]5g\ eg] lghsf] s/sf] u0fgf
lgDgfg';f/ ug'{ k5{ .
aflif{s lgj[lQe/0f cfo
!,#),)))

271

Joj;foLs cfo
@,)),)))
hDdf cfo
#,#),)))
Ps k|ltzt s/ nfUg] l;df ?= @,)),))) sf]
@% k|ltztn] x'g] /sd 36fpg]
-%),)))_
af+sL s/of]Uo cfo
@,*),)))
nfUg] s/M klxnf] @ nfvdWo]
/f]huf/Lsf] afsL ?=*),))) df ! k|ltztn]
*))
Joj;fosf] cfo ?=!@),))) df s/ gnfUg]
afsL *),))) df !% k|ltztn]
!@,)))
hDdf nfUg] s/
!@,*))
t/ lgj[lte/0f e'QmfgL ug]{ JolQmn] eg] lgDgfg';f/ dfl;s s/ s6\6f ug'{ kb{5M
aflif{s lgj[lQe/0f cfo
!,#),)))
hDdf /f]huf/Lsf] s/of]Uo cfo
!,#),)))
Ps k|ltzt s/ nfUg] l;df ?= @)),))) sf]
@% k|ltztn] x'g] /sd 36fpg]
-%),)))_
af+sL s/of]Uo cfo
*),)))
nfUg] s/M ! k|ltztn
*))
dfl;s s/
?=^^.^&
**-!_-@_ jfl;Gbf /f]huf/ sDkgLn] u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQmnfO{ e'QmfgL u/]sf]
sldzgdf kfFr k|ltztsf b/n],
/f]huf/ sDkgL -Manpower Agency) x?n] lab]z l:yt cfkm\gf] :yfgLo Ph]06nfO{
e'QmfgL ug]{ sldzg o; cGtu{t kb{5 . ;f] Aoa:yf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6
ul/Psf]5M
pbfx/0f !^=@=@!M dfgf}+, Pe/]i6 Dofg kfj/ sDkgL -g]kfn_ k|f= ln= n] ljb]z
l:yt u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQm Pe/]i6 O06/g]zgn Dofg kfj/ O{Gskf]{/]zg, bf]xfnfO{
g]kfnL sfdbf/ stf/df cfk"lt{ u/] jfkt g]kfnL sDkgLaf6 k|lt sfdbf/ US
$ 100 sf b/n] sldzg lng] u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm sldzg, cyf{t ?= &,%)).
dfgf}+ US$ 1 = Rs 75_ df % k|ltztsf b/n] x'g cfpg] ?= #&%. clu|d s/ sf
u/L afFsL x'g cfpg] ?= &,!@%. sf] x'g] cd]l/sg 8n/ (%. e'QmfgL k7fpg' kg]{
x'G5 . o;/L lalgdo b/ k|of]u ubf{ ;f] lbgsf] nflu g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] tf]s]sf]
lab]zL d'b|fsf] ljqmL b/ k|of]u u/L lab]zL d'b|f g]kfnL d'b|fdf kl/at{g ug'{ kg]{5 .
**-!_-#_ jfo'ofgsf] lnh -kf_ jfktsf] /sd e'QmfgL ubf{ bz k|ltztsf b/n],

272

jfo'ofg lnh -kf_ df lnO{ sf/f]af/ ug]{ afl;Gbf AolQmn] To:tf] lnh -kf_ afktsf]
e'QmfgLdf bz k|ltztsf b/n] e'QmfgLdf s/ sf u/L e'QmfgL lbg' kb{5 . ;f]
Aoa:yf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf] 5M
pbfx/0f !^=@=@@M dfgf}+, Pe/]i6 jfo' ;]jf lgudn] k|mfG;sf] Pp6f sDkgLaf6 k|lt
306f US $ 3,000 lease rent ltg]{ u/L Pp6f hxfh lnhdf lnO{ ;+rfng u/L
cfPsf] /x]5 . s'g} Ps dlxgfdf lgudn] pQm hxfh #)) 306f ;+rfng u/]sf]
/x]5 . lnhsf] zt{ adf]lhd US $ 3,000 k|lt 306fsf b/n] #)) 306fsf] US $
900,000 x'g cfpg] Lease Rent df bz k|ltztsf b/n] cyf{t US $ 90,000
lgudn] ;f] lnh -kf_ afkt s/ sf u/L af+sL /sd ;f] sDkgLnfO{ e'QmfgL
k7fpg' kb{5 . s/ bflvnf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu o;/L lalgdo b/ k|of]u ubf{ ;f]
lbgsf] nflu g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] tf]s]sf] lab]zL d'b|fsf] ljqmL b/ k|of]u u/L lab]zL
d'b|f g]kfnL d'b|fdf kl/at{g ug'{ kg]{5 . cyf{t, e'QmfgLsf] ;dodf g]kfn /fi6
a}+sn] US$ 1 = Rs 75 sf] laqmL b/ tf]s]sf] /x]5 eg] lgudn] ?= ^&,%),)))
clu|d s/ sL u/L ;DalGwt sfof{nodf bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
t/, ljQLo k6\6f cGtu{t s'g} jfo'ofg k6\6fdf lnOPsf] /x]5 eg] P]gsf] bkmf #@
adf]lhd u0fgf ul/Psf] Jofh e'QmfgLdf o; bkmf adf]lhd !% k|ltztsf b/n]
clu|d s/ s6\6L ug'{kb{5 .
**-!_-$_ d"No clej[l4 s/df btf{ ePsf] ;]jfk|bfos jfl;Gbf JolQmnfO{ e'QmfgL
u/]sf] ;]jf z'Nsdf e'QmfgL /sdsf] Ps bzdna kfFr k|ltztsf b/n]
d"No clej[l4 s/df btf{ ePsf] ;]jfk|bfos jfl;Gbf JolQmnfO{ e'QmfgL u/]sf] ;]jf
z'Nsdf Ps bzdnj kf+r k|ltztsf b/n] s/ sf ug'{ kg]{ Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf
tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5M
pbfx/0f !^=@=@#M Rocy & Co. d'=c= s/df btf{ ePsf] Ps n]vf Joj;foL kmd{
/x]5 . pQm kmd{n] Jacky & Sons Pvt. Ltd. nfO{ k/fdz{ ;]jf pknJw u/fP jfkt
?= @)),))). d'=c=s/ ?= @^,))) ;lxt ?= @@^,))). sf] lahs hf/L u/]sf]
/x]5 eg] Jacky & Sons Pvt. Ltd. n] pQm /sd e'QmfgL lbbf ;]jf z'Ns ?=
@)),))). sf] !=% k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] ?= #,))). clu|d s/ sf u/L afFsL
x'g cfpg] ?= @@#,))). Rocy & Co. nfO{ e'QmfgL ug'{ kb{5 . Rocy & Co. o;/L
>f]tdf sfl6Psf] s/ /sd clu|d s/sf] ?kdf bfaL ldnfg ug{ ;Sb5 . d"= c=
s/df btf{ ePsf jfl;Gbf JolQmnfO{ ;]jf z'Ns e'QmfgLdf clu|d sL x'g] s/sf]
b/ !=% k|ltzt ePsf]n] d'= c= s/df btf{ ePsf jfl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQm,
jfl;Gbf kmd{, jfl;Gbf sDklg jf h'g;'s} jfl;Gbf JolQmnfO{ oxL b/n] clu|d s/
sL ug'{ k5{{ .
**-!_-%_ jfl;Gbf AolQmn] g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] ef8f e'QmfgL u/]sf]df !)
k|ltztsf b/n]
P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -;_ adf]lhd ef8f eGgfn] 3/ axfn ;d]tsf d"t{
;DklQsf] axfndf nufPsf] kf cGtu{t ul/Psf lk|ldod nufotsf ;a} e'QmfgL
;Dg' k5{ . t/ o; zAbn] k|fs[lts ;|f]t afkt ePsf] e'QmfgLnfO{ hgfpFg] 5}g .
;f] Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5M

273

pbfx/0f !^=@=@$M dfgf}, cflb>L P08 sDkgLn] kf]v/fsf] Go"/f]8df Joj;fo

;~rfng ug{sf] nflu dfl;s ?= %),))). ef8f ltg]{ u/L 3/wgL >L
ul/jbfz;Fu ;Demf}tf u/]sf] /x]5 . ;Demf}tf jdf]lhd lgh sDkgLn] ul/jbfznfO{
3/ef8f jfkt e'QmfgL ubf{ !) k|ltztsf b/n] clu|d s/ sf u/L afFsL x'g
cfpg] ?= $%,))). e'QmfgL ug'{ kb{5 .
pbfx/0f !^=@=@%M dfgf}, dfly pbfx/0f !^=@=@$ df pNn]lvt sDkgLn] cfkm\gf]
sDkgLsf] nflu cfjZos kmlg{r/x? ! dlxgfsf] ?= @%,))). df ef8fdf lnPsf
/x]5g\ . o;/L kmlg{r/ ef8fdf lnP jfkt e'QmfgL ul/g] /sd ?= @%,))). df
!) k|ltztsf b/n] clu|d s/ sf u/L afFsL x'g cfpg] ?= @@,%)). e'QmfgL
ug'{ kb{5 .
pbfx/0f !^=@=@^M dfgf}, dfly pbfx/0f !^=@=@$ df pNn]v sDkgLn] cfkm\gf]
sDkgLsf] Aoazflos k|of]hgsf] nflu bdg yfkfsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] ef8fdf btf{
ePsf] ;jf/L ;fwg ?= @%,))). df ef8fdf lnPsf] /x]5g\ . lgh bdg yfkfn]
P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf -!#_ adf]lhd ;jf/L ;fwgdf j'emfpg'
kg]{ aflif{s s/ lt/L ;s]sf /x]5g\ . o;/L aflif{s s/ lt/L ;s]sf ef8fsf ;jf/L
;fwg wgLx? k|fs[lts JolQm ePdf P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf -!#_
adf]lhd bflvnf u/]sf] s/ g} clGtd x'g] x'+bf o:tf] e'QmfgLdf clu|d s/ sf
ug'{ kb}{g .
**-@_ afl;Gbf JolQmn] g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] b]xfosf e'QmfgL ubf{ b]xfosf b/n]
s/ sL ug'{ kg]{ 5 M
**-@_-s_ nfef+z e'QmfgL u/]sf]df e'QmfgL /sdsf] kfFr k|ltzt,
s'g} klg sDkgLn] cfkm\gf c+lzof/x? jf ;fem]bf/L kmd{n] cfk\mgf ;fem]bf/x?nfO{
nfef+z 3f]if0ff ubf{ ;fwf/0f ;ef jf ;fem]bf/x?sf] a}7sn] cg'df]bg ul/;s]kl5
dfq} sDkgL jf ;fem]bf/ kmd{sf] bfloTj ;[hgf x'g] ub{5 . nfef+z e'QmfgL ubf{
jfl;Gbf JolQm jf u}/jfl;Gbf JolQm h;nfO{ e'QmfgL u/]tfklg % k|ltztsf b/n]
clu|d s/ sf u/L e'QmfgL ug'{ kb{5 . nfef+z eGgfn] gub nfef+z jf jf]gz z]o/
ljt/0f u/]sf]nfO{ klg a'lemG5 . P]gsf] bkmf %# cg';f/ lgsfoaf6 ul/g] d'gfkmfsf]
k"FhLs/0fnfO{ ljt/0f dflgg] / P]gsf] bkmf %$ cg';f/ sDkgLaf6 To:tf] ljt/0fdf
nfef+z s/ nfUg] Joj:yf ePsf] x'Fbf jf]g; z]o/ ljt/0f klg d'gfkmfsf] k"FhLs/0f
ePsf] x'Fbf nfef+z s/ nfUb5 . ;f] Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6
ul/Psf]5M
pbfx/0f !^=@=@&M dfgf}+, cflb>L P08 sDkgL lnld6]8sf] @)^% dfu{ @* ut]
a;]sf] ;fwf/0f ;efn] @)^$.^% sf] d'gfkmfaf6 z]o/ k'+hLsf] !) k|ltztsf b/n]
x'g] ?= %),))) gub nfef+z tyf @) k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] ?= !)),))) af]g;
z]o/ lat/0f ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] /x]5 . o; ca:yfdf ?= !,%),))) nfO{ g} hDdf
lat/0f cyf{t nfef+z dflgG5 / ;fwf/0f ;efn] lg0f{o u/]sf] ldlt @)^% dfu{
@* ut] nfO{ e'QmfgL ldlt dflgG5 . ;f]xL adf]lhd hDdf nfef+z ?=!,%),)))
sf] % k|ltztn] x'g] ?= &,%)) ;f] sDkgLsf] @)^% dfu{ dlxgfsf] nfef+z afkt
clu|d s/ sL ug]{ bfloTj x'g]5 .

274

pbfx/0f !^=@=@*M dfgf}+, cflb>L P08 ;fem]bf/L kmd{sf] @)^% dfu{ @* ut]
a;]sf] ;fem]bf/L ;efn] @)^$.^% sf] d'gfkmfaf6 ?= !%),))) ;fem]bf/x?sf]
nufgLsf] cg'kftdf lat/0f ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] /x]5 . @) hgfeGbf sd ;fem]bf/
ePsf] kmd{ eP ;f] e'QmfgL ?=!,%),))) df nfef+z s/ nfUb}g t/ pQm kmd{df
@) jf ;f]eGbf a9L ;fem]bf/ ePsf] eP % k|ltztn] x'g] ?= &,%)) ;f] kmd{sf]
@)^% dfu{ dlxgfsf] nfef+z afkt clu|d s/ sL ug]{ bfloTj x'g]5 .
pbfx/0f !^=@=@(M dfgf}+, cflb>L P08 sDkgL lnld6]8sf] cfly{s aif{ @)^$.^%
df cfkm\gf z]o/wgLnfO{ gub nfef+z lat/0f gu/L ?= (,%)) d'No kg]{ 38L
lat/0f u/]sf] /x]5 . o;/L sDkgLn] s'g} k|ltkmn k|fKt g} gu/L lxtflwsf/LnfO{
ul/Psf] e'QmfgL P]gsf] bkmf %# adf]lhd nfef+z dflgg]5 . o;/L ul/Psf] lat/0f
s/ sL kl5sf] nfef+z e'QmfgL -cyf{t (%_ dflgg] x'+bf o;/L nfef+z dflgPsf]
/sd -(,%))(%X% = ?= !),)))_ sf] % k|ltztn] x'g] /sd ?= %)) bflvnf
ug'{ ;f] sDkgLsf] bfloTj x'g]5 .
**-@_-v_ nufgL aLdfsf] nfe e'QmfgL ubf{ e'QmfgL /sdsf] kfFr k|ltzt,
nufgL jLdf jf hLjg jLdf jf % aif{ eGbf a9L hf]lvd bfloTj a]xf]g]{ jLdf u/]sf] /
To:tf] jLdfaf6 k|fKt ug]{ e'QmfgLdf cfk'mn] lk|ldod jfkt lt/]sf] /sd sf u/L x'g
cfpg] /sdnfO{ nfe elgG5 . o;/L u0fgf ul/Psf] nfe /sd e'QmfgL ubf{sf
cj:yfdf % k|ltztsf b/n] clu|d s/ sf u/L e'[QmfgL lbg' kb{5 . ;f] Aoa:yfsf
;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5M
pbfx/0f !^=@=#)M dfgf}+, k"0f{tfn] cfkm\gf] hLjg jLdf g]kfn hLjg jLdf ;+:yfgdf
u/fPsL /lx5g\ . lghsf] Policy Amount ?= *,)),))). sf] lk|ldod jfkt aflif{s
$),))). ltg]{ u/]sL /lxl5g\ . g]kfn hLjg jLdf ;+:yfgaf6 pQm Policy Mature
ePkl5 lghn] !@,)),))). kfpg] b]lvof] . o:tf] /sd e'QmfgL lb+bf ;+:yfgn]
nfe u0fgf ubf{ ?= $,)),))). -!@,)),))) *,)),)))_ df % k|ltztsf
b/n] x'g] ?= @),))) clu|d s/ sf u/L afFsL x'g cfpFg] ?= !!,*),))).
e'QmfgL lbg' kb{5 . o;/L clu|d s/ sf u/L k|fKt ul/Psf] e'QmfgL /sd ?= !!
nfv *) xhf/nfO{ k"0f{tfn] cfkm\gf] cGo cfodf ;dfj]z eg] ug'{ kb}{g .
pbfx/0f !^=@=#!M dfgf}+, ;hu ;fksf]6fn] Accidental Insurance kf]ln;L g]kfn
hLjg jLdf ;+:yfgaf6 vl/b u/]sf /x]5g\ / lgoldt ?kdf lk|ldod e'QmfgL u/L
cfPsf /x]5g\ . kf]ln;L vl/b u/]sf] t]>f] aif{ lghsf] b'3{6gf eO{ xft efFlrP5 .
pQm jLdf sDkgLn] IftLk"lt{ afkt ?= %),))) lghnfO{ e'QmfgL lbPsf] /x]5 .
o;/L jLdf e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf] ;do;Dd lghn] ?= @),))) ;f] kf]ln;L afkt
lk|ldod bflvnf u/]sf /x]5g\ . o:tf] Ifltk"lt{ afkt k|fKt /sd bkmf #! adf]lhd
s/ gnfUg] x'+bf e'QmfgLdf bkmf ** adf]lhd clu|d s/ sL ug'{ kb}{g .
**-@_-u_ :jLs[lt glnPsf] cjsfz sf]ifaf6 nfe e'QmfgL ubf{ nfe /sdsf] kfFr
k|ltzt .
:jLs[lt glnPsf] cjsfz sf]ifaf6 ul/g] nfesf] e'QmfgLdf % k|ltztsf b/n] clu|d
s/ sf u/L afFsL /sd e'QmfgL ug'{ kb{5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf tn pNn]lvt
pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf] 5M

275

pbfx/0f !^=@=#@M dfgf}+, xl/ sfkm\n]n] casfz of]ubfg u/L cfPsf] casfz sf]if,
P]g nfu' e};s] kZrft olb :jLs[tL glnPsf] cjsfz sf]if ePsf] cj:Yffdf
e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf] /sd / ;f] sf]ifdf of]ubfg u/]sf] /sdsf] km/s /sddf
lgDgfg';f/ c:jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifn] clu|d s/ sf ug'{ kb{5 .
-!_ ;+ro sf]if @)%* r}q !( ut] b]lv
a}zfv d;fGt @)^) ;Ddsf] ;fjfF ============
$,%),)))
-@_ P] cjwLdf ;+ro sf]ifsf] /sddf Aofh ================= %),)))
hDdf e"QmfgL /sd
%,)),)))
dfgf}+, pQm ;fFjf /sd dWo] lgh xl/ sfkm\n]sf] cfkm\gf] of]ubfg /sd
?=$,%),))). /x]5 .
-!_ e"QmfgL x'g] /sd
=%,)),)))
-@_ pQm sf]ifdf cfkm\gf] of]ubfg /sd
=$,%),)))
s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu nfe
?= %),)))
P]gsf] bkmf ** -@_-u_ cg';f/ e"QmfgL ubf{ % k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] ?= @,%)).
clu|d s/ sf u/L afFsL /sd ?= $,(&,%)). e"QmfgL ug'{kb{5 .
**-#_
pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg afl;Gbf a}+s, ljQLo
;+:yf jf C0fkq hf/L ug]{ cGo s'g} lgsfo jf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd
;"lrs[t ePsf sDkgLn] s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmnfO{ lgIf]k, C0fkq, l8j]Gr/ tyf
;/sf/L j08 jfkt b]xfo adf]lhdsf] Aofh jf Aofh :j?ksf] s'g} /sd
e'QmfgL lb+bf s'n e'QmfgL /sddf kfFr k|ltztsf b/n] s/ sL ug'{ kg]{5 M
-s_ g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf], /
-v_ Joj;fo ;~rfng;+u ;DalGwt gePsf] .
s'g} klg k|fs[lts JolQmnfO{ jfl;Gbf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf jf C0fkq hf/L ug]{
lgsfo jf Stock Exchange df ;"rLs[t ePsf sDkgLx?n] lgIf]k, C0fkq jf
l8j]Gr/ jf ;/sf/L j08 jfkt ltl/g] Jofh /sd e'QmfgL ubf{ e'QmfgL /sddf %
k|ltztsf b/n] clu|d s/ sf u/L afFsL /sd e'QmfgL lbg' kb{5 . t/ k|fs[lts
JolQm afx]s cGo lgsfonfO{ ul/g] -dfly pNn]v ul/Psf ;+:yfn]_ Jofh e'QmfgLdf
eg] !% k|ltztsf b/n] clu|d s/ sf u/L e'QmfgL lbg' kb{5 . oxfF a}+s tyf
ljQLo ;+:yf eGgfn] a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf P]g @)^# cg';f/ g]kfn /fi6 a}+s P]g
@)%* sf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -5_ cg';f/ s[lif, ;xsf/L, pBf]u jf cGo s'g} vf;
cfly{s k|of]hgsf nflu shf{ lbg] jf ;j{;fwf/0fjf6 lgIf]k ;+sng ug]{ p2]Zon]
k|rlnt sfg"g jdf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf] ljQLo ;+:yf ;Demg' kb{5 / ;f] zJbn] g]kfn
;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L ljQLo ;+:yf egL tf]lslbPsf] ;+:yf
;d]tnfO{ hgfp5 . ;f] Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5M
pbfx/0f !^=@=##M dfgf}+, lxdfnog O{Gkmf]6s
] ln= Nepal Stock Exchange Ltd. df
;"lrs[t sDkgL /x]5 . pQm sDkgLn] k"+hL h'6fpg] qmddf !) k|ltzt Aofh
b/sf] C0fkq hf/L u/]sf] /x]5 . lbkLsfn] ?= %,)),))) sf] To:tf] C0fkq vl/b
u/]sL /lx5g\ . ABC & Co. n] ?= @),)),))) sf] C0fkq vl/b u/]sf] /x]5 . ;f]
sDkgLn] pQm C0f kqsf] Aofh e'QmfgL ug]{ qmddf lbkLsfnfO{ Jofh e'QmfgL ubf{
276

Aofh ?= %),))). df % k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] ?= @,%)). clu|d s/ sf u/L

afFsL x'g cfpg] ?= $&,%)). e'QmfgL ug'{ kb{5 . o;/L clu|d s/ sf u/L
k|fKt e'QmfgL /sd P]gsf] bkmf (@ sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -_ jdf]lhd clGtd
?kdf s/ sL x'g] e'QmfgL ePsf] x'Fbf To:tf] /sdnfO{ k'gM cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{
kb}{g . To:t}, ABC & Co. n] k|fKt ug]{ Jofh cfDbfgL ?= @,)),))). df P]gsf]
bkmf ** pkbkmf -!_ cg';f/ !% k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] ?= #),))). clu|d s/
sf u/L afFsL x'g cfpg] ?= !,&),))). e'QmfgL ug'{ kb{5 . o;/L sf ul/Psf]
clu|d s/ clGtd s/ sf gx'g] x'Fbf ABC & Co. n] cfkm\gf] ltg'{ kg]{ s/
bfloTjaf6 ldnfg ug{ ;Sg]5 . cyf{t s'n Jofh ?= @,)),))). nfO{ cfkm\gf]
gfkmfgf]S;fg vftfdf cfDbfgL b]vfpg' kb{5 eg] ?= #),))). nfO{ clu|d s/sf]
?kdf jf;nftdf b]vfpg' kb{5 .
**-$_ pkbkmf -!_, -@_ / -#_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg b]xfosf
e'QmfgL ubf{ of] bkmf nfu" x'g] 5}g M
dfly pNn]v ul/Psf ljleGg e'QmfgLdf clu|d s/ sf u/L e'QmfgL ug'{ kg]{
elgPtfklg lgDgfg';f/sf e'QmfgLdf clu|d s/ sf ug'{ kb}{g .
**-$_-s_ k|fs[lts JolQmn] u/]sf] Joj;fo ;+rfng;+u ;DalGwt e'QmfgL jf 3/,
hUuf / ;f];+u h8Lt ;fdfg tyf pks/0f ef8fdf lnP afkt lt/]sf] ef8f
afx]ssf cGo s'g} e'QmfgL,
k|fs[lts AolQmn] 3/, hUuf / ;f];+u hl8t ;fdfg tyf pks/0f ef8fdf lnP afkt
lt/]sf] ef8f e'QmfgL jf k|fs[lts AolQmsf] cfkm\gf] Aoazfo;+u ;DalGwt e'QmfgLdf
s/ sf ug'{ kg]{ t/ cGo e'QmfgLdf eg] s/ sf ug'{ kb}{g . ;f] Aoa:yfsf
;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5M
pbfx/0f !^=@=#$M dfgf}+, uf]ljGb eGg] JolQmn] cfkm\gf] 3/ lgdf{0f ug]{ qmddf
gS;f jgfpgsf] nflu / 3/sf] lgdf{0f gx'Gh]n /]vb]v ug]{ u/L s[i0f zdf{ eGg]
OlGhlgo/nfO{ dfl;s ?= @),))). k/fdz{ z'Ns jfkt ltg]{ u/]sf /x]5g\ . o;/L
e'QmfgL ul/g] z'Nsdf clu|d s/ sf ug'{ kb}{g . t/ lgh s[i0f zdfn] o;/L k|fKt
k/fdz{ z'NsnfO{ eg] cfkm\gf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .
**-$_-s!_ kqklqsfdf k|sflzt n]v /rgf jfktsf] e'QmfgL / k|Zgkq tof/ u/]
jf pQ/ k'l:tsf hf+r u/] jfktsf] e'QmfgL .
;f] Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5M
pbfx/0f !^=@=#%M dfgf}+, Zofd Ps k|fWofks x'g\ . lghn] cfly{s ljifodf n]v
/rgfx? k|sflzt u/] jfkt ?= #,))). k|fKt u/]sf /x]5g\, s'g} ;+:yfsf] nflu
cy{zf:qsf] k|Zgkq tof/ kf/] jfkt ?= #,))). / pQ/k'l:tsf hfFr u/] jfkt
?= @,))). k|fKt u/]sf /x]5g\ . pNn]lvt e'QmfgLx? e'QmfgL ubf{ e'QmfgL lbg]
AolQmn] e'QmfgLdf s/ sf ug'{ kb}{g . t/ lgh k|fWofksn] o;/L k|fKt u/]sf] cfo
lghn] cfo ljj/0f k]z ubf{ cfk\mgf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
**-$_-v_ afl;Gbf a}+s jf c? afl;Gbf ljQLo ;+:yfnfO{ lt/]sf] Jofh,
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277

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278

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klg cfsl:ds ?kdf k|fKt x'g] nfe ;Demg' kb{5 .
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k|fKt x'g] lr7\7f, pkxf/, k'/:sf/ alS;;, lhtf}/L jf cGo /sdnfO{ cfslDds nfe
dflgG5 . P]gsf] bkmf (@ -!_-em_ adf]lhd o:tf] cfsl:ds nfedf x'g] s/ sL
/sd clGtd s/ sL dflgG5 .
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v]n]sf /x]5g\ / ?= !,)),))) lht]sf /x]5g\ . o:tf] lhtf}/L /sddf Casino
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&%,))) dfq lgh lbks lg/f}nfnfO{ e'Qmfg ug'{ kb{5 . P]gsf] bkmf (@ -!_-em_
adf]lhd o:tf] lhtf}/Ldf x'g] s/ sL /sd clGtd s/ sL dflgG5 .
pbfx/0f !^=@=$@M dfgf}+, lbks sfo:y eGg] AolQmn] bz}+sf] ;dodf lr7\7f vl/b
u/]sf] /x]5 . lr7\7f vf]Nbf ;f] JolQmnfO{ ?= !,)),))) sf] lr7\7f k/]sf] /x]5 eg]
pQm JolQmnfO{ e'QmfgL ubf{ @% k|ltztn] x'g] cyf{t ?= @%,))) e'QmfgLdf s/
sf u/L af+sL ?= &%,))) dfq e'QmfgL ug'{kb{5 . P]gsf] bkmf (@ -!_-em_
adf]lhd o:tf] lhtf}/Ldf x'g] s/ sL /sd clGtd s/ sL dflgG5 .
!^=@=^ 7]Ssf jf s/f/sf] e'QmfgL ubf{ s/ sL M
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x'G5 M
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lghsf] ;Da4 JolStnfO{ ljutsf] bz lbgdf lbOPsf cGo s'g} e'QmfgLx? eP
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ug'{ kb{5 / e'QmfgL /sd jf s/f/ jf 7]Ssf /sd olsg ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu ;f]xL
s/f/ cGtu{t e'QmfgL kfpg] JolQm jf lghsf] ;d4 JolQmnfO{ ljut bz lbgdf
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279

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cfk"{lt jf Tangible Assets lgdf{0f;+u k|ToIf ;DalGwt x'g' kb{5 . ;f] Aoa:yfsf
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280

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281

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/x]sf] 5 M
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b]xfosf e'QmfgLnfO{ clGtd ?kdf s/ sL x'g] e'QmfgL dflgg]5 M
(@-!_-s_ afl;Gbf sDkgLn] e'StfgL u/]sf] nfef+z,
;f] Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5
pbfx/0f !^=#=!M dfgf}+, g]kfn a}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|f=ln= Ps jfl;Gbf sDkgL /x]5 .
pQm sDkgLn] cf=a= @)^$.^% sf] d'gfkmfaf6 cfkm\gf] z]o/xf]N8/nfO{ ?= ^) k|lt
z]o/sf] b/n] nfef+zsf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm nfef+zdf ;f] sDkgLn] %
k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] ?= # k|lt z]o/ s/ sL u/L ?= %& k|lt z]o/ z]o/xf]N8/nfO{
e'QmfgL u/]sf] /x]5 eg] ;f] nfef+z clGtd ?kdf s/ sL ePsf] nfef+z dflgg]5
/ z]o/xf]N8/n] ;f] nfef+z cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb}{g .
(@-!_-v_ Joj;fo ;+rfng ul//x]sf] afx]s cGo k|fs[lts JolQmnfO{ g]kfndf ;|f]t
ePsf] hUuf jf 3/ / ;f];+u ufl;Psf h8fgx? / pks/0fx? afkt e'QmfgL
u/]sf] ef8f,
;f] Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5
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;lxtsf] 3/ dfl;s ?= $),))) sf b/n] ef8f e'QmfgL ug]{ zt{df ef8fdf
lnPsf] /x]5 . ;f] k|f= ln= n] pQm ef8f e'Qmfg ubf{ !) k|ltztn] x'g] ?= $,)))
s/ sL u/L e'Qmfg ug]{ u/]sf] /x]5 . lgh /fd s'df/sf] pQm ef8f cfDbfgL
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/ /fd s'df/ >]i7n] ;f] axfn cfDbfgL cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb}{g .
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;f] Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5

284

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?= *,)),))). sf] hLjg jLdf u/fPsL /lx5g\ . lghn] ;f] jfkt aflif{s
$),))). lk|ldod ltg]{ u/]sL /lxl5g\ . hLjg jLdf ;+:yfgaf6 pQm Policy
Mature ePkl5 lghn] ?= !@,)),))). kfpg] b]lvof] . o:tf] /sd e'QmfgL lb+bf
;+:yfgn] nfe ?= $,)),))). -!@,)),))) *,)),)))_ df % k|ltztsf b/n]
x'g] ?= @),))) e'QmfgLdf s/ sf u/L afFsL x'g cfpg] ?= !!,*),))).
e'QmfgL lbg' kb{5 . o;/L sL ul/Psf] s/ clGtd s/ sL x'g]5 / k"0f{tfn] ;f]
/sdnfO{ cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb}{g . t/, o;/L nufgL jLdfsf] nfe u}/ afl;Gbf
AolQmaf6 e'QmfgL k|fKt ePsf] v08df eg] To:tf] nfenfO{ cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{
kb{5 .
pbfx/0f !^=#=$ M dfgf}+, ;hu dx/fn] ?= !) nfvsf] !) jif]{ aLdf u/fPsf
/x]5g\ . kfFr jif{sf] lgoldt lk|ldod jflif{s ?=! nfv ltl/;s] k5L lghsf] d[To'
eP5 . aLdf sDkgLn] aLdf kf]ln;L cg';f/ ?=^ nfv %) xhf/ / aLdf+s ?=!)
nfv e'QmfgL ug{ kg]{ olsg u/]5 . ;f] /sd e'QmfgL ubf{sf] nfe ?=!! nfv %)
xhf/ -?=!^ nfv %) xhf/df lt/]sf] lk|ldod ?=% nfv 36fpbf_ df % k|ltztsf
b/n] ?=%& xhf/ %)) sl6\6 u/L e'QmfgL lbg' kb{5 . clGtd ljwLn] s/ s6\6f
ePsfn] o:tf] e'QmfgLdf lgh ;hu dx/fn] ;f] /sdnfO{ cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{
kb}{g .
(@-!_-3_ afl;Gbf JolQmn] lt/]sf] :jLs[lt glnPsf] cjsfz sf]ifsf] lxt afkt
e'QmfgL u/]sf] nfe,
;f] Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5
pbfx/0f !^=#=% M dfgf}+, lbn]Gb| v8\sfn] cfkm\gf] cfoaf6 lgoldt ?kn] laut
aif{x?df :jLs[lt glnPsf] cjsfz sf]ifdf /sd hDdf ub}{ cfPsf /x]5g\ . pQm
sf]ifn] @)^%.^.^ df lghnfO{ hDdf ?= *,)),))) e'Qmfg ug'{ kg]{ /x]5 . cf=a=
@)^%.^.^ ;Dddf lghn] pQm sf]ifdf ?= ^,)),))). hDdf u/L ;s]sf /x]5g\ .
;f] sf]ifn] ug'{ kg]{ e'QmfgLaf6 nfe ?= @,)),))). -*,)),))) ^,)),)))_
df % k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] ?= !),))) e'QmfgLdf s/ sf u/L afFsL x'g cfpg] ?=
&,(),))). lgh lbn]Gb| v8\sfnfO{ e'QmfgL lbg' kb{5 . o;/L sL ul/Psf] s/
clGtd s/ sL x'g]5 / lghn] ;f] /sdnfO{ cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb}{g .
t/, o;/L k|fKt x'g] nfe u}/ afl;Gbf AolQmaf6 e'QmfgL k|fKt ePsf] v08df eg]
To:tf] nfenfO{ cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .
(@-!_-_ bkmf ** sf] pkbkmf -#_ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd a}+s, ljQLo ;+:yf jf
C0f kq hf/L ug]{ cGo s'g} lgsfo jf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd ;"lrs[t ePsf
sDkgLn] e'QmfgL lbPsf] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] Aofh M
-!_ g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] / Joj;fo ;+rfng;+u ;DalGwt gePsf]
k|fs[lts JolQmnfO{ e'QmfgL u/]sf],

285

-@_

bkmf @ sf] v08 -w_ adf]lhdsf] s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfnfO{

e'QmfgL u/]sf] .
;f] Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5M
pbfx/0f !^=#=^ M dfgf}+, lbn]Gb| v8\sfn] lbknIdL lasf; a}+s ln=df ?= ! nfv
sf] lgIf]k /fv]sf /x]5g\ . cf=a= @)^%.^^ df ;f] a}+sn] lghnfO{ ?= !),)))
Aofh e'Qmfg u/]sf] /x]5 / o;/L e'Qmfg ubf{ ;f] Aofh /sdsf] % k|ltztsf b/n]
x'g] ?= %)) e'QmfgLdf s/ sf u/L afFsL x'g cfpg] ?= (,%)). lgh lbn]Gb|
v8\sfnfO{ e'Qmfg u/]sf] /x]5 . lbn]Gb| v8\sfsf] pQm lgIf]k Joj;fo;+u ;DalGwt
gePsf] ca:yfdf o;/L sL ul/Psf] s/ clGtd s/ sL x'g]5 / lghn] ;f]
/sdnfO{ cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb}{g .
t/, Joj;flos kmd{sf] lgIf]kdf lbOPsf Jofh jf Joj;fo;+u ;DalGwt Jofh
e'QmfgLdf eg] !% k|ltzt s/ sf ug'{ kb{5 . o;/L k|fKt x'g] AofhnfO{ ;f]
Joj;fosf] cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .
pbfx/0f !^=#=& M dfgf}+, Support Nepal P]gsf] bkmf @-w_ adf]lhd s/ 5'6 x'g]
lgsfosf] ?kdf btf{ ePsf] Ps u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf xf] . pQm ;+:yfn] lbk nIdL
lasf; a}+s ln=df ?= !,)),))) sf] lgIf]k /fv]sf /x]5g\ . cf=a= @)^%.^^ df
;f] a}+sn] lghnfO{ ?= !),))) Aofh e'Qmfg u/]sf] /x]5 / o;/L e'Qmfg ubf{ ;f]
Aofh /sdsf] !% k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] ?= !,%)) e'QmfgLdf s/ sf u/L afFsL
x'g cfpg] ?= *,%)). ;f] ;+:yfnfO{ e'Qmfg u/]sf] /x]5 . o;/L sL ul/Psf] s/
clGtd s/ sL x'g] e'QmfgL x'g]5 .
(@-!_-r_ bkmf *&, ** jf *( adf]lhd u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmnfO{ lbOPsf] s/ sL
x'g'kg]{ e'QmfgL,
bkmf *& adf]lhdsf] kf/>lds, bkmf ** adf]lhdsf], Aofh, k|fs[lts >f]t, /f]oN6L,
;]jf z'Ns, sldzg, jfo'ofgsf] lnh -kf_ jfktsf] /sd, ef8f, nfef+z, nufgL
jLdfsf] nfe, bkmf *( adf]lhdsf] s/f/ jf 7]Ssf jfktsf] e'QmfgLx? u}/ afl;Gbf
AolQmnfO{ e'QmfgL ul/Pdf To:tf e'QmfgL ;d]t clGtd s/ sL x'g] e'QmfgL
dflgG5g\ .
(@-!_-5_ g]kfn ;/sf/ jf :jLs[t cjsfz sf]if jf :jLs[lt glnPsf] cjsfz
sf]ifaf6 e'QmfgL ul/Psf] cjsfz e'QmfgLx? ;d]t ;a} k|sf/sf cjsfz
e'QmfgLx? -lgoldt ?kdf e'QmfgL x'g] lga[lQe/0f afx]s_,
;f] Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5M
pbfx/0f !^=#=* M dfgf}+, lbn]Gb| v8\sf Support Nepal df sfd ug]{ sd{rf/L
/x]5g\ . ;f] ;+:yfaf6 lghn] @)^%.!).% df casfz lnPsf] /x]5g\ . casfzsf]
;dodf lgoldt kfl/>ldssf] cnfjf ;+lrt labf afkt ?= !),))) Pj+ pkbfg
afkt ?= @,)),))) ;d]t k|fKt u/]sf /x]5g\ . lghn] k|fKt ug]{ casfz e'QmfgL
?= @,!),))) df ;f] ;+:yfn] !% k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] ?= #!,%)) e'QmfgLdf s/
sf ug'{ kb{5 / ;f] casfz e'QmfgL ?= @,!),))) lghsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf
;dfa]; ug'{ kb}{g . lghsf] lgoldt kfl/>lds eg] cfodf ;dfa]; u/L
lgodfg';f/ nfUg] s/ sL ug'{ kb{5 .
286

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;f] Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5M
pbfx/0f !^=#=(M dfgf}+, lbn]Gb| v8\sf Ps :jtGq Joj;foL /x]5g\ . Support
Nepal eGg] ;+:yfn] lghnfO{ cfkm\gf sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu Pp6f laif]z sIffdf
Lecture lbgsf] nflu ?= !),))) cWofkg z'Ns pknAw u/fPsf] /x]5 . ;f]
;+:yfn] o:tf] e'QmfgLdf !% k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] ?=!,%)) e'QmfgLdf s/ sf ug'{
kb{5 . o;/L s/ sf k5L k|fKt ePsf] e'QmfgL /sdnfO{ lgh lbn]Gb| v8\sfn]
cfkm\gf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb}{g .
(@-!_-em_ cfsl:ds nfesf] e'QmfgL .
;f] Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5M
pbfx/0f !^=#=!) M dfgf}+, lbks lg/f}nf eGg] AolQmn] Casino Nepal df h'jf
v]n]sf /x]5g\ / ?= !,)),))) lht]sf /x]5g\ . o:tf] lhtf}/L /sddf Casino
Nepal n] @% k|ltzt cyf{t ?= @%,))) e'QmfgLdf s/ sf u/L afFsL ?=
&%,))) dfq lgh lbks lg/f}nfnfO{ e'Qmfg ug'{ ub{5 . P]gsf] bkmf (@ -!_ -em_
adf]lhd o:tf] lhtf}/Ldf x'g] s/ sL /sd clGtd s/ sL dflgG5 . o;/L s/
sL k5L k|fKt ePsf] e'QmfgL /sdnfO{ lgh lbks lg/f}nfn] cfkm\gf] cfodf
;dfa]; ug'{ kb}{g .
(@-@_
clu|d s/ sL ug]{ JolQmn] jf s/ sL x'g] JolQmn] clGtd ?kdf sL
x'g] e'QmfgLaf6 bkmf *&, ** jf *( adf]lhd s/ sL u/]sf] jf bkmf () sf]
pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd sL ul/Psf] egL dflgPsf] s/ /sd ljefunfO{ bflvnf
u/]df bkmf # sf] v08 -u_ df pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf] JolQmn] s/ bfloTj k"/f
u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
;f] Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5M
pbfx/0f !^=#=!!M dfgf}+, Support Nepal n] cfkm\gf sd{rf/Lx?sf] kfl/>ldsaf6
lgodfg';f/ x'g cfpg] s/ /sd kfl/>lds e'QmfgL ug]{ ca:yfdf g} sf u/L
;+alGwt /fh:j sfof{nodf bflvnf ug]{ u/]sf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] ca:yfdf cGo
cfo geP cyf{t cfo laa/0f a'emfpg' kg]{ bfloTj gePsf] sd{rf/Lx?n] cfkm\gf]
bfloTj k'/f u/]sf] dflgg]5 . tyfkL, ;f] ;+:yfn] bflvnf u/]sf] s/ gk'u ePdf
bkmf (@ sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf] /sd bflvnf gePsf] sf/0fn] gk'u s/
;lxt z'Ns tyf Aofh bflvnf ug]{ bfloTj ;f] ;+:yf jf ;DalGwt sd{rf/Lsf]
(Jointly and severally responsible) x'g]5 .
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clGtd ?kdf sL gx'g] s/sf] ldnfg ;'ljwf / ;dfj]zM

P]gsf] bkmf (# df clGtd ?kdf s/ sL gx'g] s/sf] ldnfg ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/
Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
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sL ul/Psf] eP To:tf] s/ sL /sdnfO{ ;f] e'QmfgLsf] c+zsf] ?kdf
lnOg]5 .

287

;f] Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5M

pbfx/0f !^=$=!M dfgf}+, sNkgf P08 ;G;\ k|f= ln=n] sG;N6]G;L ;]jf afkt k|sfz
P08 s+= nfO{ ?= %),))) e'QmfgL ug'{ kg]{df !% k|ltztn] x'g] /sd ?= &,%))
e'QmfgLdf s/ sL u/L ?= $@,%)) dfq k|sfz P08 s+= nfO{ e'Qmfg u/L
;DalGwt /fh:j sfof{nodf bflvnf u/]sf] /x]5 eg] o;/L bflvnf ePsf] s/
/sd ;d]t e'QmfgLsf] c+z dflgg]5 . o; k|sf/ sNkgf P08 ;G;\ k|f= ln=n] s'n
e'QmfgL ?= %),))) g} vr{ sL bfaL ug{ ;Sg]5 eg] k|sfz P08 s+= n] ?=
%),))) g} e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf] dfgL cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ k5{ .
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clGtd ?kdf s/ sL x'g] e'QmfgL afx]ssf] s'g} e'QmfgLdf s/ sL
ePsf] /x]5 eg] s/ sL x'g] JolQmn] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] s/ /sd bflvnf u/]
;/x dflgg]5 M
-s_ bkmf *&, ** jf *( adf]lhd e'QmfgLdf sL ul/Psf] s/ /sd,
-v_ clu|d s/ sL ug]{ JolQm jf s/ sL x'g] JolQmn] bkmf () sf] pkbkmf
-#_ adf]lhdsf] jf e'QmfgLdf s/ sL u/]sf] dflgg] s/ /sd ljefudf
bflvnf u/]sf] eP To:tf] /sd .
;f] Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5M
pbfx/0f !^=$=@M dfgf}+, sNkgf P08 ;G;\ k|f= ln=n] sG;N6]G;L ;]jf afkt k|sfz
P08 s+= nfO{ ?= %),))) e'QmfgL ug'{ kg]{df !% k|ltztn] x'g] /sd ?= &,%))
e'QmfgLdf s/ sL u/]sf]] /x]5 eg] o;/L sL ePsf] s/ /sd k|sfz P08 s+=n]
s/ bfloTj afkt bflvnf u/]sf] cyf{t Advance Tax dflgg]5 / cfkm\gf] s'n s/
bfloTj;+u ldnfg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
t/ lghnfO{ ;f] /sd e'QmfgL ubf{ s/ sL gu/]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] /sd bkmf
()-#_ adf]lhd k|f=ln=n] bflvnf u/]sf] eP klg k|sfz P08 s+=n] bflvnf u/]sf]
dflgG5 . e'QmfgLdf s/ sL gu/L bflvnf u/]sf] /sd bkmf ()-*_ sf] Joj:yf
adf]lhd bflvnf ug]{ sNkgf P08 ;G;\ k|f=ln=n] k|sfz P08 s+=;+u lkmtf{ dfu ug{
eg] kfpb5 .
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pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf] /sd s/ sL x'g] JolQmn] ;f] e'QmfgL u/]sf]

cfo jif{df bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ s/ /sddf dfq ldnfg ug{ bfaL ug{ ;Sg]5 .
;f] Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5M
pbfx/0f !^=$=#M dfgf}+, ABC Company n] cfkm\gf] Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{sf nflu
3/ ef8fdf dfl;s ?= %),))). ltg]{ u/L lnPsf /x]5g\ . lghn] dfl;s ?kdf
!) k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] ?= %,))). e'QmfgLdf s/ sf u/L afFsL /sd BCZ &
Co. nfO{ a'emfpg] u/]sf] /x]5 . BCZ & Co. n] cfkm\gf] cfo ljj/0f a'emfpg] qmddf
cf=a= )^$.^% sf] ltg'{ kg]{ bfloTj ?= !,)),))). /x]5 eg] pQm ltg'{ kg]{ bfloTj
/sd ?= !,)),))). af6 3/ef8f jfkt ABC Company n] lt/]sf] afx| dlxgfsf]
e'QmfgLdf s/ /sd ?= ^),))). ldnfg u/L afFsL /sd ?= $),))). dfq}
a'emfpg' kb{5 .
pbfx/0f !^=$=$M
dfgf}, ;f] cfo aif{, BCZ & Co. n] ltg'{ kg]{ bfloTj /sd ?=
288

%),))). dfq} /x]5 eg] lghn] To; cf=j= df e'QmfgLdf s/ sf u/L a'emfPsf]
/sd ?= ^),))). s/ ldnfg u/L P]gsf] bkmf !!# cg';f/ csf]{ jif{df ldnfg
ug{sf nflu Carry Forward ug{ kfpg] jf Refund sf] nflu bfjL ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
pbfx/0f !^=$=%M dfgf}+ pQm Co. n] cf=j= ^$.^% sf] ltg'{ kg]{ s/ bfloTj
?=!,)),))). df ;f]xL cfly{s jif{df ABC Company dfkm{t lt/]sf] 3/ef8fsf]
e'QmfgLdf s/ ldnfg ug{ 5'6]sf] /x]5 . BCZ Co. n] pQm >f]tdf sf ul/Psf]
e'QmfgLdf s/ cf=j= ^$.^% df lt/]sf] e'QmfgLdf s/ /sd kl5Nnf] cf=j= df s/
ldnfg bfjL ug{ kfpg] 5}g . t/, P]gsf] bkmf !!# jdf]lhd a9L lt/]sf] s/
lkmtf{sf] nflu bfjL ug{ ;Sg]5 .
!^=%=

sL ul/Psf] s/sf] ljj/0f / e'QmfgL M

P]gsf] bkmf () adf]lhd sL ul/Psf] s/sf] ljj/0f ;DalGwt sfof{nodf bflvnf
ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
()-!_
clu|d s/ sL ug'{ kg]{ k|To]s JolQmn] k|To]s dlxgf ;dfKt ePsf]
kRrL; lbgleq ljefun] tf]s]sf] tl/sf / 9fFrfdf ljefudf ljj/0f bflvnf
ug'{ kg]{5 .
s/sL laa/0f bflvnf ubf{ laefusf] Web-site: www.ird.gov.np dfkm{t
Electronically laa/0f (E-TDS) bflvnf ug'{ kg]{5 . cyf{t, e'QmfgLdf s/ sL ug'{
kg]{ k|To]s JolQmn] k|To]s dlxgf ;dfKt ePsf] @% lbg leq E-TDS dfkm{t jf
;DalGwt /fh:j sfof{nodf bflvnf ug{' kg]{5 . ;+nUg ug'{ kg]{ laa/0fsf] 9fFrf o;}
lgb]{lzsfsf] cg';"rL !^=! df lbO{Psf] 5 . ;f] Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf]
pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5M
pbfx/0f !^=%=!M dfgf}+, sNkgf P08 ;G;\ k|f= ln=n] cfkm\gf sd{rf/Lsf] r}q
dlxgfsf] kfl/>lds e'QmfgL ubf{ ?= %),))). s/ sf u/]sf] /x]5, To:t} ;f]
dlxgfsf] 3/ axfn e'QmfgLdf ?= !),))). s/ sf u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm s/ sL
laa/0f ;f] k|f=ln=n] a}zfv dlxgfsf] @% ut]leq ljefun] tf]s]sf] tl/sf /
9fFrfdf ;DalGwt /fh:j sfof{nodf ljj/0f ;lxt a'emfpg' kb{5 .
;DaGwL Joj:yf
s/ k|zf;gsf] sfo{ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;/nLs[t tyf kf/bzL{ ?kdf ;'wf/ u/L ;]jf k|jfx
ug]{ qmddf klxnf] k6s e'QmfgLdf s/ sLsf ljj/0fx?nfO{ Web based jgfO{
s/bftf / s/ k|zf;g jLrsf] s/ ;xeflutf nfut / s/ ;+sng nfutnfO{
36fpg] sfo{sf] z'?jft ePsf] 5 . cf=j= @)^@.^# b]lv z'? ePsf] e-TDS sfo{af6
% /]s8{sf] tYof k|lji6 eO{ clu|d sL ePsf] lyof] eg] o; jif{sf] xfn;Dd s'n
cfos/sf] sl/j !^ s/ e-TDS sf] dfWodaf6 /fh:j ;+sng ePsf] tYofn]
b]vfpF5 . o; sf/0f sfo{ bIftf tyf ;/nLs[t ;]jf k|jfxsf] dxTjk"0f{ pks/0fsf]
?kdf ljB'tLo dfWodsf] k|efjsf/Ltf a9\bf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
e-TDS

e-TDS

sf tYofx?nfO{ k|lji6 ug]{ j'bfut ;+lIfKt sfo{ljwL lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 .

www.ird.gov.np dfeTDStabdf lSns ug]{ .

GettransactionnumberlSns ug]{ .

289

username,password cfkm}+ /fvL ;a} ljj/0f eg]{ .

Transactionnumberk|fKt x'g]5 .
EnterTDSinformationdf lSns ug]{ .
Transactionnumber/fvL ;a} ljj/0f eg]{ .
yk sf/f]jf/ entryug{ Adddf lSns ug]{ .

;a} sf/f]jf/ entryul/;s]kl5 InsertVoucherInformationdf lSns

ug]{ .
l:s|gdf b]lvg] ;a} ljj/0f - vftf g+, ef}r/ g+=, e'QmfgLsf] lsl;d, sfof{no,
TDS /sd, a}+s sf]8 _ eg]{ .
PrintPreviewdf lSns u/LPrintlgsfn]/ sfof{nosf] ;+sng zfvfdf
;Dks{ ug'{ kb{5 .

olb s;}sf] s/ s6L ug]{ JolQmn] eTDS dfkm{t e'QmfgLdf s/ sLsf] ljj/0f
a'emfPsf] /x]5 eg] tkfO{+ cfkm}+n] ljB'tLo k|0ffnL(Internet) af6 x]g{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
clu|d s/sL eO{ eTDSdfkm{t hDdf ePsf] /sd x]g]{ k|ls|of
Username,password k|fKt ug{ cf=/f=sf= df ;Dks{ ug'{xf]; . To;kl5,
ird.gov.np dfLogOn ug'{xf]; .
eTDSdf lSns ug'{xf]; .
WithholdeeLogindf lSns ug'{xf]; .
Username,password /fvL cfkm\gf] ljj/0f x]g'{xf]; .
tkfO{+n] cfo ljj/0f;fy ;+nUg ug'{kg]{ cg';"rL !) sf] s/ bfjL dxndf cGo
ljj/0fsf cltl/Qm eTDS sf] transactionnumberaf6k|fKt printout dfq
/fv] k'U5, cGo sfuhft -ef}r/, clu|d s/ sL kmf/fd_ ;+nUg ug'{ kb}{g .
e-TDS sf ljz]iftfx?
s/bftfx?n] cfkm"n] ug{' kg]{ clu|d s/ sL /sdnfO{ ;lhn};+u hxfFaf6 klg
ljB'tLo dfWod4f/f k|lji6 ug{ ;lsg] .
Withholder n] ljB'tLo dfWod4f/f k|lji6 (online posting) u/]sf] s/ sL ljj/0f
Transaction Number sf] cfwf/df cfkm\gf] user name af6 hlxn] klg k|fKt ug{
;lsg] .
Withholder n] Withholdee nfO{ k6s k6s lbg' kg]{ s/ sL clen]vljj/0f
lbO/xg' gkg]{ .
Withholdee n] cfkm\gf] PAN df ljleGg s/bftfx?af6 ljleGg ;dodf sL
u/]sf] s/ ljj/0f ;DjlGwt cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{noaf6 k|fKt user name tyf
password sf] cfwf/df Plss[t ?kdf ef}r/ g+=, ldlt, /sd, clu|d s/ sL
ug]{ s/bftfsf] gfd cflb ;lxtsf] k"0f{ ljj/0fsf] kmfF6jf/L4f/f web af6 Ps}
k6s k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] .

290

o;sf] k|of]uaf6 ;DjGwLt s/bftfx? (withholdee) nfO{ cfkm\gf] PAN df sL

ePsf] clu|d s/sL le8fpg s/ bflvnf ePsf] cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf
;Dks{ ug{' gkg]{ eO{ ;]jf k|fKtLdf ;/nLs[t tyf sd nfut nfUg] .
;DjGwLt cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nox?n] klg PAN sf] cfwf/df clu|d s/ sL
ul/Psf] ljj/0f online ?kd} k|fKt e/L tYof+s ljZn]if0f tyf tYof verification
ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] . h;sf] sf/0faf6 s/ ;xeflutf ;d]tdf ;s/fTds k|efj
kg{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
/fh:j ;+sng ug]{ /fh:j sfof{nox?n] cfkm\gf] sfo{ If]q cGt/utsf
s/bftfx?sf] clu|d s/sLsf] Psd'i6 ljj/0f k|fKt u/L /fh:j ;+sngsf]
n]vf+sg tyf ljZn]if0f ug{ ;/nLs[t x'g] .
dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] k|ls|ofsf] ;DaGwdf yk hfgsf/L
help menu

www.ird.gov.np/e-tds

sf]

af6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsg]5 .

()-@_
pkbkmf -!_ df plNnlvt ljj/0f;+u clu|d s/ sL ug]{ JolQmn] sL
ul/Psf] s/ jf pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd s/ sL u/]sf] dflgPsf] /sd pkbkmf
-!_ df plNnlvt Dofbleq ljefudf bflvnf ug'{ kg]{5 .
clu|d s/ sL ug'{ kg]{ k|To]s JolQmn] k|To]s dlxgf ;dfKt ePsf] @% lbg leq,
cyf{t a}zfv dlxgf e/ s/ sL ul/Psf] laa/0f h]i7 @% ut] leq ETDS dfkm{t
laa/0f bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ / s/ sL ul/Psf] /sd laefudf jf /fh:j vftf ;+rfng
x'g] a}+sdf bflvnf ug'{ kg]{5 . clu|d s/ sL lzif{ssf cfwf/df hDdf ul/g' kg]{
;+alGwt /fh:j vftf laa/0f o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] cg';"rL !^=@ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
;f] Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5M
pbfx/0f !^=%=@M dfgf}+, dfly pbfx/0f !^=%=! df pNn]lvt s/ sL laa/0fsf]
;fy sf u/]sf] clu|d s/ /sd a}zfv dlxgfsf] @% ut]leq ;DalGwt /fh:j
sfof{nodf a'emfpg' kb{5 .
()-#_
clu|d s/ sL ug]{ JolQmn] bkmf *&, ** jf *( adf]lhd s/ sL
gu/]sf] eP klg ;f] s/ sL x'g' kg]{ ;dodf ;f] s/ sL ul/Psf] dflgg]5 .
clu|d s/ sL ug]{ bfloTj ePsf] JolQmn] s/ sL x'g' kg]{ e'QmfgLdf s/ sL ug'{
kg]{5 . o:tf] AolQmn] To:tf] e'QmfgLdf s/ sL ug{ 5'6fPsf] ePtf klg P]gsf] bkmf
() sf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd laefun] To:tf] AolQm af6 s/ c;'n ug{ ;Sb5 . ;f]
Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5M
pbfx/0f !^=%=#M dfgf}+, sNkgf P08 ;G;\ k|f= ln=n] d'=c=s/ k|of]hgsf] lgldQ
btf{ ePsf] lbg]; ;Knfo;{af6 ?= !,)),))) sf] ;fdfgsf] cfk'lt{ lnPsf] /x]5 .
pQm /sd e'QmfgL ubf{ sNkgf P08 ;G;\ k|f= ln= n] >f]tdf s/ sf gu/L
e'QmfgL u/]sf] /x]5 . lbg]; ;Knfo;{sf] e'QmfgLdf s/ sf gu/]sf] ePtf klg
sNkgf P08 ;G;\ k|f= ln=n] ;f] e'QmfgL afkt !=% k|ltztn] x'g cfpg] s/ /sd
cyf{t ?= !,%)) s6\6L ul/Psf] dflgg]5 .
pbfx/0f !^=%=$M dfgf}+, u'?hL sDkgLn] k/fdz{bftfnfO{ e'QmfgL u/]sf] ;]jf z'Ns
?= !)),))) df ?= !%,))) s/ s6\6L u/]sf /x]g5 . e'QmfgLdf s/ sLsf]
;DaGwdf sfof{noaf6 5fglag ubf{ e'QmfgLdf s/ sL gu/]sf] b]lvof] . o:tf]
291

cj:yfdf e'QmfgLdf s/ s6\6L gu/]sf] ?= !% xhf/ bkmf ()-#_ adf]lhd lghaf6

s6\6L ePsf] dflg P]gsf] bkmf !@) sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd ?= &,%)) z'Ns ;d]t
nufpg' kb{5 .
()-$_ bkmf *&, ** jf *( adf]lhd s'g} s/ sL ul/Psf] /sd jf pkbkmf #_ adf]lhd s/ sL u/]sf] dflgg] /sd ;f] clu|d s/ sL ug]{ JolQmn]
bflvnf ug'{ kg]{5 / pkbkmf -%_ nfu" x'g] cj:yfdf s/ sL x'g] JolQmn]
pkbkmf -!_ df plNnlvt cjlw kZrft\ kGw| lbgleq ;f] s/ bflvnf ug'{
kg]{5 .
;f] Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5
pbfx/0f !^=%=%M dfgf}+, sNkgf P08 ;G;\ k|f= ln=n] cfkm\gf sd{rf/Lsf] r}q
dlxgfsf] kfl/>lds e'QmfgL ubf{ ?= %),))). s/ sf u/]sf] /x]5, To:t} ;f]
dlxgfsf] 3/ axfn e'QmfgLdf ?= !),))). s/ sf u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm sf
u/]sf] clu|d s/ /sd a}zfv dlxgfsf] @% ut]leq ljefun] tf]s]sf] tl/sf /
9fFrfdf sfof{nodf ljj/0f ;lxt a'emfpg' kb{5 . P]gsf] bkmf *&, ** jf *(
jdf]lhd clu|d s/ sf ug{ kg]{df gul/Psf] ePtfklg pQm e'QmfgL clu|d s/
sf ePsf] dflgg] x'Fbf e'QmfgL ePsf] dlxgf ;dfKt ePsf] @% lbgleq ;DjlGwt
cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf bflvnf ug'{ kb{5 . bkmf *&, ** jf *( cg';f/
clu|d s/ sf u/]sf] /sd sf gul/Psf] eP klg e'QmfgL x'g] ;dodf sf ug'{
kg]{ /sdnfO{ sf ul/P ;/x dfgL clu|d s/ sf ug]{ bfloTj ePsf] JolQmn] @%
lbg leq ;DalGwt /fh:j sfof{nodf bflvnf ug'{ kb{5 .
()-%_ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] cj:yfdf clu|d s/ sL x'g] JolQm / ;f] clu|d s/
sL ug]{ JolQm b'j} hgf ;+o'Qm ?kdf / 5"f5"} ?kdf ;f] s/ /sd ljefudf
bflvnf ug{ lhDd]jf/ x'g]5g\ M
-s_ clu|d s/ sL ug]{ JolQmn] bkmf *&, ** jf *( adf]lhd s'g}
e'QmfgLaf6 s/ sL gu/]df, /
-v_ clu|d s/ sL ug]{ JolQmn] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd s/ sL u/]sf]
dflgg] /sd pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd s/ bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ ldlt leq
ljefudf bflvnf gu/]df .
clu|d s/ sL ug]{ bfloTj ePsf] JolQmn] bkmf *&, ** jf *( df tf]lsPsf
e'QmfgLx?df clu|d s/ sf gu/]sf] / sf gu/]tfklg sf ug'{ kg]{ ;dodf sf
u/]sf] dflgg] clu|d s/ /sd dlxgf ;dfKt ePsf] @% lbgleq ;DjlGwt /fh:j
sfof{nodf bflvnf gu/]sf] cj:yfdf clu|d s/ sL ug]{ / x'g] JolQm ;+o'Qm ?kdf
jf 5'f5'} ?kdf s/ /sd bflvnf ug{ lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\ (Jointly and severally
liable) . ;f] Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5M
pbfx/0f !^=%=^M dfgf}+, dfly pbfx/0f !^=%=! df pNn]lvt sNkgf P08 ;G;\ k|f=
ln=n] 3/ axfn e'QmfgLdf clu|d s/ sL u/]sf] /x]g5 eg] To:tf] s/ /sd
bflvnf ug]{ u/fpg] ;DaGwdf pQm k|f= ln= jf 3/wgL 5'f5'} ?kdf jf ;+o"Qm
?kn] lhDd]jf/ (Jointly and severally liable) x'g]5g\ . cyf{t laefun] b'O{ dWo] s'g}
PsnfO{ s/ bflvnf ug]{ cfb]z lbg ;S5 .
292

()-^_
clu|d s/ sL ug]{ JolQmn] bkmf *&, ** jf *( adf]lhd s/ sL u/L
ljefudf bflvnf u/]sf]df ;f] s/ sL ePsf] e'QmfgLsf ljifodf s/ sL x'g]
JolQmf/f s'g} bfaL ul/Pdf ;f] /sd s/ sL x'g] JolQmnfO{ e'QmfgL u/] ;/x
dflgg]5 .
;f] Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5M
pbfx/0f !^=%=&M dfly pbfx/0f !^=%=! df pNn]lvt sNkgf P08 ;G;\ k|f= ln=n]
s'n 3/ axfn e'QmfgL ?= !)),))) df clu|d s/ sL u/]sf] ?= !),)))
;DalGwt /fh:j sfof{nodf bflvnf u/]sf] /x]5 eg] ;f] /sd lgh 3/wgLnfO{ g}
e'Qmfg u/] ;/x x'g]5 .
()-&_ bkmf *&, ** jf *( adf]lhd s/ sL gu/]sf] /sd clu|d s/ sL
ug]{ JolQmn] ljefunfO{ bflvnf u/]sf] ePdf ;f] bflvnf ePsf] s/ /sd
a/fa/sf] /sd ;f] s/ sL x'g' kg]{ JolQmjf6 c;"n pk/ ug{ kfpg]5 .
;f] Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5
pbfx/0f !^=%=*M dfgf}+, k|f0f kv]? g]kfn a}+s lnld6]8df ;~rfns /x]5g\ . lghn]
a}+ssf] a}7sdf pkl:yt e} 5nkmn u/] cg'?k a}7s eQfsf] ?kdf ?= %,))).
k|fKt u/]sf /x]5g\ . t/ e'QmfgL ubf{sf cj:yfdf clu|d s/ sf gu/L e'QmfgL
lbPsf] /x]5 . t/ g]kfn a}+s lnld6]8n] pQm /sd cyf{t !% k|ltztsf b/n] x'g]
clu|d s/ /sd ?= &%). ;DjlGwt /fh:j sfof{nodf a'emfO{ lbPsf /x]5g\ eg]
To:tf] cj:yfdf g]kfn a}+s lnld6]8n] lgh ;~rfnsaf6 pQm ?= &%). c;'n
pk/ ug{ ;Sb5 . t/, pQm s/ /sd nflvnf ug]{ ;Gbe{df ;f] a}+sn] s'g} Aofh
tyf z'Ns ;d]t laefudf bflvnf u/]sf] /x]5 eg] o:tf Aofh tyf z'Ns eg]
bfaL ug{ ;Sg] 5}g .

!^=^=

()-*_ s'g} JolQmn] pkbkmf -!_ jf -@_ adf]lhd bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ ljj/0f jf s/
bflvnf gu/]sf] jf s'g} JolQmsf ;DaGwdf pkbkmf -%_ sf] cj:yf /x]sf]
s'/fdf ljefu ljZj:t ePdf bflvnf gu/]sf] jf 36L bflvnf u/]sf] /sd /
bkmf !!( adf]lhdsf] Aofh bflvnf ug{ cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 . t/ To:tf] cfb]z
lbg' eGbf klxn] plrt sf/0f vf]nL ;f] cfb]zsf ;DaGwdf ;kmfOsf] ;a't
k|df0f k]z ug{ !% lbgsf] Dofb lbO{ lnlvt ;"rgf lbg' kg]{5 .
s/ sL] k|df0fkq M
P]gsf] bkmf (! adf]lhd clu|d s/ sL ug]{ AolQmn] s/ sL x'g] AolQmnfO{
lgDgfg';f/sf] s/ sLsf] k|df0f kq pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 M
(!-!_
clu|d s/ sL ug]{ JolQmn] s/ sL x'g] JolQmnfO{ pkbkmf -@_ df
tf]lsPsf] ;dodf b]xfo adf]lhdsf] s/ sL k|df0fkq pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 M
-s_ ljefuf/f s'g} tl/sf tf]lsPsf] eP ;f] tl/sf adf]lhd k|dfl0ft
ul/Psf], /
-v_ bkmf *&, ** jf *( adf]lhd sL ul/Psf] s/ /sd tyf e'QmfgL
/sdx? v'n]sf] .
293

(!-@_
clu|d s/ sL u/]sf] cjlw v'nfO{ clu|d s/ sL u/]sf] dlxgf ;dfKt
ePsf] ldltn] kGw| lbgleq clu|d s/ sL k|df0fkq k|bfg ug'{ kg]{5 .
(!-#_
pkbkmf -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg bkmf *& adf]lhd s/
sL ul/Psf] cj:yfdf clu|d s/ sL k|df0fkq b]xfo adf]lhd k|bfg ug'{
kg]{5 M
-s_ ;f] k|df0fkq ;f] cfo jif{df ;f] sd{rf/L jxfn /x]sf] cjlwe/sf] nflu
dfq x'g]5 .
-v_ ;f] k|df0fkq ;f] jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] ldltn] tL; lbgleq pknAw u/fO{
;Sg'kg]{5 jf ;f] jif{df ;f] sd{rf/Ln] ;f] clu|d s/ sL ug]{ JolQmsf]df
/f]huf/L ug{ 5f]8]sf] eP ;f] /f]huf/L 5f]8]sf] ldltn] tL; lbgleq ;f]
k|df0fkq pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 .
P]gsf] bkmf (! adf]lhd clu|d s/ sL ug]{ AolQmn] s/ sL x'g] AolQmnfO{ pknAw
u/fpg' kg]{ k|df0f kqsf] gd'gf o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] cg';"rL !^=# df lbO{Psf] 5 .
clu|d s/ sL ug]{ JolQmn] clu|d s/ sL x'g] JolQmnfO{ pknAw u/fPsf] clu|d
s/ sL k|df0fkqnfO{ s/ bflvnfsf] k|df0f dflgPsf] x'Fbf ;f]nfO{ k|dfl0ft ug{ cGo
sfuhft;Fu le8fg ul//xg' kb}{g .

294

kl/R5]b !&
/f]huf/Laf^ ePsf] cfosf] u)fgf
(Calculation of Income from Employment)

!&=!

!&=@

cfos/ P]g, @)%* df cfosf rf/ lzif{ssf] AofVof ul/Psf] 5 . h;df, Joj;fo,
/f]huf/L, nufgL Pj+ cfsl:ds nfesf lzif{sx? kb{5g\ . o; kl/R5]bdf /f]huf/Lsf]
cfo u0fgf;+u ;DalGwt P]gsf k|fjwfgx?nfO{ Pslqt ?kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
/f]huf/L / ;f];+u ;DalGwt P]gn] ;d]6\g vf]h]sf If]qx?, vf;u/L casfz sf]if
e'QmfgL Pa+ k|fs[lts AolQm;+u ;DalGwt kIfx? o; kl/R5]bdf ;dfa]; ul/Psf] 5 .
/f]huf/Laf6 ePsf] cfosf] u0fgf
P]gsf] bkmf * sf] pkbkmf -!_ df /f]huf/Laf6 ePsf] cfosf] u0fgfsf] ;DaGwdf
lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf]5 M
*-!_ s'g} k|fs[lts JolStn] s'g} cfo jif{df /f]huf/Laf6 k|fKt u/]sf] kfl/>lds
;f] jif{df ;f] JolQmsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfo dfgL u0fgf ug{' kg]{5 .
cfos/ P\]g @)%* sf] bkmf @ v08 -1_ cg';f/ /f]huf/L eGgfn] s'g} klg lsl;dsf]
laut, at{dfg jf efjL /f]huf/L ;Demg' kb{5 . pQm kl/efiff cg';f/ s'g} klg
k|fs[lts AolQmn] lautdf u/]sf] jf at{dfgdf ub}{/x]sf] jf s'g} zt{ adf]lhd
elaiodf ul/g] /f]huf/LnfO{ ;d]t hgfp5 . /f]huf/L cfo eGgfn] s'g} klg k|fs[lts
AolQmn] /f]huf/Lsf] zt{ cg';f/ cfkm\gf] 1fg, cg'ej, ;Lk, hfFu/ tyf >d k|of]u
u/L ;]jf k|bfg u/] jfkt k|fKt ul/g] gub, lhG;L tyf cGo ;'lawfnfO{ hgfp+b5 .
/f]huf/L M /f]huf/L / k/fdz{bftf (Consultant) lar obfsbf zflAbs llawf x'g]
u/]sf] kfO{G5 . ;fdfGotofM Contract of service n] /f]huf/L a'emfp+5 eg] Contract
for service n] k/fd;{bftf (Consultant) tkm{ O{lu+t ub{5 . /f]huf/L zAbn] sfd
ug]{ (Employee) tyf sfd nufpg] (Employer) larsf] ;DaGw v'Ng] u/L s'g} AolQm
jf lgsfodf Aoa:yfksLo, ;'k/LIf0f, k|zf;sLo, k|fljlws jf o:t} cGo s'g} sfd
u/L ;f] AolQm jf lgsfosf] lnlvt jf clnlvt sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ tyf ;'lawf jf
o:t} cGo zt{ tyf ;'lawf ;DaGwL k|fjwfg nfu' x'g] u/L ;f] lgsfoaf6 sfd ug]{
AolQmn] tnj jf Hofnf jf o:t} cGo e'QmfgL kfpg ;Sg] ca:yfnfO{ hgfp5 .
o:tf] AolQm jf lgsfo jfl;Gbf jf u}/ jfl;Gbf klg x'g ;S5 . sfd ug]{ / sfd
nufpg] larsf] ;DaGw v'Ng] e'QmfgLnfO{ /f]huf/Ldf u0fgf ul/g' k5{ . pQm Aoa:yf
v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn lbO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !&=@=! M dfgf}+, /dLnf s'g} lgsfodf ?= %),))) dfl;s kfl/>lds k|fKt
ug]{ u/L 5 dlxgfsf] nflu lgo"Qm ePsL /lxl5g\ . To:t} xlgkm eGg] AolQm ;f]xL
lgsfosf] nflu ahf/sf] ca:yf cWoog ug]{ / 5 dlxgf leq k|lta]bg a'emfpg]
zt{df ?= #)),))) kfl/>lds kfpg] u/L lgo"Qm ePsf /x]5g\ . ;f] lgsfon] lgh
xlgkmnfO{ dfl;s ?kdf ?= %),))) sf b/n] /sd e'Qmfg ug]{ u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm
ca:yfdf /dLnfnfO{ e'QmfgL u/]sf] /sd /f]huf/L cGtu{t kb{5 (Contract of
service) eg] xlgkmnfO{ e'QmfgL ug]{ /sd ;]jf z'Ns (Contract for service) cGtu{t
kb{5 . xlgkmn] k|fKt u/]sf] s'n /sd -s/ cl3sf]_ cfkm\gf] Joj;fosf] cfodf
295

;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 / s/ sL /sdnfO{ clu|d s/sf] ?kdf bfaL ug'{ kb{5 .
ljut, jt{dfg tyf efjL /f]huf/L M /f]huf/stf{n] ljut, jt{dfg tyf efjL /f]huf/L
afkt k|fKt ePsf] kfl/>lds /sdnfO{ gub k|fKtL (Cash Basis) sf] cfwf/df
/f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfj]z u/L s/ u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 . kl/efiffn] ;d]6]sf] ljutsf]
/f]huf/L eGgfn] s'g} JolQmn] ljutdf s'g} lgsfodf /f]huf/Lsf ;]jf zt{ cg';f/
sfd u/]sf /x]5g\ t/ xfn lghn] pQm lgsfo 5f]l8;s]sf /x]5g\ eg] 5f]l8Psf]
lgsfodf /f]huf/Lsf ;]jf zt{ cg';f/ ul/Psf] sfo{nfO{ ljutsf] /f]huf/L eg]/
elgG5 . cyf{t sfd u/]sf] ;+:yfnfO{ ljutsf] /f]huf/bftf (Former Employer) /
sfd u/]sf] JolQmnfO{ ljutsf] sfdbf/ (Former Employee) elgG5 . o;} u/L
jt{dfg /f]huf/L eGgfn] /f]huf/Lsf ;]jf zt{ cg';f/ lgo'lQm kfO{ sfo{/t ul//x]sf]
cj:yfnfO{ jt{dfg /f]huf/L elgG5 . Pjd\ k|sf/n] /f]huf/Lsf ;]jf zt{ cg';f/
lgo'lQm lnO{ ls6fg ldlt ;fy eljiodf ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ u/L jt{dfg cj:yfdf
ul/Psf] s/f/gfdfnfO{ efjL /f]huf/L elgG5 . pQm Aoa:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn
lbO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !&=@=@M dfgf}+, s]6Lgfn] ;fdu|L ;+:yfgdf :6f]/lsk/sf]
?kdf dfl;s tnj ?= @),))). kfpg] u/L ldlt @)$( ;fndf lgo'lQm kfPsL
/lxl5g\ . ;+:yfgsf] cfly{s cj:yf Tolt /fd|f] gePsf] x'Fbf @)%$ ;fn j}zfv
b]lv txfF sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;+:yfgn] tnj e'Qmfg ug{ ;s]g . ;f]xL cg';f/
s]6Lgfn] klg tnj kfOgg\ . lghn] @)%^ ;fn j}zfvdf hflu/af6 /flhgfdf
lbO{g / csf]{ /f]huf/bftf ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8df /f]huf/L ug{ yflng\ . ;+:yfgsf]
cfly{s cj:yf /fd|f] ePkl5 sd{rf/Lsf] bfloTj e'QmfgL ug{sf nflu cfJxfg u/]
cg'?k lgh s]6Lgfn] klg @)^) >fj0f !) ut] ;fdu|L ;+:yfgaf6 Psd'i7
?=$,*),))). k|fKt ul/g\ . o;/L lghn] k|fKt u/]sf] Psd'i7 kfl/>lds
/sdnfO{ P]gsf] bkmf @@ cg';f/ gub k|fKtLsf] cfwf/df cf=j= @)^).^! cyf{t
k|fKt ePsf] cfly{s jif{sf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 . o;df ;fdu|L ;+:yfg
ljutsf /f]huf/bftf x'g\ eg] k|fKt ePsf] kfl/>lds lautsf] /f]huf/Laf6 k|fKt
cfo xf] .
pbfx/0f !&=@=#M dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] pbfx/0f !&=@=@ df s]6Lgf ;fdu|L
;+:yfgsf] hflu/ 5f]8L ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8df sfo{/t l5g\ . o;/L s]6Lgfsf]
nflu ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8 jt{dfg /f]huf/bftf x'g\ / ;f] /f]huf/L af6 k|fKt eO{
/x]sf] kfl/>lds at{dfg /f]huf/Laf6 k|fKt cfo xf] . o;/L jt{dfg
/f]huf/bftfaf6 k|fKt ul/g] tnj, eQfx? tyf cGo ;'ljwfsf e'QmfgLx?nfO{
/f]huf/Lsf] cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
pbfx/0f !&=@=$M s]6Lgf ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8df sfo{/t x'Fbf s} cj:yfdf a}+s
ckm g]kfndf @)^* ;fn j}zfvb]lv ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ u/L ldlt @)^^ ;fn
a}zfvdf s/f/gfdf u/]sL /lxl5g\ . pQm s/f/gfdf cg';f/ lghn] elaiodf k|fKt
ug]{ kfl/>ldsaf6 sf x'g] u/L ?= !,)),))). s/f/gfdfdf x:tfIf/ ubf{ s}
cj:yfdf e'QmfgL ul/Psf] /x]5 eg] o;/L efjL /f]huf/bftf (Prospective
Employer) af6 jt{dfg cj:yfdf k|fKt u/]sf] /sd ?= !,)),))). nfO{ P]gsf]
bkmf * cg';f/ /f]huf/Lsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
pbfx/0f !&=@=%M s'g} pBf]un] cfkm\gf] pTkfbg sfo{df k|of]u x'g] d]lzg rnfpg
296

bIftf xfl;n ug]{ k|of]hgsf] lgldQ Ps sd{rf/LnfO{ ?= %,)),))) vr{ u/L

cWoogdf k7fPsf] /x]5 . o:tf] cWoog vr{sf] p2]Zo ;f] pBf]usf] Joj;fosf]
k|of]hgsf] lgldQ ePsf]n] To:tf] vr{ ;DalGwt sd{rf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{
kb}{g . t/ To:tf] vr{ /f]huf/bftfsf] Joj;fo;+u ;+alGwt gePdf To:tf] cWoog
z'Ns P]gsf] bkmf @@ cg';f/ ;DalGwt sd{rf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .
!&=#=

/f]huf/Laf6 ePsf] cfosf] u0fgfdf ;dfa]; x'g] /sdx?M

/f]huf/Lsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ /f]huf/Lsf] l;nl;nfdf /f]huf/bftfaf6 /f]huf/stf{n]
k|fKt u/]sf] gubL, lhG;L, ;'lawf jf k|ToIf jf k/f]If tl/sfn] k|fKt u/]sf] e'QmfgL jf
e'QmfgL dflgg] /sdnfO{ ;dfj]z ug'{k5{ . P]gsf] bkmf * sf] pkbkmf -@_ df cfodf
;dfa]; ug]{ ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/ Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
*-@_ s'g} cfo jif{df k|fs[lts JolQmnfO{ lbOPsf b]xfosf e'StfgLx? To:tf]
k|fs[lts JolQmsf] ;f] cfo jif{sf] /f]huf/Laf6 k|fKt kfl/>lds u0fgf ubf{
;dfj]z ug{' kg]{5 M
*-@_-s_ Hofnf, tna, labf afktsf] /sd, cltl/Qm ;do sfd u/]afktsf] /sd,
z'Ns, sldzg, k'/:sf/, pkxf/, af]g; / cGo ;'ljwfx? afktsf] e'StfgL,
Hofnf tyf tna M Hofnf tyf tnadf l;4fGttM vf;} leGgtf eg] kfOb}g . b'j}
zAbfjnLn] ;]jf k|bfg u/]jfkt k|fKt x'g] k|ltkmnnfO{ a'emfp5 . pbf/0fsf] nflu,
s'g} k|lti7fgsf] k|zf;lgs sfo{df ;+nUg AolQmnfO{ lbO{g] kfl/>ldsnfO{ tna
elgG5 eg] pTkfbg ug]{ sfo{;+u k|ToIf ;+nUg x'g] sfdbf/nfO{ lbO{g] kfl/>ldsnfO{
Hofnf (Wage) elgG5 . Hofnf zAbn] lk; /]6 jf s/f/ cGtu{t sfd ug]{
sfdbf/nfO{ e'QmfgL ug]{ kfl/>ldsnfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 . cfos/ P]gsf]
k|of]hgsf]nflu /f]huf/Lsf] cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ tna tyf HofnfnfO{ Pp6} cfosf]
lzif{sdf u0fgf ul/g] x'+bf tna tyf Hofnf 5'6\ofpg' eg] kb}{g .
labf afktsf] /sd M sfdbf/ sd{rf/Ln] sd{rf/L ljlgdfjnL jf lgh;+u ePsf]
s/f/gfdf cg';f/ lghn] ;+:yfdf sfd u/]jfkt ljleGg k|sf/sf ljbfx? Kffpg
;S5g\ . h:t}, 3/ ljbf, lj/fdL ljbf, ljz]if ljbf, e}k/L cfpg] ljbf, cflb . s'g}
ljbfx? Kffpgsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] lbg ;+:yfdf sfd ug'{ kb{5 / o;/L ljbf
kfls;s]kl5 lt ljbfx? sd{rf/Ln] k|of]u gu/]df gub lng kfpg] Joj:yf klg x'g
;S5 . o;/L ljbf k|of]u gul/Psf] ca:yfdf /f]huf/Ls} s|ddf jf /f]huf/L cGTosf]
;dodf sd{rf/Ln] ;+lrt labf afkt e'QmfgL kfpg] /sdnfO{ ljbf jfktsf] /sd
elgG5 .
kfs]sf] labf afktsf] /sd e'QmfgLsf ;DaGwdf lgod @) sf] pk lgod ^ sf] v08
-s_ df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
-s_ P]g k|f/De x'g'eGbf cl3sf cfo jif{x?df sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/sf] ;+ro sf]if

jf gful/s nufgL sf]ifdf hDdf ePsf] ;fFjf Aofh nufotsf /sddf / ;f]
cjlw;Dd kfs]sf] pkbfg tyf ;+lrt labf afktsf] /sddf s/ 5'6 x'g],

z'Ns M /f]huf/stf{nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] ;Gbe{df /f]huf/bftfaf6 k|fKt x'g] z'Ns -h:t},

Job joining Fees, jf o:t} e'QmfgL_ nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .

297

sldzg tyf af]g; M ;fdfGotofM sldzg jf af]g; /sd laqmL, d'gfkmfsf] nIo,
sfg"gL afWotf jf o:t} cGo sf/0f k"j{ lgwf{l/t k|aGwsf] cfwf/df lbO{g] e'QmfgLnfO{
elgG5 . s'g} cf}ifwL lgdf{0f sDkgLn] cfkm\gf] sd{rf/Ldf lgo"Qm u/]sf] Medical
Representative nfO{ tnasf] cnfjf lghx?nfO{ laqmL cg'kftsf cfwf/df lbOg]
sldzg jf sfo{Ifdtfsf cfwf/df lbO{g] /sd (Performance Bonus) , Bonus Act
cg';f/ sd{rf/LnfO{ lbO{g] af]g; o;sf pbfx/0fx? x'g\ . sldzg tyf af]g;
cfkm\gf] sd{rf/LnfO{ e'QmfgL lb+bf e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ AolQmn] P]gsf] bkmf * adf]lhd
/f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .
k'/:sf/ tyf pkxf/ M s'g} sd{rf/Ln] pTs[i6 sfo{ u/] afkt /f]huf/bftf af6 k|fKt
x'g] e'QmfgLnfO{ k'/:sf/ jf pkxf/ elgG5 . o:tf k'/:sf/ jf pkxf/ gub afx]s
Kind df k|fKt eP ;f]nfO{ k|rlnt ahf/ d"No cg';f/ d'Nofg u/L bkmf * adf]lhd
cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 . o:tf] k'/:sf/ jf pkxf/df sd{rf/L jf cGo AolQmn]
;d]t efu lng ;Sg] v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{af6 k|fKt ePdf To:tf] k'/:sf/ tyf pkxf/
/f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb}{g . pQm Aoa:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn lbO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !&=#=!M dfgf}+, afl0fHo a}+sn] cfkm\gf] aflif{sf]T;jdf pTs[i6 sd{rf/LnfO{
?= !),))) gub k'/:sf/ lbPsf] /x]5 . o:tf] k'/:sf/nfO{ lgh sd{rf/Ln] P]gsf]
bkmf * adf]lhd /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .
pbfx/0f !&=#=@M dfgf}+, afl0fHo a}+sn] cfkm\gf] aflif{sf]T;jdf /fli6o v]ns'b
kl/ifb;+u ;dGjo u/L /fli6o :t/sf] bf}8 k|ltof]lutf cfof]hgf ug]{ u/]sf] / pQm
bf}8 k|ltof]lutfdf pTs[i6 wfjs, ;j{;fwf/0f nufot ;f] a}+ssf sd{rf/Ln] ;d]t
efu lng ;Sg] Aoa:yf /x]sf] /x]5 . pQm bf}8 k|ltof]lutfdf ;f]xL a}+ssf Ps
sd{rf/L pTs[i6 eO{ ?= @),))) n] k'/:s[t eP5g\ . o; ca:yfdf lgh k'/:s[t
AolQm a}+ssf] sd{rf/Lsf] x}l;otn] k'/:s[t geO{ Ps pTs[i6 wfjs ePsf] sf/0f
k'/:sf/ k|fKt u/]sf] x'+bf o:tf] k'/:sf/nfO{ eg] lgh sd{rf/Ln] P]gsf] bkmf *
adf]lhd /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{}g . pQm /sd lgh sd{rf/Lsf]
cfsl:ds nfesf] cfo x'g]5 .
*-@_-v_ dxL eQf, hLjg lgjf{x vr{, ef8f, dgf]/Ghg jf oftfoft eQf
afktsf] /sd nufot s'g} klg JolQmut eQfsf e'StfgL,
*-@_-u_ lgh jf lghsf] ;DaWb JolQmn] JolQmut k|of]hgsf] nflu u/]sf] vr{sf]
km5\of}{6 jf ;f]wegf{ afkt k|fKt ul/Psf] e'StfgL,
;Da4 AolQm M P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -s g_ adf]lhd ;Da4 AolQm eGgfn] Ps
csf]{ JolQmsf] dg;fo cg';f/ sfd ug]{ Ps jf PseGbf a9L JolQm jf To:tf
JolQmx?sf] ;d"xnfO{ a'emfp5 . Pj+ k|sf/n] /f]huf/stf{sf] ;Gbe{df ;Da4 AolQm
eGgfn] lghsf] gft]bf/nfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 . P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -a_ df gft]bf/
zAbnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kl/eflift u/]sf] 5M
gft]bf/ eGgfn] k|fs[lts JolQmsf] klt, klTg, 5f]/f, 5f]/L -wd{k'q, wd{k'qL ;d]t_,
afj', cfdf, afh], aHo}, bfh', efO{, efph', a'xf/L, lbbL, jlxgL, ;f;', ;;'/f, ;fnf,
h]7fg, ;fnL, h]7L;f;', sfsf, sfsL, elthf, elthL, gftL / gfltgL ;Demg' k5{ .
JolQmut k|of]hg M s'g} lgsfosf] sd{rf/L jf lghsf] s'g} ;Da4 JolQmn] cfgf]
JolQmut sfdsf] nflu u/]sf] vr{sf] /sd ;f] lgsfoaf6 ;f]wegf{sf] ?kdf k|fKt

298

u/]sf] 5 eg] To:tf] /sd JolQmut k|of]hgsf] lgldQ e'QmfgL ePsf]n] lghsf]
/f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug{' kb{5 . pQm ca:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn lbO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !&=#=#M dfgf}+, e/t eGg] AolQm s'g} sDkgLdf sfo{/t /x]5g\ . lghn]
ljbf dgfpg kl/jf/ ;lxt xf]ln8] l6kdf uPsf /x]5g\ . sDkgLsf] lgodfg';f/
To:tf] l6kdf hfg cfpg oftfoft ;'ljwf sDkgLn] e'QmfgL ug]{ /x]5 . o:tf]
cj:yfdf xf]ln8] l6kdf sDkgLn] u/]sf] oftfoft vr{ lgh e/tsf] JolQmut
k|of]hgsf] vr{ ePsf]n] lgh e/tsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{kb{5 .
pbfx/0f !&=#=$M dfgf}+, x/Lk|;fb eGg] AolQm Ps sDkgLdf sfo{/t
/x]5g\ . lghsf] 5f]/f ls8 af]N8 eGg] :s"ndf k9\g] / lghn] dfl;s :s"ndf lkm
jfkt ?= !),))). ltg]{ u/]sf /x]5g\ . pQm kmL /sd lghn] cfkm' sfo{/t
sDkgLaf6 dfl;s ?kdfg} ;f]wegf{ lng] u/]sf /x]5g\ . o:tf] ;f]wegf{ k|fKt /sd
/f]huf/bftfsf] Joj;fo k|of]hgsf] nflu ge} lgh sd{rf/Lsf] AolQmut k|of]hgsf]
nflu ePsf] x'+bf o:tf] ;f]wegf{ afkt k|fKt u/]sf] e'QmfgLnfO{ lghsf] /f]huf/Lsf]
cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
*-@_-3_ /f]huf/Lsf s'g} zt{df ;xdtL hgfPafkt ul/Psf e'StfgL,
/f]huf/bftf / /f]huf/stf{n] /f]huf/Lsf s'g} zt{df ;xdtL hgfP jfkt ul/Psf]
e"QmfgLnfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . pQm ca:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn
lbO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !&=#=%M dfgf}+, s'g} Ps a+}sn] sfo{sf/L clws[t lgo'QmLsf] zt{df a}+sn]
cfh{g u/]sf] d'gfkmfsf] % k|ltzt /sd lghnfO{ k|bfg ug]{ ;xdlt ePsf] /x]5 .
o;/L e'QmfgL k|fKt x'g] d'gfkmfsf] % k|ltztsf] /sd /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfj]z
u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ug'{ kb{5 .
*-@_-_ /f]huf/Lsf] cGTo, gf]S;fgL jf clgjfo{ cjsfz afkt ul/Psf e'QmfgL,
s'g} sd{rf/Ln] /f]huf/Lsf] ;]jf zt{ cg';f/ ;]jf k|bfg ul//x]sf] x'G5 . /f]huf/Lsf]
zt{ cg';f/ /f]huf/L 5f]8\g], TofUg], /flhgfdf lbg], d[To" jf cGo ljljw sf/0fn]
/f]huf/Lsf] cGTo x'g ;S5 . /f]huf/bftfn] /f]huf/Lsf ;]jf zt{ cg';f/ sfd
sfo{jfxL u/]sf] gkfO{Psf] jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] /f]huf/stf{nfO{ /f]huf/Laf6 lgsfNg],
jvf{:t ug]{, :j]lR5s cjsfz jf cGo sf/0fn] /f]huf/Lsf] cGTo (Terminate) x'g
;S5 . o;/L /f]huf/Lsf] cGTo jf gf]S;fgL ePsf] sf/0faf6 ul/g] e'QmfgL
/f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
/f]huf/stf{sf] of]ubfg gx'g] sf]if (Non-Contributory Fund) af6 /f]huf/stf{nfO{
casfzsf] ;dodf e"QmfgL ul/Psf] v08df cfos/ P]g @)%* sf] bkmf ** sf]
pkbkmf -!_ cg';f/ !% sf b/n] e'QmfgLdf s/ sf ug'{kg]{ / bkmf (@ pkbkmf -!_
sf] v08 -5_ cg';f/ o:tf e'QmfgL cGtu{tsf] clu|d s/nfO{ clGtd ?kdf s/ sL
x'g] e"QmfgL dflgg] x'+bf o:tf] e'QmfgLnfO{ sd{rf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g . t/
lgoldt ?kdf e'QmfgL x'g] lga[lQe/0fnfO{ eg] clGtd ?kdf s/ sL x'g] e'QmfgL
dflgPsf] 5}g .
/f]huf/Lsf] cGTo M s'g} sd{rf/L /f]huf/Lsf] gf]S;fgL, cjsfz, clgjfo{ cjsfz jf
cGo s'g} tl/sfn] /f]huf/Laf6 lga[Q x'g ;S5 . h'g;'s} Modality n] /f]huf/Laf6
299

lga[Q ePtf klg /f]huf/bftfaf6 k|fKt ul/g] cjsfz e'QmfgLnfO{ P]gsf] bkmf ** !_ cg';f/ !% k|ltztsf b/n] e'QmfgLdf s/ sf u/L e'QmfgL lbg' kg]{ x'G5 .
o:tf] e'QmfgL P]gsf] bkmf (@ pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -5_ cg';f/ clGtd s/ sL x'g]
e'QmfgLdf kg]{ x'Fbf P]gsf] bkmf * sf] pkbkmf -#_ cg';f/ /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf eg]
;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g . /f]huf/Lsf] cGTo, ;fwf/0ftofM /f]huf/Lsf] qmddf ul/Psf ;]jf
zt{x? cg';f/ /fhLgfdf lbO{, jvf{:tdf k/L, d[To' eO{ jf pd]/ -;]jf zt{df
sfdsfh ug{ ;Sg] pd]/_ sf] xbaGbLsf sf/0f /f]huf/Lsf] cGTo x'g] ub{5 . o;/L
/f]huf/Lsf] cGTo x'Fbfsf cj:yfdf lghn] ljleGg lsl;dsf ;'ljwfx? k|fKt ug{
;Sb5, h:t}, :jLs[t jf c:jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifaf6 x'g] e'QmfgL /sd, ljbf jfktsf]
/sd, cf}ifwL pkrf/ nufot lgsfosf] sd{rf/L ;]jf ljlgodfjnL cg';f/ cGo
;'ljwf afktsf] /sd . lgsfodf pkbfgsf] jf k]G;g dWo] s'g} ;'lawf kfpg]
Joj:yf x'g ;S5 . ;fy}, Psd'i7 k]G;gsf] Joj:yf ePsf lgsfox? klg x'g ;S5g\
. o;/L Psd'i7 k|fKt ul/g] lga[lQe/0f /sd P]gsf] bkmf @@ cg';f/ e'QmfgLsf
cfwf/df cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 . P]gsf] bkmf (@ pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -5_
cg';f/, o:tf] lga[lQe/0f e'QmfgLnfO{ clGtd s/ sL x'g] e"QmfgL dflgg] x'+bf s/
sL eO k|fKt x'g] o:tf] e'QmfgLnfO{ sd{rf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g . t/
lgoldt ?kdf e'QmfgL x'g] lga[lQe/0fnfO{ eg] clGtd ?kdf s/ sL x'g] e'QmfgL
dflgPsf] 5}g .
/f]huf/Lsf] gf]S;fgL M /f]huf/Lsf] gf]S;fgL] cjsfz x'g] k|s[of dWo] Ps xf] . t/ of]
cGo k|s[of eGbf leGg k|sf/n] /f]huf/Laf6 /f]huf/stf{ ljd'v x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf]
nflu Liquidation, ;+:yfsf] at{dfg sd{rf/L g/fVg] zt{ ;lxtsf] lghLs/0f, ;+:yfdf
sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsfdbf/ czQm e} sfd ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf eO{ /f]huf/Laf6 5f]8\g'
kg]{ cj:yf, sd{rf/L s6f}tLdf k/]sf /f]huf/stf{x? cflb . dfly pNn]v ul/Psf
cj:yfx?df sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf] /f]huf/Lsf] gf]S;fgL x'g] / o;/L /f]huf/Lsf]
gf]S;fgL eP jfkt ;DalGwt ;+:yfaf6 Ifltk"lt{ (Compensation) jfkt k|fKt ul/g]
/sdnfO{ P]gsf] bkmf * pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -_ cg';f/ /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf
;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . t/ P]gsf] bkmf ** pkbkmf -!_ cg';f/ !% k|ltztsf b/n]
e'QmfgLdf s/ sf ug'{ kg]{ / P]gsf] bkmf (@ pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -5_ cg';f/
clGtd s/ sL x'g] x'Fbf bkmf * pkbkmf -#_ cg';f/ /f]huf/Lsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{
cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{}g . pQm ca:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn lbO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0fsf] !&=#=^M dfgf}+, s[lif ;fdu|L ;+:yfg lghLs/0f ug]{ qmddf
sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ lgj[Q ug]{ t/ /f]huf/Lsf] gf]S;fgL eP jfkt lghx?n] kfpg]
;'ljwfsf] cnfjf ;]jf u/]sf] k|lt jif{sf] @ dlxgfsf] b/n] yk tnj Ifltk"lt{
(Compensation) sf] ?kdf lbg] lg0f{o u/]sf] /x]5 . o; ;Gbe{df lbks eGg]
AolQmn] lgDgfg';f/sf] e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf /x]5g\M
;flas tna tyf ;'lawf
?= *),)))
P]g nfu' kZrft kfs]sf] labf afktsf] /sd
? %),)))
P]g nfu' kZrft kfs]sf pkbfg
?= @,%),)))
Ifltk"lt{ jfkt k|fKt yk tnj
?= $,)),)))
pQm e'QmfgLdWo] P]g nfu' ePkl5 kfs]sf] labf afktsf] /sd ? %),))),
pkbfg afktsf] /sd ?= @,%),))) / yk tnj ?= $,)),))) df P]gsf] bkmf
300

** sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd !% k|ltztsf b/n] s/ s6\6f ug'{ k5{ / P]gsf]
bkmf (@ pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -5_ cg';f/ clGtd s/ sL x'g] x'Fbf bkmf *
pkbkmf -#_ cg';f/ /f]huf/Lsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ cfodf ;dfj]z u/L cfo lgwf{/0f
ug'{ kb{}g . t/ ;flas tna tyf ;'lawf ?= *),))) eg] /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf
;dfa]; kb{5 .
s'g} Ps sf/vfgfdf sfo{/t dhb'/ sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf d]l;g rnfpFbf b'3{6gf x'g
uO{ bflxg] xft u'dfpg' kof] . o;/L ckf e} ;s]kl5 lghaf6 sfo{ u/fpg ;Dej
gx'g] b]v]kl5 pQm sf/vfgfn] lghnfO{ lgodfg';f/ yk ;'lawf lbO{ /f]huf/Laf6
cjsfz lbof] . o;/L /f]huf/L u'dfP (Job Loss) jfkt k|fKt ul/g] Ifltk"lt{ /sd
(Retrenchment Amount) nfO{ cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .
t/ bkmf (@-!_ n] o:tf] cjsfz e'QmfgLx? clGtd ljwLn] s/ s6\6f x'g] Joj:yf
u/]sf] x'bf o:tf] e'QmfgLdf bkmf **-!_ adf]lhd !% k|ltztsf b/n] s/ s6\6f u/]
k5L ;f] s/ g} clGtd x'G5 .
clgjfo{ cjsfz (Compulsory Retirement)M s'g} lgsfon] cfkm\gf] ;+:yfdf /x]sf
sfdbf/sd{rf/Lx? s6f}tL ug]{ qmddf tf]lsPsf] ;d"xnfO{ /f]huf/Laf6 cjsfz lbg]
jf Staff Regulation cg';f/ tf]lsPsf] cawLpd]/ k'/f u/L /f]huf/Laf6 cjsfz x'g]
k|lqmofnfO{ clgjfo{ cjsfz elgG5 . o;/L clgjfo{ cjsfz lbbf Staff Regulation
cg';f/ tf]lsPsf] cawLpd]/ k'/f u/L /f]huf/Laf6 casfz x'g] ca:yf afx]s cGo
ca:yfaf6 sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ clgjfo{ casfz lb+bf ljz]if ;'ljwfsf] klg
Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'g ;Sb5 . o;/L k|fKt ul/Psf] laz]if ;'ljwf afkt k|fKt ul/Psf]
e'QmfgL casfz e'QmfgL ePsf] x'+bf P]gsf] bkmf ** sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd
>f]tdf !% k|ltztsf b/n] e'QmfgLdf s/ sf ug'{ kg]{ / P]gsf] bkmf (@ pkbkmf !_ sf] v08 -5_ cg';f/ clGtd s/ sL x'g] x'Fbf bkmf * pkbkmf -#_ cg';f/
/f]huf/Lsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{}g . pQm ca:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f
tn lbO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0fsf] !&=#=&M dfgf}+, afl0fHo a}+sdf sd{rf/L s6f}tL ug]{ qmddf @) jif{ ;]jf
cjlw k'u]sf sd{rf/Lx?n] :j]lR5s cjsfzsf] nflu cfj]bg lbg ;Sg] / o;/L VRS
cGtu{t cjsfz x'g] sd{rf/Lsf] nflu ljz]if ;'ljwfsf] ?kdf k|To]s jif{ ;]jf
cjlwsf] nflu lghn] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tnjsf] @ dlxgfsf] ;'ljwf lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf]
/x]5 . olx Scheme cGtu{t /l;s snfd eGg] sd{rf/Ln] @)^% cfiff9 d;fGtdf
nfu' x'g] u/L cjsfz lnPsf /x]5g\ . a}+ssf] lgod adf]lhd !% aif{ eGbf a9L ;]jf
cawL k'/f ug]{nfO{ @ dlxgfsf] / la; aif{ eGbf a9L ;]jf cawLsf] k'/f ug]{n] ;f9]
b'O{ dlxgfsf] tnasf b/n] pkbfg ;d]t a}+sn] e'Qmfg u/]sf] /x]5 . @)%* r}q !*
ut] c3Lsf] sd{rf/L lalgod adf]lhd lghn] tLg dlxgfsf] cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{
;d]t casfzsf] ;dodf e'QmfgL lnPsf /x]5g\ . o;/L casfz /sd e'QmfgL
;lxt cf= a= @)^$.^% df lghn] lgDgfg';f/sf e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf /x]5g\ .
;]jf lga[t x'+bf tnj
?= @),))). k|lt dlxgf
@)%* r}qdf tnj
?= !%,))). k|lt dlxgf
eQfx?
?= !),))). k|lt dlxgf
;]jf cjlw
@% jif{ -@)%*.!@.!* ;Dd !( aif{_
ljbf
!%) lbg -@)%*.!@.!* ;Dd ^) lbg_
bz}+ vr{
?= @),))).
301

cjsfz of]ubfgdf tnjsf] !) k|ltzt ug]{ ul/Psf] /x]5 .

o:tf] cj:yfdf /f]huf/Lsf] cfosf] lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfosf] u0fgf lgDgfg';f/ ug'{
kb{5 .
laa/0f
/f]huf/Lsf] cfo cjsfz e'QmfgL
2,40,000
tnj ?= @),))) n] !@ dlxgfsf]
1,20,000
eQf ?= !),))) n] !@ dlxgfsf]
20,000
bz}+ vr{
24,000
cjsfz sf]ifdf of]ubfg
-@,$),))) sf] !) k|ltztn]_
12,50,000
pkbfg -@%X@=%X@),)))!@,%),)))_
(9,50,000)
Go"gM @)%* r}q !* ;Ddsf] kfs]sf] pkbfg
-!(X@=%X@),)))_
cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{
gnfUg]
10,00,000
VRS ;'ljwf -@%X@X@),)))_
labf e'QmfgL k|fKt
@)%* r}q !* ;Dd kfs]]sf labf ^) lbg
gnfUg]
60,000
@)%* r}q !( b]lvsf] kfs]]sf labf () lbg
-@),)))/#)X()_
4,04,000
13,60,000
lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo / cjsfz e'QmfgL M

lgod @) sf] pk lgod ^ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd @)%* r}q !* ut] ;Dd kfs]sf]
labf, pkbfg tyf lgod @) sf] pk lgod ^ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd ;f] ldltdf
;]jfdf /x]sf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jfaf6 cjsfz x'Fbf lghx?sf] ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL lgod
cg';f/ e'QmfgL x'g] Ps nfv c;L xhf/ ?k}ofF;Ddsf] cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ /sddf
s/ gnfUg] Joj:yf 5 .
cjsfz e'QmfgL -VRS/CRS, ;'ljwf, pkbfg tyf labf_ jfkt k|fKt u/]sf] /sddf
/f]huf/bftfn] P]gsf] bkmf ** sf] pkbkmf -!_ cg';f/ !% k|ltztsf b/n] e'QmfgLdf
s/ sf u/L e'QmfgL lbg] / o;/L e'QmfgLdf s/ sf u/L e'Qmfg lbPsf] /sd
P]gsf] bkmf (@ pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -5_ cg';f/ clGtd ?kdf s/ sL x'g] e'QmfgL
ePsf] x'Fbf P]gsf] bkmf * pkbkmf -#_ cg';f/ /f]huf/Lsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z
ug{ kb}{g t;y{, dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] pbfx/0fdf cjsfz e'Qmfg jfktsf] ljbfsf]
/sdnfO{ /f]huf/L cfosf] lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo u0fgfdf ;dfj]z gul/Psf] xf] .
*-@_-r_ cjsfz e'QmfgL / /f]huf/bftfn] ;f] sd{rf/Lsf] nflu cjsfz sf]ifdf
hDdf u/]sf] /sd ;d]tsf cjsfz of]ubfg,
P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -_ adf]lhd cjsfz e'QmfgL eGgfn] b]xfosf JolQmnfO{
lbOg] e'QmfgL ;Demg' k5{ M
-!_ k|fs[lts JolQmn] cjsfz lnPsf] cj:yfdf lghnfO{ lbO{g] e'QmfgL, jf
-@_ k|fs[lts JolQmsf] d[To' ePsf] cj:yfdf lghsf] cfl>tnfO{ lbOg]
e'QmfgL .
:jLs[t casfz sf]ifaf6 e'QmfgL ug{ ;lsg] ca:yf lgod @) pklgod -@_ sf]
v08 -3_ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
302

@)-@_-3_ cjsfz sf]ifsf] lxtflwsf/LnfO{ b]xfosf cj:yfdf dfq cjsfz e'QmfgL

ug{ ;lsg] M

-!_ sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/ ;]jfaf6 cjsfz k|fKt u/]df,

-@_ lxtflwsf/Lsf] pd]/ cG7fpGg jif{ k'u]df, jf
-#_ lxtflwsf/Lsf] d[To' ePdf jf lgh :yfoL ?kdf ckf+u ePdf .
/f]huf/Lsf qmddf /f]huf/Lsf] ;]jf zt{ cg'';f/ sd{rf/L cjsfz x'+bfsf cj:yfdf
e'QmfgL k|fKt x'g] u/L /f]huf/bftfn]] sd{rf/Lsf] lgldQ cjsfz sf]ifdf hDdf
ul/lbPsf] /sdnfO{ /f]huf/bftfn]] u/]sf] cjsfz of]ubfg elgG5 . pQm ca:yf
v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn lbO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0fsf] !&=#=*M xkm/ l;+x dfl;s ?= @),))) kfl/>lds kfpg] u/L ;/sf/L
sDkgLdf sfo{/t /x]5g\ . pQm sDkgLaf6 dfl;s kfl/>lds jfx]s ?= @,)))
k|lt dlxgf lghsf] gfdsf] cjsfz sf]ifdf hDDff ul/g] u/]sf] /x]5 eg] ;f]
/sdnfO{ cjsfz of]ubfg dflgG5 / o:tf] /sd lghsf] kfl/>lds cfodf
;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
casfzsf] ;dodf lbO{g] labf tyf cf}ifwL pkrf/ ;'lawf afktsf] /sd Pa+ cGo
casfz e'QmfgLsf ;DaGwdf lgod @) sf] pk lgod ^ sf] v08 -s_ tyf v08 v_ adf]lhd tn pNn]lvt Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .

@)-^_ o; lgoddf dfly h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg b]xfosf /sdsf

;DaGwdf b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ P]g k|f/De x'g'eGbf cl3sf cfo jif{x?df sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/sf] ;+ro
sf]if jf gful/s nufgL sf]ifdf hDdf ePsf] ;fFjf Aofh nufotsf
/sddf / ;f] cjlw;Dd kfs]sf] pkbfg tyf ;+lrt labf afktsf]
/sddf s/ 5'6 x'g], /
-v_ P]g k|f/De x'+bfsf jvt ;]jfdf /x]sf sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/nfO{ ;]jfaf6
cjsfz x'Fbf lghx?sf] ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL lgod cg';f/ e'QmfgL x'g] Ps
nfv c;L xhf/ ?k}ofF;Ddsf] cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ /sdnfO{ ;f] sd{rf/L
jf sfdbf/sf] cfodf ;dfj]z gul/g] .

*-@_-5_ /f]huf/Lsf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf cGo e'StfgL,

/f]huf/bftfn] /f]huf/stf{nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] ;DaGwdf ul/Psf dfly pNn]v ul/Psf
afx]s klg cGo e'QmfgL, h:t} Holiday Trip, Shopping h:tf AolQmut vr{sf
e'QmfgLnfO{ ;d]t /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .
*-@_-h_ kl/R5]b ^ -s/ n]vfg ;do_ jf kl/R5]b & -/sdx?sf] kl/df0fLs/0f,
jf+8kmf8 / rfl/qLs/0f_ adf]lhd ;dfj]z ul/g' kg]{ cGo /sdx? .
s'g} klg AolQmn] /f]huf/bftfn] pknAw u/fPsf] laleGg ;'lawfx?nfO{ kl/dfl0fs/0f
Pa+ rfl/lqs/0f u/L cfkm\gf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .

/f]huf/Lsf] cfosf] s/ n]vfg ug]{ tl/sf / ;do M

/f]huf/Lsf] cfosf] s/ n]vfg P]gsf] bkmf @@ sf] pk bkmf -!_ tyf -@_
jdf]lhd lgDgfg';f/ ul/g' kb{5 M

303

-!_ s'g} JolQmn] slxn] s'g} cfo k|fKt u5{ jf s'g} vr{ u5{ eGg] s'/fsf]
lgwf{/0f o; P]gsf] cwLgdf /xL n]vfsf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGt cg'?k x'g]5 .
-@_ k|fs[lts JolQmn] lghsf] /f]huf/L tyf nufgLjf6 k|fKt x'g] cfosf] u0fgf
ubf{ s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu gub cfwf/df n]vfg ug'{' kg]{5 .
P]gsf] bkmf @# sf] v08 -s_ tyf -v_ cg';f/ k|fs[lts JolQmn] /f]huf/Laf6 k|fKt
x'g] cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu gubsf] cfwf/df b]xfo jdf]lhd n]vfg
ug'{ kb{5 M
-s_ lghn] e'QmfgL k|fKt ubf{ jf lghnfO{ ;f] e'QmfgL pknAw x'Fbfsf
cj:yfdf dfq lghsf] cfosf] u0fgfdf /sd k|fKt u/]sf] dfgL ;dfj]z
ug'{ kg]{5 .
-v_ lghn] e'QmfgL u/]kl5 dfq ;f] u0fgfdf vr{afkt sL ug'{ kg]{5 .
o;df vf; ul/sg s'g} klg /f]huf/stf{n] cfk'mn] k|fKt u/]sf] gub jf lghsf]
vftfdf hDdf ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq} cfodf ;dfa]; ug]{ / e'QmfgL u/]kl5 dfq} vr{
bfaL ug]{ k|0ffnLnfO{ gubsf] cfwf/df n]vfg ug]{ k2tL dflgG5 . pQm ca:yf
v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn lbO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !&=#=(M dfgf}+, sdn eGg] JolQm ;fdu|L ;+:yfgdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L x'g\ .
lgh JolQmn] cfk'mn] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tnj eQf @)^$ >fj0fb]lv @)^% cfiff9
d;fGt;Dd k|lt dlxgf ?= @),))). sf b/n] kfpg' kg]{ /sd ?= @,$),))).
@)^% >fj0fdf dfq} k|fKt u/] . o; cj:yfdf gubsf] cfwf/df n]vfg ul/g]
sf/0fn] ubf{ /sd k|fKt u/]sf] dlxgf @)^% >fj0fdf s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu cfodf
;dfa]; ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . t;y{ of] k2lt cg';f/ h'g cfly{s jif{sf] cfo cfDbfgL
ePtfklg h'g cfly{s jif{df k|fKt eof] ;f]xL cfly{s aif{sf] cfDbfgLdf ;dfa];
ug'{ kb{5 .
/f]huf/L cfodf ;dfj]z ul/g] ;'ljwf tyf rfl/lqs/0f M
/sdx?sf] kl/df0fLs/0f M /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ul/g] ;'ljwfx? o; P]gsf]
bkmf @& df Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . pQm bkmfdf Joj:yf ul/Psf ;'ljwfx?nfO{ df}lb|s
?kdf olsg u/L ;f]xL cg';f/ /f]huf/stf{sf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . o;sf]
cnfjf P]gsf] bkmf #! adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ afktsf] e'QmfgLsf] rf/Llqs/0f u/L cfodf
;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .
P]gsf] bkmf @& sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -s_ b]lv -_ ;Dd e'QmfgLsf /sdx?nfO{
kl/df0fLs/0f (Quantification) lgDgfg';f/ ul/Psf] 5 M
@&-!_-s_ s'g} Ps JolQmn] csf]{ JolQmnfO{ ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f u/L ul/Psf]
e'QmfgLsf] xsdf x:tfGtl/t ;DklQsf] ahf/ d"No j/fj/sf] /sd .
/f]huf/bftfn] cfkm\gf] sfof{nodf sfo{/t sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/Lx?sf nflu rn of
crn ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f u/L e'QmfgL u/]sf] cj:yfdf To;/L x:tfGtl/t ;DklQsf]
ahf/ d"No a/fj/sf] /sd k|fKtstf{ cyf{t sd{rf/Lsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfj]z
ug'{ kb{5 . P]gsf] bkmf @& sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd e'QmfgL cfh{g u/]sf], k|fKt
u/]sf], lbPsf], axg u/]sf] jf s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu cGo ?kdf lx;fa ul/Psf]

304

;donfO{ g} /sdx?sf] kl/df0fLs/0f ePsf] ;do cyf{t ;f]xL ldltdf e'QmfgL

lbPsf] dflgg]5 . pQm ca:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn lbO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !&=#=!)M dfgf}+, ABC Travel Agency Pvt. Ltd. df sfo{/t k|aGw lgb]{zs
>L xl/k|sfz >]i7nfO{ lghsf] ;+:yf k|ltsf] OdfGbfl/tfsf] sb/ ub}{ ;~rfns
;ldltn] lg0f{o u/L lghnfO{ Jeep x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] /x]5 . o; cj:yfdf lghsf]
OdfGbfl/tfsf] sb/ :j?ksf] e'QmfgL ;DklQsf] x:tfGt/0faf6 ePsf] x'Fbf pQm
Jeep sf] ahf/ d"No a/fj/sf] /sd lghsf] kfl/>dLs cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{
kb{5 . ahf/ d"No eGgfn] ;DklQsf] /lhi68{df pNn]v ul/Psf] Written Down
Vallue geO{ pQm Jeep ahf/df ljqmL ubf{ slt /sd k|fKt x'g ;S5 ;f] cfwf/df
lgwf{/0f ug'{ kb{5 . s/bftf cfkm}n] ahf/ d"No lgwf{/0f ug]{ x'Fbf s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{
clws[tn] cGoyf k|dfl0ft u/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s pQm 3f]if0ff u/]sf] d"NonfO{ g}
ahf/ d"No dfGg' kb{5 . s/bftfn] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] ahf/d"Nosf] cf}lrTo k'i6L ug]{
bfloTj s/bftfsf] x'G5 . olb s/bftfn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ahf/ d"No k|lt s/
clws[t ;xdt geO{ csf]{ d"No lgwf{/0f u/]df To;sf] tYo tyf k|df0f h'6fpg]
bfloTj s/ clws[tsf] x'g]5 .
@&-!_-v_ b]xfosf s'/f pknAw u/fPafkt ePsf] e'QmfgLsf] nflu tf]lsP
adf]lhd lgwf{/0f x'g] /sd jf /sd lgwf{/0f ug]{ Joj:yf gul/Psf]df
v08 -_ cg';f/ lgwf{/0f x'g] /sd M
@&-!_-v_-!_ e'QmfgL kfpg] JolQmsf] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf lghL k|of]hgsf
nflu k|of]u ul/Psf] jf k|of]usf] nflu pknAw ePsf] ;jf/L ;fwg, jf
cfos/ lgodfjnLsf] lgod !# sf] pklgod -!_ df lghL k|of]hgsf] ;jf/L ;fwg
;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 M

!#-!_ sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/ nufotsf] s'g} lxtflwsf/Lsf] nflu s'g}

JolQmaf6 k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf lghL k|of]hgsf] nflu k|of]u ePsf]
jf k|of]usf] nflu pknJw ePsf] ;jf/L ;fwgnfO{ P]gsf] bkmf @&
sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -v_ sf] pkv08 -!_ adf]lhd s'g}
cfoaif{sf] nflu b]xfo adf]lhd /sd lgwf{/0f x'g]5 M
-s_ sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/ jf dfl;s ?kdf kfl/>lds k|fKt ug]{
cGo s'g} JolQmnfO{ pknAw u/fPsf]df lghn] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf]
tnasf] z"Go bzdnj kfFr k|ltztn] x'g] /sd .
-v_ v08 -s_ df pNn]v ePsf] ca:yfdf afx]s ;jf/L;fwgsf]
k|rlnt ahf/ d"Nosf] aflif{s Ps k|ltztn] x'g] /sd .
:kli6s/0f M o; lgodsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ;jf/L ;fwg eGgfn]
df]6/, sf/, hLk / o:t} lsl;ds]f cGo ;jf/L ;fwg ;Demg' k5{ .
cfos/ lgodfjnLsf] lgod !# pklgod -!_ adf]lhd sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/ jf
dfl;s ?kdf kfl/>lds k|fKt ug]{ cGo s'g} JolQmnfO{ k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf lghL
k|of]hgsfnflu pknJw ePsf] ;af/L ;fwgsf] nflu lghn] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tnasf]
)=% k|ltztn] x'g] /sdnfO{ lghn] k|fKt u/]sf] e'QmfgL ;/x dfgL /f]huf/Lsf]
cfodf ;dfa]z ul/G5 .

305

;f] lgodsf] nflu pknAw :kli6s/0f cg';f/ ;jf/L ;fwg n] df]6/, sf/, hLk /
o:t} lsl;dsf] ;jf/L ;fwgnfO{ hgfp5, cyf{t pk/f]Qm k|sf/ (Category) sf
;jf/L ;fwg afx]s ;fO{sn, df]6/;fO{sn, sd{rf/LnfO{ ;+o'Qm ?kdf pknAw a;
;'lawf h:tf ;jf/L ;fwg eg] ;jf/L ;fwg ;'lawfdf ;dfa]; x'g] 5}g . t/
;+o"Qm ?kdf pkof]u ul/g] df]6/, sf/, hLk / o:t} lsl;dsf] ;jf/L ;fwg pknAw
ePsf] ca:yfdf eg] k|of]u ug]{ k|To]s sd{rf/Lsf] ;'lawf u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 .
cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod !$ cg';f/ s'g} e'QmfgLnfO{ P]gsf] bkmf @&

jdf]lhd kl/df0fLs/0f ubf{ jf P]gsf] bkmf @* jdf]lhd g]kfnL ?k}ofFdf kl/jt{g

ubf{ ?k}of eGbf a9L ePsf] rfgr'g k};fnfO{ u0fgf ul/g] 5}g\ .

dflysf] ca:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn lbO{Psf] 5 .

pbfx/0f !&=#=!!= dfgf}+, s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ p;sf] /f]huf/bftfn] lghL tyf
Joj;flos sfdsf] nflu Pp6f sf/ pknAw u/fPsf] /x]5 . ;f] sf/sf] ahf/ d'No
?= @),)),))) /x]5 . lghn] cfkm\gf] dfl;s kfl/>lds lgDgfg';f/ k|fKt ug]{
u/]sf /x]5g\ .
tna
?= !%,)))
u|]8 -hDdf_
?= %,(#)
dxL eQf
?= ^))
cGo eQf
?= !,)))
;jf/L ;fwg lghL sfo{sf] nflu ;d]t pknAw u/fPsf]df, Perquisite sf] d"No
lgwf{/0f ug{sf] nflu lghn] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tna lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
z'? tna -!%,))) !@_
!,*),)))
u|]8
%,(#)
s'n vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tna
?= !,*%,(#)
)=%% sf b/n] x'g] -!,*%,(#) )=%/!))_ = (@(.^%
lghsf] ;jf/L ;fwg k|of]u u/]jfkt ?= (@(.)) e'QmfgL lbP ;/x dfgL lghsf]
/f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ul/G5 . o;/L kl/df0fLs/0f (Quantification) ubf{
k};fnfO{ u0fgf ug'{ kb}{g .
;jf/L ;fwg ;'lawf lb+O{bf ;jf/L rfns tyf O{Gwg ;d]t lbg' kg]{ x+'bf dfly pNn]v
eP cg';f/ ;jf/L ;fwg ;'lawf afktsf] /sd cfodf ;dfa]z u/L ;s]kl5 ;jf/L
rfns jf O{Gwgsf] nflu /f]huf/bftfn] u/]sf] e'QmfgL jf ;'lawfnfO{ cfodf ;dfa];
ug'{ kb}{g . t/, obL sd{rf/LnfO{ lghL k|of]hgsf] lgldQ ;jf/L ;fwg ;'lawf egL
lglZrt /sd e'QmfgL u/]sf] eP k'/} e'QmfgL /sd pQm sd{rf/Lsf] /f]huf/Lsf]
cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
s'g} klg lgsfon] cfkm\gf] sd{rf/LnfO{ lghsf] JolQmut ;jf/L ;fwgnfO{ ;'ljwf
cGtu{t OGwg pknJw u/fPsf] 5 eg] pknJw u/fPsf] OGwgsf] ahf/ d"No lgwf{/0f
u/L ahf/ d"No j/fj/sf] /sd lghsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
lgod !# sf] pk lgod -!_ sf] v08 -v_ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd sd{rf/L afx]s
cGo lxtflwsf/LnfO{ ;jf/L ;fwg pknAw u/fPsf] v08df ;jf/L;fwgsf] k|rlnt

306

ahf/ d"Nosf] aflif{s Ps k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] /sd lghsf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{
kb{5 .
@&-!_-v_-@_ e'QmfgL kfpg] JolQmsf] nflu pknAw u/fOPsf] ejg .
cfos/ lgodfanL sf] lgod !# sf] pklgod -@_ df lghL k|of]hgsf] ejg
;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 M

!#-@_ sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/ nufotsf] s'g} lxtflwsf/Lsf] nflu s'g} JolQmaf6

lghL k|of]hgsf] nflu k|of]u ePsf] jf k|of]usf] nflu pknJw ePsf]
ejgnfO{
P]gsf]
bkmf
@&
sf]
pkbkmf
-!_ sf] v08 -v_ sf] pkv08 -@_ adf]lhd s'g} cfoaif{sf] nflu b]xfo
adf]lhd /sd lgwf{/0f x'g]5 M
-s_ ejg pknJw u/fpg] JolQmn] sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/ jf dfl;s ?kdf
kfl/>lds k|fKt ug]{ cGo s'g} JolQmnfO{ ejg pknJw u/fPsf]df
lghn] vfOkfO{ cfPsf] tnasf] b'O{ k|ltztn] x'g] /sd,
-v_ ejg pknJw u/fpg] JolQmn] 3/ ef8fdf lnO{ v08
-s_ df pNn]v eP afx]ssf] JolQmnfO{ ejg pknJw u/fPsf]df ef8f
afkt e'QmfgL u/]sf] /sdsf] klRr; k|ltztn] x'g] /sd,
-u_ ejg pknJw u/fpg] JolQmn] ef8f ltg'{ gkg]{ 3/ v08 -s_ df
pNn]v eP afx]ssf] JolQmnfO{ ejg pknJw u/fPsf]df k|rlnt
3/ef8fsf] klRr; k|ltztn] x'g] /sd .
cfos/ lgodfjnLsf] lgod !# -@_ adf]lhd sd{rf/L, sfdbf/ jf dfl;s ?kdf
kfl/>lds k|fKt ug]{ cGo s'g} JolQmnfO{ ef8fdf lnO{ jf cfkm\g} ejg pknJw
u/fPsf]df lghn] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tnasf] @ k|ltztn] x'g] /sdnfO{ lghn] k|fKt
u/]sf] e'QmfgL ;/x dfgL lghsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfa]z ul/G5 .
;fwf/0ftofM of] ;'ljwf jfkt sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf /f]huf/Lsf] cfosf] @ k|ltztn] x'g]
/sd lghsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfo u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu e'QmfgL kfP ;/x
(Deemed Income) dfgL ;dfj]z ul/G5 . sfof{nodf sfo{/t uf8{ tyf d];]Gh/ jf
sfof{no ;xof]uL h:tf sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu clkm;df g} ;'/Iffsf b[li6sf]0fn]
jf;:yfg pknJw u/fO{Psf] ca:yfdf o:tf] jf;:yfgsf] pknJwtf, lghsf] ;'ljwf
ge} sfof{nosf] ;'/Iffy{ a;]sf]n] lghsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf jf;:yfg pknJw u/fP
jfkt tnjsf] @ k|ltztn] x'g] /sd ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g .
s'g} lgsfon] jf;:yfgsf] Joj:yf ubf{ ;x'lnot b/df pknJw u/fPsf] cj:yfdf
klg lgodfjnLdf pNn]v eP jdf]lhd vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tnjsf] @ k|ltztn] x'g
cfpg] /sdnfO{ lghsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . pQm ca:yf v'Ng]
pbfx/0f tn lbO{Psf] 5 .
opbfx/0f
@ !&=#=!@M dfgf}+, dfl;s ?= @%,))) tna kfpg] lbks eGg] Ps
sd{r&f/LnfO{ sfof{non] af;:yfg pknAw u/fPsf] /x]5 . sfof{non] a:gsf] nflu
- u[x pknJw u/fP jfkt dfl;s ?=@)) cfgf] sfof{nonfO{ ltb}{ cfPsf
cfjf;
/x]5!g\ . pQm cfjf; u[x lghnfO{ ;'ljwfdf pknJw u/fPsf] x'Fbf lgodfjnL
cg';_f/ lghsf] cfodf vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tnjaf6 @ k|ltztsf b/n] x'g cfpg]
/sd- cyf{t ?= %)) k|lt dlxgf lghsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
307

u_ b]xfosf s'/f pknAw u/fPafkt e'QmfgL lbg] AolQmn] u/]sf] vr{af6

e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf] of]ubfg s6fO{ jfFsL x'g cfPsf] /sd M
-!_ 3/sf] /]vb]vstf{, efG5], ;jf/L rfns, dfnL jf cGo 3/]n'
;xfossf] ;]jf,
-@_ s'g} vfgf, hnkfg jf dgf]/~hg, jf
-#_ e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf] lgjf;:yfgdf h8fg ul/Psf] wf/f,
ljh'nL, 6]lnkmf]g h:tf ;]jfx?,
s'g} klg lgsfon] cfkm\gf] sd{rf/LnfO{ lgsfosf] lgodfjnL cg';f/ lghsf] nflu
3/sf] /]vb]vstf{, efG5], ;jf/L rfns, dfnL jf cGo 3/]n' ;xfossf] ;]jf pknJw
u/fPsf] cj:yfdf ;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf] of]ubfg s6fO{ afFsL x'g cfpg] /sd
lghsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . pQm ca:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f
tn lbO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !&=#=!#M dfgf}+, ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8n] cfkm\gf] d'Vo sfo{sf/L clws[tsf]
nflu 3/df sfd ug{sf] nflu Ps hgf ;xof]uL pknJw u/fPsf] /x]5 . pQm
;xof]uL ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8df sfd ug]{ sd{rf/L x'g\ . lghsf] dfl;s ?=
%,))). tnj /x]5 / ;+:yfn] lghsf] sfo{If]q d'Vo sfo{sf/L clws[tsf] 3/df
tf]s]sf] /x]5 . lgh sfo{sf/L clws[tnfO{ lgo'QmL s/f/gfdf adf]lhd ;+:yfn]
;xof]uL pknJw u/fP jfkt lghsf] tnjaf6 dfl;s ?kdf ?= !,))). sf ug]{
Joj:yf /x]5 . o; cj:yfdf a}+sn] ;xof]uLnfO{ e'QmfgL u/]sf] kfl/>lds ?=
%))) af6 ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ d'Vo sfo{sf/L clws[tsf] of]ubfg ?= !,))). ePsf]
x'Fbf pQm of]ubfg s6fpFbf afFsL x'g cfpg] /sd ?= $,))). k|lt dlxgf %,))) !,)))_ d'Vo sfo{sf/L clws[tsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z
ug'{ kb{5 . cyf{t s'g} JolQmn] ;+:yfsf] nfutdf k|fKt u/]sf] ;'ljwf g} ;'ljwf
k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf] Perquisite x'g cfpF5 .
;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf] lgjf; :yfgdf h8fg ul/Psf] wf/f, lah'nL, 6]lnkmf]g
h:tf ;]jfx? pknJw u/fP jfkt lgsfon] pQm ;'ljwf pknJw u/fP jfkt lt/]sf]
dx;'n /sd eg] ;'ljwf pkef]u ug]{ JolQmsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5
. pQm ca:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn lbO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !&=#=!$M dfgf}+, g]kfn v';L sDkgL ln=n] cfkm\gf] d'Vo sfo{sf/L
clws[tsf] lghL lgjf;df h8fg ul/Psf] wf/f jfktsf] dx;'n k|lt dlxgf ?=
!,))). lah'nLsf] dx;'n jfkt k|lt dlxgf ?= @,))). / 6]lnkmf]g dx;'n
jfkt k|lt dlxgf ?= #,))). ltg]{ u/]sf] /x]5 . o; ;DaGwdf lghsf] lgjf;
:yfgdf pknJw u/fO{Psf dfly pNn]v ul/P jdf]lhdsf ;'ljwf jfkt ;+:yfn]
k|lt dlxgf lt/]sf] ?=^,))). nfO{ lghsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z
ug'{ kb{5 .
ljB"t lat/0f ug]{ lgsfon] cfkm\gf sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;'ljwfsf ?kdf k|lt
dlxgf lglZrt o'lg6;Dd dx;"n glng] u/L 5'6 lbg] jf 6]lnkmf]g sDkgLn] cfkm\gf
sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;'ljwfsf ?kdf k|lt dlxgf lglZrt sn ;Dd dx;"n
glng] u/L 5'6 lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] /x]5 jf cGo o:t} 5'6x? cfgf sd{rf/LnfO{

308

pknAw u/fOg] Aoa:yf 5 eg] To:tf lgsfon] o;/L lbO{g] 5'6nfO{ ahf/ d"Nosf
cfwf/df lx;fj u/L cfpg] /sd ;'ljwf pkef]u ug]{ sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/Lx?sf]
/f]huf/Lsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . t/ cGo lgsfoaf6 vl/b
u/L pknJw u/fPsf o:tf ;]jfsf xsdf ;f] ;]jf jf j:t'sf] nfut lgh sd{rf/L
jf sfdbf/n] k|fKt u/]sf] cfo dflgG5 .
6]lnkmf]gsf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf] lgjf; :yfgdf h8fg ul/Psf] 6]lnkmf]gaf6
lghn] cfkm\gf] JolQmut k|of]hgsf ;fy} sfof{nosf] sfdsf] nflu kmf]g ul/g] x'Fbf
JolQmut k|of]hgsf] nflu ul/Psf] kmf]gsf] dx;'n dfq} cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
@&-!_-3_
s'g} cfo jif{df e'QmfgL k|fKt ug'{ kg]{ s'g} JolQmn] C0f afkt
lt/]sf] Jofh k|rlnt Jofh b/ cg';f/ ltg'{ kg]{ Jofh /sdeGbf sd
ePdf ;f] sd ePhlt /sd
sd{rf/LnfO{ /f]huf/bftfn] pknAw u/fpg] lgAof{hL jf sd Aofh b/sf] shf{ sf]
Aofh ;x'lnot ;d]t cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .
pbfx/0f !&=#=!%M dfgf}+, s'g} AolQmnfO{ ?= !)),))) aflif{s $% sf b/n] Aofh
ltg]{ u/L s'g} shf{ pknAw u/fPsf] /x]5 / k|rlnt Aofhb/ *% /x]5 eg] km/s
b/ $% sf lx;fan] x'g] /sd ?= $,))) ;f] sd{rf/Ln] k|fKt u/]sf] Aofh
;x'lnotsf ?kdf u0fgf u/L /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfa]; ul/G5 .
k|rlnt Jofhb/ eGgfn] k|jfx ul/Psf] C0fsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ ahf/df pknJw x'g]
Jofhb/nfO{ hgfpFb5 . o; k|of]hgsf nflu Aofhb/ 3f]if0ff ug]{ / ;f]nfO{
k'i6\ofO{ ug]{ bfloTj s/bftf :jo+sf] x'G5 .
@&-!_-_
v08 -s_, -v_, -u_ / -3_ df pNn]lvt e'QmfgL afx]s cGo
e'QmfgLsf] ;DaGwdf e'QmfgL kfpg] JolQmsf] ;f t];|f] JolQmn] e'QmfgL
kfPdf ;fdfGotofM kfpg] kmfObfsf] d"No j/fj/sf] /sd .
pQm ca:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn lbO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !&=#=!^M dfgf}+, af]N8 ls8 k|f= ln= df x/Lk|;fb eGg] sd{rf/L sfd ubf{
/x]5g\ . lghsf] 5f]/f Kinder World eGg] :s"ndf k9\g] u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm :s"nsf]
dfl;s lkm jfkt x'g] /sd ?=!),))). ;f] k|f=ln=n] l;w} ;f]xL :s"nnfO{ e'QmfgL
ug]{ u/]sf] /x]5 . o:tf] e'QmfgL /sd sd{rf/LnfO{ ck|ToIf ?kdf /f]huf/bftfn]
;'ljwf pknJw u/fPsf] dfgL lgh x/Lk|;fbsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{
;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . oxfF x/Lk|;fbn] ltg'{ kg]{ bfloTj ;f] k|f=ln=n] ltl/lbPsf] x'Fbf
x/Lk|;fbnfO{ ck|ToIf ?kdf kmfO{bf k'u]sf] dflgG5 . t;y{ ck|ToIf ?kdf t]>f]
JolQmn] cyf{t Kinder World n] pQm e'QmfgL kfPsf] ePtf klg x/Lk|;fbnfO{
kmfO{bf ePsf] x'Fbf ;f] /sdnfO{ lghsf] cfo dflgG5 .
@&-@_ pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -s_ / -_ sf] ;DaGwdf e'QmfgL cfh{g u/]sf],
k|fKt u/]sf], lbPsf], axg u/]sf] jf s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu cGo ?kdf
lx;fa ul/Psf] ;donfO{ g} /sdx?sf] kl/df0fLs/0f ePsf] ;do
dflgg]5 .

309

P]gsf] bkmf @& sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd e'QmfgL cfh{g u/]sf], k|fKt u/]sf], lbPsf],
axg u/]sf] jf s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu cGo ?kdf lx;fa ul/Psf] ;donfO{ g}
/sdx?sf] kl/df0fLs/0f ePsf] ;do cyf{t ;f]xL ldltdf e'QmfgL lbPsf] dflgg]5 .
?k}ofFdf kl/jt{g M P]gsf] bkmf @* sf] pkbkmf -!_, -@_ tyf -#_ df g]kfnL ?k}ofF
afx]s cGo d'b|fdf ePsf sf/f]af/nfO{ g]kfnL ?k}ofFdf kl/at{g ug]{ ;DaGwdf
lgDgfg';f/ Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
-!_ o; P]gsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu s'g} JolQmsf] cfo tyf ;f] cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{
;dfj]z ul/g] / s6[L ul/g] /sdx? g]kfnL ?k}ofF afx]s cGo d'b|fdf c+lst
ul/Psf] eP To:tf] /sdnfO{ g]kfnL ?k}ofFdf kl/jt{g ug{' kg]{5 .
-@_ s'g} JolQmsf] s'g} cfo jif{df cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ul/g] jf sL ul/g]
/sd g]kfnL ?k}ofFafx]s cGo d'b|fdf c+lst ul/Psf]df ;f] /sd k|fKt ul/Psf],
vr{ ul/Psf], lbPsf], a'emfPsf] jf s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu cGo s'g} lsl;dn]
lx;fa ubf{sf jvt k|rlnt ljlgdo b/ cg';f/ ;f] d'b|fnfO{ g]kfnL ?k}ofFdf
kl/jt{g ug{' kg]{5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;f] pkbkmfsf] k|of]hgsf]
nflu ljefun] lnlvt ?kdf ;"rgf hf/L u/L cg'dlt lbPsf]df s'g} JolQmn] ;f]
cfojif{df ljefun] tf]s]sf] cf};t ljlgdo b/ k|of]u ug{ ;Sg]5 .
g]kfn n]vfdfg !! (NAS-11: Effects of Change in Foreign Currency Rate) df
lab]zL d'b|fdf x'g] sf/f]af/nfO{ sf/f]af/sf] ;dodf k|rlnt lalgod b/n] ?kfGt/0f
u/L g]kfnL d'b|f (Functional Currency) df n]vfg ug'{ kg]{ Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
/f]huf/Lsf] cfo jfkt ljb]zL d'b|f k|fKt ePdf ;f] k|fKt ePsf] lbgsf] ljlgdo b/ vl/b b/_ adf]lhd ?kfGt/ u/L cfo sfod ug'{ kb{5 . t/ ;DklQljefusf] k"j{
lnlvt l:js[lt lnO{ s'g} JolQmn] ;f] cfojif{df ljefun] tf]s]sf] cf};t ljlgdo b/
k|of]u ug{ ;Sg]5 .
s'g} e'QmfgLnfO{ P]gsf] bkmf @& adf]lhd kl/df0fLs/0f ubf{ jf P]gsf] bkmf @*
adf]lhd g]kfnL ?k}ofFdf kl/jt{g ubf{ ?k}ofF eGbf a9L ePsf] rfgr'g k};fnfO{
u0fgf ul/g] 5}g .
ck|ToIf e'QmfgLx? M P]gsf] bkmf @( n] ck|ToIf e'QmfgLsf ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/
Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
s'g} JolQmn] e'QmfgLstf{ jf lgh;+u ;Da4 JolQmn] u/]sf] e'QmfgLaf6 ck|ToIf?kn]
kmfObf lnPdf jf e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ cGo JolQm tf]s]sf]df ljefun] lnlvt ?kdf
;"rgf hf/L u/]/ To:tf] kmfObf lng] jf To:tf] cGo JolQm tf]Sg] JolQmnfO{ g} ;f]
e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf] ?kdf dfGg ;Sg]5 .
pQm ca:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn lbO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !&=#=!&M dfgf}+, x/Lk|;fb ;/sf/L ;]jfaf6 ;]jf lga[Q sd{rf/L /x]5g\ . lghn]
cfkm'n] kfpg] k]G;g 5'L leGg eO{ a;]sL >LdtLn] e'QmfgL kfpg] aGbf]a:t u/]sf
/x]5g\ . o;/L lghn] e'QmfgL kfpg cGo AolQm tf]s]sf] ePtfklg laefun] lnlvt ?kdf
;"rgf hf/L u/]/ To:tf] kmfObf lng] AolQm cyf{t lghsf] >LdtL jf To:tf] cGo JolQm
tf]Sg] JolQm cyf{t lghnfO{ g} ;f] e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf] ?kdf dfGg ;Sg]5 .
310

!&=$=

/f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfj]z gul/g] /sdx? M

s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmn] /f]huf/Laf6 k|fKt u/]sf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfosf] u0fgf ubf{
;dfj]z ug{' gkg]{ /sdx?sf] ;Gbe{df P]gsf] bkmf * sf] pkbkmf -#_ df
lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/sf] 5 M
*-#_
pkbkmf -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} k|fs[lts JolStn]
/f]huf/Laf6 k|fKt u/]sf] kfl/>ldssf] u0fgf ubf{ b]xfosf s'/fx? ;dfj]z ug{'
kg]{ 5}g M
*-#_-s_
bkmf !) adf]lhd 5"6 kfpg] /sd / clGtd ?kdf s/ sL x'g]
e'QmfgL,
-!_ P]gsf] bkmf !) df pNn]v eP cg';f/ 5'6 kfpg] /sdx?M

P]gsf] bkmf !) sf] v08 -s_ cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/ / s'g} ljb]zL /fi6
jf cGt/f{li6o ;+3 ;+:yfsf] aLrdf ePsf] lkIfLo jf ax'kIfLo ;lGwdf
pNn]v ePadf]lhd s/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf kfpg] s'g} JolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf] s/
5'6sf] /sd,
s'g} klg l4kIfLo jf ax'kIfLo ;lGw g]kfn ;/sf/ / cGo s'g} ljb]zL /fi6 jf
cGt/f{li6o ;+3 ;+:yfsf] jLrdf ePsf] x'g'kb{5, cyf{t kIf g]kfn ;/sf/ x'g'
clgjfo{ 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ afx]s cGo ;+3 ;+:yfx?n] ljb]zL /fi6 jf
cGt/f{li6o ;++3 ;+:yf jLr s/ 5'6 x'g] u/L ul/Psf] ;Demf}tf cfos/
k|of]hgsf] nflu dfGo x'g] 5}g . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn]
ljb]zL /fi6 jf cGt/f{li6o ;+3 ;+:yf;+u laB't u[x lgdf{0f Pj+ ;+rfng
;DaGwL cfof]hgfsf] nflu ;Demf}tf u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm adf]lhd ;f]
cfof]hgfdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ s/ gnfUg] pNn]v u/]sf] /x]5 eg] klg
o:tf] cfwf/df dfq To:tf] cfof]hgfdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ o; bkmf
cg';f/ s/ 5'6 lbg ldNb}g . t/ ;f]xL ;+emf}tfdf g]kfn ;/sf/ kIf eO{ u/]sf]
/x]5 eg] pk/f]Qm adf]lhd s/ gnfUg] Aoa:yf sfod x'G5 .

P]gsf] bkmf !) sf] v08 -v_ cg';f/ ljb]zL /fi6sf] ;/sf/L ;]jfdf
/f]huf/L u/]afkt s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf] /sd,
t/,
-!_ ;f] JolQm /f]huf/L u/]sf] sf/0fn] dfq afl;Gbf jf u}/ afl;Gbf
ePsf] x'g'kg]{5, /
-@_ ;f] /fi6sf] ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 To:tf /sdx? e'QmfgL ul/Psf] x'g'
kg]{5 .
s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] /f]huf/L ljb]zL ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] ?kdf g]kfndf /x]5,
;f] /f]huf/Lsf] sf/0fn] dfq jfl;Gbf ePsf] /x]5 . lghn] ;f] /fi6sf] ;/sf/L
sf]ifjf6 kfl/>lds jf ;f];+u ;DalGwt cGo /sdx? e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf]
/x]5 eg] To:tf] cfo g]kfndf s/ 5'6 x'G5 . t/ ;fdfGo j;f]jf;sf cfwf/df
jfl;Gbf ePsf JolQmn] ljb]zL ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 g} g]kfndf /f]huf/L cfo k|fKt
u/]sf] cj:yfdf 5'6sf] ;'ljwf k|fKt x'b}g . pQm ca:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn
lbO{Psf] 5 .
311

pbfx/0f !&=$=!M dfgf}+, Mr. Harish g]kfnl:yt s'g} ljb]zL /fhb"tfjf;dfdf

sfo{/t ljb]zL gful/s x'g\ . lgh ;f] /fhb"tfjf;df ljut % jif{ b]lv
clal5Gg ?kdf sfd ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ / lghn] ;f] ljb]zL ;/sf/sf] ;/sf/L
sf]ifaf6 tna tyf eQf k|fKt u/L cfPsf /x]5g\ . o; ca:yfdf lghn]
k|fKt ug]{ cfosf] >f]t g]kfn ePsf] dflgb}g . ;f]xL /f]huf/Lsf sf/0fn] dfq
lghsf] a;f]jf; g]kfn eO{ g]kfnsf] jfl;Gbf ePsfn] lghn] k|fKt u/]sf]
tna eQfdf kfl/>lds s/ nfUb}g . t/ lghn] g]kfndf Aoazfo, nufgL
jf ;f] ljb]zL ;/sf/sf] ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 afx]s cGo >f]taf6 e'QmfgL k|fKt
x'g] u/L u/]sf] /f]huf/Lsf]] cfodf eg] s/ 5'6 x'g] 5}g .

P]gsf] bkmf !) sf] v08 -u_ cg';f/ /f]huf/Lsf] sf/0fn] dfq g]kfnsf]
afl;Gbf ePsf] u}/ g]kfnL gful/s k|fs[lts JolQm jf lghsf] lgs6:y
kl/jf/sf] ;b:on] ljb]zL /fi6sf] ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] /sd,
s'g} u}/ g]kfnL gful/s JolQm /f]huf/Lsf] sf/0fn] dfq g]kfnsf] jfl;Gbf JolQm
ePdf lgh u}/ g]kfnL gful/sn] lab]zL /fHo ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 s'g} klg /sd
lgh jf lghsf] cf>Lt kl/jf/ jf lgs6:y kl/jf/sf] ;b:on] k|fKt u/]sf] 5
eg] To:tf] /sddf s/ 5'6 x'G5 . pQm ca:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn lbO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !&=$=@M dfgf}, pbfx/0f !&=$=! df pNn]lvt Mr. Harish sf lktf
Mr. Jack ljb]zL gful/s x'g\ / pgL txfFsf] ;/sf/L hflu/af6 lgj[Q eO{
nfdf] ;dob]lv 5f]/f;+u} g]kfndf j;f]jf; ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . lghn] ;f]
ljb]zL ;/sf/af6 dfl;s @,))). lgj[lQe/0f (Pension) k|fKt ug]{
u/]sf /x]5g\ eg] lghn] k|fKt u/]sf] pQm lgj[lQe/0f /sd @,))).
P]gsf] bkmf !) sf] v08 -u_ cg';f/ cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g .

P]gsf] bkmf !) sf] v08 -3_ cg';f/ s/ ltg'{ gkg]{ zt{df g]kfn
;/sf/sf] ;]jfdf lgo'Qm ePsf u}/ g]kfnL gful/sn] k|fKt u/]sf] /sd,
g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfgf] cfjZostf cg';f/ ljleGg ljwfdf plrt /fo, ;Nnfx
tyf ;'emfj lbgsf] nflu ;DjlGwt If]qsf u}/ gful/s lj1x?nfO{ g]kfndf
s/ ltg{ gkg]{ zt{df lgo'Qm u/]sf] x'g ;S5 . g]kfn ;/sf/af6 e'QmfgL k|fKt
u/]sf] ePtfklg To:tf] k|fKt u/]sf] e'QmfgL /sdnfO{ cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g
. pQm ca:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn lbO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !&=$=#M dfgf}+, Ratnakar De Silva, Ps u}/ g]kfnL gful/s x'g\ .
zflGt k|lqmofnfO{ tfls{s lgisif{df k'ofpg] x]t'n] ;]gf ;dfof]hg ug{sf]
nflu ljz]if1sf] ?kdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] lghnfO{ s/ ltg'{ gkg]{ zt{df
dfl;s @),))) 8n/ e'QmfgL lbg] u/L lgo'lQm u/]sf] /x]5 eg] To:tf]
cj:yfdf lghn] k|fKt u/]sf] pQm e'QmfgL /sd cfodf ;dfa]z ug'{ kb}{g .

P]gsf] bkmf !) sf] v08 -_ cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ljwjf, a[Wb jf

ckf JolStnfO{ lbOg] eQf,

P]gsf] bkmf !) sf] v08 -h_ adf]lhd ljb]zL /fi6sf] ;]gf jf k|x/L
;]afaf6 cjsfz k|fKt u/]sf] g]kfnL gful/sn] ;f] /fi6sf] ;/sf/L
sf]ifjf6 k|fKt u/]sf] lgj[lQe/0f afktsf] /sd .
312

g]kfnL gful/sx? ef/tLo ;/sf/, lj|l6z ;/sf/ nufot cGo /fi6sf] ;]gf
jf k|x/Ldf sfo{/t 5g\ . tL JolQmx?n] cfgf] ;]jfaf6 lgj[Q e};s]kl5
g]kfndf cfO{ j;f]jf; u/L k]G;g /sd k|fKt u/] jf k]G;g /sd lghsf]
kl/jf/n] k|fKt u/] klg g]kfndf s/ nfUb}g . t/ g]kfnL gful/sn] lab]zL
/fi6sf] ;]gf jf k|x/L ;]jf jfx]s cGo ;]jf k|bfg u/L lgj[lQe/0f /sd
g]kfndf lgh jf lghsf] kl/jf/n] k|fKt u/]sf] 5 eg] s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu
cfodf ;dfa]z ug'{ kb{5 . pQm ca:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn lbO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !&=$=$M dfgf}+, /fdaxfb'/ ef/tLo ;}Go kmf}hdf sfo{/t SofK6]g
x'g\ . lghn] cfkm\gf] @) jif{sf] ;]jf k'/f u/L xfn cfkm\gf] ufpFm sf:sL
lhNnfsf] l9s'/yf]s uf=lj=;= df a;f]jf; u/]sf 5g\ . lghn] lgj[lQe/0fsf]
?kdf ef/tLo k]G;g SofDk kf]v/faf6 dfl;s ef=?= @),))). k|fKt
ub{5g\ . ;fy} lgh ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8df ;'/Iff k|d'vsf] ?kdf dfl;s ?=
!%,))). kfl/>lds kfpg] u/L lgo'QmL e} sfo{/t 5g\ . o; cj:yfdf
lghn] ef/tLo ;/sf/sf] /fHo sf]ifaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] lgj[lQe/0f jfktsf]
dfl;s ef=?= @),))). nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g . lghn]
ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8af6 k|fKt ug]{ dfl;s ?= !%,))). P]gsf] bkmf *
cg';f/ cfodf ;dfa]z ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . lghn] k|fKt u/]sf] k]G;g cfodfg}
;dfa]; ug'{ gk/]sf] sf/0f P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf -(_ /
lgod #( cg';f/ k]G;g cfo x'g] AolQmn] kfpg] yk @% k|ltztsf] 5'6 eg]
kfpFb}gg\ .
-@_ clGtd ?kdf s/ sL x'g] e'QmfgLM
P]gsf] bkmf (@ df clGtd ?kdf s/ sL x'g] e'QmfgLx?sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
/f]huf/Laf6 cfo k|fKt x'g] s'g} JolQmn] clGtd ?kdf s/ sL u/L k|fKt
ul/Psf] cfonfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g . /f]huf/L
cGtu{tsf tL e'QmfgLx?sf] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
-s_ jfl;Gbf sDkgLn] e'QmfgL u/]sf] nfef+z .
o; ;DaGwL pbfx/0f tn lbO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !&=$=%M dfgf}+, /fdk|;fb ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8df clws[t :t/df
sfo{/t sd{rf/L x'g\ . lghn] gljn a}+sdf ?= !,)),))). j/fj/sf] ;fwf/0f
z]o/ vl/b u/]sf /x]5g\ . a}+sn] pk/f]Qm z]o/df ?= %,))). nfef+z 3f]if0ff
u/]sf] / pQm nfef+z e'QmfgL ubf{ a}+sn] % k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] ?= @%).
cu|Ld s/ sL u/L afFsL /sd ?= $,&%). lghnfO{ e'QmfgL lbPsf] /x]5 .
o;/L clGtd s/ sLsf] ?kdf /x]sf] nfef+z s/ sf u/] kZrft k|fKt
u/]sf] ?= $,&%). nfO{ lgh /fdk|;fbn] cfkm\gf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfj]z
eg] ug'{ kb}{g .
-v_ Joj;fo ;+rfng ul//x]sf] afx]s cGo k|fs[lts JolQmnfO{ g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf]
hUuf jf 3/ / ;f];+u ufl;Psf h8fgx? / pks/0fx? afkt e'QmfgL u/]sf]
ef8f . pQm ca:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn lbO{Psf] 5 .

313

pbfx/0f !&=$=^M dfgf}+, laZj sDkf; k|f= ln= n] cfkm\gf] Joj;fo ;~rfng
ug{sf] nflu /xLd ldofF eGg] JolQmsf] 3/ tyf ;f] 3/df h8fg ul/Psf] Air
Conditioner ;lxt k|lt dlxgf ?= !),))). ef8f ltg]{ u/L lnPsf] /x]5 .
lgh /xLd ldofF Ps u}/ ;/sf/L sfof{nodf dfl;s ?= #),))).
kf/L>lds kfpg] u/L /f]huf/L ;d]t ubf{ /x]5g\ . pQm k|f= ln= n] ;Demf}tf
adf]lhdsf] /sd ?= !),))). df !) k|ltztsf b/n] cu|Ld s/ sf u/L
afFsL /sd ?= (,))). 3/wgL /xLd ldofFnfO{ a'emfpg] u/]sf] /x]5 .
3/wgL /xLd ldofFn] clGtd s/ sLsf] ?kdf s/ sL u/L k|fKt u/]sf] 3/
axfn cfo ePsf] x'+bf lghn] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb}{g . t/ lgh /xLd
ldofFsf] Aoazfog} 3/ axfndf nufpg] /x]5 eg] lghn] ;+emf}tf adf]lhdsf]
/sd, cyf{t ?= !),))). cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 eg] axfndf a:g]
laZj sDkf; k|f= ln= n] 3/ ef8f e'Qmfg ubf{ sf u/]sf] /sd lghsf]
clu|d s/sf] ?kdf /xg] / cfgf] s/ bfloTj;+u ldnfg ug{ ;Sg] 5g\ .
-u_

jfl;Gbf JolQmn] nufgL aLdf jfkt e'QmfgL u/]sf] nfe .

P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -s u_ df nufgL aLdfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kl/eflift
ul/Psf] 5 M
nufgL jLdf eGgfn] b]xfosf s'g} jLdf ;Demg' k5{ M
-!_ laldt JolSt jf laldt JolStsf] ;DaWb JolQmsf] d[To';DaGwL
36gfsf xsdf ul/Psf] jLdf,
-@_ laldt JolSt jf lghsf] ;DaWb JolStsf] JolQmut rf]6k6s jf
s'g} vf; tj/df c;Ifd x'g] 36gf ;DaGwL jLdf,
t/ jLdfsf] jLdf ;Demf}tf slDtdf kfFr jif{;Dd jxfn
/xg] jf jxfnLsf] ;do ;Ldf gePsf] / s/f/df plNnlvt ljz]if
kl/l:yltx?df afx]s kfFr jif{sf] cjlw e'Stfg x'g' cufj}
ladsaf6 cGTo ug{ g;lsg] u/L ul/Psf] x'g' kg]{5 .
-#_ s'g} /sd jf >[vnfa4 /sdx? eljiodf laldtnfO{ e'StfgL x'g]
u/L ul/Psf] jLdf,
-$_ pkv08 -!_, -@_, jf -#_ cGtu{tsf jLdfsf] k'gla{df, /
-%_ pkv08 -$_ df plNnlvt k'gla{dfsf] k'gla{df .
nufgL jLdfsf] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf Life Insurance, Endowment Policy,
Superannuation, cfbL h:tf sf/f]af/nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . hLag ;DawL
hf]lvd;+u ;DalGwt jLdf eP klg Accidental Insurance sf] ;Demf}tf kfFr aif{
eGbf sd cawLdf ;dfKt x'g] eP To:tf] sf/f]af/ eg] nufgL jLdf cGtu{t
kb}{gg\ . pQm ca:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn lbO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !&=$=&M dfgf}+, ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8df sfo{/t Ps hgf sd{rf/Ln]
s'g} jLdf sDkgLdf cfgf] hLjg jLdf u/]sf /x]5g\ . o;/L jLdf u/] jfkt
lk|ldod /sd k|lt dlxgf ?= !,))). sf b/n] hDdf ub}{ hfFbf @)^% ;fn
cfiff9 d;fGtdf ?= @,)),))). lk|ldod jfkt a'emfPsf /x]5g\ . lghsf]

314

pQm jLdf Matured ePsf] x'Fbf lghnfO{ ;f] jLdf sDkgLn] #,)),))). af6
nfe -#,)),))) @,)),))), cyf{t ?= !,)),))). df % k|ltztn]_ df
s/ sf u/L e'QmfgL lbPsf] /x]5 . o; cj:yfdf sd{rf/Ln] k|fKt u/]sf]
To:tf] e'QmfgL cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g .
-3_ jfl;Gbf JolQmn] :jLs[t glnPsf] cjsfz sf]ifsf] lxt jfkt e'QmfgL u/]sf]
nfe .
:jLs[t glnPsf] cjsfz sf]ifdf sd{rf/L, ;+:yf jf s'g} AolQmf/f hDdf
ul/Psf] /sd e'QmfgL lb+bfsf cj:yfdf lghn] pQm sf]ifdf of]ubfg u/]sf]
/sd eGbf k|fKt x'g] e'QmfgL a9L ePdf k|fKt e'QmfgL af6 of]ubfg /sd 36fO{
afFsL x'g cfpg] /sdnfO{ nfe elgG5 . o:tf] nfedf kfFr k|ltztsf b/n]
clu|d s/ sf u/L afFsL /sd e'QmfgL ug'{ kb{5 . o;/L clu|d s/ sf u/L
k|fKt ePsf] /sdnfO{ s/ lgwf{/0f k|of]hgsf] nflu cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g .
-_ bkmf ** sf] pkbkmf -#_ df pNn]v eP jdf]lhd afl;Gbf a}+s, ljQLo ;+:yf
jf C0fkq hf/L ug]{ cGo s'g} lgsfo jf k|rlnt sfg"g jdf]lhd :jLs[t ePsf
sDkgLn] e'QmfgL lbPsf] b]xfo jdf]lhd Jofh .
s'g} klg a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf jf C0fkq hf/L ug]{ lgsfo jf sfg"g jdf]lhd
;"lrs[t ePsf sDkgLn] Joj;fo;Fu c;DjlGwt k|fs[lts JolQmnfO{ ul/Psf]
Jofh cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g . pQm ca:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn lbO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !&=$=*M dfgf}+, xl/; ljsf; a}+sdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L x'g\ . lghn]
txfFaf6 tnj eQf jfkt aflif{s ?kdf k|fKt u/]sf] ?= $,)),))). / hUuf
ljqmL u/] jfkt k|fKt u/]sf] ?= ^,)),))). u/L hDdf ?= !),)),))).
a}+sdf art vftfdf hDdf u/]sf /x]5g\ . pQm vftfdf cfo jif{ @)^%.^^
df ?= !,)),))). Jofh k|fKt u/]df a}+sn] pQm ?= !,)),))). lghsf]
vftfdf hDdf ul/lbg'sf ;fy;fy} cu|Ld s/ % k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] ?=
%,))). lghs} vftfaf6 vr{ u/L /fh:jdf hDdf u/]sf] /x]5 . o;/L k|fKt
x'g] Jofh xl/;n] /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g . t/ lgh xl/;sf]
Aoazfo;+u ;DalGwt /sd /x]sf] a}+s vftfaf6 k|fKt Aofh eg] cfodf
;dfa]; ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf] cnfjf cGo AolQm -h:t}, s'g} k|f=ln=_ af6
k|fKt u/]sf] Aofh cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 / e'QmfgLsf] ;dodf s/
sL ePsf] /x]5 eg] ;f] s/ sL /sdnfO{ clu|d s/ u0fgf u/L cfk'mn]
ltg'{ kg]{ s/ /sdaf6 ldnfg ug{ kfOG5 .
-r_ lgoldt ?kdf e'QmfgL x'g] lga[lQe/0f afx]s g]kfn ;/sf/ jf :jLs[t cjsfz
sf]if jf :jLs[lt glnPsf] cjsfz sf]ifaf6 e'QmfgL ul/Psf] cjsfz e'QmfgLx?
;d]t ;a} k|sf/sf cjsfz e'QmfgLx? . P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -3_ df
casfz sf]ifnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kl/eflift u/LPsf] 5 M
cjsfz sf]if eGgfn] lgsfosf] lxtflwsf/L k|fs[lts JolQm jf lghsf]
cfl>tnfO{ sf]ifaf6 cjsfz e'QmfgL k|bfg ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu cjsfz
of]ubfg /sd :jLsf/ ug]{ / ;f] /sd nufgL ug]{ p2]Zon] dfq :yfkgf
ePsf] lgsfo ;Demg' k5{ .

315

casfz sf]ifsf] pbfx/0fsf] nflu sd{rf/L ;+rosf]if, gful/s nufgL sf]if,

laefuaf6 casfz sf]if ;+rfng ug{ O{hfht kfPsf lgsfo jf O{hfht glnO{
;+rfng ePsf lgsfonfO{ lng ;lsG5 . P]gsf] bkmf ^# jdf]lhd gful/s
nufgL sf]if P]g, @)$& adf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf] gful/s nufgL sf]ifn]
cjsfz sf]if /fVg rfx]df To:tf] sf]ifn] / sd{rf/L ;+ro sf]if P]g, @)!(
adf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf] sd{rf/L ;+ro sf]ifn] ;+rfng u/]sf] cjsfz sf]ifn]
eg] laefuaf6 casfz sf]if ;+rfng ug{ O{hfht lng cfaZos 5}g .
laefuaf6 casfz sf]if ;+rfng ug{ O{hfht lnPsf lgsfo, sd{rf/L
;+rosf]if, gful/s nufgL sf]if h:tf lgsfonfO{ :jLs[t casf]z sf]if elgG5
eg] laefu af6 O{hfht glnPsf t/ casfz sf]if ;+rfng ug]{ lgsfonfO{
:jLs[t glnPsf] casfz sf]if elgG5 . lgsfosf] lxtflwsf/L k|fs[lts AolQm
eGgfn] ;f] lgsfoaf6 cfo jf k"+hL k|fKt ug]{ xs ePsf] k|fs[lts AolQm eGg]
a'emfp5 . h:t}, ;f] lgsfodf casfz of]ubfg hDdf ug]{ k|fs[lts AolQm .
;fdfGotofM cjsfz e'QmfgLsf pbfx/0fdf pkbfg, labfsf] ;f gub, cf}ifwL
pkrf/ e'QmfgL, lb3{ ;]jf ;'lawf (Long service gratuity), sNof0fsf/L sf]if, jf
cjsfzsf] ;dodf k|fKt x'g] o:t} k|s[ltsf cGo e'QmfgL kb{5g\ . casfz
e'QmfgLx? g]kfn ;/sf/af6, :jLs[t casfz sf]ifaf6, :jLs[t glnPsf]
casfz sf]ifaf6 jf /f]huf/bftfaf6 x'g;Sb5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 jf :jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifaf6 casfz e'QmfgL lbbf nfe
/sddf % k|ltztsf b/n] e'QmfgLdf s/ sf u/L afFsL /sd e'QmfgL lbg'
kb{5 . o;/L k|fKt ul/Psf] casfz e'QmfgLnfO{ cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g .
Pjd\ k|sf/n] :jLs[t tyf c:jLs[t cjsfz sf]if afx]s klg cjsfz x'Fbfsf
cj:yfdf k|fKt ul/g] cGo e'QmfgL h:t} ljbf jfktsf] /sd, cf}ifwL pkrf/
jfktsf] /sd, sd{rf/L ;'/If0f sf]if cflbaf6 k|fKt x'g] /sddf P]gsf] bkmf
** sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd !% k|ltztsf b/n] e'QmfgLdf s/ sf ug'{ kb{5
/ To:tf] e'QmfgL P]gsf] bkmf (@-!_-5_ clGtd ?kdf s/ sL x'g] e'QmfgL
ePsf] x'+bf cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g . pQm ca:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn lbO{Psf]
5.
pbfx/0f !&=$=(M dfgf}+, xl/ k|;fb sfkm\n] g]= a}+= ln=df @)$$ a}zfv ! ut]
;xfos :t/df lgo"Qm ePsf /x]5g\ . lgh @)^% h]i7 ! ut] ;]jfaf6 lgj[Q
eP . lgj[Q x'+bfsf cj:yfdf lghn] lgDgfg';f/sf /sd k|fKt u/]sf /x]5g\ .
-!_ ;+ro sf]if @)%* r}q !* ut];Dd ;fFjf
$,)),)))
-@_ ;+ro sf]if @)%* r}q !( ut] b]lv @)^% a}zfv
d;fGt ;Ddsf] ;fFjf
*,)),)))
-#_ ;+ro sf]if @)%* r}q !* ut];Dd Aofh
!,%),)))
-$_ ;+ro sf]if @)%* r}q !( ut] b]lv @)^% a}zfv
d;fGt ;Ddsf] Aofh
!,%),)))
;+rosf]if jfkt hDdf k|fKt ug]{ /sd
=!%,)),)))
cfos/ lgodfjnL @)%( sf] lgod @) sf] pklgod -^ s_ cg';f/ lghsf]
s/ 5'6 x'g] /sdsf] u0fgf lgDgfg';f/ ug'{ kb{5 .
P]g nfu' x'g'eGbf k"j{sf] ;+rosf]if ;fjf
$,)),)))
316

P]g nfu' x'g'eGbf k"j{sf] ;+rosf]if Jofh

!,%),)))
5'6 x'g] ;+ro sf]if /sd ?=
%,%),)))
P]g nfu' e};s] kZrftsf] casfz e'QmfgLsf] u0fgf lgDgfg';f/ ug'{kb{5 .
P]g nfu' kZrftsf] ;+rosf]if -casfz sf]if_ /sd
*,)),)))
P]g nfu' kZrft ;+rosf]if -casfz sf]if_ df Aofh
!,%),)))
hDdf ;+ro sf]if /sd
?=(,%),)))
P]g nfu' e};s] kZrft ;+rosf]if /sd ;d]tnfO{ cjsfz sf]if elgG5, olb
pQm cjsfz sf]if :jLs[t cjsfz sf]if ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f] sf]ifaf6 ul/g]
e'QmfgLnfO{ s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ug'{kb{5 .
P]g nfu' eP kZrftsf] cjlwsf] :jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifaf6 k|fKt s'n /sd
?=(,%),)))
P]gsf] bkmf ^% sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -v_ cg';f/ nfe u0fgf ubf{ e"QmfgL
/sdsf] %) jf %,)),))) dWo] h'g a9L x'G5 ;f] /sd 36fpg' kb{5,
h; cg';f/,
-!_ e"QmfgL /sdsf] %) n] x'g] /sd
= $,&%,)))
-@_ tf]lsPsf] /sd
= %,)),)))
P]g nfu' e};s] kZrft :jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifaf6 hDdf = (,%),)))
e"QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf]df P]gsf] bkmf ^% sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -v_ cg';f/
nfe u0fgf ubf{ = %,)),))) 5'6 kfpg] ePsf]n] ;f] sf u/L afFsL ?=
$,%),))) df P]gsf] bkmf ** sf] pkbkmf -!=!_ adf]lhd kfFr k|ltztsf
b/n] s/ sf u/L ;f] casfz sf]ifn] afFsL /sd lghnfO{ e'QmfgL lbg' kb{5 .
P]g nfu' e};s] kZrft olb cjsfz sf]if :jLs[t gePsf] cjsfz sf]if ePsf]
cj:Yffdf e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf] /sd / ;f] sf]ifdf of]ubfg u/]sf] /sdsf] km/s
/sddf bkmf **-@_-u_ adf]lhd % k|ltztn] clu|d s/ sf ug'{ kb{5 .
dfgf}+,
-!_ ;+ro sf]if @)%* r}q !( ut] b]lv
a}zfv d;fGt @)^) ;Ddsf] ;fjfF =============== $,%),)))
-@_ P] cjwLdf ;+ro sf]ifsf] /sddf Aofh =========== %),)))
hDdf e"QmfgL /sd
%,)),)))
pQm ;fFjf /sddWo] lgh xl/ sfkm\n]sf] cfkm\gf] of]ubfg /sd ?= $,%),))).
/x]5 eg] ;f]df lgDgfg';f/ s/ sf ug{' k5{ .
-!_ e"QmfgL x'g] /sd
= %,)),)))
-@_ pQm sf]ifdf cfkm\gf] of]ubfg /sd
= $,%),)))
s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu nfe M
?= %),)))
P]gsf] bkmf ** -@_-u_ cg';f/ e"QmfgL ubf{ % k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] ?=@,%)).
e'QmfgLdf s/ sf u/L afFsL /sd e"QmfgL ug'{ kb{5 .
casfz sf]if ;DaGwdf la:t[t AofVof o; lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !@ df
ul/Psf] 5 .
317

-5_

a}7s eQf, k6s] ?kdf cWofkg u/fP jfktsf] e'QmfgL .

;+:yfsf] ;]jf zt{ jf ljlgodfjnL cg';f/ /f]huf/bftfaf6 /f]huf/stf{n] k|fKt
ug]{ gub, lhG;L jf ;'ljwfx?nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ cfo dfgL
u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 t/ ;+:yfs} Joj:yf cg';f/ s'g} ljz]if kl/l:yltdf jf
;+:yff/f ;~rfng ul/g] 5nkmn sfo{qmd (meeting) jf uf]i7Ldf jf cGo s'g}
;+:yfsf] a}7sdf efu lnP jfkt k|fKt ul/g] /sdnfO{ a}7s eQf elgG5 .
o;/L k|fKt ul/g] a}7s eQfsf ;fy} k6s] ?kdf cWofkg u/fP jfkt k|fKt x'g]
e'QmfgL /sddf P]gsf] bkmf ** pkbkmf -!_ cg';f/ !% k|ltztsf b/n]
e'QmfgLdf s/ sf u/L e'QmfgL lbg' kg]{ / P]gsf] bkmf (@ pkbkmf -!_ sf]
v08 -h_ cg';f/ clGtd ?kdf s/ sL x'g] e'QmfgL /sd ePsf] x'Fbf pQm s/
sL u/L k|fKt ul/Psf] /sdnfO{ P]gsf] bkmf * pkbkmf -#_ cg';f/ /f]huf/Lsf]
cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z eg] ug'{ kb}{g . pQm ca:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn
lbO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !&=$=!)M dfgf}+, lglndf >]i7 s'g} SofDk;df sfo{/t k|fWofks
x'g\ . lgh lglndfn] ;f]xL SofDk;sf] Ps a}7sdf pkl:yt eP jfkt
lgodfg';f/ a}7s eQf jfkt ?= !,))). k|fKt u/]sL /lx5g\ . lghn] csf]{
SofDk;df English ljifodf Pp6f ljz]if sIffdf cWofkg u/fP afkt
?=!,%)). k|fKt u/]sL /lx5g\ eg] lghn] a}7s eQf jfkt k|fKt ug]{
?=!,))). df / k6s] ?kdf cWofkg u/fP jfkt k|fKt ug]{ ?= !,%)). df
!% k|ltztsf b/n] e'QmfgLdf s/ sf u/L k|fKt u/]sf] e'QmfgLnfO{
/f]huf/Lsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g .
t/, lgh lglndf xKtfdf ltg k6ssf b/n] lgoldt ?kdf cGoq klg
cWofkg u/fpg] / ;f] cWofkg u/fP afkt ;f] lgsfoaf6 dfl;s ?kdf
kfl/>lds kfpg] u/]sL /x]l5g\ eg] To:tf] kfl/>lds eg] P]gsf] bkmf *
adf]lhd cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .
-h_ cfsl:ds nfe jfktsf] e'QmfgL .
cfsl:ds nfe zAbn] lr7\7f, pkxf/, k'/:sf/, alS;;, lhtf}/L tyf cGo s'g}
klg cfsfl:ds ?kdf k|fKt x'g] nfenfO{ hgfp+5 . o:tf] nfedf k|fKt cfodf
P]gsf] bkmf **s sdf]lhd @% k|ltztsf b/n] e'QmfgLsf] ;dodf s/ sL
ug'{ kb{5 / To:tf] /sd P]gsf] bkmf (@ sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -em_ ad]lhd
clGtd ?kdf s/ sL x'g] e'QmfgL dflgg] ePsf]n] To:tf] /sd cfodf ;dfa];
ug'{ kb}{g .
*-#_-v_ ;dfg zt{df ;a} sd{rf/LnfO{ pknAw x'g] u/L /f]huf/bftfaf6
sfo{:yndf sd{rf/LnfO{ pknAw u/fOPsf vfgf tyf vfhf,
o; ;DaGwL pbfx/0f tn lbO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !&=$=!!M dfgf}+, sn cd]l/sf k|f=ln= gfds sn ;]G6/n] txfF
sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ b}lgs ?kdf sfof{nodf pkl:ytL ePsf] a]nf ;dfg
?kdf vfgf pknJw u/fpFbf] /x]5 / ;f] afkt cf}ift k|lt AolQm b}lgs
;/b/ ?= @)) vr{ x'+bf] /x]5 . o;/L sd{rf/Lx?n] sfo{:yndf g} ;dfg
?kn] k|fKt u/]sf] vfhf jfktsf] /sd sd{rf/Lx?sf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf
318

;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g .

t/ sd{rf/LnfO{ vfgf tyf vfhf jfkt gub} pknJw u/fPsf] cj:yfdf
eg] ;DjlGwt sd{rf/Lsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
*-#_-u_ s'g} sd{rf/Ln] u/]sf] b]xfosf vr{sf] km5\of]{6 jf ;f]wegf{ M
-!_ ;f] vr{n] /f]huf/bftfsf] Joj;fo k|of]hg k"/f u/]df, jf
-@_ k|fs[lts JolQmsf] Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 x'g] cfosf] u0fgfdf 5"6
ePsf] jf 5"6 x'g] vr{ .
Joj;fosf] k|of]hg k'/f ug{sf] nflu sd{rf/Ln] /f]huf/bftfaf6 k|fKt u/]sf]
/sdsf] km5\of}{6 jf ;f]wegf{ sd{rf/Lsf] /f]huf/L cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g .
pQm ca:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn lbO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !&=$=!@M dfgf}+, uf]kL eGg] ljsf; g]kfn a}+s lnld6]8 k|wfg
sfof{no sf7df8f}+df sd{rf/Lsf] ?kdf sfo{/t 5g\ . sfof{nosf] sfd ug]{
l;nl;nfdf lghnfO{ rf/ lbgsf] nflu g]kfn a}+s lnld6]8 kf]v/fdf sfhdf
v6fpbf lgDgfg';f/sf] /sd e'QmfgL lbPsf] /x]5 .
b}lgs e|d0f eQf $ lbgsf] k|lt lbg !,))). sf b/n]
$,))).
xjfO{ hxfh vr{ #,))). @
^,))).
cGo lan cg';f/sf] vr{
!,))).
hDdf ?=
!!,))).
lgh uf]kL cfkm\gf] sfof{nosf] sfd ug]{ l;nl;nfdf kf]v/f uO{ cfgf]
lx;fa km5\of]{6 ug{sf] nflu lan e/kfO{ k]z u/]kl5 ;DjlGwt clVtof/L
k|fKt JolQmaf6 lan e/kfO{ :jLs[t e};s]kl5 lghsf] lx;fa km5\of]{6 x'G5 .
/f]huf/bftfaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] o:tf] /sd ?= !!,))). /f]huf/bftfsf]
Joj;flos k|of]hgsf] nflu ePsf]n] lghsf] kfl/>lds cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{
kb}{g .
;fwf/0ftof kfl/>dLs cfo u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu /f]huf/bftfaf6
k|fKt u/]sf] gub, lhG;L jf ;'ljwf ;Dk"0f{nfO{ ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . t/
Joj;flos k|of]hg k'/f x'g] sfo{sf] nflu sd{rf/Ln] k|fKt u/]sf] /sd eg]
cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g . olb /f]huf/bftfn] sd{rf/LnfO{ lbPsf] /sd
Joj;flos k|of]hgsf] nflu ge} JolQmut k|of]hgsf] nflu ePdf lghsf]
/f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . o:t} k|sf/n] ;f]wegf{ jfkt k|fKt
u/]sf] /sd klg olb Joj;flos k|of]hgsf] nflu 5 eg] To:tf] /sdnfO{
klg lghsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug{ kb}{g .
*-#_-3_ lx;fa lstfa /fVg cJofjxfl/s jf k|zf;lgs ?kn] sl7g x'g] tf]lsP
adf]lhdsf] ;fgf /sdsf] e'QmfgL .
:ki6Ls/0f M o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu e'QmfgL eGgfn] b]xfo adf]lhd
ePsf] e'QmfgL ;Demg' k5{ M

319

-s_
-v_
-u_

!&=%

/f]huf/bftfjf6 ePsf],
/f]huf/bftfsf] ;Da4 JolQmjf6 ePsf], /
/f]hufbftf jf lghsf] ;Da4 JolQm;+u ePsf] ;Demf}tf cg';f/sf] s'g}
t];|f] JolQmjf6 ePsf] .
lgod ^ df ;fgftLgf /sdsf] e'QmfgL eGgfn] lrof vr{, :6]zg/L, alS;;,
k'/:sf/, cfkTsfnLg cf}ifwf]krf/ tyf ljefun] tf]s]sf o:t} k|sf/sf e'QmfgL
afkt e'QmfgLstf{n] Ps k6sdf kfFr;o ?k}ofF ;Dd e'QmfgL u/]sf] /sdnfO{
cfodf ;dfa]z ug'{kb}{g .
/f]huf/Lsf] cfoaf6 36fpg kfpg] /sdx? M
-s_ cjsfz sf]ifdf ul/Psf] of]ubfg,
P]gsf] bkmf ^#-@_ cg';f/ k|fs[lts JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df :jLs[t cjsfz
sf]ifdf u/]sf] cjsfz of]ubfg cfoaf6 36fO{ kfpg bfaL ug{ ;Sg]5 . P]gsf]
bkmf ^#-#_ Pj+ lgodfjnLsf] lgod @! Afd]flhd ?= # nfv jf cfkm\gf]
lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfosf] Ps ltxfO{df h'g 36L x'G5 ;f] /sddf gg3fO{ cfk\mgf]
cfojf6 36fO{ kfpg bfjL ug{;Sg]5 . t/ :jLs[lt k|fKt gu/]sf cjsfz
sf]ifdf u/]sf] of]ubfg eg] cfojf6 36fO{ kfpg bfjL of]Uo x'+b}g .
lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfonfO{ P]gsf] bkmf ^ df lgDgfg';f/ kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 .
o; P]gsf] clwgdf /lx s'g} JolQmsf] s'g} cfo jif{df s'g} /f]huf/L, Joj;fo,
nufgL jf cfsl:ds nfeaf6 ePsf] b]xfosf cfox?nfO{ lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo
dflgg] 5 M
-s_ jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] cfosf] ;|f]t hxfF;'s} ePklg ;f] jif{df ;f] JolQmsf]
/f]huf/L, Joj;fo, nufgL jf cfsl:ds nfeaf6 ePsf] cfo /
-v_ u}x| jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] ;f] jif{df cfosf] ;|f]t g]kfndf ePsf] /f]huf/L,
Joj;fo, nufgL jf cfsl:ds nfeaf6 ePsf] cfo .
t/, lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfodf bkmf !! jf ^$ jf b'j} bkmf jdf]lhd s/ 5'6 lbOPsf]
s'g}klg cfo ;dfj]z x'g] 5}g .
dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] kl/efiff cg';f/ bkmf !! / ^$ Joj;fo;Fu ;DjlGwt
ePsf] x'Fbf /f]huf/Lsf] cfo;Fu pQm bkmfx?n] ;DaGw /fVb}g . t;y{
/f]huf/Lsf] cfoaf6 lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu
/f]huf/Lsf] qmddf bkmf * cg';f/ k|fKt ul/g] gub, lhG;L / ;'ljwf ;lxtsf]
s'n cfo (Gross Receipt) nfO{ g} lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo dflgG5 . pQm ca:yf
v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn lbO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !&=%=!M dfgf}+, /jLgfy emf ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8df sfo{/t
sd{rf/L x'g\ . lghn] ;+:yfaf6 lgDgfg';f/sf tnj eQf / ;'ljwf k|fKt
u/]sf 5g\ .
-s_ tnj ?= @),))). k|lt dlxgf
-v_ vfhf eQf ?= #,))). k|lt dlxgf
-u_ jf]g; ?= #),))).
-3_ ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8n] tnjsf] !) k|ltztsf b/n] sf u/L
320

ztk|ltzt /sd yk ul/ cjsfz sf]ifdf hDdf ug]{ u/]sf] .

-_ lghnfO{ Ps dlxgf a/fa/sf] tna bz}+ vr{ afkt pknAq ePsf]
/x]5 .
-r_ lghnfO{ / csf]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ Pick up / Drop ug]{ u/L Pp6f sf/
pknJw u/fPsf] /x]5 .
-5_ lghnfO{ clkm;n] cfjf;sf] Joj:yf klg u/]sf] /x]5 .
lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo u0fgf ug]{ tl/sf M
tnjM @),))) !@
@,$),))).
vfhf eQfM #,))) !@
#^,))).
af]g;
#),))).
cjsfz sf]ifdf of]ubfgM -@,$),))) !)!))_ @$,))).
bz}+ vr{M @),))) !
@),))).
;jf/L ;fwg ;'ljwfM -@,$),))) )=%!))_
!,@)).
jf;:yfgsf] ;'ljwfM -@,$),))) @ %_
$,*)).
s'n /f]huf/Lsf] cfo M
#,%^,))).
dfly pbfx/0fdf pNn]v ul/Psf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfonfO{ g} /f]huf/Lsf] cfo
lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo elgG5 .
cfos/ lgodfjnL @)%( sf] lgod @! df Joj:yf u/] jdf]lhd :jLs[t
cjsfz sf]ifdf of]ubfg u/]sf] /sd ?= #,)),))). sf] ;Ldfleq /xL
a9Ldf lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfosf] Ps ltxfO{ /sd;Dd of]ubfg ug{ ;Sg]
Joj:yf 5 . h'g tn pNn]v ul/Psf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 x'G5 .
dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] pbfx/0f cg';f/ lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo ?= #,%^,))).
b]lvG5 . lgod @! cg';f/ ?= #,)),))). / lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfosf] Ps
ltxfO{n] x'g] /sd ?= !,!*,^^&. x'g] b]lvG5 . lgh / lghsf]
/f]huf/bftfn] pQm cjsfz sf]ifdf ?= $*,))). -@$,))) + @$,)))_
dfq} af:tlas of]ubfg u/]sf] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfosf] Ps
ltxfO{n] x'g] /sd ?= !,!*,^^&. ePtfklg jf:tljs ?kdf of]ubfg u/]sf]
/sd ?= $*,))). dfq} cfkm\gf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfoaf6 36fpg kfpg
;S5g\ .
-v_ rGbf vr{ M
cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !@ cg';f/ rGbf afkt vr{ ul/Psf] /sdnfO{
lgDgfg';f/ 5'6 bfaL ug{ ;lsg] Aoa:yf ul/Psf] 5 M
-!_ s'g} JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df cfkm\gf] s/ of]Uo cfo u0fgf ubf{ o;
bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ljefuaf6 :jLs[t k|fKt s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfnfO{
rGbf pkxf/ lbPsf] /sd 36fpg bfjL ug{ ;Sg] 5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg ;f] pkbkmf jdf]lhd s'g}
cfo jif{df 36fpg kfpg] vr{ Ps nfv ?k}of jf ;f] JolQmsf] ;f] jif{sf]
;dfof]lht s/ of]Uo cfosf] % k|ltzt dWo] h'g 36L x'G5 ;f]eGbf al9
x'g] 5}g .
321

o; Aoa:yf cGtu{t vr{ 5'6 bfaL ug{, rGbf vr{ ljefu -sfof{no_ af6
:jLs[t k|fKt s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfnfO{ lbO{Psf] x'g' kb{5 . ljz]if u/L s/
5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfx?df k/f]ksf/L ;+:yf, wfld{s ;+:yfsf ;fy} ;fdflhs
sfo{x? ug]{ NGO x'g ;S5g\ .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg s'g} vf;
cj:yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L tf]s]sf]
s'g} sfo{sf] nflu s'g} JolQmn] vr{ u/]sf] jf rGbf lbPsf] /sd ;f]
JolQmsf] cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ vr{ jfkt k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf sL ug{
kfpg] u/L tf]Sg ;Sg] 5 .
P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -s g!_ cg';f/ ;dfof]lht s/ of]Uo cfo eGgfn] s'g}
JolQmsf] s'g} cfo jif{sf] s/ of]Uo cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ bkmf !@ jdf]lhd rGbf
/sd g36fO{ tyf bkmf !$ sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] Aofh, bkmf !& sf] k|b"if0f
lgoGq0f vr{ jf !* jdf]lhd cg';Gwfg / ljsf; vr{ sL gu/L u0fgf
ul/Psf] s/ of]Uo cfo ;Demg' kb{5 .
/f]huf/Lsf] cfo u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu ;dfof]lht s/ of]Uo cfo eGgfn]
k|fs[lts JolQm jf /f]huf/stf{n] /f]huf/bftfaf6 /f]huf/Lsf] qmddf k|fKt
u/]sf] gub lhG;L tyf ;'ljwfsf] s'n /sdnfO{ lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo elgG5
h;af6 rGbf jfktsf] /sd g36fO{ / cjsfz sf]ifdf of]ubfg u/]sf] /sd
36fO afFsL /x]sf] /sdnfO{ ;dfof]lht s/ of]Uo cfo elgG5 . pQm ca:yf
v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn lbO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !&=%=@M dfgf}+, /jLgfy emf ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8df sfo{/t sd{rf/L
x'g\ . lghn] ;+:yfaf6 lgDgfg';f/sf tnj eQf / ;'ljwf k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ .
-s_ tnj ?= @),))). k|lt dlxgf
-v_ vfhf eQf ?= #,))). k|lt dlxgf
-u_ jf]g; ?= #),))).
-3_ a}+sn] tnjsf] !) k|ltztsf b/n] sf u/L ztk|ltzt /sd yk u/L
cjsfz sf]ifdf hDdf ug]{ u/]sf] .
-_ lghnfO{ Ps dlxgf tna a/fa/sf] /sd bz}+ vr{ afkt pknAw
ePsf] /x]5 .
-r_ lghnfO{ / csf]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ Pick up / Drop ug]{ u/L Pp6f sf/
pknJw u/fPsf] /x]5 .
-5_ lghnfO{ clkm;n] cfjf;sf] Joj:yf klg u/]sf] /x]5 .
-h_ lghn] ljefuaf6 s/ 5'6 k|fKt ;+:yfnfO{ hgtfnfO{ lgMz'Ns kfgL
Vjfpg] k|of]hgsf] nflu ?= %),))). rGbf lbPsf] /x]5 .
-em_ lghn] ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8af6 hDdf x'g] cjsfz sf]if of]ubfgsf]
cnfjf yk ?= ^),))). ;f]xL a}+s dfkm{t :jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifdf
hDdf ug]{ u/]sf /x]5g\ .
;dfof]lht s/ of]Uo cfo u0fgf ug]{ tl/sf M
tnj @),))) !@
@,$),))).

322

 vfhf eQf #,))) !@

#^,))).
af]g;
#),))).
cjsfz sf]ifdf of]ubfg -@,$),))) !)!))_ @$,))).
bz}+ vr{ @),))) !
@),))).
;jf/L ;fwg ;'ljwf -@,$),))) )=%!))_
!,@)).
$,*)).
jf;:yfgsf] ;'ljwf -@,$),))) @ %_
s'n /f]huf/Lsf] cfo M
#,%^,))).
36fpg] M
:jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifdf of]ubfg u/]sf] /sd
-@$))) @$))) ^),)))_
!,)*,))).
@,$*,))).
;dfof]lht s/ of]Uo cfo
lghn] rGbf vr{ jfkt lgDgfg';f/sf] /sd cfkm\gf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfoaf6 36fpg
kfpFb5 .
-!_ jf:tljs rGbf /sd
?= %),))).
-@_ P]gdf pNn]v ul/Psf] clwstd ;Ldf /sd
?= !,)),))).
-#_ ;dfof]lht s/ of]Uo cfosf] % k|ltztn] x'g] /sd
?=!@,$)).
dfly pNn]v ul/Psfx? dWo] sd x'g] /sd ?= !@,$)). lghn] cfkm\gf]
/f]huf/Lsf] cfoaf6 36fpg kfpg] 5g\ .
s'g} vf; cj:yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L tf]s]sf]
s'g} sfo{sf] nflu s'g} JolQmn] vr{ u/]sf] jf rGbf lbPsf] /sd ;f] JolQmsf] cfo
lgwf{/0f ubf{ vr{ jfkt k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf 36fpg kfp5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf
dfly pNn]lvt ;Ldf nfu' x'Fb}g . pQm ca:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn lbO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !&=%=#M dfgf}+, dfly !&=%=@ df pNn]v ul/Psf] pbfx/0fdf g]kfn
;/sf/n] kz'klt ljsf; sf]ifdf of]ubfg u/]df k"0f{ ?kdf s/ 5'6 x'g] elg g]kfn
/fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/] cg'?k lghn] ?= !),))). pQm sf]ifnfO{ cg'bfg
lbPsf lyP .
dfly pNn]v ul/P jdf]lhdsf] 36fpg kfpg] rGbf vr{ ?= !@,$)).
kz'klt ljsf; sf]ifdf of]ubfg u/]sf] P]gsf]
bkmf !@ -#_ cg';f/sf] rGbf vr{
?= !),))).
hDdf 5'6 x'g] rGbf /sd
?= @@,$)).
-u_ jLdf lk|ldod M
P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf !@ cg';f/ s'g} afl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQmn] nufgL
jLdf u/]sf] /x]5 eg] ;f] jfkt e'QmfgL u/]sf] lk|ldod jf la; xhf/ ?k}ofF df
h'g 36L x'G5 ;f] /sd s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fO{ kfpg bfjL ug{ ;Sg]5 .

323

nufgL jLdf lk|ldod ;DaGwL 5'6 afl;Gbf k|fs[lts AolQmn] ?= @),))) df

ga9fO{ af:tlas e'QmfgLsf] cfwf/df bfaL ug{ ;Sb5 . o:tf] jLdf lk|ldod
u}/ afl;Gbf nufgL jLdf sDkgLnfO{ e'QmfgL u/]sf] ePtfklg vr{ 5'6 bfaL
ug{ aGb]h x'g] 5}g . t/ P]gsf] bkmf (@ sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -u_ adf]lhd
afl;Gbf nufgL jLdf sDkgLn] >f]tdf kfFr k|ltzt sf u/L e'QmfgL u/]sf]
nfe clGtd ?kn] s/ sL x'g] e'QmfgL ePsf] x'+bf cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb}{g
eg] u}/ afl;Gbf nufgL jLdf sDkgLn] e'Qmfg ug]{ nfe eg] P]gsf] bkmf (
adf]lhd /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .
-3_ b'u{d If]q ;'lawf M
P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf % cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] b'u{d If]qdf
sfo{/t k|fs[lts JolQmsf] b'u{d eQf afkt tf]lsP adf]lhd a9Ldf krf;
xhf/ ?k}ofFF+;Dd s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fO{ kfpg bfjL ug{ ;Sg]5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] b'u{d If]q cGt{utsf lhNnf tyf uf=lj=;= x?df
sfo{/t /xL cfo cfh{g ug]{ sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/L nufotsf k|fs[lts
AolQmx?nfO{ cfos/ ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 . pQm tf]lsPsf If]qdf
sfo{/t sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ /f]huf/bftfaf6 b'u{d If]q eQf k|fKt eP
klg jf geP klg cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu tf]lsP cg';f/sf] /sd s/of]Uo
cfoaf6 36fpg kfO{g]5 .
b'u{d If]q ;+aGwL Aoa:yfM b'u{d If]qsf] auL{s/0f o; lgb]{lzsfsf] cg';"lr @
df lbO{Psf] 5 .
b'u{d eQfsf] ;Ldf M lgod #* df tf]lsP adf]lhd k|s[lts JolQmsf] s/
gnfUg] ;Ldfdf yk x'g] b'u{d eQf jfktsf] /sd b]xfo jdf]lhd x'g]5 .
!= s ju{sf If]qdf ?= %),))) -krf; xhf/_
@= v ju{sf If]qdf ?= $),))) -rfnL; xhf/_
#= u ju{sf If]qdf ?= #),))) - tL; xhf/_
$= 3 ju{sf If]qdf ?= @),))) -aL; xhf/_
%= ju{sf If]qdf ?= !),))) -bz xhf/_
pQm Aoa:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn lbO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !&=%=$M dfgf}+, ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8 b}n]v zfvfdf Zofd dxtf]
eGg] sd{rf/L sfo{/t /x]5g\ . lghnfO{ tna / eQf u/L dfl;s ?=
@),))) k|fKt x'bf]/x]5 . lghn] b}n]v lhNnfdf sfo{/t /x] jfkt pQm
a}+saf6 b'u{d eQf kfpFbf /x]g5g\ . lghsf] kfl/>dLs cfo u0fgf ubf{ x'g
cfpg] s/of]Uo cfoaf6 b'u{dIf]q ;'ljwf cGt{ut s ju{sf] b'u{d If]qsf]
nflu tf]lsPsf] ?= %),))) lghn] s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg kfpF5g\ . olb
lghsf] Ps} cfly{s jif{df cGo If]qdf ;?jf ePsf] cj:yfdf eg] b'u{d
If]qdf sfo{/t cjwLsf] cfwf/df b'u{dIf]q ;'ljwf u0fgf ug'kb{5 . h:t},
lgh @)^& kf}if d;fGt;Dd dgf zfvfdf sfo{/t lyP / df3 !, @)^&
;fndf ;f]n'v'Dj', vf]Dh'8\ uf=la=;= -v ju{sf] b'u{dIf]q_ df /x]sf] zfvfdf
;?jf ePsf] /x]5 . o; cj:yfdf lghsf] b'u{dIf]q ;'ljwf lgDgg';f/ u0fgf
324

ug'{ kb{5 .
s ju{df kfpmg] b'u{d If]q ;'ljwf
?= %)))).
lghn] s ju{df sfd u/]sf] cjwL ^ dlxgf
b'u{d If]q -s ju{_ df kfpmg] ;'ljwf %),))) ^ ?= @%,))).
!@
v ju{df kfpmg] b'u{d If]q ;'ljwf
?= $),))).
lghn] v ju{df sfd u/]sf] cjwL ^ dlxgf
b'u{d If]q -v ju{_df kfpmg] ;'ljwf $),))) ^ ?= @),))).
!@
cf=j= )^&^* df b'u{d If]q jfkt kfpmg] ;'ljwf M
?= $%,))).
pk/f]Qmfg';f/sf] pbfx/0f cg';f/ cf=a= @)^&.^* sf] s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ lgh
Zofd dxtf]n] = $%,))). cfkm\gf] s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg kfpF5g\ .
!&=^=

!&=&=

bDkQL M
P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -j_ adf]lhd k|fs[lts JolQm eGgfn] k|fs[lts JolQm ljz]if
;Demg' k5{ / o; P]gsf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL ;f] zAbn] btf{ eO{ jf geO{ k|fs[lts
JolQmsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] Psnf}6L kmd{ tyf Pp6} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] ?kdf dflgg]
u/L bkmf %) adf]lhd 5gf}6 ePsf] bDklQ ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 .
P]g cg';f/ k|To]s k|fs[lts JolQm a]Un} s/bftfsf] ?kdf dflgG5 . ;fdfGotofM s'g}
k|fs[lts AolQm laaflxt eP klg lghsf] 5f]/f, 5f]/L, afa', cfdf ;uf]ndfg} eP klg
lgh, lghsf] klt jf kTgL, 5f]/f, 5f]/L, afa', cfdf ;a} a]Unf a]Un} AolQm dflgG5 .
P]gsf] bkmf %)-!_ adf]lhd afl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQm / ;f] JolQmsf] afl;Gbf klt jf
kTgL b'j}n] lnlvt ;"rgf lbP/ s'g} vf; cfo jif{df s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu Pp6}
k|fs[lts JolStsf] ?kdf dflgg] u/L 5gf}6 ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . o;/L 5gf}6 ug]{ bDktL
dWo] klt jf kTgLn] ;f] jif{df a'emfpg' kg]{ s/sf] nflu Ps csf]{k|lt ;+o'St ?kdf /
5'f5'} ?kdf lhDd]jf/ x'g]5g\ -bkmf %)-@_ . o;/L bDkQL x'g 5gf}6 u/]sf] cfo
aif{df klt kTgL b'j}sf] s/ of]Uo cfo ;dfa]; u/L cfo sfod ug'{ kb{5 . P]gsf]
bkmf %)-#_ df cfl>tnfO{ e/0f kf]if0f ug'{ kg]{ jfl;Gbf ljwjf jf ljw"/nfO{ bDklQ
;/x dflgg] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
cf}iflw pkrf/ afkt s/ ldnfg (Medical Tax Credit)
-!_ P]gsf] bkmf %!-!_ df s'g} k|fs[lts afl;Gbf JolStn] lghsf] nflu cfkm}+ jf
cGo s'g} JolQm dfkm{t u/]sf] :jLs[t cf}iflw pkrf/ vr{sf] nflu s'g} cfo
jif{df cf}iflw pkrf/ afkt s/ ldnfg ug{ bfaL ug{ kfpg] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
-@_ P]gsf] bkmf %!-@_ adf]lhd s'g} cfo jif{df k|fs[lts JolQmsf] cf}iflw pkrf/
afkt s/ ldnfgsf] /sd :jLs[t cf}iflw pkrf/ vr{ /sdsf] kGw| k|ltztsf]
b/n] x'g] /sddf laut aif{df ldnfg x'g g;s]]sf] s'g} /sd eP ;f];d]t
hf]8L u0fgf ug'{ kg]{5 . lgod !& df b]xfo adf]lhdsf] cf}ifwL pkrf/
vr{nfO{ :jLs[t cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ dflgg] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5M
-s_ s'g} k|fs[lts AolQmn] :jf:Yo jLdf afkt e'QmfgL u/]sf] jLdf lk|ldod,

325

-v_ s'g} k|fs[lts AolQmnfO{ dfGotf k|fKt c:ktfn, gl;{ xf]d, :jf:Yo s]Gb|
jf lrlsT;sn] pkrf/ ubf{ nfu]sf] cf}ifwL nufotsf lan adf]lhdsf]
/sd .
t/ b]xfosf vr{x? :jLs[t cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ dflgg] 5}gg\ M
-s_ ;f}Gbo{ ;NolrlsT;f -sid]l6s ;h{/L_ df ePsf] vr{, /
-v_ :jf:Yo jLdfaf6 Ifltk"lt{ k|fKt ePsf] xb;Dd dfGotf k|fKt c:ktfn,
gl;{ xf]d, :jf:Yo s]Gb| jf lrlsT;sn] pkrf/ ubf{ nfu]sf] cf}ifwL
nufotsf lan adf]lhdsf] /sd .
-#_ P]gsf] bkmf %!-#_ tyf lgod !&-#_ df ePsf] Aoa:yf cg';f/ s'g} cfo jif{df
k|fs[lts JolQmaf6 bfaL ul/Psf] cf}iflw pkrf/ afkt s/ ldnfg ug{ kfpg]
/sd ?= &%) eGbf a9L x'g] 5}g .
-$_ P]gsf] bkmf %!-$_ df Aoa:yf eP cg';f/ o;/L ;Ldf eGbf a9L ePsf] vr{
jf s/ bfloTj ?= &%) eGbf sd ePsf] ca:yfdf o:tf] /sd cfufdL aif{df
;f/L bfjL ug{ ;lsg]5 . o:tf] bfaL of]Uo /sd cgGt sfn ;Dd bfaL ldnfg
ug{ kfO{G5 . pQm ca:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn lbO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !&=&=!M dfgf}+, s'g} AolQmsf] Ps cfly{s aif{df :jLs[t cf}iflw
pkrf/sf] lgldQ ?= !),))) vr{ ePsf] /x]5 . P]gsf] bkmf %! sf] pkbkmf
-@_ cg';f/ !% k|ltzt s/ ldnfg ug{ ;Sg], ;f]xL bkmfdf ;Ldf tf]Sg]
k|fjwfg eP cg';f/ lgod !&-#_ df ;f] vr{sf] l;df ?= &%) tf]lsPsf]
sf/0f pQm AolQmn] ;f] aif{ cf}iflw pkrf/ vr{ ?= !),))) sf] !%
k|ltztsf] b/n] x'g] /sd ?= !,%)) dWo] ?= &%) ;f]xL aif{ cfgf] s/
bfloTjaf6 36fpg kfpg]5 / aFfsL ?= &%) cfufdL aif{-x?_df cfgf] s/
bloTjaf6 36fpg kfpg]5 . olb lghsf] s/ bfloTj ?= &%) eGbf sd
ePdf klg of] ;'lawf pkof]u u/L af+sL x'g cfpg] /sd csf]{ aif{sf] nflu
;fg{ ;Sg] 5g\ .
tn k|:t't tflnsaf6 cf}ifwL pkrf/ afkt s/ ldnfg ;+aGwL k|fjwfgnfO{
k|i6 kfl/Psf] 5 .
cfo aif{
:jLs[t cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{
!% k|ltztn] x'g] /sd
laut aif{sf] bfaL x'g afFsL
/sd
hDdf bfaL of]Uo /sd
lgod !&-#_ sf] l;df
bfla of]Uo /sd
kl5Nnf aif{ ;g]{ /sd

!
!&,)))
@,%%)

)
)

)
)

%))
&%

!,*))

!,)%)

#))

@,%%)
&%)
&%)
!,*))

!,*))
&%)
&%)
!,)%)

!,)%)
&%)
&%)
#))

#&%
&%)
#&%
)

326

cf}ifwL pkrf/ jfkt s/ ldnfg ;DalGw lj:t[t JofVof kl/R5]b !! df ul/Psf] 5 .

!&=*=

!&=(=

cfo ljj/0f bflvnf ug{ gkg]{ M

P]gsf] bkmf $-#_ tyf bkmf (& df pNn]v eP adf]lhd /f]huf/Lsf] cfo ePsf]
JolQmn] b]xfosf ;a} cj:yfx? k"/f u/] cfo laa/0f bflvnf ug{' kb}{g M
-s_ ;f] cfo jif{sf] cfodf g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] s'g} /f]huf/Lsf] cfodfq
;dfj]z ePsf],
-v_ ;f] cfo jif{df ;a} /f]huf/bftf afl;Gbf JolQm ePsf] / Ps k6sdf
Pp6fdfq /f]huf/bftf ePsf], /
-u_ /f]huf/bftfn] e'QmfgL u/]sf] cf}iflw pkrf/ vr{ jfktsf] s/ ldnfg /
/f]huf/bftfn] g} e'QmfgL ul/lbPsf] cjsfz of]ubfg dfq 36fpg bfjL
u/]sf] tyf rGbf jfkt vr{ 36fpg bfjL gu/]sf] .
o:tf] ca:yfdf ;f] JolQmn] bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ s/ To:tf JolQmnfO{ ;f] cfo jif{df
/f]huf/bftfjf6 lbOPsf e'QmfgLjf6 P]gsf] bkmf *& adf]lhd >f]tdf s/ sL ePsf]
s/ /sdsf] hDdf /sd a/fa/ x'g]5 . cfo jif{sf] ljrdf /f]huf/bftf kl/jt{g
ePsf s/bftfn] o:tf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ klxnf] /f]huf/bftfaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] e'QmfgL,
;f] e'QmfgLdf sL ePsf] s/ ;d]t v'n]sf] s/ sLsf] k|df0fkq bf]>f] /f]huf/bftf
;dIf k]z u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 . bf]>f] /f]huf/bftfn] klg klxnf] /f]huf/bftfn] u/]sf]
e'QmfgL / ;f] e'QmfgLdf u/]sf] s/ sL ;dfof]hg u/L cfkm"n] u/]sf] e'QmfgLdf s/
u0fgf u/L bkmf *& adf]lhd e'QmfgLdf s/ sL u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 .
cfos/ P]g @)%* sf] bkmf $-#_ cg';f/ Psk6sdf Pp6f dfq /f]huf/bftf ePsf]
/ /f]huf/bftfn] e"QmfgL u/]sf] cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ jfkt s/ ldnfg /
/f]huf/bftfn] g} e"QmfgL ul/lbPsf] cjsfz of]ubfg dfq 36fpg bfjL u/]sf] tyf
rGbf jfkt vr{ 36fpg bfjL gu/]sf] cj:yfdf lghn] lt/]sf] / ltg'{kg]{ kfl/>lds
s/ P]gsf] bkmf *& cg';f/ e"Qmfg u/]sf] ePdf lghn] cfo ljj/0f bflvnf ug{
gkg]{ x'G5 . t/, Psk6sdf PseGbf a9L /f]huf/bftf ePsf] cj:yfdf jf cfkm}n]
vr{ u/]sf] cf}ifwf]krf/ jfkt s/ ldnfg bfjL u/]sf] jf cfkm}n] l:js[t cjsfz
sf]ifdf of]ubfg u/]sf] jf cfk}mn] lbPsf] rGbf 36fpg bfjL u/]sf] jf u}/ jfl;Gbf
JolQm /f]huf/bftf ePsf] cj:yfdf eg] lghn] cfo ljj/0f a'emfpg' kb{5 .
s/df 5'6
P]gsf] cg';"lr ! df pNn]v eP adf]lhd kfl/>lds nufotsf cfo x'g] k|fs[lts
AolQmnfO{ cfos/df lgDgfg';f/sf] 5'6sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
-!_ ! k|ltzt dfq s/ nfUg] l;dfM cg';"lr !, bkmf !-!_ tyf !-@_ adf]lhdsf]
;Ldfdf k|fs[lts JolQmsf] -cfo jif{ @)^&.^* sf nflu ?= !^),))) ;Dd /
bDklQsf nflu ?= @)),)))_ s/of]Uo cfodf ! k|ltzt dfq s/ nfUb5 .
-@_ cg';"lr !, bkmf !-!_ adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] b'u{d If]qdf sfo{/t
k|fs[lts JolQmn] b'u{d eQf jfkt a9Ldf krf; xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd s/of]Uo
cfoaf6 36fpg kfpF5 . b'u{d If]qx?sf] laa/0f cg';"rL @ df lbO{Psf] 5 .

327

-#_ cg';"lr !, bkmf !-^_ adf]lhd g]kfnsf ljb]z l:yt s'6g}lts lgof]udf
sfo{/t sd{rf/Ln] j}b]lzs eQfsf] krxQ/ k|ltzt /sd s/of]Uo cfoaf6
36fpg kfpF5 .
-$_ lgj[lQe/0f cfo ePdf dfyL v08 -!_ df pNn]lvt /sdsf] @% k|ltzt /sd
s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg ;Sb5 . cg';"lr !, bkmf !-(_ . t/ lgod #(
adf]lhd o;/L yk x'g] /sd lga[Qe/0f cfo eGbf a9L x'g] 5}g .
-%_ cg';"lr !, bkmf !-!)_ adf]lhd ckf JolQmsf] xsdf dfyL v08 -!_ df
pNn]lvt l/sdsf] %) k|ltzt /sd s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg ;Sb5 .
-^_ cg';"lr !, bkmf !-!!_ adf]lhd afl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQm /f]huf/Lsf] cfo dfq
cfh{g ug]{ dlxnf /x]5 eg] To:tf] k|fs[lts AolQmn] ltg'{kg]{ s/ /sddf
bzk|ltzt 5'6 x'G5 .
-&_ cg';"lr !, bkmf !-!@_ adf]lhd afl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQmn] nufgL aLdf u/]sf]
/x]5 eg] ;f] jfkt e'QmfgL u/]sf] jflif{s lk|ldod jf jL; xhf/ ?k}ofFdf h'g
36L x'G5 ;f] /sd s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg kfpF5 .
!&=!)= s/sf] b/
cfos/ P]g @)%* sf] cg';"lr ! jdf]lhd jfl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQmsf] nflu
/f]huf/Lsf] cfodf lgDgfg';f/sf] b/n] s/ nfUb5M
laa/0f -cfly{s aif{ @)^&.^* sf] nflu_
s/sf] b/
s=! klxnf] l;df -;fdfGo ca:yf_
! k|ltztn]
AolQmnfO{ ?= !^),))) ;Dd
bDklQnfO{ ?= @,)),))) ;Dd
v= csf]{ ?= !,)),))) ;Dd
!% k|ltztn]
u= afFsL /sddf
-t/ s/of]Uo cfo ?=@% nfveGbf a9L ePsf
@% k|ltztn]
JolQmn] ;f] ?= @% nfveGbf a9L ePhlt
s/of]Uo cfodf nfu]sf] s/sf] b/df $) k|ltzt
cltl/Qm s/ ltg'{ kg]{_
lga[QLe/0f cfo ePdf s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg kfpg] /sd -lga[lQe/0f cfo
eGbf a9L gx'g] u/L_
AolQmnfO{ ?= $),))) ;Dd
bDklQnfO{ ?= %),))) ;Dd
ckf AolQmsf] xsdf s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg kfpg] /sd
AolQmnfO{ ?= *),))) ;Dd
bDklQnfO{ ?= !,)),))) ;Dd
gf]6M u}/ jfl;GbfnfO{ s/df 5'6 gx'g] / s/sf] b/ @% k|ltzt x'G5 . s'g} afl;Gbf
k|fs[lts JolQm /f]huf/Lsf] cfo dfq cfh{g ug]{ dlxnf /x]5 eg] To:tf] k|fs[lts
AolQmn] ltg'{kg]{ s/ /sddf bz k|ltzt 5'6 x'g]5 .

328

!&=!!= >f]tdf s/ sL Pj+ bflvnf ;DaGwL Aoa:yf

-!_ P]gsf] bkmf *& -!_ df pNn]v eP jdf]lhd k|To]s jfl;Gbf /f]huf/bftfn]
/f]huf/Laf6 s'g} sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/n] k|fKt u/]sf] cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z
ul/g] g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] s'g} /sd e'QmfgL ubf{ >f]tdf g} s/ sL ug'{ kg]{
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf () sf] pkbkmf -@_ df Joj:yf eP jdf]lhd
o;/L ul/Psf] s/ sL /sd Pj+ ljj/0f dlxgf ;dfKt ePsf] @% lbg leq
;DalGwt cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf hDdf ug'{ kb{5 .
-@_ sd{rf/Lsf] jflif{s kfl/>ldsdf nfUg] s/sf] u0fgf ubf{ olb sd{rf/Ln] jif{e/L
g} sfd ug]{ lglZrt /x]5 eg] lghn] ;f] jif{ k|fKt ug]{ s"n kfl/>ldsdf s/sf]
u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 . olb s'g} sd{rf/L ;f] jif{sf] jLrdf lgo"lQm ePsf] eP jf
s'g} sd{rf/Ln] ;f] jif{sf] ljrdf cjsfz kfpg] lglZrt ePdf hlt cjlwsf]
lghn] kfl/>lds k|fKt ug]{ xf] ;f]lx cjlwsf] kfl/>ldsdf s/sf] u0fgf u/L
;f]lx cjlwsf] s/ bfloTj /sdnfO{ efu u/L dfl;s ?kdf s/ sL ug'{
kb{5 . pQm ca:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn lbO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !&=!!=!M dfgf}, lbkLsf a:g]t eGg] Psn AolQm g]kfn ljsf; a}+ssf]
;]jf/t Psn dlxnf /xLl5g\ . lghn] cf=j= @)^^.^& df lgDgfg';f/sf] cfo
g]kfn ljsf; a}+saf6 k|fKt u/]sL /lxl5g\ .
aflif{s tna ;'lawf
? @,*),))).
lghsf] lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo, s/ of]Uo cfosf] u0fgf lgDgfg';f/ x'g cfp+5 .
lja/0f
aflif{s tna ;'lawf
/f]huf/Lsf] lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo
5'6 /sd
s/of]Uo cfo
s/sf] u0fgf

/sd ?=
280,000.00
280,000.00
280,000.00

1,600.00
?= !,^),))) df ! n] -Psn AolQm_
15,000.00
yk ?= !,)),))) df !% n]
5,000.00
afFsL ?= @),))) df @% n]
21,600.00
hDdf
Go"gM dlxnfsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfo dfq
2,160.00
/x]sf]n] s/ /sddf !) n] 5'6
19,440.00
hDdf aflif{s s/ bfloTj
lghnfO{ kfl/>lds e'QmfgL ubf{ g]kfn ljsf; a}+sn]
1,620.00
dfl;s ?kdf s/ sL ug' kg]{ /sd (19,440.00/12)
o;/L jf:tjdf ltg'{ kg]{ s/ /sdnfO{ kfl/>lds e'QmfgL ug]{ dlxgfn] efu u/L
kfl/>lds e'QmfgL ubf{ dfl;s ?kdf s/ sL ug'{ k5{ .

pbfx/0f !&=!!=@M dfgf}, x/]Gb| skfnL eGg] Psn AolQm g]kfn ljsf; a}+sdf
@)^^.(.! df ;]jf k|a]z u/]sf /x]5g\ . lghn] cf=j= @)^^.^& df lgDgfg';f/sf]
329

cfo g]kfn ljsf; a}+saf6 k|fKt u/]sf /x]5g\ .

tna ;'lawf
? @,*),))).
lghsf] lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo, s/ of]Uo cfosf] u0fgf lgDgfg';f/ x'g cfp+5 .
lja/0f

/sd ?=
280,000.00

& dlxgfsf] hDdf tna ;'lawf

/f]huf/Lsf] lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo
5'6 /sd
s/of]Uo cfo
s/sf] u0fgf

280,000.00
280,000.00

1,600.00
?= !,^),))) df ! n] -Psn AolQm_
15,000.00
yk ?= !,)),))) df !% n]
5,000.00
afFsL ?= @),))) df @% n]
21,600.00
hDdf
21,600.000
hDdf aflif{s s/ bfloTj
lghnfO{ kfl/>lds e'QmfgL ubf{ g]kfn ljsf; a}+sn] k'if
)^^ b]lv cfiff9 @)^& ;Dd hDdf & dlxgfdf bfdf;fxL
3085.71
?kdf dfl;s ?kdf s/ sL ug{' kg]{ /sd (21,600.00/7)
o;/L jf:tjdf ltg'{ kg]{ s/ /sdnfO{ kfl/>lds e'QmfgL ug]{ dlxgfn] efu u/L
kfl/>lds e'QmfgL ubf{ dfl;s ?kdf s/ sL ug'{ k5{ .

pbfx/0f !&=!!=#M dfgf}, s'df/ lai6 eGg] Psn AolQm Ps u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfdf
@)^^.(.! df ^ dlxgfsf] Contract df ;]jf k|a]z u/]sf /x]5g\ . lghn] cf=j=
@)^^.^& df ;f] lgsfoaf6 lgDgfg';f/sf] cfo k|fKt u/]sf /x]5g\ .
tna ;'lawf
? @,*),))).
lghsf] lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo, s/ of]Uo cfosf] u0fgf lgDgfg';f/ x'g cfp+5 .
lja/0f
^ dlxgfsf] tna ;'lawf
/f]huf/Lsf] lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo
5'6 /sd
s/of]Uo cfo
s/sf] u0fgf
?= !,^),))) df ! n] -Psn AolQm_
yk ?= !,)),))) df !% n]
afFsL ?= @),))) df @% n]
hDdf
hDdf aflif{s s/ bfloTj

/sd ?=
280,000.00
280,000.00
280,000.00

1,600.00
15,000.00
5,000.00
21,600.00
21,600.000

330

21,600.000
hDdf aflif{s s/ bfloTj
lghnfO{ kfl/>lds e'QmfgL ubf{ pQm u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfn]
k'if )^^ b]lv h]i7 @)^& ;Dd hDdf ^ dlxgfdf bfdf;fxL
3,600.00
?kdf dfl;s ?kdf s/ sL ug' kg]{ /sd (21,600.00/6)
o;/L jf:tjdf ltg'{ kg]{ s/ /sdnfO{ kfl/>lds e'QmfgL ug]{ dlxgfn] efu u/L
kfl/>lds e'QmfgL ubf{ dfl;s ?kdf s/ sL ug'{ k5{ .

-#_ P]gsf] bkmf !!& sf] pkbkmf -#_ df clu|d s/ sL ug]{ JolQmnfO{ Ph]06
elgPsf] 5 . o:tf] JolQmn] >f]tdf s/ sL u/]sf] ljj/0f P]gsf] bkmf () sf]
pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd @% lbg leq k]z gu/]df To:tf] Ph]06nfO{ ljj/0f k]z
ug'{ kg]{ ldltaf6 o:tf] ljj/0f bflvnf gePsf] ldlt;Ddsf] k|To]s dlxgf /
dlxgfsf] efusf] nflu clu|d s/ sL ug'{ kg]{ s/ /sdsf] jflif{s 8]9
k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] /sd z'Ns nfUg]5 .
-$_ P]gsf] bkmf !!( sf] pkbkmf -!_ jdf]lhd s/ ltg'{kg]{ tf]lsPsf] ldlt;Dd s'g}
JolQmn] s/ bflvnf gu/]df bflvnf ug{ jfFsL /x]sf] /sddf o;/L s/ bflvnf
ug{ jfFsL /x]sf] cjlwe/sf] nflu ;f] JolQmnfO{ k|To]s dlxgf / dlxgfsf]
efudf ;fdfGo Jofhb/n] Jofh nfUg]5 / o:tf] Jofh lghn] clu|d s/ sL
x'g] JolQmaf6 c;'n pk/ u/L lng kfpg] 5}g .
P]gsf] bkmf @ v08 -s a_ jdf]lhd ;fdfGo Jofh b/ eGgfn] jflif{s bz
k|ltzt sf] Jofhsf] b/ ;Demg' k5{ .
-%_ P]gsf] bkmf !@# adf]lhd dgfl;j dflkmssf] sf/0flagf s/ bflvnf ug'{ kg]{
lgwf{l/t ;do;Dd s/ bflvnf gug]{ JolStnfO{ kfFr xhf/ ?k}oFfb]lv tL;
xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf jf Ps dlxgf b]lv tLg dlxgf;Dd s}b jf b'j}
;hfo x'g]5 . bkmf !#! df ePsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd o:tf] ;hfo x'g] s;"/
;DjGwL d'2fsf] txlssft tf]lsPsf] clws[tn] ug]{5 / To:tf] txlssftsf]
sfd k'/f ePsf] k}tL; lbgleq ;DjlGwt lhNnf cbfnt ;dIf d'2f bfo/ ug'{
kg]{5 .
-^_ P]gsf] bkmf (! n] tf]s] adf]lhd afl;Gbf /f]huf/bftf clu|d s/ sL x'g]
AolQmnfO{ s/ sLsf] laa/0f v'Ng] u/L laefun] tf]s]sf] 9fFrfdf s/ sLsf]
k|df0f kq pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 . /f]huf/bftfn] P]gsf] bkmf (! sf] pkbkmf
-#_ adf]lhd clu|d s/ sL k|df0fkq b]xfo adf]lhd k|bfg ug'{ kg]{5 M
-s_ ;f] k|df0fkq ;f] cfo jif{df ;f] sd{rf/L jxfn /x]sf] cjlwe/sf] nflu
dfq x'g]5 .
-v_ ;f] k|df0fkq ;f] jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] ldltn] tL; lbgleq pknAw u/fO{
;Sg'kg]{5 jf ;f] jif{df ;f] sd{rf/Ln] ;f] clu|d s/ sL ug]{ JolQmsf]df
/f]huf/L ug{ 5f]8]sf] eP ;f] /f]huf/L 5f]8]sf] ldltn] tL; lbgleq ;f]
k|df0fkq pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 .
>f]tdf s/ sL u/]sf] /sd bflvnf ;DaGwL k|fjwfgx? sf] la:t[t AofVof o;
lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !^ df tyf Aofh Pa+ z'Ns ;DaGwL k|fjwfgx?sf] la:t[t
AofVof o; lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b @( df ul/Psf] 5 .
331

!&=!#

lgj[lQe/0f -k]G;g_ e'QmfgLdf s/ sL

lgj[lQe/0f cfo sd{rf/Lsf] lautsf] /f]huf/L jfktsf] cjsfz e'QmfgL xf] . t;y{
lgj[lQe/0f cfonfO{ cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf * sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -r_
jdf]lhd /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfj]z u/L /f]huf/Lsf] cfo u0fgf u/] ;/x s/of]Uo
cfosf] u0fgf ug'{ k5{ . o;/L u0fgf ul/Psf] s/of]Uo cfodf cg';"rL ! jdf]lhd
s/sf] u0fgf u/L cGo /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf h:t} bkmf *& jdf]lhd s/ sL ug'{
k5{ . sd{rf/Ln] kfpg] lgj[lQe/0f /sdjf6 k|fs[lts JolQmn] 36fpg kfpg]
lgDglnlvt /sdx? 36fO{ s/nfUg] /sd sfod ug'{ k5{ .
cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf ( df pNn]v eP jdf]lhd lgj[lQe/0f cfo ePsf] JolQmsf]
xsdf Psn k|fs[lts JolQm eP ?= !,^),))) sf] @% k|ltztn] x'g] /sd ?=
$),))) / bDklQ 5gf}6 u/]sf] eP ?= @,)),))) sf] @% k|ltztn] x'g] /sd ?=
%),))) lgj[Qe/0f cfojf6 36fO{ s/of]Uo cfo u0fgf ug'{ k5{ .
cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf !) df pNn]v eP jdf]lhd ckf Psn k|fs[lts JolQm eP
?= !,^),))) sf] %) k|ltztn] x'g] /sd ?= *),))) / ckf bDklQ 5gf}6
u/]sf] eP ?= @,)),))) sf] %) k|ltztn] x'g] /sd ?= !,)),))) lgj[Qe/0f
cfojf6 36fO{ s/of]Uo cfo u0fgf ug'{ k5{ .
cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf !@ df pNn]v eP jdf]lhd k|fs[lts JolQmn] nufgL jLdf
u/]sf] eP ;f] jfkt e'QmfgL u/]sf] aflif{s lk|ldod jf jL; xhf/ ?k}+ofdf h'g 36L
x'G5, ;f] /sd lgj[Qe/0f cfojf6 36fO{ s/of]Uo cfo u0fgf ug'{ k5{ .
lgj[lQe/0f cfojf6 pk/f]Qmfg';f/sf /sd 36fP kl5 af+sL /xg] /sd sd{rf/Lsf]
s/of]Uo cfo x'G5 . ;f] s/of]Uo cfodf cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf ! cg';f/ Psn
k|fs[lts JolQm eP s/sf] u0fgf lgDgfg';f/ ug'{ k5{M
s/of]Uo cfo ?= !,^),))) ;Dd ePdf ! k|ltztsf b/ n] s/sf] u0fgf ug'{k5{ .
s/of]Uo cfo @,^),))) ;Dd ePdf ?= !,^),))) ;Dd ! k|ltztsf b/n] / ;f]
b]lv dfyLsf] s/of]Uo cfodf !% k|ltztsf b/n] s/sf] u0fgf ug'{ k5{ .
s/of]Uo cfo @,^),))) eGbf a9L ePdf ?= !,^),))) ;Dd ! k|ltztsf b/n],
;f] b]lv dfyL ?= !,)),))) df !% k|ltztsf b/n], @,^),))) b]lv dfyL ?=
@%,)),))) nfv ;Dd @% k|ltztsf b/n] / ?= @%,)),))) nfv b]lv dfly
hlt;'s} ePtf klg a9L eP hlt /sddf #% k|ltztsf b/n] s/sf] u0fgf ug'{
k5{ .
pk/f]Qmfg';f/ s/sf] lx;fa ul/;s] kl5 hDdf nfUg] s/jf6 b]xfo jdf]lhdsf] /sd
36fpg' k5{MM
cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf !! df pNn]v eP jdf]lhd lgj[lQe/0f k|fKt ug]{ JolQm
lgj[lQe/0f cfo dfq k|fKt ug]{ dlxnf ePdf k|fs[lts JolQm eP lghnfO{ nfUg]
s/ /sddf !) k|ltzt 5'6 lbg' k5{ .
lgj[lQe/0f k|fKt ug]{ k|fs[lts JolQmn] l:js[t cf}ifwf]krf/ jfkt vr{ u/]sf] eP
a9Ldf ?= &%) ;Dd nfUg] s/jf6 36fpg' k5{ .
pQm ca:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn lbO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !&=!#=!M dfgf}, efO{ /fhf g]kfnL eGg] AolQm g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;]jf af6 lga[Q
ePsf] ckf+u sd{rf/L /x]5g\ . xfn lgh u au{sf] b'u{d lhNnf b}n]vdf a;f]af; u/L
332

cfPsf /x]5g\ . b}n]vdf lghn] :yfgLo sDkgLdf /f]huf/L ubf{ /x]5g\ . lghn] cf=j=
@)^&.^* df lgDgfg';f/sf] cfo /f]huf/bftfx?af6 k|fKt u/]sf /x]5g\ .
afli{fs k]G;g /sd
? $),))).
dfl;s tna
? $),))).
af]g;
? ^),))).
lghn] hLag jLdf afkt aflif{s ?= !),))) lk|ldod e'Qmfg ug]{ u/]sf /x]5g\ .
lghn] ;f] aif{ :jLs[t cf}ifwL pkrf/ afkt ?= @),))) vr{ u/]sf /x]5g\ .
lghn] ;f] cf=a= df bDklQ x'g 5gf}6 u/]sf /x]5g\ .
lghsf] lgDgfg';f/ lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo, s/ of]Uo cfo tyf s/sf] u0fgf u/L cfo
laa/0f k]; ug'{ kb{5 .
/sd ?=

lja/0f
tna
jflif{s k]G;g /sd
af]g;
hDdf
s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg kfpg] /sd
b'u{d ;'lawf
k]G;g afkt
ckf+u ;'lawf
hLag jLdf
s/of]Uo cfo -s/sf] u0fgfsf] nflu_
s/sf] u0fgf
?= @,)),))) df ! n] -bDklQ_
?= !,)),))) df !% n]
afFsL ?= !)),))) df @% n]
hDdf

Go"gM cf}ifwL vr{ ldnfg

hDdf s/ bfloTj

480,000.00
40,000.00
60,000.00
580,000.00
(180,000.00)
30,000.00
40,000.00
100,000.00
10,000.00
400,000.00

2,000.00
15,000.00
25,000.00
37,000.00
750.00
36,250.00

lgh efO{ /fhf g]kfnLn] :jLs[t cf}ifwf]krf/df ?= @),))) vr{ u/]sf] / ;f]sf] !% n]
x'g cfpg] /sd ?= #,))) dWo] ?= &%) o; aif{ s/ ldnfg bfaL u/L afFsL /xg
cfPsf] ?= @,@%) cfufdL aif{df bfaL ldnfg ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
pbfx/0f !&=!#=@M dfgf}, lbkLsf a:g]t eGg] AolQm g]kfn ljsf; a}+ssf] ;]jfaf6 ;]jf
lga[t ePsL Psn dlxnf /xLl5g\ . xfn ltgL ju{sf] b'u{d lhNnf wgs'6fdf
a;f]af; u/L cfPsL /lxl5g\ . lghn] cf=j= @)^&.^* df lgDgfg';f/sf] cfo g]kfn
ljsf; a}+saf6 k|fKt u/]sL /lxl5g\ .
aflif{s k]G;g /sd
? @^$,))).

333

bz} eQf
? @@,))).
laut aif{df a9]sf] k]G;g e'QmfgL
? #),))).
lghsf] lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo, s/ of]Uo cfosf] u0fgf lgDgfg';f/ x'g cfp5 .
lja/0f

/sd ?=

k]G;g cfo
bz} eQf
laut aif{df a9]sf] k]G;g e'QmfgL
/f]huf/Lsf] lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo
s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg kfpg] /sd
b'u{d ;'lawf
k]G;g afkt -!,^),))) sf] @%_
s/of]Uo cfo -s/sf] u0fgfsf] nflu_
s/sf] u0fgf

264,000.00
22,000.00
30,000.00
316,000.00
(50,000.00)
10,000.00
40,000.00
266,000.00

1,600.00
?= !,^),))) df ! n] -Psn AolQm_
15,000.00
yk ?= !,)),))) df !% n]
1,500.00
afFsL ?= ^,))) df @% n]
18,100.00
hDdf
Go"gM dlxnfsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfo dfq ePdf
1,810.00
s/ /sddf !) n] 5'6
16,290.00
hDdf aflif{s s/ bfloTj
k]G;g e'QmfgL ubf{ g]kfn ljsf; a}+sn]
1,357.50
dfl;s ?kdf s/ sL ug'{ kg]{ /sd
o;/L jf:tjdf ltg'{ kg]{ s/ /sdnfO{ lgj[lQe/0f k|fKt ug]{ dlxgfn] efu u/L lgj[lQ
e/0f e'QmfgL ubf{ dfl;s ?kdf s/ sL ug'{ k5{ .

!&=!$ /f]huf/Lsf] cfo u0fgf ;+u ;DaGwL yk pbfx/0fx?

/f]huf/Lsf] >f]tM
pbfx/0f !&=!$=!M g]kfnL /fhb'tfjf; -k|mfG;_ df sfo{/t g]kfnL gful/s
sd{rf/Lx?sf] tnj eQf g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|mfG; l:yt g]kfnL /fhb'tfjf; dfkm{t
e'QmfgL ub{5 eg], To;/L k|fKt ul/Psf] cfonfO{ g]kfndf >f]t ePsf] cfo
dflgg]5 . oxfF e'QmfgLsf] tyf sfo{/t :yfg k|mfG; ePtf klg cfosf] ;|f]t
g]kfng} dflgG5 . t/ a}b]lzs eQf k|fKt u/]sf]df eQfsf] &% k|ltzt /sd;Dd
P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf -^_ adf]lhd s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fO{
kfpg bfaL ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
pbfx/0f !&=!$=@M dfgf}+, ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8df sfo{/t sd{rf/L 1fg]z k|wfg
ldlt @)^# j}zfv ^ ut] cfkm\gf] ;xfos lgb]{zssf] kbaf6 lgj[Q ePsf

334

/x]5g\ . lghn] a}+ssf] ;]jf zt{ cg';f/ dfl;s ?= @%,))). k]G;g k|fKt ug{]
u/]sf /x]5g\ . lgh ;f]xL cfly{s jif{df ci6]lnofsf] :yfoL jfl;Gbf (Permanent
Residence) sf] ?kdf Visa k|fKt u/L ;f]xL b]zdf xfn;Dd j;f]jf; u/L /x]sf
/x]5g\ . lghnfO{ a}+sn] lghsf] k]G;g aflif{s ?kdf ci6]lnofdfg} k7fpg] Joj:yf
u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm cj:yfdf lghsf] s/ bfloTj lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 .
k]G;g -@%,))) !@_
#,)),))).
bz} vr{ -@%,))) !_
@%,))).
lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo M
#,@%,))).
36fpg] M
-!_ jfl;Gbf JolQmaf6 ;~rflnt cjsfz sf]ifdf u/]sf] of]ubfg
-of]ubfg eP 36fpg kfpg]_ .
s/ of]Uo cfo M
#,@%,))).
-@_ rGbf vr{ M
ljefuaf6 :jLs[t k|fKt u/]sf s/ 5'6 x'g] ;+:yfnfO{ lbPsf]
rGbf /sd P]gsf] bkmf !@ sf] ;Ldfleq /xL 36fpg kfpg]
t/ laa/0f k]z ug{ kg]{ .
-#_ nufgL jLdf M 36fpg gkfpg] jfl;Gbf JolQm x'g' kg]{ .
s'n s/ of]Uo cfo
#,@%,))).
s/ gnfUg] ;Ldf
nfu' gx'g] .

*!,@%).
s/ /sd -#,@%,))) @%% n]_
Go"gM cf}ifwL pkrf/ jfktsf] /sd ldnfg
bfjL ug{ gkfpg] -jfl;Gbf JolQm x'g' kg]{ ._
o;/L g]kfn ljsf; a}+sn] ?= *!,@%). s/ sf u/L afFsL k]G;g /sd lghnfO{
jf lghsf] cf>Lt kl/jf/nfO{ e'QmfgL lbg' kb{5 .
gf]6M s'g} JolQmsf] sfo{If]q g]kfn jf lgh JolQmn] g]kfndf sfd jf /f]huf/L u/L
k|fKt u/]sf] /sdnfO{ g]kfnsf] >f]t dfgL P]gsf] bkmf * cg';f/ cfodf ;dfj]z
ug'{ kb{5 . Pjd\ k|sf/n] g]kfndf /f]huf/L lgj[Q ePsf JolQmx?n] ljb]zdf pQm
lgj[QLe/0f /sd k|fKt u/]sf] cj:yfdf lghsf] /f]huf/Lsf] >f]t g]kfnd} x'g] /
e'QmfgLsf] :yfg g]kfn eGbf aflx/ ePtfklg o;/L k|fKt u/]sf] lgj[lQe/0f /sd
g]kfndf >f]t ePsf] dflgG5 . olb o;/L e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ JolQm u}x| jfl;Gbf
JolQm ePsf] cj:yfdf eg] afl;Gbf JolQmn] kfpg] 5'6 k|fKt gx'g] / Ps d'i7 @%
k|ltztsf b/n] s/ nfUg]]5 .
pbfx/0f !&=!$=#M dfgf}+, g]kfnsf] Ps sDkgLdf sfo{/t Ps sd{rf/Ln] @)^@
>fj0f ! ut], Ps jif{sf] ljz]if ljbf lnO{ ckmuflg:tfgdf sfd ug{ uP 5g\ .
lghsf] dfl;s tnj o"=P;= 8n/ %,))) /x]5 . lgh @)^# ebf} !) ut] g]kfn
k|a]z u/L k'gM ;f]xL sDkgLdf xflh/ ePsf /x]5g\ . lghn] ckmuflg:tfgdf cfo
cfh{g u/]sf] /sddf s/ bfloTj ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/ JofVof u/LPsf]5 .
-!_ P]gsf] bkmf @ v08 -s _ -!_ -v_ sf] k|fjwfg cyf{t cljl5Gg #^% lbgsf]
cjlwdf !*# lbg jf ;f]eGbf a9L g]kfndf /x]sf] x'g' kg]{ Aoa:yf ePsf] /
335

cf=j= @)^@^# df lgh !*# lbgeGbf a9L g]kfndf g/x]sf]n] lgh u}/
jfl;Gbf JolQm x'G5 .
-@_ P]gsf] bkmf ^& pkbkmf -%_ v08 -em !_ cg';f/ e'QmfgLsf] :yfg hxfF;'s}
ePklg g]kfndf ;]jf k|bfg ;DaGwL sfo{x? ePdf, lgh sd{rf/Ln] cfkm\gf]
;]jf k|bfg g]kfneGbf aflx/ cyf{t ckmuflg:tfgdf u/]sf] x'Fbf lghn] cfh{g
u/]sf] cfDbfgLsf] >f]t g]kfn xf]O{g .
-#_ P]gsf] bkmf ^& pkbkmf -%_ v08 -em @_ cg';f/ /f]huf/ hxfF;'s} ePklg
g]kfn ;/sf/n] e'QmfgL lbg] ePdf ;f] e'QmfgLsf] >f]t g]kfn x'g] t/ o;
pbfx/0fdf lgh sd{Rff/Ln] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 e'QmfgL k|fKt gu/]sf] x'+bf
lghn] cfh{g u/]sf] /sdsf] >f]t g]kfn xf]O{g .
-$_ P]gsf] bkmf ^ sf] v08 -v_ cg';f/ u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] ;f] jif{df g]kfndf
>f]t ePsf] /f]huf/Laf6 ePsf] cfonfO{ lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo elgG5 . lgh
sd{rf/L pQm cf=j= sf] nflu u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQm ePsf] / dfly pNn]v ul/P
cg';f/ cfosf] >f]t g]kfn ge} cGoq ePsf] x'Fbf lghsf] lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo
b]lvb}g . t;y{ lgh sd{rf/Ln] pQm cf=j= @)^@^# df ckmuflg:tfgdf u}
k|lt dlxgfsf] o"=P;= 8n/ %,))). sf b/n] sdfPsf] /sddf g]kfndf s/
nfUb}g . pQm AolQmsf] d'Vo cfo cfh{gsf] sfo{:yn ;f] cfly{s aif{sf] nflu
g]kfn ge} ckmuflg:tfg ePsf] / pQm cfly{s aif{sf] nflu ;fdfGo
a;f]af;sf] :yfg klg ckmuflg:tfgg} ePsf] x'+bf P]gsf] @ v08 -s _ -!_ s_ sf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ ;d]t lgh ;f] cawLsf] nfuL u}/ afl;Gbf ePsf]
x'+bf cfosf] >f]t g]kfn klg gePsf] x'+bf ;f] cfo g]kfnsf] lgwf{/0f of]Uo
cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb}{g .
afl;Gbf JolQmsf] Ps eGbf a9L /f]huf/L ePsf] .
pbfx/0f !&=!$=$M dfgf}, efO{ /fhf eGg] AolQm s'g} Ps ljQLo ;+:yfdf d'Vo k|jGwssf]
?kdf sfo{ ub} cfO{ /x]sf 5g\ . lgh pQm ;+:yfsf] cnfjf, Ps SofDk;df Account ljifo
klg cWofog u/fp+bf /x]5g\ . lghn] cf=j= @)^%.^^ df lgDgfg';f/sf] cfo /f]huf/bftfx?
af6 k|fKt u/]sf /x]5g\ .
tna dfl;s
? $),))).
bz} vr{
? $),))).
z}lIfs eQf
? @,))). k|lt dlxgf
dx+uL eQf
? @,))). k|lt dlxgf
af]g;
? ^),))).
SofDk; cWofkgaf6 tna
? ^,))). k|lt dlxgf
lghnfO{ sfof{no tyf JolQmut k|of]hgsf] nflu Ps 8fO{e/ ;lxtsf] sf/ pknAw
u/fPsf] /x]5 .
8fOe/sf] dfl;s tna tyf eQf ? *,))). /x]5 .
pQm d"Vo k|jGwssf] ufl8sf] nflu dfl;s k]6f]n vr{ ;/b/ ? !),))). nfUbf] /x]5 /
;f] sf/sf] nflu cfly{s aif{ @)^%.^^ df ?= @%,))). sf] dd{t vr{ nfu]sf] /x]5 .
lghnfO{ sfof{non] cfjf; Joj:yf ;d]t pknAw u/fO{Psf] /x]5 .

336

lghnfO{ lghsf] cfjf;df h8fg ul/Psf] 6]lnkmf]g vr{ jfkt ? @,))). k|lt dlxgf
sfof{non] pknAw u/fpg] u/]sf] /x]5g\ ;f] dWo] %) AolQmut 6]lnkmf]g vr{ /x]5 .
lghsf] cfjf;df /]vb]v ug{sf] nflu Pshgf ;]So"/L6L uf8{ pknAw u/fPsf] / lgh
uf8{nfO{ k|lt dlxgf ? ^))). pknAw u/]sf] /x]5 . uf8{ k|of]u u/]jfkt lghsf]
dfl;s tnaaf6 ? #,))). s6\6f ug]{ ul/Psf] /x]5 .
lghn] cfjfz C0f jfkt sfof{noaf6 % b/n] Aofh ltg]{ ul/ ? !),)),))). sf]
shf{ aif{ e/L pkef]u u/]sf /x]5g\ . pQm ;+:yfn] o:t} lsl;dsf] shf{ cGo C0fLnfO{
lb+bf cf}ift * sf b/n] Aofh lng] u/]sf] /x]5 .
lghn] @)^% d+l;/ dlxgfdf 3/ljbf jfkt Ps dlxgfsf] tna klg k|fKt u/]sf /x]5g\ .
sfof{non] lghn] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tnasf] !) / ;f] df TolQg} /sd yk u/L sd{rf/L
;+ro sf]ifdf hDdf u/Llbg] u/]sf] / lgh cfkm}n] gfu/Ls nufgL sf]ifdf k|ltdlxgf
@),))). sf b/n] hDdf ug]{ u/]sf /x]5g\ .
lghn] laefuaf6 :jLs[tL k|fKt s/ 5'6 x'g] ;+:yfnfO{ ? ^),))) rGbf lbPsf /x]5g\ .
lghn] cfkm\gf] ?= @,%),))). a/fa/sf] / cfkm\gf] >LdtLsf] ?= !,%),))). a/fa/sf]
hLjg jLdf g]kfn jLdf ;+:yfgdf u/]sf /x]5g\ / ;f] afkt cf=a= @)^%.^^ df qmdzM
?= !(,))). tyf !$,))). lk|ldod lt/]sf /x]5g\ .
lghn] cf=j= @)^%.^^ df lq=la= lzIf0f c:ktfndf :jf:yf]krf/ jfkt ? @),))).
vr{ u/]sf /x]5g\ .
lghn] ;f] cf=a= df bDklQ x'g 5gf}6 u/]sf /x]5g\ .
lghsf] lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo, s/ of]Uo cfosf] u0fgf lgDgfg';f/ u/L cfo laa/0f k]; ug'{
kb{5 .
lja/0f
/sd ?=
480,000.00
tna
40,000.00
bz} vr{
24,000.00
z}lIfs eQf
24,000.00
dx+uL eQf
60,000.00
af]g;
2,400.00
uf8L ;'lawf
8fO{e/sf] tna
gnfUg]
k]6f]n vr{
gnfUg]
dd{t vr{
gnfUg]
9,600.00
cfaf; ;'lawf
12,000.00
6]lnkmf]g vr{ -@)))X!@X%)_
36,000.00
;]So"/L6L uf8{ ;'lawf -^,)))#,)))_x!@
30,000.00
shf{ ;'lawf -*%_x!),)),)))
40,000.00
3/ljbf jfkt tna
48,000.00
cjsfz sf]ifdf of]ubfg
806,000.00
ljlQo ;+:yfaf6 k|fKt s'n /f]huf/Lsf] cfo
72,000.00
SofDk; cWofkgaf6 k|fKt tna
878,000.00
/f]huf/Lsf] lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo
5'6 /sdx?M
(292,666.67)
5'6 kfpg] casf; of]ubfg
af:tlas of]ubfg
48,000.00
/f]huf/bftfaf6 ;+rosf]ifdf
337

/f]huf/stf{af6 ;+rosf]ifdf
/f]huf/stf{af6 gful/s nufgL sf]ifdf
hDdf casfz of]ubfg
lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfosf] Ps ltxfO{
clwstd l;df
;dfof]lht s/ of]Uo cfo -878,000.00
292,666.67_
rGbf vr{
;dfof]lht s/ of]Uo cfosf] % n]
af:tlas rGbf vr{
clwstd l;df
s/of]Uo cfo
hLjg jLdf lk|ldod afkt 36fpg kfpg]
cfkm\gf] / cfkm\gf] >LdtLsf] nflu lt/]sf]
lk|ldod
clwstd l;df
s/of]Uo cfo -s/sf] u0fgfsf] nflu_

48,000.00
240,000.00
336,000.00
292,666.67
300,000.00
585,333.33
(29,266.67)
29,266.67
60,000.00
100,000.00
5,56,066.67
(20,000.00)
33,000.00
20,000.00
5,36,066.67

s/sf] u0fgf
cfo jif{ )^%.^^
?= !,$),))) ;Dd -bDklQ_
s/ gnfUg]
12,750.00
?= *%,))) df !% n]
77,766.67
afFsL ?= #,!!,)^^.^& df @% n]
90,516.67
hDdf
750.00
Go"gM cf}ifwL vr{ ldnfg
89,766.67
hDdf s/ bfloTj
lgh efO{ /fhfn] :jLs[t cf}ifwf]krf/df ?= @),))) vr{ u/]sf] / ;f]sf] !% n] x'g
cfpg] /sd ?= #,))) dWo] ?= &%) o; aif{ s/ ldnfg bfaL u/L afFsL /xg cfPsf]
?= @,@%) cfufdL aif{df bfaL ldnfg ug{ ;Sb5g\ . lghn] cfkm}+n] cjsfz of]ubfg
u/]sf] /sd / rGbf jfktsf] /sd 36fpg bfjL u/]sf]n] / Ps} k6s b'Oj6f
/f]huf/bftf ePsf]n] cfo ljj/0f bflvnf ug'{ k5{ .
afl;Gbf JolQmsf] Aoazfo tyf /f]huf/L sf] cfo ePsf] .
pbfx/0f !&=!$=%M dfgf}, dfyL pbfx/0f !&=!#=# df lgh efO{ /fhfsf] Ps k|f]k|fO{6/L
kmd{ ;d]t /x]sf] / pQm kmd{n] ?= @)),))) ;a} vr{ s6fO{ cfh{g gfkmf u/]sf] /x]5
eg] lghsf] lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo, s/ of]Uo cfo / s/sf] u0fgf lgDgfg';f/ ug'{ kb{5 .
lja/0f
Joj;fosf] cfo
/f]huf/Lsf] cfo -pbfx/0f
adf]lhd_
lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo
5'6 /sdx?M
5'6 kfpg] casf; of]ubfg
af:tlas of]ubfg

/sd ?=
200,000.00

!&=!#=#

878,000.00
1,078,000.00
(300,000.00)

338

/f]huf/bftfaf6 ;+rosf]ifdf
/f]huf/stf{af6 ;+rosf]ifdf
/f]huf/stf{af6 gful/s nufgL sf]ifdf
hDdf casfz of]ubfg
lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfosf] Ps ltxfO{
clwstd l;df
;dfof]lht s/ of]Uo cfo -10,78,000.00
300,000.00_
rGbf vr{
;dfof]lht s/ of]Uo cfosf] % n]
af:tlas rGbf vr{
clwstd l;df
s/of]Uo cfo
lhag jLdf lk|ldod
cfkm\gf] / cfkm\gf] >LdtLsf] nflu lt/]sf]
lk|ldod
clwstd l;df
s/of]Uo cfo -s/sf] u0fgfsf] nflu_

48,000.00
48,000.00
240,000.00
336,000.00
359,333.33
300,000.00
7,78,000.00
(38,900.00)
38,900.00
60,000.00
100,000.00
739,100.00
(20,000.00)
33,000.00
20,000.00
719,100.00

s/sf] u0fgf
cfo jif{ )^%.^^
?= !,$),))) ;Dd -bDklQ_
s/ gnfUg]
12,750.00
?= *%,))) df !% n]
123,525.00
afFsL ?= $,($,!)) df @% n]
136,275.00
hDdf
750.00
Go"gM cf}ifwL vr{ ldnfg
135,525.00
hDdf s/ bfloTj
gf]6M
!= lgh efO{ /fhfn] :jLs[t cf}ifwf]krf/df ?= @),))) vr{ u/]sf] / ;f]sf]
!% n] x'g cfpg] /sd ?= #,))) dWo] ?= &%) o; aif{ s/ ldnfg bfaL
u/L afFsL /xg cfPsf] ?= @,@%) cfufdL aif{df bfaL ldnfg ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
@= lgh efO{ /fhfsf] Joj;fodf cfo geO{ gf]S;fgL ePsf] ca:yfdf
Joj;fosf] gf]S;fgL /f]huf/Lsf] cfoaf6 s6\6f ug{ kfO+{b}g t/ To:tf]
gf]S;fgL cfufdL & aif{ ;Dd ;fg{ (Carry Forward) ug{ kfOG5 .
afl;Gbf JolQmsf] Aoazfo, /f]huf/L tyf nufgLsf] cfo ePsf] .
pbfx/0f !&=!$=^M dfgf}, pbfx/0f !&=!#=# tyf !&=!#=$, df efO{ /fhfn]
cf=a= @)^%.^^ df z]o/ laqmL u/]sf] -u}/ Aoa;flos s/ of]Uo ;DklQsf]
lg;u{_ / ;f] laqmLdf lghnfO{ ?= @,%),))) nfe ePsf] /x]5 eg] lghsf]
lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo, s/ of]Uo cfo / s/sf] u0fgf lgDgfg';f/ ug'{ kb{5 .
lja/0f
Joj;fosf] cfo
/f]huf/Lsf]
adf]lhd_

cfo

/sd ?=
200,000.00

-pbfx/0f

!&=!#=#

878,000.00

339

nufgLsf] cfo

250,000.00

lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo

5'6 /sdx?M
5'6 kfpg] casf; of]ubfg
af:tlas of]ubfg
/f]huf/bftfaf6 ;+rosf]ifdf
/f]huf/stf{af6 ;+rosf]ifdf
/f]huf/stf{af6 gful/s nufgL sf]ifdf
hDdf casfz of]ubfg
lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfosf] Ps ltxfO{
clwstd l;df
;dfof]lht s/ of]Uo cfo -13,28,000.00
300,000.00_
rGbf vr{
;dfof]lht s/ of]Uo cfosf] % n]
af:tlas rGbf vr{
clwstd l;df

1,328,000.00

s/of]Uo cfo
lhag jLdf lk|ldod
cfkm\gf] / cfkm\gf] >LdtLsf] nflu lt/]sf]
lk|ldod
clwstd l;df
s/of]Uo cfo -s/sf] u0fgfsf] nflu_

(300,000.00)
48,000.00
48,000.00
240,000.00
336,000.00
442,666.67
300,000.00
10,28,000.00
(51,400.00)
51,400.00
60,000.00
100,000.00
9,76,600.00
(20,000.00)
33,000.00
20,000.00

s/sf] u0fgf
?= !,$),))) ;Dd -bDklQ_
s/ gnfUg]
12,750.00
?= *%,))) df !% n]
u}/ Aoa;flos s/ of]Uo nfe afx]s afFsL
?= $,*!,^)) -(,%^,)))@%),)))
120,400.00
!,$),)))*%,)))_ df @% n]
u}/ Aoa;flos s/ of]Uo ;DklQsf]
lg;u{sf] nfe -?= @%),)))_ df !)%
25,000.00
sf b/n]
1,58,150.00
hDdf
750.00
Go"gM cf}ifwL vr{ ldnfg
hDdf s/ bfloTj

9,56,600.00

cfo jif{ )^%.^^

157,400.00

t/ cfo jif{ @)^*.^( sf] xsdf lwtf]kq ljlgdo ahf/df ;"lrs[t z]o/sf]
ljlqmaf6 k|fKt nfedf nfUg] s/sf] b/ % k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
gf]6M

340

!= lgh efO{ /fhfn] :jLs[t cf}ifwf]krf/df ?= @),))) vr{ u/]sf] / ;f]sf]

!% n] x'g cfpg] /sd ?= #,))) dWo] ?= &%) o; aif{ s/ ldnfg bfaL
u/L afFsL /xg cfPsf] ?= @,@%) cfufdL aif{df bfaL ldnfg ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
@= lgh efO{ /fhfsf] Joj;fodf cfo geO{ gf]S;fgL ePsf] ca:yfdf
Joj;fosf] gf]S;fgL /f]huf/Lsf] cfoaf6 s6\6f ug{ kfO+{b}g t/ nufgLdf
ePsf] cfoaf6 eg] s6\6f ug{ kfOG5 .
#= lgh efO{ /fhfsf] u}/ Aoa;flos s/ of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{df cfo geO{
gf]S;fgL ePsf] ca:yfdf To:tf] gf]S;fgL Joj;fosf] jf /f]huf/Lsf]
cfoaf6 s6\6f ug{ kfO+{b}g t/ To:tf] gf]S;fgL cgGt sfn ;Dd ;fg{
(Carry Forward) kfOG5 .

341

kl/R%]b 18

Aoj;foaf^ ePsf] cfosf] u)fgf

(Income from Business)

!*=!

!*=@

cfos/ P]g, @)%* n] cfosf rf/ zLif{s Joj;fo, /f]huf/L, nufgL tyf cfsl:ds
nfe pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . pNn]lvt cfosf zLif{s dWo] Joj;fosf] cfo Ps dxTjk"0f{
zLif{s /x]sf] 5 . ;fdfGotofM k"+hL, ;fwg tyf >dsf] k|of]u u/L Joj;foaf6 cfo
cfh{g ul/G5 . Joj;fosf] cfo u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu cfo cfh{g ug]{ sfo{;+u
;DalGwt vr{x?nfO{ vr{sf] ?kdf sL bfaL ug{ ;lsg] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 . o;/L
vr{ sL bfaL ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu P]gsf] clwgdf /xL n]vfsf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGt
cg'?k x'g] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 . Aoj;foaf6 ePsf] cfosf] u0fgf ;DaGwdf AofVof
ubf{ cfjZos dxTjk"0f{ Aoa:yfx? h:t}, P]gsf] kl/R5]b# df pNn]v ePsf] ;dfa];
x'g] /sdx?, kl/R5]b$ df pNn]v ePsf] Aoa;flos 5'6x?, kl/R5]b% df pNn]v
ePsf] sL x'g] /sdx?, kl/R5]b^ df pNn]v ePsf] s/ n]vf+sg / ;do, cg';"lr
@ df pNn]v ePsf] x|f; sL ;DaGwL Aoa:yf nufot cGo dxTjk"0f{ Aoa:yfx?
;d]tsf] AofVof o; kl/R5]bdf ul/Psf] 5 .
Joj;fo
cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf % adf]lhd s'g} cfo jif{sf] cfo Joj;fo, /f]huf/L,
nufgL / cfsl:ds nfe zLif{sx?df auL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf @ -s h_ n]
Joj;fo nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 M
Joj;fo eGgfn] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] pBf]u, Jofkf/, k]zf jf o:t} cGo k|s[ltsf
Joj;flos sf/f]jf/ ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] To:t} k|sf/sf ljut, jt{dfg jf efjL
Joa;fox?nfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 .
t/ o; zAbn] /f]huf/LnfO{ hgfpFg] 5}g .
/f]huf/Lsf ;DaGwdf ;fdfGotofM >dsf] pkef]u x'G5 To:t} Joj;fodf >d, ;fwg
tyf k"FhLsf] pkef]u x'G5 . nufgLdf ;fdfGotofM ;DklQ wf/0f ug]{ tyf cfo cfh{g
ug]{ ;Gbe{df ;f] AolQmsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf (Active Engagement) x'+b}g . Joj;fosf]
;Gbe{df eg] ;f] AolQmsf] cfo cfh{g ug]{ sfo{df ;lqmo ;xeflutf (Active
Engagement) x'G5 . ;DklQ wf/0f u/L k|ToIf ;+nUg geO{ cfo cfh{g ug]{ sfo{nfO{
;fdfGotofM nufgL dflgG5 eg] ;f] AolQm k|ToIf ?kdf ;+nUg eO{ ;DklQ Pj+
cfonfO{ Aoa:yfkg ug]{ u/]sf] /x]5 eg] ;f]nfO{ Joj;fo dflgG5 . o; cy{df
lgsfosf] ;fdfGotofM nufgLsf] cfo x'+b}g . Joj;fo cGtu{t pBf]u (Industry)
cyf{t s'g} a:t' pTkfbg u/L laqmL ug]{, Jofkf/ (Trading) cyf{t s'g} Tangible jf
Intangible a:t' sf] vl/b laqmL ug]{, k]zf (Profession) jf o:t} cGo k|s[ltsf
Joj;flos sf/f]jf/ ug]{ ul/G5 .
Joj;fo -vf; u/L Professional Service_ / /f]huf/Lsf] aLrdf obfsbf llawf eO{
/x]sf] kfO{G5 . Joj;fo / /f]huf/Lsf jLrdf vf; s] leGgtf 5g\ / tL sf/f]jf/nfO{
s;/L Joj;fo (Independent Contractor) jf /f]huf/L egL 5'6\ofpg ;lsG5 eGg]
jf/]df lgDgfg';f/sf a'+bfx?nfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg' kb{5 .

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)

sfd ug]{ k|s[of M Joj;fodf vf; u/L Independent Contractor n] tf]lsPsf]

sfd ;DkGg ug'{ kg]{ x'Fbf sfd ug]{ k|s[ofsf ;DaGwdf lgb]{zg lbg] sfd
;fdfGotofM x'Fb}g\ . t/ sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ sfd ug]{ k|s[of / s] sfd
ug]{ eGg] jf/]df :ki6 lgb]{zg lbO{Psf] x'G5 .
;fdfg / ;fwgsf] k|of]u M Joj;fodf Independent Contractor cfkm\gf]
;fdfg / ;fwg k|of]u u/L jf vl/b u/L cfk'mnfO{ lbO{Psf] sfo{ ;DkGg
ub{5g\ . sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ eg] /f]huf/bftfn] ;fdfg / ;fwg
pknJw u/fpF5 . ;f]xL ;fdfg / ;fwg k|of]u u/L cfkm\gf] >dsf sf/0f
cfk'mnfO{ tf]lsPsf] sfo{ lg/Gt/ ?kdf u/L /xG5g\ .
sfo{ ;do M Independent Contractor nfO{ slxn];Dddf sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{
eg] ;do tf]lsPsf] x'G5 . pQm tf]lsPsf] ;doleq sfo{ ;DkGg ug{sf] nflu
Independent Contractor n] cfkm\g} lx;fjn] sfo{ ug]{ ;do tf]s]sf x'G5g\ .
;fdfGotofM sd{rf/LnfO{ tf]lsPsf] ;doeGbf ;fwf/0ftof km/s x'g ;Sb5 .
t/, sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/LnfO{ slxn] jf s'g ;dodf sfd ug]{ egL tf]lsPsf]
x'G5 . ;fwf/0ftof sd{rf/Ln] k"0f{sfnLg ;do sfd ub{5g\ .
sfd ug]{ AolQm M Independent Contractor n] cfk'mnfO{ lbO{Psf] sfo{ csf]{
AolQm ;d]tsf] ;xof]u lnO{ jf glnO{ tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ ;Sb5 .
sd{rf/Lx?n] cfk'mnfO{ lbO{Psf] sfo{ ;fdfGotofM cfkm} jf cfkm\gf] ;xfos
dfkm{t ;DkGg ub{5g\ .
Exclusivity : Independent Contractor n] Ps ;dodf PseGbf a9L
;]jfu|fxL;Fu sfd ug{ ;Sb5g\ eg] sd{rf/Ln] ;fdfGotofM Pp6}
/f]huf/bftf;Fu sfo{ ub{5g\ .
tflnd M Independent Contractor n] cfkm\gf] tflndsf] Joj:yf cfkm} ub{5g\
/ To;df nfUg] ;Dk"0f{ vr{ cfkm}n] g} Joxf]{5g\ . sd{rf/Lx?sf] tflndsf]
Joj:yf / ;f]sf] nflu nfUg] vr{ eg] /f]huf/bftf (Employer) n] Joj:yf
ub{5g\ .
e'QmfgL ug]{ Joj:yf M Independent Contractor nfO{ sfdsf] u'0f:t/sf]
cfwf/df jf sfd u/]sf] ;dosf] cfwf/df e'QmfgL ul/G5 . ;f] Aoa:yf
sd{rf/Lx?sf] xsdf nfu' gx'g klg ;Sb5 .
;DjGwsf] (Relationship) lg/Gt/tf M Independent Contractor sf] Employer
;Fusf] ;DaGw tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ;DkGg gx'Fbf ;Dd dfq} x'g] ub{5 . t/,
sd{rf/Lx?sf] /f]huf/bftf;Fusf] ;DaGw eg] lg/Gt/ /lx/xG5 .
kfl/>ldssf] u0fgf M Independent Contractor n] s'g} klg sfo{ afkt gfkmf
gf]S;fgsf] hf]lvd cfkm}n] axg u/L s'g} Pp6f lglZrt /sd lng] ub{5g\ .
h;n] ubf{ pQm sfo{af6 gfkmf jf gf]S;fgsf] u'Ghfo; /xG5 . sd{rf/Lx?sf]
xsdf eg] tf]lsPsf] ;do sfo{ u/] jfkt lglZrt /sd kfl/>ldssf] ?kdf
e'QmfgL ul/Psf] x'G5, cltl/Qm gfkmf jf gf]S;fg x'g] u'Ghfo; b]lv+b}g .
dfly pNn]v ul/Psf a'+bfx?sf cnfjf sfdsf] k|s[lt, e'QmfgL k|0ffnL,
Jojxfl/stf cflb k|s[ofaf6 ;d]t /f]huf/L jf Joj;fo eGg] s'/f :ki6?kdf
5'6\ofpg ;lsG5 .
343

!*=# Joj;fosf] cfosf] n]vfg

!*=#=! s/ n]vfg / ;do
k|fs[lts AolQmn] cfkm\gf] /f]huf/L / nufgLsf] cfosf] n]vfg gub cfwf/ (Cash
Basis) df ug{' kb{5 eg] Aoj;fosf] cfo Pq'mon (Accrual) jf gub cfwf/df
n]vfg ug{' kg]{ x'G5 . sDkgLn] cfkm\gf] cfo Accrual basis df g} n]vfg ug'{ kg]{
x'G5 . cGo AolQmsf] xsdf eg] k|rlnt n]vf Joj:yfsf] cfwf/df gub jf
Pq'monsf] cfwf/df n]vfg ug{ ;Sb5g\ . o;/L k|of]u ul/g] n]vfg gLlt n]vfsf]
;j{dfGo l;4fGt adf]lhd lg/Gt/ ?kdf (Consistently) kfng ug{' kg]{ x'G5 .
k|rlnt n]vfdfg cg';f/ Pj+ P]g sf] bkmf @@ sf] pkbkmf -%_ jdf]lhd ;d]t
n]vfg tl/sfdf ;fdfGotofM kl/jt{g ug{ kfO{b}g . tyfkL k|rlnt Industrial
Practices sf] cfwf/df n]vfg tl/sf kl/jt{g ug{ cfjZos nfu]sf] v08df
k|fs[lts JolQmn] ljefu ;dIf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 . ljefunfO{ n]vf~sg ljlw
kl/jt{g ug{ plrt nfu]df s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu n]vfg tl/sf kl/jt{g ug{ :jLs[lt
lbg ;Sg]5 . sDkgLsf] s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu n]vfg Accrual Basis df g} x'g' kg]{
x'gfn] sDkgLn] eg] n]vfg kl/jt{g ug{ lga]bg lbg ;Sg] 5}gg\ . o;/L s/
k|of]hgsf] nflu n]vfg tl/sf ljefusf] :jLs[lt lnO{ kl/jt{g u/]sf] v08df To:tf]
kl/jt{g ePsf] cfo jif{df ;f] JolQmsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ePsf], sf ePsf]
jf ;dfj]z x'g] jf sf x'g] /sdx?df s'g} /sd g5'6\g] u/L jf bf]xf]/f] gkg]{ u/L
;dfof]hg ug{' kg]{5 .
!*=#=@ n]vfg gLlt (Accounting Policy)
n]vfg gLlt (Accounting Policy) n] cfo n]vfgdf pNn]vgLo c;/ ug]{ cj:yfnfO{
Wofgdf /flv Ps?ktf tyf lgoldttf (Consistency) sfod /fVg] p4]Zon] cfos/
P]g, @)%* df s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu P]gsf] clwgdf /xL n]vfsf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGt
cg'?k x'g] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 . pk/f]Qm adf]lhdsf] k|of]hgsf nflu P]gdf :ki6
?kdf n]vfgsf] k|s[of v'nfO{Psf] cj:yfdf ;f]xL adf]lhd / cGoyf ePsf]df
n]vfsf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGt cg'?k n]vfg (Accounting) ug'{ kb{5 . o; ;Gbe{df
g]kfn rf6{8{ Psfp06]06;\ ;+:yf (Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nepal,
ICAN) n] hf/L u/]sf g]kfn n]vfdfg (Nepal Accounting Standard) / ;f] gePsf]
ca:yfdf cGt/fli6|o n]vfdfg -International Accounting Standard) jf cGo k|rlnt
l;4fGtsf cfwf/df n]vfg ug'{ kg]{ Aoa:yf P]gn] u/]sf] 5 . cfos/ k|of]hgsf]
nflu lgDg AolQmn] lgDgfg';f/sf] n]vfg tl/sf ckgfO sf/f]jf/ n]vfg ug{'
kb{5 .
AolQm
cfosf] lzif{s
n]vfg tl/sf
k|fs[lts JolQm
/f]huf/L, nufgL
gubsf] cfwf/
k|fs[lts JolQm
Joj;fo
gub jf Pq'mon cfwf/
sDkgL
Aoj;fo, nufgL
Pq'mon cfwf/
sDkgL afx]ssf Aoj;fo, nufgL
gub jf Pq'mon cfwf/
lgsfo

344

!*=#=# gub cfwf/sf] n]vfg (Cash Basis of Accounting)M

gub k|fKt eP kl5 cfDbfgLdf ;dfa]; ug]{ Pj+ gub e'QmfgL ePkl5 dfq} vr{ n]Vg]
k|0ffnLnfO{ gubsf] cfwf/df n]vfg ug]{ k2tL dflgG5 . P]gsf] bkmf @# n] gub
cfwf/sf] n]vfg ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/ Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5M
s'g} JolQmn] s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu o; P]gsf] cwLgdf /xL /f]huf/L, Joj;fo jf
nufgLaf6 ePsf] cfgf] cfosf] u0fgfsf] n]vf+sg gub cfwf/df ubf{ b]xfo
adf]lhd ug'{ kg]{5 M
-s_ lghn] e'QmfgL k|fKt ubf{ jf lghnfO{ ;f] e'QmfgL pknAw x'Fbfsf
cj:yfdf dfq lghsf] cfosf] u0fgfdf /sd k|fKt u/]sf] dfgL ;dfj]z
ug'{ kg]{5 .
-v_ lghn] e'QmfgL u/]kl5 dfq ;f] u0fgfdf vr{afkt sL ug'{ kg]{5 .
!*=#=$ Pq'mon cfwf/sf] n]vfg (Accrual Basis of Accounting):
Pq'mon cfwf/sf] n]vfg (Accrual Basis of Accounting) cGt/fli6o k|rngdf /x]sf]
n]vfg ktL xf] . g]kfn n]vfdfg (Nepal Accounting Standard- 1: Presentation of
Financial Statement) n] lgsfosf] gub k|jfx (Cash Flow Statement) jfx]s cGo
cfly{s ljj/0f Accrual Basis df /fVg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf @@ sf]
pkbkmf -#_ df sDkgLn] s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu Accrual Basis df g} n]vfg ug{'kg]{
:ki6 Joj:yf 5 .
Accrual Basis of Accounting df s'g} cfly{s 36gf jf sf/f]jf/ x'gf;fy g} n]vfg
ul/G5 . sf/f]jf/x? h'g ;do ;+u ;DjlGwt 5 ;f]lx ;dodf g} n]vfg ul/g]
k2tLnfO{ Pq'mon cfwf/sf] n]vfg elgG5 . o:tf] ktLn] cfDbfgL / vr{ ljr
Matching Concept nfO{ ;d]t k'i6\ofO{ ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] x'G5 . o; ktLdf cfo
n]vfg ubf{ e'QmfgL kfpg] clwsf/ ;[hgf (Right to Receive) ePsf] cj:yfdf cfo
n]vfg ul/g' k5{ eg] vr{sf] ;Gbe{df e'QmfgL lbg' kg]{ bfloTj (Obligation to Pay)
;[hgf x'gf;fy vr{ ePsf] dfgL n]vfg ul/g' kb{5 . o; lsl;dsf] n]vfg
ktLdf gub k|fKtL jf e'QmfgLnfO{ dfq n]vf+sgsf] cfwf/ dflgb}g .
P]gsf] bkmf @$ adf]lhd Pq'mon cfwf/sf] n]vfg ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/ Aoa:yf
u/]sf] 5M
-!_ s'g} JolQmn] s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu o; P]gsf] cwLgdf /xL Joj;fo jf
nufgLjf6 ePsf] cfgf] cfosf] u0fgfsf] n]vfg Pq'mon cfwf/df ubf{
e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ l;h{gf x'gf;fy To:tf] e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf] dfgL
lghsf] cfosf] u0fgfdf ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df pNn]veP adf]lhd s'g} JolQmsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ sL ug]{
k|of]hgsf] nflu b]xfosf vr{x? Joxf]/]sf] dflgg]5 M
-s_ s'g} csf]{ JolQmjf6 ePsf] e'QmfgLsf] ;fdf To:tf] vr{ ;dfj]z ePsf]
s'g} e'QmfgL ul/Psf] ePdf b]xfosf] cj:yfdf vr{ Joxf]/]sf] dflgg]5 M
-!_ ;f] JolQmdf ;f] e'QmfgL ug]{ bfloTj /x]sf]df,

345

!*=$

-@_ To:tf] bfloTjsf] d"No oyfy{ k/s 9n] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsg]
ePsf]df, /
-#_ csf]{ JolQmaf6 e'QmfgL k|fKt ePsf]df, jf
-v_ v08 -s_ df plNnlvt cj:yfafx]s cGo ;a} cj:yfdf e'QmfgL ul/Psf]
;dodf vr{ Joxf]/]sf] dflgg]5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg a}+ls Joj;fosf ;DaGwdf
g]kfn /fi6 a}+s P]g, @)%* tyf a}+ls ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"gsf cwLgdf /xL
g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] tf]s]sf] n]vfgnfO{ ljefun] dfGotf lbg ;Sg]5 .
-$_ Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 ePsf] s'g} JolQmsf] cfo Pq'mon cfwf/df u0fgf ubf{
;f] JolQmn] cfk"mn] kfpg' kg]{ s'g} e'QmfgL ;dfj]z u/]sf]df jf cfk'mn] Joxf]g'{
kg]{ s'g} e'QmfgL sf u/]sf] df ;6xL b/sf] km/ssf] sf/0f ;d]tn] ubf{ ;f]
JolQmn] e'QmfgL kfpFbf jf e'QmfgL lb+bf km/s kg{ uPdf km/s /sdnfO{
e'QmfgL k|fKt x'Fbf jf lb+bf ;dfof]hg ug'{ kg]{5 .
s/ n]vfg tl/sf, ;do Pj+ cfwf/x?sf af/]df la:t[t AofVof o;} lgb]{lzsfsf]
kl/R5]b * df ul/Psf] 5 .
Joj;fosf] cfodf ;dfa]; x'g] /sdx?
P]gsf] bkmf & df Joj;foaf6 ePsf] cfosf] u0fgfsf ;DaGwdf ;dfa]; x'g]
/sdx? pNn]v 5 . pkbkmf -!_ df s'g} AolQmsf] Joj;fosf] cfosf] ;DaGwdf
lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
&-!_
s'g} JolQmsf] s'g} cfo jif{df s'g} Joj;fo ;+rfngjf6 ePsf] d'gfkmf /
nfex? ;f] JolQmsf] ;f] Joj;fosf] ;f] jif{sf] cfo x'g]5 .
s'g} klg cfo jif{df Joj;fo ;~rfngaf6 ePsf] d'gfkmf / nfe ;f] JolQmsf] ;f]
cfo jif{sf] Joj;fosf] cfo x'G5 .
pbfx/0f !*=$=! M dfgf}+, ABC Company Ps pTkfbgd'ns sDkgL /x]5 . o;
sDkgLsf] cf= a= @)^%.^^ df ePsf] sf/f]jf/af6 ?= @ s/f]8 k|fKt ePsf] /x]5 /
pQm sDkgLdf /x]sf] Aofa;flos ;DklQ ljqmL jfkt ?= @) nfv nfe ePsf]
/x]5 . o;/L ePsf] d'gfkmf / nfe u/L hDdf ?= @ s/f]8 @) nfv s/ k|of]hgsf]
nflu pQm cf=a= df ;f] sDkgLsf] Joj;fosf] cfo dflgG5 .
s'g} klg JolQmsf] Joj;fosf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ P]gsf] bkmf & sf] pkbkmf -@_ df
pNn]lvt lgDgfg';f/ /sdx? ;dfj]z u/L ug'{ kb{5 M
&-@_
s'g} JolStsf] s'g} cfo jif{df Joj;fo ;+rfngjf6 ePsf] d'gfkmf /
nfesf] u0fgf ubf{ ;f] JolQmn] ;f] jif{leq k|fKt u/]sf] b]xfosf /sdx?
;dfj]z u/L u0fgf ug{' kg]{5 M
&-@_-s_
;]jf z'Ns,
;]jf z'Ns eGgfn] s'g} JolStn] pknAw u/fPsf] ;]jf afkt lghnfO{ ahf/ d"No
cg';f/ e'StfgL ul/Psf] s'g} z'Ns ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] sldzg, j}7s eQf,
Joj:yfkg z'Ns (Management Fee) jf k|fljlws ;]jf z'Ns (Technical Service

346

nfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, k/fdz{bftf nfO{ lghn] ;]jf pknAw
u/fP afkt lbO{g] e'QmfgL (Consultancy Fee), n]vf k/LIf0f ;]jf pknAw u/fP
afkt n]vf k/LIfsnfO{ lbO{g] kfl/>ldsnfO{ hgfp+5 . t/ sd{rf/L cfGtl/s
n]vfk/LIfs eP lghnfO{ lbO{g] kfl/>lds eg] kfl/>lds cGtu{t kb{5 . To:t}
laqmL k|aGwsf] nflu lgo"Qm Ph]06 (Sales Agent) nfO{ lbO{g] sldzg, t/ laqmLsf]
nIf xfl;n u/] afkt tf]lsPsf sd{rf/LnfO{ pknAw x'g] sldzg eg] kfl/>lds
cGtu{t kb{5 .
P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -s d_ df ;]jf z'NsnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 M
;]jf z'Ns eGgfn] s'g} JolStn] pknAw u/fPsf] ;]jf afkt lghnfO{ ahf/ d"No
cg';f/ e'StfgL ul/Psf] s'g} z'Ns ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] sldzg, j}7s eQf,
Joj:yfkg z'Ns jf k|fljlws ;]jf z'NsnfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 .
&-@_-v_
Jofkfl/s df}Hbftsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt /sd,
Jofkfl/s df}Hbftsf] ljqmL jf cGo s'g} lsl;dn] ePsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt /sdnfO{
Joj;fosf] cfo u0fgfdf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . oxfF Jofkfl/s df}Hbft eGgfn]
ljqmLof]Uo a:t'nfO{ lnO{Psf] 5 . s'g} klg Joj;fosf] d'Vo sf/f]jf/af6 k|fKt x'g]
/sdnfO{ Jofkfl/s df}Hbftsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt ul/g] /sd dfgL u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 .
Joj;fodf k|ToIf jf ckTo|If -h:t}, Packing Material_ ?kdf laqmLsf] k|of]hgsf]
nflu /flvPsf ;DklQx?nfO{ Jofkfl/s df}Hbft elgG5 . To;}u/L pTkfbgsf] qmddf
/x]sf] sfo{ k|ult -Work-in progress_ nfO{ klg Jofkfl/s df}Hbft elgG5 . AolQmsf]
Joj;fosf] cfwf/df o:tf] a:t'sf] pbfx/0f km/s km/s x'g ;Sb5 . h:t}, kmlg{r/
lsga]r ug]{ AolQmsf] nflu kmlg{r/ Jofkfl/s df}Hbft x'G5 eg] cGo AolQmsf] nflu
eg] ;f] x|f; of]Uo ;DklQ dflgG5 .
P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -s `_ df Jofkfl/s df}HbftnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kl/eflift
ul/Psf] 5 M Jofkfl/s df}Hbft eGgfn] s'g} JolStsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] lghf/f
;+rflnt lgoldt Joa;fosf] qmddf laqmL ul/g] ;DklQ, sfo{ k|ultdf /x]sf] ;DklQ
/ ;DklQdf ;dflji6 x'g] ;fdfu|Lx?sf] df}Hbft ;Demg' k5{ .
t/ o; zAbn] ljb]zL d'b|fdf /x]sf] ;DklQnfO{ hgfpFg] 5}g .
s'g} AolQm -h:t}, a}+s_ ;+u lab]zL d'b|f df}Hbft /x]5 eg] To:tf] ;DklQnfO{
Aoa;flos ;DklQ (Foreign Currency Assets) dflgG5 / pQm lab]zL d'b|fdf /x]sf]
;DklQnfO{ Aofkfl/s df}Hbft dflgb}g .
&-@_-u_
kl/R5]b* adf]lhd u0fgf ul/Psf] s'g} JolQmsf] Joj;flos ;DklQ jf
Joj;flos bfloTjsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt v"b nfe,
dfly -s_ df pNn]lvt ;]jf z'Ns / -v_ df pNn]lvt Jofkfl/s df}Hbftsf] lg;u{af6
k|fKt /sd ;d]t e'QmfgL kfPsf] k'/} /sd -Gross Receipt_ cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{
kb{5 eg] of] v08 adf]lhd e'QmfgL ePsf] k'/} /sd cfodf ;dfj]z gu/L P]gsf]
kl/R5]b * adf]lhd v'b nfe u0fgf u/L v'b nfe ePsf] /sd dfq cfodf ;dfj]z
ug'{ kb{5 .
Joj;flos ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] lg;u{ (Disposal) af6 x'g] nfe u0fgf o; P]gsf]
kl/R5]b* cg';f/ ul/G5 . ;DklQsf] xsdf laqmL jf ls:tfaGbLdf laqmL u/L, cGo
;DklQ jf bfloTjdf ufleO{, gfl;O{, x/fO{, c+za08f jf xs x:tfGt/0f u/L,
Fee)

347

;f6f;f6 u/L jf s'g} tj/af6 cfkm\gf] :jfldTj x6\g] dfWodnfO{ ;DklQsf] lg;u{
(Disposal) dflgG5 . To:t}, bfloTjsf] xsdf bfloTj e'Qmfg u/L, bfloTjaf6 d'Qm
eO{, cGo ;DklQ jf bfloTjdf ufleO{, bfloTj /2 eO{ jf s'g} klg dfWodaf6 bfloTj
d'Qm ePsf] v08df bfloTjsf] lg;u{ dflgG5 . ;f] lg;u{af6 k|fKt v'b nfe
Joj;fosf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . Joj;flos ;DklQdf Jofkfl/s
df}Hbft jf Joj;fosf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ afx]s cGo ;DklQ, h:t} z]o/, hUuf, lng'
kg]{ /sd, k]ZsL lx;fa, gub tyf a}+s df}Hbft cfbL kb{5g\ .
P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -s 6_ df Joj;flos ;DklQnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kl/eflift
ul/Psf] 5M Joj;flos ;DklQ eGgfn] s'g} Joj;fodf k|of]u ul/Psf] s'g} ;DklQ
;Demg' k5{ .
t/ o; zAbn] Jofkfl/s df}Hbft jf Joj;fosf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQnfO{ hgfpFg]
5}g .
o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b @ df Aoa;flos ;DklQaf/] yk AofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
Joj;flos ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] lg;u{ (Disposal) af6 x'g] nfesf] u0fgf P]gsf]
kl/R5]b* cg';f/ ul/G5 . ;f] kl/R5]b cg';f/ u0fgf ul/Psf] nfenfO{ Joj;flos
cfo dflgg] x'Fbf o; bkmf cg';f/ Joj;fosf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
Joj;flos ;DklQdf Jofkfl/s df}Hbft jf Joj;fosf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ afx]s cGo
;DklQ, h:t}, lng' kg]{ /sd, k]ZsL lx;fa, lwtf]kqx?, hUuf cfbLdf u/]sf] nufgL,
gub tyf a}+s df}Hbft cfbL kb{5g\ . P]gsf] kl/R5b]* df pNn]lvt Joj;flos
;DklQ / bfloTjsf] lg;u{ (Disposal) af6 x'g] nfesf ;Gbe{df o;} lgb]{lzsfsf]
kl/R5]b @@ df la:t[t AofVof ul/Psf 5 .
&-@_-3_
Joj;fosf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 cg';"rL@ sf] bkmf $ sf]
pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd k|fKt u/]sf] dflgg] /sd,
;do Pj+ pkef]usf cfwf/df vr{ jf 6'6k'm6 eP/ hfg] ;DklQnfO{ x|f; of]Uo
;DklQ dflgG5 . AolQmsf] Joj;fosf] k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df o:tf] a:t'sf] pbfx/0f
km/s km/s x'g ;Sb5 . h:t}, kmlg{r/ lsga]r ug]{ AolQmsf] nflu kmlg{r/
Jofkfl/s df}Hbft x'G5 eg] cGo Joj;fodf To;sf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 eg] ;f]
x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ dflgG5 . ;fdfGotofM ;do Pj+ pkef]usf cfwf/df vr{ jf
6'6k'm6 eP/ hfg] ;DklQsf] pkef]u u/L cfo cfh{g ug]{ sfo{ ePsf] 5 eg] To:tf]
;DklQnfO{ x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ elgG5 .
P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -s /_ df x|f;of]Uo ;DklQnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kl/eflift ul/Psf]
5 M x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ eGgfn] s'g} Joj;fo jf nufgLdf cfo cfh{gsf] nflu k|of]u
ul/Psf 6'6k'm6, k"/fgf] x'+b} uPsf] jf ;do JotLt x'b} uPsf] sf/0faf6 d"Nodf x|f;
x'g] ;DklQ ;Demg' k5{ .
t/ o; zAbn] Jofkfl/s df}HbftnfO{ hgfpFg] 5}g .
x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] s'g} klg ju{ (Pool) df /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQsf] x|f;sf] cfwf/ x|f; vr{ sL ug'{ k"j{sf] /sd_ /sdnfO{ ;f]xL ju{sf] s'g} jf ;j} ;DklQ ljqmL jf
lg;u{af6 k|fKt /sdaf6 36fpFbf ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt /sd eGbf pQm ju{sf]
;Dk"0f{ ;DklQsf] x|f; cfwf/ /sd sd ePdf a9L eP htLsf] /sdnfO{ ;f] ju{df

348

;DklQ afsL /x] jf g/x]tf klg o; bkmf cGtu{t nfe dfgL cfo u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 .
h'g tn pNn]v ul/Psf] pbfx/0faf6 k|i6 x'G5 .
pbfx/0f !*=$=@ M dfgf}+, ABC sDkgLsf] cf=j= )^%.^^ sf] x|f;sL ug'{ k"j{ ;d'x
v sDKo'6/ / kmlg{r/ /x]sf] ;DklQsf] x|f; cfwf/ ?= (,)),))). /x]5 .
sDkgLn] ;f] ;d"xsf] kmlg{r/ ?= !),)),))). df ;f]xL cf=j= df ljqmL u/]sf]
/x]5 eg] pQm ;DklQ ljqmLaf6 k|fKt ul/g] nfe (Balancing Charge) /sdnfO{
lgDgfg';f/ cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
(,)),))).
v ju{sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQsf] x|f; cfwf/ -v_
v ju{df kg]{ ;DklQ dWo] kmlg{r/sf]
!),)),))).
lg;u{af6 k|fKt /sd -s_
!,)),))).
nfe -sv_ M
pbfx/0f !*=$=# M dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] pbfx/0f g+= !*=$=@ df pNn]v ePsf]
v ju{df /x]sf kmlg{r/ tyf sDKo'6/ ;fdfg ;Dk"0f{g} ljqmL ePsf] cj:yfdf
pQm ju{ lj36g ePsf] dflgG5 . dfgf}+, kmlg{r/ ?=!),)),))). df / sDKo'6/
?= %,)),))). u/L hDdf ?= !%,)),))). df ljqmL ePsf] cj:yfdf pQm
;d"xsf] lj36gsf] nfe jf gf]S;fg u0fgf lgDgfg';f/ ul/G5 .
;DklQ ;d"x v sf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt /sd
!%,)),))).
;DklQ ;d"x v sf] x|f;sL cfwf/
(,)),))).
;DklQ ;d"x v sf] lg;u{af6 ePsf] nfe M
^,)),))).
o;/L ;d"xsf] lj36gaf6 ePsf] nfenfO{ cfo u0fgf ubf{ cfodf ;dfj]z
ug'{kb{5 .
pbfx/0f !*=$=$ M dfgf}+, dfly pbfx/0f g+= !*=$=@ df pNn]v ul/P cg';f/
sDKo'6/ lju|]/ sfd gnfUg] eof] jf pQm sDKo'6/ rf]/L eof] . To:tf] cj:yfdf
P]gsf] bkmf $) jdf]lhd lg;u{ ePsf] dflgG5 / lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ul/G5 .
x|f; cfwf/
(,)),))).
lg;u{af6 k|fKt /sd
).
afFsL x|f; cfwf/
(,)),))).
pNn]lvt pbfx/0fdf ;Dk"0f{ v ju{sf] ;DklQdf /x]sf] kmlg{r/ afsL g} ePsfn]
ju{ lj36g gePsf] x'Fbf ;f]xL cg';f/ x|f; u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 .
&-@_-_
Joj;fosf ;DaGwdf s'g} JolQmaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] pkxf/,
Joj;fosf qmddf s'g} JolQmaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] pkxf/ 5g\ eg] ;f] pkxf/nfO{ klg
Joj;fosf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
pbfx/0f !*=$=%M dfgf}+, lbjfs/ eGg] AolQm ;f]lg l6=le= sDkgLsf] l8n/
/x]5g\ . cf=a= @)^%.^^ df sDkgLn] tf]s]sf] nIf xfl;n u/]sf] sf/0f ?=
@%,))) kg]{ Pp6f l6=le= k|fKt u/]sf /x]5g\ . o;/L k|fKt ePsf] yk
k|ltkmnnfO{ pkxf/ elgG5 . ;f] l6=le= Joj;fo;+u ;DalGwt pkxf/ ePsf] x'+bf
Joj;fosf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .

349

P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -`_ df pkxf/nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 M

pkxf/ eGgfn] s'g} k|ltkmn ljgfsf] e'QmfgL jf k|ltkmn ;lxtsf] e'QmfgL ePdf
k|ltkmnsf] ahf/ d"No eGbf e'QmfgLsf] ahf/ d"No j9L ePdf a9L ePsf] xb;Ddsf]
e'QmfgL ;Demg' k5{ .
&-@_-r_
Joj;fo ;+rfngsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} k|ltaGw :jLsf/ u/] afkt k|fKt
u/]sf] /sd,
Joj;fo ;+rfngsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} k|ltaGw :jLsf/]sf] ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6
:ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !*=$=^M dfgf}+, g]kfn /;a]/L km\ofS6L / h';a]/L s+= k|f=ln= ljrdf
sdnfbL If]qdf /;a]/Ln] cfkm\gf] pTkfbg ljqmL gu/] jfkt h';a]/Ln] dfl;s ?=
! nfv lbg] eGg] ;Demf}tf (Contract) ePsf] /x]5 eg] o; cj:yfdf /;a]/Ln]
pQm k|ltjGw :jLsf/ u/] jfkt k|fKt ?= ! nfv cfkm\gf] Joj;fosf] cfodf
;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
&-@_-5_
s'g} JolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf] /sd nufgLaf6 x'g] cfodf ;dfj]z x'g]
k|s[ltsf] eP tfklg To:tf] JolQmn] cfgf] Joj;fo;+u k|ToIf ?kdf ;DalGwt
eO{ k|fKt u/]sf] /sd, /
;fdfGotofM sDkgLsf] ;j} cfo Aofa;flos cfo x'g] x'+bf cfosf] k|s[lt nufgL
ePtfklg Aofa;flos cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 . t;y{ a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?n]
shf{ nufgLaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] Jofh cfonfO{ o; bkmf cGtu{t cfo u0fgf ug]{
k|of]hgsf] nflu o;} v08 cGtu{t ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . jf:tjdf shf{ nufgLaf6
ePsf] cfo ;fdfGotofM nufgLaf6 ul/Psf] cfh{g ePtfklg Joj;fosf] d'Vo
sf/f]jf/ shf{ nufgL;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] eP Jofh cfonfO{ Joj;fosf] cfodf
;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
&-@_-h_
kl/R5]b^ jf & jf bkmf %^ jf ^) adf]lhd ;dfj]z ul/g' kg]{ cGo
/sdx? .
P]gsf] kl/R5]b^ jf & / bkmf %^ jf ^) adf]lhd ;dfj]z ul/g' kg]{ /sdsf] s]xL
pbfx/0f lgDgfg';f/ 5g\M
bkmf @@
bkmf @@
bkmf @#
bkmf @$
bkmf @%
bkmf
bkmf
bkmf
bkmf

@^
@&
@*
@(

n]vfsf] t/Lsf -gub jf Pqm'cn_ cg';f/ ;dfj]z x'g] /sdx?

n]vfsf] t/Lsf kl/jt{gaf6 -gub jf Pqm'cnaf6 ?kfGt/_ cg';f/ ;dfj]z x'g]
/sdx?
gub cfwf/df ;dfj]z x'g] /sdx?
Pqm'cn cfwf/df ;dfj]z x'g] /sdx?
:jLs[t t/Lsf adf]lhdsf a}+ls+u Joj;fosf /sdx?
ltg{ gkg]{ /sd ;dfj]z x'g]
ckn]lvt v/fj shf{ p7]sf] /sd ;dfj]z ug]{
bL3{sflng s/f/sf] /sd ;dfj]z ug]{
;'ljwfx?sf] kl/dfl0fs/0f ug]{
ljb]zL d'b|fdf /x]sf] lx;fjsf] ?kfGt/0f / ;dfj]z
ck|ToIf e'QmfgLx?sf] kl/dfl0fs/0f
350

bkmf
bkmf
bkmf
bkmf
bkmf
bkmf
bkmf

#!
#@
##
#$
#%
%^
^)

Ifltk"lt{ /sd ;dfj]z ug]{

ljlQo k6\6f / jflif{s j[ltsf] /sd ;dfj]z ug]{
d"No x:tfGt/0f ePsf] /sd ;dfj]z ug]{
cfo vl08s/0f ePsf] /sd ;dfj]z ug]{
s/ d'lQmsf] ;fdfGo lgod cg';f/sf /sdx? ;dfj]z ug]{
d'gfkmf /lxtsf] ljt/0f cfodf ;dfj]z ug]{
aLdf Joj;fosf] /sd ;dfj]z ug]{

pbfx/0f !*=$=&M dfgf}+, b]j]g dx/f sfg"g Joj;foL /x]5g\ . lghn] cfkm\gf]
k]zfaf6 k|fKt x'g] cfo gubsf] cfwf/df n]vfg u/L cfPsf /x]5g\ . lghn]
cf=j= @)^%.^^ df Cash Basis af6 Accrual Basis df n]vfg tl/sf kl/jt{g
ug{ ljefu ;dIf lgj]bg lbPsf /x]5g\ . lx;fa lstfa k|rlnt n]vf l;fGt;+u
d]n vfg] ePsf]n] ljefun] ;d]t ;f] kl/jt{gnfO{ cf=j= @)^%.^^ b]lv nfu" x'g]
u/L :jLs[lt lbPsf] /x]5 . o;/L n]vfg kl/jt{g x'g' cl3sf] cj:yfdf lghsf]
lx;fa lstfasf] cj:yf lgDgfg';f/ /x]5 .
!= @)^$.^% ;Dd ;]jf lbO;s]sf] t/ gub k|fKt gePsf] ?= *),))).
x'+bf ;f] cf=a=df cfDbfgLdf ;dfj]z gu/]sf]
@= @)^$.^% ;Dd ;]jf jfkt k]ZsL lt/]sf] -;]jf k|bfg ?= #),))).
@)^%.^^_ t/ ;]jf k|bfg ug{ afFsL ePtfklg gub
cfwf/df ;f] cf=a=df cfDbfgLdf ;dfj]z u/]sf]
#= @)^$ df3 b]lv @)^% kf}if d;fGt ;Ddsf] 3/jxfn ?=$*,))).
cf=j= @)^$.^% df e"Qmfg u/]sf] / gub cfwf/df
cf=j= @)^$.^% sf vr{ sL bfjL u/L ;s]sf]
pk/f]Qm cj:yfdf cf=j= @)^%.^^ df lghn] lgDgfg';f/ cfo tyf sL bfjL
;dfof]hg ug{' kg]{ x'G5 .
!= cf=j= @)^$.^% ;Dd ;]jf k|bfg ul/;s]sf] jfkt k|fKt x"g afFsL
?
*),))). nfO{ Accrual Basis df cf= j= @)^%.^^ df cfDbfgLdf ;dfa];
ug'{ kg]{ .
@= @)^$.^% ;Dd ;]jf k|bfg ug{' cufj} k]ZsL lnPsf] /sd cf=j= @)^%.^^ df
;]jf k|bfg u/]tfklg cfo @)^$.^% df g} u0fgf eO;s]sf] x+"bf ? #),))).
bf]xf]/f cfo u0fgf ug{' gkg]{ . cyf{t cf=j= @)^%.^^ df ;]jf k|bfg ePtfklg
;f] cf=a=sf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug{' gkg]{ .
#= 3/ axfn vr{ k]ZsL ? $*,))). dWo] ^ dlxgfsf] ? @$,))). cf=j=
@)^%.^^ ;+u ;DjlGwt ePtfklg gub cfwf/df cf=j= @)^$.^% df g} sL
bfjL u/L ;s]sf] x'+bf cf=j= @)^%.^^ df sL bfjL ug{ gkfpg] .
cf=j= @)^%.^^ df o:tf cfo tyf sL bfjL ug]{ vr{ /sdx? bf]xf]/f gkg]{ u/L
;dfof]hg u/] kZrft To; kl5sf cfo jif{df eg] Accrual Basis df n]vfg ug{'
kb{5 .

351

P]gsf] kl/R5]b& df pNn]v eP adf]lhd s'g} JolQmf/f ul/Psf] sf/f]jf/sf] e'QmfgL

gubdf dfq} geO{ ;DklQsf] x:tfGt/0f u/L ul/Psf] e'QmfgLsf] xsdf To;/L
x:tfGtl/t ;DklQsf] ahf/ d"No j/fj/sf] /sdnfO{ cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
o;/L x:tfGt/Lt ;DklQsf] d"No b'O{ kIf jLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ul/Psf]
d"No jf lstfjL d"NonfO{ cflwsf/Ls sf/f]jf/ d"No gdfgL ;f] jvt x:tfGt/Lt
;DklQsf] ahf/ cg';f/ olsg ul/Psf] d"NonfO{ P]gsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu cflwsf/Ls
d"No dfgL cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . o;/L ul/Psf] sf/f]jf/ Joj;fo;Fu ;DjlGwt
ePsf] x'+bf Joj;fosf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . pQm Aoxf]/f tnsf]
pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 M
pbfx/0f !*=$=*M dfgf}+, lbud jfGtjf eGg] AolQmn] :s6 g]kfn k|f=ln= gfdsf]
;+:yfnfO{ s'g} ;]jf pknAw u/fPsf /x]5g\ . pQm ;+:yfn] lgh lbudnfO{ ;f]
;]jfsf] d"No gubdf e'QmfgL glbO{ Pp6f 6]lnlehg lbPsf] /x]5 . pQm
6]lnlehgsf] ahf/ d"No ?= %),))) /x]5 eg] ;f] ca:yfdf lgh jfGtjfn]
gubdf e'QmfgL glnP klg ?= %),))) sf] e'QmfgL k|fKt u/] ;/x dflgg]5 .

!*=%

P]gsf] bkmf %^ -#_ cg';f/ lgsfon] lxtflwsf/LnfO{ u/]sf] s'g} e'QmfgLn] lgsfosf]
d'gfkmfeGbf a9L /sd ljt/0f u/]sf] b]lvPdf ;f] a9L hlt /sdnfO{ cfodf ;dfj]z
ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; ;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0f o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !# df
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
P]gsf] bkmf ^) cg';f/ ;fdfGo jLdf Joj;foaf6 x'g] cfo o; v08df ;dfj]z u/L
ljj/0f eg'{ kb{5 . o; ;DaGwdf ljz]if tyf lj:t[t ljj/0f o;} lgb]{lzsfsf]
kl/R5]b !( df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
Joj;fosf] cfodf ;dfa]; gx'g] /sdx?
P]gsf] bkmf & sf] pkbkmf -#_ df Joj;fosf] cfodf ;dfa]; gx'g] /sdx?sf
;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf ul/Psf] 5M
&-#_
pkbkmf -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg bkmf !), %$ / ^(
adf]lhd 5"6 kfpg] /sd / clGtd ?kdf s/ sL x'g] e'StfgLx? Joj;fo
;+rfngaf6 ePsf] d'gfkmf / nfesf] u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ug{'kg]{ 5}g .
P]gsf] bkmf !) adf]lhd lgDgfg';f/sf] /sdx?nfO{ cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb}{g .
!)-s_ g]kfn ;/sf/ / s'g} ljb]zL /fi6 jf cGt/f{li6o ;+3 ;+:yfsf] aLrdf
ePsf] lkIfLo jf ax'kIfLo ;lGwdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd s/ 5"6sf]
;'ljwf kfpg] s'g} JolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf] s/ 5"6sf] /sd,
g]kfn ;/sf/ / cGo s'g} klg ljb]zL /fi6 jf cGt/fli6o ;+3 ;+:yfsf] jLrdf
ePsf] lkIfLo ;lGwdf pNn]v eP jdf]lhd s/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf kfpg] JolQmn] ;f]
;lGwsf] clwgdf /xL k|fKt u/]sf] /sd s/ 5'6sf] /sd x'g]5 .
!)-5_ 5"6 kfpg] ;+:yfn] b]xfoafkt k|fKt u/]sf] /sd M
-!_ rGbf, pkxf/,

352

-@_

bkmf @ sf] v08 -w_ adf]lhdsf] 5"6 kfpg] ;+:yfnfO{ k|ltkmn

k|fKt ug]{ jf k|ltkmnsf] cf; gu/L To:tf] ;+:yfsf] sfo{;+u
k|ToIf ?kn] ;DalGwt cGo of]ubfgx?, jf
-#_ g]kfn /fi6 j}+sn] cfgf] p2]Zo cg'?k cfh{g u/]sf] /sd, jf
-$_ g]kfn lwtf]kq jf]8{n] cfk\mgf] p2]Zo cg'?k cfh{g u/]sf] /sd .
5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfn] k|fKt u/]sf] rGbf, pkxf/ jf 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfjf6 k|ltkmn k|fKt
u/L jf k|ltkmnsf] cf; gu/L To:tf] ;+:yfsf] sfo{;+u k|ToIf ?kn] ;DjlGwt cGo
of]ubfgx? Pj+ g]kfn /fi6 j}s / g]kfn lwtf]kq jf]8{sf] cfkm\gf] p4]Zo cg'?k cfh{g
u/]sf] /sd ;d]t s/ 5'6 x'g] /sd dflgG5 .
pbfx/0f !*=%=! M dfgf}+, g]kfn blnt ljsfz d~r ljefudf s/ 5'6 kfpg]
;+:yfsf] ?kdf btf{ ePsf] Ps lgsfo /x]5 . pQm d~rnfO{ ljleGg bftfx?af6 ?
%)),))) rGbf k|fKt ePsf] /x]5 . To:t} g]kfn ;/sf/jf6 blnt pTyfg sfo{df
vr{ ug]{ u/L ?= !) nfv cg'bfg k|fKt ePsf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] b'j} /sd pQm
lgsfosf] nflu s/ 5'6 /sd dflgG5 / cfos/ k|of]hgsf] lgldQ cfodf ;dfa];
ug'{ kb}{g .
pbfx/0f !*=%=@M dfgf}+, s'g} cGt/fli6o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfn] ;8s
jfnjflnsfnfO{ sDKo'6/ lzIff lbg] tflnd ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu s/ 5'6 k|df0fkq
k|fKt u/]sf] Ps u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf 5gf}6 u/]sf] /x]5 . tflnd sfo{sf nflu ;f]
u}/;/sf/L ;+:YffnfO{ lbPsf] /sd jfkt cGt/fli6o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfn] tflnd k|ltkmn_ sf] cfz u/]sfn] s/ 5'6 ePsf] lgsfo eO{ ;f] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn]
cfk\mgf] p2]Zo cg';f/s} sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{sf nflu /sd kfPtf klg o:tf]
/sd cg'bfg gePsfn] o;/L k|fKt u/]sf] /sd -;]jf z'Ns_ df s/ 5'6 x'Fb}g .
pbfx/0f !*=%=# M dfgf}+, g]kfn /fi6 j}sn] a}ls ljsf; sf]ifdf ? @) s/f]8
5'6\ofPsf] /x]5 . pQm sf]ifdf /x]sf] /sd ljleGg a}+s tyf laQLo ;+:yfdf
lgIf]kdf /x]sf] / ;f] lgIf]kjf6 g]kfn /fi6 j}+snfO{ ? ! s/f]8 Jofh cfDbfgL
ePsf] /x]5 . o:tf] cfo g]kfn /fi6 j}ssf] p]Zo cg';f/ vr{ ug]{ sf]ifsf] cfo
ePsf] x'bf To:tf] cfo 5'6 x'g] cfo dflgG5 . Aofh e'QmfgL ug]{ AolQmn] To:tf]
Jofh /sdsf] e'QmfgLdf ;d]t >f]tdf s/ sl ug'{ kb}{g .
!)-em_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] h'g;'s} k|sf/sf] cfo .
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cfo ;Dk"0f{ ?kdf s/ 5'6 x'g] cfo dflgPsf] 5 . t;y{ g]kfn
;/sf/nfO{ e'QmfgL ug]{ /sdx?df >f]tdf s/ sL ;d]t ug'{ kg]{ 5}g . o;
;Gbe{df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ :jfldTj ePsf] Aoa;flos lgsfo -h:t}, /fli6o
afl0fHo a}+s_ sf] cfo eg] o; v08sf] cfwf/df 5'6 x'g] cfo dflgb}g .
sDkgL jf ;fem]bf/Laf6 ljt/0f ul/Psf] nfef+z
P]gsf] bkmf %$ cg';f/ sDkgL / ;fem]bf/Laf6 ljt/0f ul/Psf] nfef+zdf clGtd
?kdf s/ sL ug]{ ljlwf/f s/ nufOG5 eg] cGo lgsfon] ljt/0f u/]df s/
gnfUg] Joj:yf 5 . o; ;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0f o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !# df
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

353

lgolGqt lab]zL lgsfox?4f/f lat/0f x'g] /sdx?

lgolGqt lab]zL lgsfox?f/f P]gsf] bkmf ^( sf] pkbkmf -@_ cg';f/ lat/0f x'g]
nfef+z /sdx? cfo u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g . o; ;DaGwdf
lj:t[t ljj/0f o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !$ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
clGtd ?kdf s/ sL x'g] e'QmfgLx?
clGtd ?kdf s/ sL x'g] P]gsf] bkmf (@ cg';f/sf e'QmfgLaf6 k|fKt ePsf]
/sdnfO{ cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g . h:t}, g]kfn >f]t ePsf] e'QmfgLdf s/ sL
u/L k|fKt u/]sf] nfef+z /sdnfO{ P]gsf] bkmf (@ cg';f/ clGtd s/ sL u/L
e'QmfgL ul/Psf] /sd dflgPsf] x'Fbf o:tf] e'QmfgL /sdnfO{ cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{
kb}{g . o; ;DaGwdf lj:t[t ljj/0f o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !^ df pNn]v ul/Psf]
5.
!*=^= sL x'g] /sdx? (Deductions)
!*=^=! ;fdfGo sL
s'g} AolQmsf] s'g} cfo aif{df s'g} Joj;fosf] cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;fdfGotofM
sf/f]jf/;+u ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ vr{x? sL bfaL ug{ kfpg]5 . Joj;fosf] nflu ePsf
;j} vr{x? P]gsf] bkmf !# tyf bkmf @! sf] clwgdf /xL vr{ sL kfOG5 . t/
bkmf !$ b]lv !( ;Ddsf vr{x?sf] xsdf tt\ tt\ bkmfdf tf]lsPsf] xb;Dd dfq
vr{ sL kfOG5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !# df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
!#=
s'g} JolStn] s'g} cfo jif{df s'g} Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 ePsf] cfo
u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu o; P]gsf] cwLgdf /xL sf/f]jf/;+u ;DalGwt
b]xfosf vr{x? sL ug{ kfpg]5 M
-s_ ;f] cfojif{df ePsf,
-v_ ;f] JolStaf6 ePsf, /
-u_ Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 cfo cfh{g x'g] sfo{df ePsf .
o; bkmfn] Joj;foaf6 cfo cfh{g ug]{ sfo{;+u ;DalGwt ;f] aif{ ePsf] / ;f]
AolQmn] u/]sf] vr{x? ;fdfGo sLsf] ?kdf vr{ bfaL ug{ ;Sg] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
dfly pNn]lvt tLgj6} ca:yfx? k"/f gePsf] v08df eg] vr{ bfaL ug{ ;ls+b}g .
pbfx/0f !*=^=! M dfgf}+, g]kfn bIftf sDkgL k|f= ln= n] cfo jif{@)^$.^% df
cfkm\gf] Aoa;flos k|of]hgsf] lgldQ ?= !) xhf/sf] la1fkg u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm
aif{ ;f] sDkgLn] ;f] /sdsf] gub e'QmfgL gu/L cf=a= @)^%.^^ df dfq u/]sf]
/x]5 . pQm vr{ /sd ;f] sDkgLn] cf=a= @)^$.^% df u/]sf] / ;f] vr{
Joj;fo;+u ;DalGwt ;d]t ePsf]n] cf=a= @)^$.^% df vr{ sL kfpb5 .
t/, ;f] sDkgLn] pQm vr{ cf=a= @)^$.^% df bfaL gu/L cf=a= @)^%.^^ df
u/]sf] v08df pQm vr{ /sd ;f] sDkgLn] u/]sf] / ;f] vr{ Joj;fo;+u ;DalGwt
ePtfklg cf=a= @)^%.^^ sf] cfo cfh{g ug]{ sfo{;+u ;DalGwt gePsf]n] cf=a=
@)^%.^^ df vr{ sL kfpg ;Sb}g .
k|f/lDes Pj+ k"j{ ;+rfng vr{nfO{ sf/f]jf/ k|f/De ePsf] jif{ pk/f]Qm zLif{sdf
Psd'i7 ?kdf ;f]xL jif{ vr{sf ?kdf sf ug{ kfOg]5 . k|f/lDes Pj+ k"j{ ;+rfng
354

vr{nfO{ :yug u/L cfufdL jif{x?df vr{sf] ?kdf bfaL ug{ ;+lsb}g / k"+lhut
k|s[ltsf afx]s To:tf vr{x?nfO{ :yfoL ;DklQdf ;d]t ;dfj]z ug{ kfO{b}g .
!*=^=@ Aofh sL
s'g} AolQmn] s'g} cfo aif{df s'g} Joj;fosf] cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;fdfGotofM
sf/f]jf/;+u ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ Aofh vr{x? sL bfaL ug{ kfpg]5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf
P]gsf] bkmf !$ df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
!$-!_
s'g} JolStn] s'g} cfo jif{df Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 ePsf] cfosf] u0fgf
ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu ;f] JolStsf] Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 cfo cfh{g x'g]
sfo{sf nflu l;h{gf ePsf] b]xfosf] C0f bfloTj cGtu{t ;f] jif{df nfu]sf
;a} Jofh sL ug{ kfpg]5 M
-s_ s'g} /sd C0f lnP afkt ;f] C0f bfloTj l;h{gf ePsf]df ;f] /sd
;f]xL jif{ k|of]u ul/Psf] jf ;f] jif{df k|of]u ul/Psf s'g} ;DklQ vl/b
ug{ k|of]u ul/Psf], jf
-v_ cGo s'g} cj:yfdf ;f] C0f bfloTj l;h{gf x'g uPsf] .
bkmf @-sem_ cg';f/ Jofh eGgfn] b]xfosf e'QmfgL jf nfe ;Demg' k5{ M
-!_ ;fjfF afx]s C0f bfloTj cGtu{tsf] e'QmfgL,
-@_ 5'6, C0f bfloTj cGtu{tsf] 5'6, lk|ldod, cbnabn e'StfgL jf To:t}
e'StfgLsf] dfWodaf6 k|fKt ul/Ps]f nfe, /
-#_ jflif{s j[lQ jf ls:tfaGbL laqmL cGtu{t ;DklQ k|fKt ug]{ JolQmaf6 jf
ljQLo k6[f cGtu{t s'g} ;DklQsf] k|of]u afkt s'g} JolQmnfO{ ul/g]
e'QmfgL dWo] Jofh sf] ?kdf lnOg] bkmf #@ adf]lhdsf /sdx? .
pQm kl/efiff cg';f/ Jofh vr{df lgDg vr{x? kb{5g\M
C0f bfloTj
shf{, C0f, lgIf]k

Jofh
;fjf afx]ssf ;j} e'QmfgLx? ;]jf z'Ns, gaLs/0f z'Ns, Jofh,
8s'd]G6]zg z'Ns, cbn abn z'Ns (Swap)
-t/ lwtf]df /x]sf] ;DklQsf] /lhi6]zg, aLdf, kf]t jf z'Nsx?
Jofh xf]Ogg\, ;DalGwt ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf cfp6uf]O+u jf
;fdfGo vr{ x'g\_
jflif{s j[QL
Jofh, lk|ldod, af]g;
ljQLo kf
Jofh, lk|ldod,
ljlgdo kq, 6]h/L ljn, Jofh, 5'6, lk|ldod -t/ l8j]Gr/, a08 jf artkq hf/L ubf{sf]
l8k a08, a08, artkq vr{ Jofh geO bfloTjdf ePsf] vr{ (Outgoings) xf]_
gf;f]
Jofh, a[l4

P]gsf] bkmf !$ sf] pkbkmf -!_ cg';f/ s'g} JolStn] s'g} cfo jif{df Joj;foaf6
ePsf] cfosf] u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu ;f] JolStn] ;f] jif{df k|of]u u/]sf] s'g}
;DklQ vl/b ug{ k|of]u ul/Psf C0f bfloTj jf Joj;fojf6 cfo cfh{g x'g] sfo{sf
nflu l;h{gf ePsf] C0f bfloTj cGtu{t ;f] jif{df nfu]sf ;a} Jofh sL ug{

355

kfpg]5 . t/ To:tf] C0f Joj;fosf] sfddf k|of]u gul/Psf] xb;Ddsf] Jofh eg]
vr{ sL kfpb}g .
s'g} ;DklQ vl/b ug{ C0f bfjL l;h{gf ePsf]df ;f] vl/b ul/Psf] ;DklQ
Joj;fodf k|of]u ug{ z'? ePsf] jif{b]lvsf] ;f] C0fdf nfu]sf] Jofh vr{ sL
kfpb5 . o:tf] ;DklQsf] Joj;fodf k|of]u jif{sf] ljrdf z'? ePtf klg ;f] k'/}
jif{sf] Jofh vr{ sL kfpb5 .
pbfx/0f !*=^=@ M dfgf}+, s'g} AolQmn] rfn' cfo aif{df k|of]u eO{/x]sf] d]l;g
vl/b ug{sf] nflu @ aif{ cl3 C0f lnPsf] /x]5 eg] ;f] C0f bfloTjdf rfn' cfo
aif{df nfu]sf Jofh sL ug{ kfpg]5 . t/ ;f] d]l;g k|of]udf cfO g;s]sf] eP
To:tf] Aofh eg] k+"hLs/0f u/L ;DklQsf] d"Nodf ;dfj]z ug'{ k5{, vr{ s6\6L ug{
kfO+b}g . o;sf] cnfaf rfn' k+"hLsf] -h:t}, sd{rf/LnfO{ tnj lbg, pTkfbgdf
k|of]u ePsf] sRrf kbfy{ vl/b ug{ cfbL_ sf] lgldQ lnPsf] C0fsf] Jofh klg
sL ug{ kfpg]5 .
pbfx/0f !*=^=# M dfgf}+, s'g} AolQmn] of] jif{ d]l;g vl/b ug{sf] nfuL !@ k|ltzt
k|ltjif{sf b/n] Jofh ltg]{ u/L >fj0f ! ut] ?=@ s/f]8 C0f lnPsf] /x]5 . ;f]
d]lzg a};fv ! ut]b]lv k|of]udf cfPsf] /x]5 . C0fsf zt{ k'/f ug{ of] jif{
lgDgfg';f/ vr{ Joxf]l/Psf] /x]5M
s_ ;]jf z'Ns ! k|ltzt jflif{s gljs/0f z'Ns )=% k|ltzt x/]s jif{sf] >fj0f !
ut] e'QmfgL x'g] .
v_ shf{ /lhi6]zg z'Ns ?=@),)))
u_ lwtf] d"Nof+sg ?=@)))), dfnkf]t ?=@))), aLdf ?=#),)))
3_ x/]s # dlxgfdf a}+s / aLdf sDkgLn] lwtf] :jtGq ?kdf lg/LIf0f u/fpbf]
/x]5 / d"Nof+sg stf{n] k|lt e|d0f ?=@))) lnbf] /x]5 .
o:tf] cj:yfdf lgDgfg';f/ vr{ sL ug{ kfpg]5 M
Jofh /sd ?= @^ nfv -Jofh ?= @$ nfv / ;]jf z'Ns ?= @ nfv_ x'g]5
/ C0f JolQmut k|of]u ePsf] 5}g .
C0f / vl/b ul/Psf] ;DklQsf] k|ToIf ;DaGw ePsfn] efl/t b/ u0fgf
ug'{ kb}{g . vl/b ul/Psf] ;DklQ a};fv ! df Joj;fodf k|of]u ul/Psfn]
;f] cfo jif{df ;f] C0fdf ltl/Psf] jf ltg{ kg]{ ;j} Jofh bkmf !$-!_
adf]lhd sL x'G5 . t;y{ k"lhs/0f x'g] Jofh z'Go x'G5 .
C0f bfjL ePsf] lgsfo s/ 5'6 x'g] lgsfo4f/f lgolGqt lgsfo xf]Og .
To;}n] of] jif{sf] Jofh ?= @^ nfvdWo] k"lhs/0f x'g] ?= ) 36fO{ afsL
/x]sf] ?= @^ nfv Jofh vr{ sl6\6 x'G5 .
shf{ /lhi6]zg z'Ns ?=@),))) / lwtf] d"Nof+sg ?=@)))) bfloTj jfktsf
cfp6uf]O+u x'g eg] dfnkf]t ?=@))), aLdf ?=#),))) / cfjlws lg/LIf0f z'Ns
?= ^,))) ;DklQsf] ;'/Iff;+u ;DjlGwt ;fdfGo vr{x? x'g\ .
pbfx/0f !*=^=$ M dfgf}+, h'6 pTkfbg sDkgLn] of] jif{ ?= #) nfv C0f NofO{
sRrf h'6 vl/b u/]sf] /x]5 . a}+s;+u shf{ ln+bf ;f] C0f sRrf kbfy{ vl/b ug]{
zt{df cf]e/8fkm\6 lnO{ of] jif{ ?=#$),))) Jofh lt/]sf] /x]5 . sRrf kbfy{ tyf
356

Jofkfl/s df}Hbftsf] vl/bdf lnPsf] rfn' shf{ ePsfn] ;f] shf{sf] ;j} Jofh
bkmf !$-!_ adf]lhd Jofh vr{ dflgG5 .
!$-@_
pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s/ 5"6 kfpg]
;+:yff/f lgolGqt afl;Gbf lgsfon] s'g} cfo jif{df lgoGq0f ug]{ JolQm jf
;Da4 JolQmnfO{ Aofh e'QmfgL u/]df pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd sL ug{ kfpg]
To:tf] Aofh /sd b]xfosf /sdx?sf] hDdf eGbf a9L x'g] 5}g M
-s_ ;f] lgsfosf] s/of]Uo cfosf] u0fgfdf ;dfj]z ul/g] ;f] jif{df k|fKt
u/]sf] ;a} Jofh /sd, /
-v_ ;f] lgsfoaf6 k|fKt ul/Psf] s'g} Jofh ;dfj]z gu/L jf ;f] lgsfojf6
a'emfOPsf] s'g} Jofh sL gu/L u0fgf ul/Psf] ;f] lgsfosf] ;f] jif{sf]
;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfosf] krf; k|ltzt /sd .
bkmf !$ df lbO{Psf] :kli6s/0fdf s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ :ki6
kfl/Psf] 5 M
:ki6Ls/0f M o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu s'g} cfo jif{sf] nflu s/ 5"6
kfpg] ;+:yff/f lgolGqt afl;Gbf lgsfo eGgfn] ;f] jif{ df afl;Gbf lgsfo
eO{ ;f] afl;Gbf lgsfodf ;f] jif{sf] s'g} ;dodf b]xfosf JolQm jf ;+:yfx?sf]
kRrL; k|ltzt jf ;f]eGbf a9L lglxt :jfldTj jf lgoGq0f /x]sf] lgsfo
;Demg' k5{ M
-s_ s/ 5"6 kfpg] ;+:yf / ;f];+u ;Da4 JolQm,
-v_ ;f] jif{df bkmf !! adf]lhd s/ 5"6 kfpg] JolQm jf To:tf] JolQm;+u
;Da4 JolQm,
-u_ u}/ afl;Gbf JolSt jf u}/ afl;Gbf JolQm;+u ;Da4 JolQm, jf
-3_ v08 -s_, -v_ / -u_ df plNnlvt JolQmx?s]f s'g} ;+of]hg .
pk/f]Qm kl/efiff cg';f/ s/ 5'6 kfpg] JolQm4f/f lgolGqt lgsfo x'g cfo jif{sf]
s'g} klg lbgdf lgDgfg';f/sf] z]o/ :jfldTj u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 M
s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yf jf lghsf ;Da4 JolQmsf] ;f] cfo jif{sf] s'g} lbg
z]o/sf] r'Qmf k"lhdf jf z]o/ ;+Vofdf @% k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf a9L lgoGq0f
ePsf] jf
bkmf !! adf]lhdsf s/ 5'6 kfPsf JolQm jf lghsf ;Da4 JolQmsf] ;f] cfo
jif{sf] s'g} lbg z]o/sf] r'Qmf k"lhdf jf z]o/ ;+Vofdf @% k|ltzt jf ;f]
eGbf a9L lgoGq0f ePsf] jf
u}/jfl;Gbf JolQm jf lghsf ;Da4 JolQmsf] ;f] cfo jif{sf] s'g} lbg z]o/sf]
r'Qmf k"lhdf jf z]o/ ;+Vofdf @% k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf a9L lgoGq0f ePsf]
jf
s/ 5'6 kfpg] JolQm / bkmf !! adf]lhd ;x'lnot kfpg] JolQmsf] ;+of]hgaf6
s'g} gof+ JolQm sfod ePdf jf s/ 5'6 kfpg] JolQm / u}/jfl;Gbf JolQmsf]
;+of]hgaf6 s'g} gof+ JolQm aGg uO{ -cyf{t dflysf PseGbf a9L JolQm ldnL
s'g} gof+ JolQm lgdf{0f x'g] cj:yf k|fKt u/]sf] eO{_ ;f] JolQm jf lghsf ;Da4

357

JolQmsf] ;f] cfo jif{sf] s'g} lbg z]o/sf] r'Qmf k"Flhdf jf z]o/ ;+Vofdf @%
k|ltzt jf ;f]eGbf a9L lgoGq0f ePsf] .
of] cg'kft z]o/wgL kl/jt{g ePsf x/]s lbg u0fgf u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 . cfo jif{sf]
s'g} lbgdf of] cg'kft @% k|ltzt jf ;f]eGbf a9L ePdf oxL ;d"xnfO{ lt/]sf] Jofh
/sddf bkmf !$-@_ adf]lhd u0fgf u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 .
P]gsf] bkmf !$ sf] pkbkmf -@_ cg';f/ s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yff/f lgolGqt afl;Gbf
lgsfon] lgoGq0f ug]{ AolQm jf ;Da4 AolQmnfO{ u/]sf] Aofh e'QmfgL vr{ bfaL
ubf{, ;f] lgsfosf] s/of]Uo cfosf] u0fgfdf ;dfj]z ul/g] ;f] jif{df k|fKt u/]sf] ;a}
Jofh /sd / ;f] lgsfosf] Aofh vr{ tyf k|fKt Aofh cfDbfgL ;dfa]z gePsf]
;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfosf] krf; k|ltztsf] of]u;Dd dfq ;f] aif{ Jofh sf ug{
kfO{G5 . P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -s g!_ df ;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfonfO{ lgDgfg';f/
kl/eflift u/LPsf] 5 M
;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfo eGgfn] s'g} JolQmsf] s'g} cfojif{sf] s/ of]Uo cfosf]
u0fgf ubf{ bkmf !@ adf]lhd s'g} /sd g36fO{ tyf bkmf !$ sf] pkbkmf -@_, bkmf
!& jf !* adf]lhd sL gu/L u0fgf ul/Psf] s/of]Uo cfo ;Dg' k5{ .
g]kfndf s/ gltg]{ s/ 5"6 kfpg] ;+:yff/f lgolGqt afl;Gbf lgsfon] s'g} cfo
jif{df lgoGq0f ug]{ JolQm jf ;Da4 JolQmnfO{ u/]sf] Aofh e'QmfgL, k|b"if0f lgoGq0f
vr{ jf cg';Gwfg / ljsf; vr{ sL bfaL ug'{ c3L Pj+ rGbf vr{ bfaL cuf8Lsf]
s/of]Uo cfonfO{ ;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfo elgG5 . o; pkbkmfsf] ;Ldf u0fgf ug{]
;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfodf bkmf !& / bkmf !* sf] ;Ldf u0fgf gu/L vr{ sL
ul/Psf] x'g' kb{5 .
pbfx/0f !*=^=% M dfgf}+, O{Gkmf] cd]l/sf O{Gskf]{/];g -u}/ afl;Gbf AolQm_ n] O{Gkmf]
g]kfn k|f=ln=df %) k|ltzt :jfldTj wf/0f u/L lgoGq0f u/]sf] /x]5 . O{Gkmf]
cd]l/sf O{Gskf]{/;gn] cf=a= @)^%.^^ df O{Gkmf] g]kfn k|f=ln= nfO{ shf{ ;d]t
nufgL u/]sf] /x]5 . cf=a= @)^%.^^ df O{Gkmf] g]kfn k|f=ln= n] O{Gkmf] cd]l/sf
O{Gskf]{/;gnfO{ ?=&%,))) Aofh e'QmfgL u/]sf] /x]5 . ;f] cfo aif{sf] O{Gkmf] g]kfn
k|f=ln=sf] s/of]Uo cfosf] ca:yf lgDgfg';f/sf] /x]5 .
laqmL
&,%),)))
Aofh cfDbfgL
%,)))
hDdf cfDbfgL
&,%%,)))
laqmLsf] nfut
%,)),)))
k|;fzlgs vr{
!,@),)))
Aofh vr{ -lgoGq0f ug]{ AolQmnfO{_
&%,)))
Aofh vr{ -cGonfO{_
!),)))
Xf; vr{
@),)))
hDdf vr{
&,#),)))
pQm lgsfosf] ;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfo lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ul/Psf] 5M
;dfj]z x'g] /sd
&,%%,)))
laqmLsf] nfut
%,)),)))
k|;fzlgs vr{
!,@),)))
Aofh vr{ -cGonfO{_
!),)))
x|f; vr{
@),)))
358

vr{ sL
^,%),)))
;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfo
!,)%,)))
dfly pNn]lvt pbfx/0fdf lgDgfg';f/ Aofh vr{ pQm cfo aif{df bfaL of]Uo /xG5 .
lgsfosf] Aofh cfDbfgL -s_
%,)))
;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfo
!,)%,)))
ljutsf] afsL Jofh /sd
)
ykM Aofh vr{ -bkmf !$=! adf]lhdsf]_
!),)))
Go"gM Aofh cfDbfgL
-%,)))_
hDdf
!,!),)))
%) k|ltztn] x'g] /sd -v_
%%,)))
hDdf bfaL of]Uo Aofh vr{ -s + v_
^),)))
pQm lgsfosf] s'n Aofh vr{ ?= &%,))) dWo] o; cfo aif{df ?= ^),))) dfq vr{
bfaL ug{ ;lsg] tyf afFsL ?= !%,))) -&%,))) ^),)))_ cfufdL cfo aif{df
lhDd]af/L ;f/L ;f] jif{sf] cfodf o;} adf]lhd vr{ kfpg] ;Ldf u0fgf u/L vr{ bfaL
ug{ ;lsG5 .

!$-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd sL ug{ glbPsf] jf gul/Psf] s'g} JofhnfO{ cufdL
cfo jif{df lhDd]jf/L ;fg{ / vr{ ePsf] b]vfpg kfpg]5 .
s/ 5"6 kfpg] ;+:yff/f lgolGqt afl;Gbf lgsfon] s'g} cfo jif{df lgoGq0f ug]{
JolQm jf ;Da4 JolQmnfO{ u/]sf] Aofh e'QmfgL P]gsf] bkmf !$ sf] pkbkmf -@_ df
tf]lsPsf] l;df eGbf a9L ePdf o;/L a9L ePsf] Aofh vr{nfO{ cufdL cfo jif{df
lhDd]jf/L ;f/L vr{ ePsf] b]vfpg kfO{G5 . lhDd]jf/L ;f/L NofPsf] jif{df ;f]
lgsfo lgolGqt lgsfo g/x]tf klg afsL /x]sf] Jofh vr{ sL geP;Dd of]
pkbkmfsf] ;Ldfdf /xL Jofh u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 .
!*=^=# Jofkf/ df}Hbftsf] nfutsf] vr{ sL
s'g} AolQmn] s'g} cfo aif{df s'g} Joj;fosf] cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ sf/f]jf/;+u
;DalGwt Jofkf/ df}Hbftsf] nfutsf] vr{ sL bfaL ug{ kfpg]5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf
P]gsf] bkmf !% n] lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
!%-!_
s'g} JolQmsf] s'g} cfo jif{df s'g} Joj;foaf6 ePsf] cfo u0fgf ug]{
k|of]hgsf nflu ;f] jif{df ;f] JolStsf] Joj;fosf] Jofkf/ df}Hbftsf] lg;u{sf
;DaGwdf pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd u0fgf ul/Psf] nfutsf] vr{ sL -PnfpG;_
afx]s cGo s'g} klg vr{ sL ug{ kfpg]5}g .
!%-@_
pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] nfutsf] vr{ sLsf] u0fgf b]xfo adf]lhd v08
-s_ sf] /sdaf6 v08 -v_ sf] /sd 36fO{ ug{' kg]{5 M
-s_ s'g} cfo jif{df s'g} Joj;fosf] Jofkf/ df}Hbftsf] z'? d"Nodf ;f] jif{df
;f] Aoj;foaf6 k|fKt ul/Psf] Jofkf/ df}Hbftsf] nfut hf]8L x'g] /sd,
-v_ v08 -s_ adf]lhdsf] cfo jif{df s'g} Joj;fosf] Jofkf/ df}Hbftsf]
clGtd d"Nosf] /sd .

359

P]gsf] bkmf !% sf] pkbkmf -!_ cg';f/ s'g} JolQmsf] s'g} cfo jif{df s'g}
Joj;foaf6 ePsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ Aofkf/ df}Hbftsf] nfut (Cost of Trading Stock)
sL ug{ kfpg]5 . pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd o;/L Aofkf/ df}Hbftsf] nfut (Cost of
Trading Stock) u0fgf ubf{ lgDgfg';f/ ug'{ k5{ .
!= z'? df}Hbftsf] d"No (Opening Stock)
@= hf]8\g]M of] jif{sf] Aofkf/ df}Hbftsf] nfut
#= 36fpg]M clGtd df}Hbftsf] d"No (Less: Closing Stocks)
$= Jofkf/ df}Hbftsf] nfut vr{ (Cost of Trading Stock, !+@-#)
!%-#_
s'g} cfo jif{df s'g} Joj;fosf] Jofkf/ df}Hbftsf] z'? d"No ut cfo
jif{sf] cGTosf] ;f] Joj;fosf] Jofkf/ df}Hbftsf] clGtd d"No x'g]5 .
!%-$_
b]xfodf plNnlvt /sd dWo] h'g 36L x'G5 To;nfO{ ;f] cfo jif{sf]
Joj;fosf] Jofkf/ df}Hbftsf] clGtd d"No dfGg' kg]{5 M
-s_ ;f] cfo jif{sf] cGTosf] Joj;fosf] Jofkf/ df}Hbftsf] nfut, jf
-v_ ;f] cfo jif{sf] cGTosf] Joj;fosf] Jofkf/ df}Hbftsf] ahf/ d"No .
clGtd d"No lgwf{/0f ubf{ cfo jif{sf] cGTosf] Joj;fosf] Jofkf/ df}Hbftsf] nfut
jf ahf/ d"No dWo] h'g 36L x'G5 To;nfO{ ;f] cfo jif{sf] Joj;fosf] Jofkf/
df}Hbftsf] clGtd d"No dfGg' k5{ .
!%-%_
s'g} JolStn] Joj;fosf] Jofkf/ df}Hbftsf] nfutsf] u0fgf ubf{ bkmf $%
/ pkbkmf -^_ sf] cwLgdf /xL b]xfo ad]flhd ug{' kg]{5 M
-s_ Joj;fosf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ gub cfwf/df n]vf /fVg] AolQmsf] xsdf
k/n nfut jf vkt nfutsf] tl/sf k|of]u u/]/, /
-v_ Joj;fosf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ Pqm'cn cfwf/df n]vf /fVg] JolQmsf] xsdf
vkt nfutsf] tl/sf k|of]u u/]/ .
Joj;fosf] Jofkf/ df}Hbftsf] nfutsf] u0fgf ubf{,
gub cfwf/df n]vf /fVg] AolQmsf] xsdf k/n nfut jf vkt nfutsf]
cfwf/df d"Nofg ul/g' k5{ .
k/n nfut cg';f/ d"Nofg ubf{ k|ToIf ;fdu|L nfut (Direct Material), k|ToIf
>d nfut (Direct Labour) / sf/vfgfsf] kl/at{gzLn lz/f]ef/ (Variable
Factory Overhead) ;dfa]; u/L d"Nofg ul/g' k5{ . t/, kl/at{glzn
sf/vfgfsf] lz/f]ef/ nfutdf dd{t tyf ;'wf/ / x|f; sL jfktsf] s'g} /sd
;dfj]z x'g] 5}g . o; k2tLdf pTkfbgsf] nfut u0fgf ubf{ k|lt OsfO{
nfutdf sf/vfgfsf] Fixed Factory Overhead ;dfa]; ug'{ kb}{g, a? gub
cfwf/df vr{ ePsf jif{ k"/} /sd vr{ sL kfpb5 .
gub cfwf/df s/ n]vf+sg ug]{ JolQmsf] of] bkmf adf]lhd u0fgf ul/g] vkt
nfut cg';f/sf] u0fgf Pqm'cn cfwf/df n]vf /fVg] JolQmsf] ;/x x'G5 .

360

Pqm'cn cfwf/df n]vf /fVg] JolQmsf] xsdf vkt nfutsf] cfwf/df d"Nofg
ul/g' k5{ .
vkt nfut cg';f/ d"Nofg ubf{M k|ToIf ;fdu|L nfut (Direct Material),
k|ToIf >d nfut (Direct Labour) / sf/vfgfsf] lz/f]ef/ (Factory Overhead)
;dfa]; u/L d"Nofg ul/g' k5{ . o:tf] sf/vfgfsf] lz/f]ef/df Fixed Factory
/ Variable Fixed Factory b'j} ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 . t/ sf/vfgfsf] lz/f]ef/
nfutdf dd{t tyf ;'wf/ / x|f; sL jfktsf] s'g} /sd ;dfj]z x'g] 5}g .
!%-^_
s'g} JolQmsf] Joj;fosf] Jofkf/ df}Hbft osLg ug{ g;lsg] ePdf ;f]
JolQmn] klxnf] k|flKt klxnf] lg:sfzg tl/sf jf efl/t cf};t nfut
tl/sfaf6 Jofkf/ df}Hbftsf] nfut u0fgf ug{ 5gf}6 ug{ ;Sg]5 .
t/ Ps k6s o:tf] tl/sfsf] 5gf}6 ul/;s]kl5 ljefusf] lnlvt cg'dlt
afx]s ;f] tl/sf kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg]5}g .
lg;u{ ePsf] Jofkf/ df}Hbftsf] nfut lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;f]xL df}Hbftsf] af:tlas
vr{nfO{ nfut dfgL u0fgf ug'{ kb{5, . t/ lg;u{ ePsf] af:tlas df}Hbft / ;f] sf]
nfut k|i6?kdf olsg ug{ g;lsg] ePdf klxnf k|fKt ePsf] ;fdfg -df}Hbft_
klxn] g} lg;u{ x'G5 eGg] cfwf/df (First in First Out, FIFO) jf Joj;fodf /x]sf
;dfg lsl;dsf ;a} Jofkf/ df}Hbftsf] efl/t cf};t nfut (Weighted Average
Method) sf] cfwf/df Jofkf/ df}Hbftsf] nfut lgsfNg' k5{ . t/ Ps k6s o:tf]
tl/sfsf] 5gf}6 ul/;s]kl5 ljefusf] lnlvt cg'dltdf afx]s ;f] tl/sf kl/jt{g
ug{ ;Sg]5}g .
pbfx/0f !*=^=^ M dfgf}+, g]kfn Aofkf/ lasf; k|f=ln= n] lgDgfg'';f/ vl/b / laqmL
u/]sf] /x]5 .
vl/b
lgisf;g
l;=g=
ldlt
PsfO{ b/
hDdf
1

2065/4/10

10

50

2065/6/12

10

11

110

2065/8/2

2066/2/2

;f] lgsfon] cfkm\gf] Jofkf/ df}Hbft lg;u{ ubf{ klxnf k|fKt klxn] g} lg;u{ x'G5
eGg] cfwf/df (FIFO) lg:sf;g u/]sf] v08df clGtd df}Hbftsf] ca:yf lgDgfg';f/
x'G5 M
vl/b

lgisf;g

afFsL

l;
=g

ldlt

4/10/2065

10

50

50

6/12/2065

10

11

110

15

160

8/2/2065

10

30

12

130

2/2/2066

10

20

10

110

11

44

66

94

66

hDdf

PsfO{

15

b/

hDdf

160

PsfO{

b/

hDdf

Psf
O{

/sd ?=

361

pbfx/0f !*=^=& M dfgf}+, dfly pbfx/0f !*=^=^ df pNn]lvt g]kfn Aofkf/ lasf;
k|f=ln= n] cfkm\gf] Jofkf/ df}Hbft lg;u{ ubf{ efl/t cf};t nfutsf] cfwf/df
lg:sf;g u/]sf] v08df clGtd df}Hbftsf] ca:yf lgDgfg';f/ sf] x'g] x'G5 .
l;=
g=

ldlt

vl/b
PsfO{

b/

lgisf;g
hDdf

PsfO{

b/

afFsL
hDdf

PsfO{

b/

/sd ?=

4/10

10

50

10

50

6/12

10

11

110

15

10.66

160

8/2

10.66

31.98

12

10.66

128.02

2/2

10.66

21.32

10

10.66

106.7

10.66

42.64

10.66

64.06

95.94

hDdf

15

160

64.06

!%-&_
pkbkmf -%_ adf]lhd Jofkf/ df}Hbftsf] nfut u0fgf ubf{ b]xfosf]
tl/sfn] u0fgf ug'{ kg]{5 .
-s_ vkt nfut tl/sf adf]lhd u0fgf ubf{ n]vfsf] ;j{dfGo l;fGt
cGtu{t k|ToIf ;fdu|L nfut, k|ToIf >d nfut / sf/vfgfsf] lz/f]ef/
nfutsf] of]u a/fa/ x'g] u/L Jofkf/ df}Hbftsf] nfut u0fgf ug]{ .
vkt nfut cg';f/ d"Nofg ubf{M k|ToIf ;fdu|L nfut (Direct Material), k|ToIf >d
nfut (Direct Labour) / sf/vfgfsf] lz/f]ef/ (Factory Overhead) ;dfa]; u/L
d"Nofg ul/g' k5{ . t/ sf/vfgfsf] lz/f]ef/ nfutdf dd{t tyf ;'wf/ / x|f; sL
jfktsf] s'g} /sd ;dfj]z x'g] 5}g .
k|ToIf ;fdfu|L nfutM k|ToIf ;fdfu|L nfut eGgfn] s'g} klg ;fdfg ljqmL ug{]
p2]Zo jf vkt ug{] jf pTkfbg ug{] k|of]hgsf] nflu vl/b ul/Psf] ;fdfgsf] ljn
(Invoice) df pNn]v ul/Psf] d'No / ;f] ;fdfgnfO{ k|of]u ug{] :yfg;Dd Nofpbf
nfu]sf ;Dk"0f{ k|ToIf vr{nfO{ k|ToIf ;fdfu|L nfut elgG5 . pQm ;DaGwdf tnsf]
pbfx/0fdf v'nfO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !*=^=* M dfgf}+, sf7df8f}+ cjl:yt ABC sDkgLn] Knfi6Lssf ef8f
pTkfbg ubf{] /x]5 . pQm a:t' pTkfbg ug{sf nflu cfjZos kg{] sRrf kbfy{
lj/u~haf6 vl/b ubf{] /x]5 . pQm sRrf kbfy{ sf7df8f}+;Dd NofO{ k'ofpbf,
lgDgfg';f/sf vr{ nfu]sf] /x]5 .
!= ljn cg';f/sf] sRrf kbfy{sf] k/n d"No
?= !,)),)))
?= %,)))
@= lj/u~hdf pQm sRrf kbfy{ Load ubf{ ePsf] s'NnL vr{
#= lj/u~h b]lv sf7df8f}+sf] ofS6L;Dd sf] 6s ef8f
?= @),)))
$= gu/kflnsf s/
? @,)))
%= cGo vr{x?
? !,)))
?= !),)))
^= sf7df8f}+ ofS6Ldf Unload jfkt s'NnL vr{
hDdf k|ToIf ;fdfu|L nfut
?= !,#*,)))
dfgf}+, pQm vr{x?dWo] cGo vr{x? ?= !))) sf] vr{ ut jif{;+u ;DjlGwt /x]5
/ ;f] jif{ pQm vr{ sL ePsf] /x]g5 . of] vr{ bkmf !# adf]lhd of] jif{sf]

362

gePsf sf/0f k|ToIf ;fdu|L nfutdf ;dfj]z ug{ ldNb}g / k|ToIf nfut ?=
!,#&,))) x'G5 .
k|ToIf >d nfut M k|ToIf >d nfut eGgfn] sRrf kbfy{nfO{ cw{ t}of/L Aofkfl/s
df}Hbft, t}of/L Jofkfl/s df}Hbftdf kl/jt{g ug{sf] nflu cfjZos kg{] >d k|of]u
u/] jfkt >ldsnfO{ e'Qmfg ul/g] /sdnfO{ k|ToIf >d nfut (Direct Labor Cost)
elgG5 . pQm ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0fdf v'nfO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !*=^=( M dfgf}+, dflysf] pbfx/0fdf pNn]v ePsf] sRrf kbfy{nfO{ t}of/L
cj:yfsf] j:t' pTkfbg ug{sf nflu ?= @ nfv Hofnf e'Qmfg u/L !) hgf
>lds k|of]u ePsf] /x]5 . o;/L e'QmfgL ul/Psf] >lds vr{nfO{ k|ToIf >d
nfut elgG5 .
sf/vfgf lz/f]ef/ M sf/vfgf lz/f]ef/ eGgfn] j:t' pTkfbg ug{sf nflu k|ToIf
;fdfu|L nfut / k|ToIf >d nfut afx]ssf cGo ;Dk"0f{ pTkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt
vr{nfO{ sf/vfgf lz/f]ef/ elgG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, pTkfbg ug{] k|of]hgsf nflu
d];Lg dd{t vr{, lah'nL, ofS6Ldf vkt x'g] kfgL, kfj/, o"n vr{ cfbL vr{nfO{
sf/vfgf lz/f]ef/ elgG5 . sf/vfgfsf] lz/f]ef/ vr{nfO{ n]vfsf] l;4fGt cg';f/ ;f]
d]lzg jf pks/0fsf] ;fdfGo pTkfbg Ifdtfn] efu u/L k|lt OsfO{ nfut ;dfj]z
ug'{ kb{5 . Pp6} pks/0f jf d]lzg PseGbf a9L vfnsf ;fdfg pTkfbgdf k|of]u
x'g] ePdf -pbfx/0fsf nflu ;+o'Qm pTkfbg_ ;f] lz/f]ef/ vr{ plrt / j}1flgs
k4ltn] pTkflbg x'g] ;dfgx?df af+8kmf+8 ug'{ kb{5 .
;fdfGo pTkfbg Ifdtfaf6 u0fgf ul/Psf] k|lt OsfO{ b/af6 jf:tljs pTkfbg
kl/df0fsf sf/0f km/s kg]{ /sd (Over-absorption or under-absorption) n]vfsf]
;j{dfGo l;4fGt adf]lhd g} ;f]xL jif{sf] lz/f]ef/ vr{df ;dfof]hg ug'{ kb{5 .
t/ cfos/ k|of]hgsf] lgldQ sf/vfgfsf] lz/f]ef/ nfutdf dd{t tyf ;'wf/ / x|f;
sL jfktsf] /sd ;dfj]z x'g] 5}g . cfos/ k|of]hgdf sf/vfgfsf] dd{t tyf
;'wf/ vr{ / x|f; sL /sd bkmf !^ / bkmf !( cGtu{t u0fgf x'g] sf/0fn] To:tf]
dd{t / x|f; ;dfj]z u/L ;j{dfGo n]vf l;4fGt cg';f/ u0fgf ePsf] Jofkfl/s
df}Hbftsf] nfutdf ;dfj]z ePsf] n]vfsf] x|f; / dd{t 36fP/ dfq vr{ n]vf+sg
ug'{ kb{5 .
-v_ k/n nfut tl/sf adf]lhd u0fgf ubf{ n]vfsf] ;j{dfGo l;fGt cGtu{t
k|ToIf ;fdu|L nfut, k|ToIf >d nfut / sf/vfgfsf] kl/at{gzLn
lz/f]ef/ nfutsf] of]u a/fa/ x'g] u/L Jofkf/ df}Hbftsf] nfut u0fgf
ug{] .
k/n nfut cg';f/ d"Nofg ubf{ k|ToIf ;fdu|L nfut (Direct Material),
k|ToIf >d nfut (Direct Labour) / sf/vfgfsf] kl/at{gzLn lz/f]ef/
(Variable Factory Overhead) ;dfa]; u/L d"Nofg ul/g' k5{ . t/,
kl/at{gzLn sf/vfgfsf] lz/f]ef/ nfutdf dd{t tyf ;'wf/ / x|f; sL
jfktsf] /sd ;dfj]z x'g] 5}g .
kl/jt{gzLn sf/vfgf lz/f]ef/ M kl/jt{gzLn sf/vfgf lz/f]ef/ eGgfn] pTkflbt
j:t'sf] O{sfO cg';f/ vr{sf] dfqfdf kl/jt{g x'g] vr{nfO{ a'lemG5 . rsn]6
pTkfbg ubf{ k|of]u x'g] Wrapper, emf]n cf}ifwL pTkfbg ubf{ k|of]u x'g] l;;L cfbL
363

kl/jt{glzn sf/vfgf lz/f]ef/ (Variable Factory Overhead) sf s]xL pbfx/0fx?

x'g\ .
!%-*_
pkbkmf -^_ adf]lhd Jofkf/ df}Hbftsf] nfut u0fgf ubf{ b]xfosf]
tl/sfn] u0fgf ug'{ kg]{5 M
-s_ cf};t nfut tl/sf adf]lhd u0fgf ubf{ n]vfsf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGt
cGtu{t Joj;fodf /x]sf pxL lsl;dsf ;a} Jofkf/ df}Hbftsf] efl/t
cf};t nfutsf] cfwf/df u0fgf ug]{ .
-v_ klxnf] k|flKt klxnf] lgisfzg tl/sf adf]lhd u0fgf ubf{ n]vfsf]
;j{dfGo l;fGt cGtu{t klxn] k|fKt ePsf] Jofkf/ df}Hbft klxn] g}
lg;u{ x'G5 eGg] cfwf/df u0fgf ug]{ .
:ki6Ls/0fM o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf]nflu,
-s_ k|ToIf >d nfut eGgfn] Jofkf/ df}Hbftsf] pTkfbg;+u k|ToIf
?kdf ;DalGwt >d nfut ;Demg' k5{ .
-v_ k|ToIf ;fdu|L nfut eGgfn] Jofkf/ df}Hbftsf] cleGg csf]
?kdf ePsf] jf x'g] ;fdu|Lsf] nfut ;Demg' k5{ .
-u_ sf/vfgfsf] lz/f]ef/ nfut eGgfn] k|ToIf >d / k|ToIf
;fdfu|L nfut afx]s Jofkf/ df}Hbftsf] pTkfbg ug{ nfu]sf] s"n
nfut ;Demg' k5{ .
t/ sf/vfgfsf] lz/f]ef/ nfutdf d/Ddt tyf ;'wf/ / x|f;
sL jfktsf] s'g} /sd ;dfj]z x'g] 5}g .
-3_ kl/jt{gzLn sf/vfgf lz/f]ef/ nfut eGgfn] Jofkf/
df}Hbftsf] pTkflbt kl/df0fsf] kl/jt{g;+u} k|ToIf ?kdf kl/jt{g
x'g] sf/vfgf lz/f]ef/ nfut ;Demg' k5{ .
t/ kl/jt{gzLn sf/vfgf lz/f]ef/ nfutdf d/Ddt tyf ;'wf/
/ x|f; sL jfktsf] s'g} /sd ;dfj]z x'g] 5}g .
!*=^=$ dd{t tyf ;'wf/ vr{
s'g} AolQmsf] s'g} cfo aif{df s'g} Joj;fosf] cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;fdfGotofM
sf/f]jf/;+u ;DalGwt dd{t tyf ;'wf/ vr{ sL bfaL ug{ kfpg]5 . dd{t vr{
;DaGwdf lgDg Joj:yfx? /x]sf 5g\M

x|f; of]Uo ;DklQsf] dd{t tyf ;'wf/ vr{ bkmf !^ adf]lhd

Joj;flos ;DklQsf] dd{t tyf ;'wf/ vr{ bkmf #* adf]lhd

Jofkfl/s df}Hbftsf] dd{t -cfjZos k/]df_ bkmf !% adf]lhd

t]>f] kIfsf] ;DklQsf] s/f/ adf]lhd x'g] dd{t bkmf !# adf]lhd

x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] dd{t tyf ;'wf/ ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !^ sf] pkbkmf -!_, -@_
tyf -#_ df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M

364

!^-!_

s'g} JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df s'g} Joj;fo jf nufgLsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{
;f] Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 cfo cfh{g ug{ ;f] jif{df :jfldTj ePsf] / k|of]u
ul/Psf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] dd{t jf ;'wf/ ubf{ ePsf] ;a} vr{x? sL ug{
kfpg]5 .
!^-@_
pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;f] pkbkmf adf]lhd
ug{ kfpg] vr{ sL ubf{ ;f] cfo jif{sf] cGTodf /x]sf] ;DklQsf] ;d"xsf] x|f;
cfwf/ /sdsf] ;ft k|ltzt eGbf a9L x'g] 5}g .
t/ xjfO{ oftfoft ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] AolQmn] g]kfn gful/s p8\8og
k|flws/0fn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dfkb08 adf]lhd xjfO{ hxfhsf] k"0f{ k/LIf0f ubf{
nfu]sf] dd{t ;Def/ vr{df pQm of] ;Ldf nfu" x'g] 5}g .
!^-#_
pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf] ;Ldfsf] kl/0ffd :j?k sL ug{ gkfOg] dd{t
tyf ;'wf/ jfkt s'n clws vr{ jf ;f]sf] efu cfufdL cfojif{sf] ;'?df
;DalGwt ;DklQsf] ;d"xsf] x|f; cfwf/ /sddf hf]8\g kfpg]5 .
P]gsf] bkmf !^ sf] pkbkmf -!_ cg';f/ s'g} JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df s'g}
Joj;fosf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ lgDgfg';f/ ;Dk"0f{ ca:yfx? k'/f ePdf dd{t
;Def/ vr{ sL bfaL ug{ kfpg]5M
dd{t ul/Psf] ;DklQ Joj;fosf] cfo cfh{g ug]{ sfo{df k|of]u ePsf],
dd{t ul/Psf] ;DklQdf ;f] AolQmsf] :jfldTj ePsf]
k|of]u ul/Psf] ;DklQ x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ ePsf] /
pkbkmf -@_ df tf]lsP adf]lhd o;/L sL bfaL ul/Psf] dd{t jf
;'wf/ vr{x? ;f] cfo jif{sf] cGTodf /x]sf] ;DklQsf] ;d"xsf] x|f;
cfwf/sf] ;ft k|ltzteGbf a9L x'g' x'b}g .
o;;DjlGw Joj:yf lgDgfg';f/ k|i6 ul/Psf] 5M
ju{
s
v
u
3
jif{sf] z'?sf] x|f; cfwf/
of] jif{ ju{df ;dfj]z /sd
of] jif{sf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt x'g] jf ePsf] /sd
;d"xsf] cl:yTj /x]sf]
;d"x lj36gsf] x|f;
cfodf ;dfj]z x'g]
x|f; cfwf/ -dd{t / x|f; sLsf nflu_
x|f; cfwf/sf] & k|ltztn] x'g] /sd -s_
dd{t ;'wf/sf] jf:tljs vr{ -v_
vr{ sL /sd
;d"xdf ;d"lxs[t x'g] /sd

1000 1000 1000 1000

0
0
0
0
500 0
800 1200

5}g

200

5
200

500
35
20
20
0

1000
70
80
60
70
60*
10

)
100
0
100**

*;d"xdf

;DklQ afsL g/x]sf] ;d"xsf] dd{t tyf ;'wf/ vr{ bkmf !^ adf]lhd
vr{ sL kfpb5 .

365

**

;d"xdf ;DklQ afsL /x]sf] t/ /sd afsL gePsf] ;d"xsf] dd{t vr{
cfufdL jif{sf] z'?df ;DalGwt ;d"xdf ;d"lxs[t x'G5 .
t/ xjfO{ oftfoft ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] AolQmn] g]kfn gful/s p8\8og
k|flws/0fn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dfkb08 adf]lhd xjfO{ hxfhsf] k"0f{ k/LIf0f ubf{
nfu]sf] dd{t ;Def/ vr{df pQm ;Ldf nfu" x'g] 5}g . pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd
dd{t ;'wf/ vr{ jfkt sL gePsf] /sd cfufdL cfo jif{sf] ;'?df ;DalGwt
;DklQsf] ;d"xsf] x|f; cfwf/ /sddf ;dfj]z ug{ kfpF5 .
pbfx/0f !*=^=!) M dfgf}+, cf=a= @)^%.^^ df g]kfn Aofkf/ lasf; k|f=ln=
sf] dd{t ;'wf/ vr{ tyf l:y/ ;DklQsf] ca:yf lgDgfg';f/sf] /x]5 M
!= ;f] cf=a= df lgDgfg';f/ dd{t ;'wf/ vr{ ePsf] /x]5M
s= ejg ;d"x
?= !),)),)))
v= sDKo"6/ ;d"x
?= %),)))
u= c6f]df]jfO{N; ;d"x
?= *,)),)))
@= ;f] sDkgLsf]] x|f; cfwf/ (Depreciation Basis) lgDgfg';f/ /x]5 M
s= ejg ;d"x
?= %,)),)),)))
v= sDKo"6/ ;d"x
?= $,)),)))
u= c6f]df]jfO{N; ;d"x
?= *),)),)))
#= ;f] sDkgLn] ;f] cfo aif{df lgDgfg';f/ x'g] d/Ddt ;'wf/ vr{ bfaL ug{
;Sg]5 M
s= ejg ;d"x
& k|=z= n]
?= #%,)),)))
v= sDKo"6/ ;d"x
& k|=z= n]
?= @*,)))
u= c6f]df]jfO{N; ;d"x & k|=z= n]
?= %,^),)))
$= sL gx'g] dd{t ;'wf/ vr{ -x|f; cfwf/df ;dfj]z x'g] /sd_M
s= ejg ;d"x M k'/} vr{ bfaL of]Uo ePsf] x'+bf vr{ sL kfpg]
v= sDKo"6/ ;d"xM ?= @*,))) vr{ sL x'g] x'+bf vr{ sL gx'g] /sd
?= @@,))) -%),)))@*,)))_ v ju{sf] cfufdL cfo aif{sf] ;'?
x|f; cfwf/df ;dfa]; x'G5 .
u= c6f]df]jfO{N; ;d"xM ?= %,^),))) vr{ sL x'g] x'+bf vr{ sL gx'g]
/sd ?= @,$),))) -*,)),)))%,^),)))_ u ju{sf] cfufdL cfo
aif{sf] ;'? x|f; cfwf/df ;dfa]; x'G5 .
s'g} AolQmn] Joj;fosf] cfo cfh{g x'g] sfo{df k|of]u ePsf] ;DklQ ef8fdf lnO{
k|of]u u/]sf] /x]5 / ;f] ;DklQdf ;f] aif{ dd{t cfbL vr{ ePsf] /x]5 eg] ;f]
;DklQ;+u ;DalGwt dd{t vr{ o; bkmf cGt{ut vr{ bfaL gu/L bkmf !# cGtu{t
/xL vr{ bfaL ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
!*=^=% k|b"if0f lgoGq0f vr{
s'g} AolQmsf] s'g} cfo aif{df s'g} Joj;fosf] cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;fdfGotofM
sf/f]jf/;+u ;DalGwt k|b"if0f lgoGq0f vr{ sL bfaL ug{ kfpg]5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf
P]gsf] bkmf !& sf] pkbkmf -!_, -@_ tyf -#_ df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
366

!&-!_

s'g} JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df s'g} Joj;foaf6 ePsf] cfo u0fgf ug]{
k|of]hgsf] nflu ;f] jif{df ;f] Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ sfo{df vr{ u/]sf] xb
;Ddsf] k|b"if0f lgoGq0f vr{ sL ug{ kfpg]5 .
!&-@_
pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} cfo jif{df ;f]
pkbkmf adf]lhd sf ug{ kfpg] vr{sf] ;Ldf u0fgf ubf{ ;f] JolQmaf6
;~rflnt ;a} Joj;fosf] ;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfosf] krf; k|ltzteGbf a9L
x'g] 5}g .
!&-#_
pkbkmf -@_ df plNnlvt ;LdfeGbf j9L sL ug{ gkfOg] clws vr{ jf
;f]sf] efunfO{ cfufdL cfojif{sf] z'?df k"FhLs/0f u/L cg';"rL@ adf]lhd
x|f; sL ug{ ;Sg]5 .
:ki6Ls/0f M o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu k|b"if0f lgoGq0f vr{ eGgfn] k|b"if0f
lgoGq0f ug]{ jf cGo ?kdf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ug]{ jf hf]ufO{ /fVg] p4]Zosf]
nflu s'g} k|ls|of;+u ;DjlGwt s'g} JolQmjf6 ul/Psf] vr{ ;Demg' k5{ .
P]gsf] bkmf !& cg';f/ s'g} jif{ s'g} Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ sfo{df vr{ u/]sf] k|b"if0f
lgoGq0f ug]{ jf cGo ?kdf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ug]{ jf hf]ufO{ /fVg] p4]Zosf] nflu
Joj;fosf] s'g} k|ls|of;+u ;DjlGwt k|b"if0f lgoGq0f vr{ lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ul/Psf]
;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfosf] krf; k|ltzt ;Dd dfq ;f] jif{ sL bfaL ug{ kfO{G5 .
k|b'if0f lgoGq0fsf nflu g} vr{ u/]sf] ePtf klg Joj;fosf] s'g} k|lqmof;+u ;DjGw
gePsf] vr{nfO{ of] bkmf adf]lhd vr{ sL ug{ ldNb}g .
pbfx/0f !*=^=!! M dfgf}+, g]kfn Aofkf/ lasf; k|f=ln= sf] cf=a= @)^%.^^ df pQm
k|f=ln= sf] gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fa lgDgfg';f/sf] /x]5 M
vr{
Jofkf/ df}Hbftsf] nfut vr{
k|zf;lgs vr{
rGbf
a}s Aofh vr{
k|b'if0f lgoGq0f vr{
cg';Gwfg / ljsfz vr{
x|f; vr{
v'b gfkmf
hDdf

/sd ?
$$,)),)))
%,)),)))
!),)))
@,*),)))
!@,)),)))
&,)),)))
%),)))
!%,)))
&!,%%,)))

cfDbfgL
/sd ?=
laqmL
&!,%),)))
Aofh cfDbfgL
%,)))

hDdf

&!,%%,)))

dfly pNn]lvt pbfx/0fdf lgDgfg';f/ k|b"if0f lgoGq0f vr{ ;f] cfo aif{df bfaL
of]Uo /xG5 .
;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfosf] u0fgf
;dfj]z x'g] /sd
&!,%%,)))
Go"g vr{ sL M
Aofh vr{
@,*),)))
Jofkf/ df}Hbftsf] nfut vr{
$$,)),)))

367

x|f; vr{
cGo k|zf;lgs vr{

%),)))
%,)),)))

cg';Gwfg / ljsfz vr{

&,)),)))

hDdf sL
;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfo
%) k|ltztn] x'g] /sd
af:tlas k|b'if0f lgoGq0f vr{
hDdf bfaL of]Uo /sd
;d"lxs[t x'g] /sd

%(,#),)))
!@,@%,)))
^,!@,%))
!@,)),)))
^,!@,%))
%,*&,%))

dfly pbfx/0fdf k|b'if0f lgoGq0f vr{{ ?= !@,)),))) dWo] ?= ^,!@,%)) dfq bfaL
ug{ ;lsG5 . sL x'g af+sL ?= %,*&,%)) ju{ 3 sf] ;DklQsf] x|f; cfwf/df
;dfj]z u/L cfufdL aif{ b]lv x|f;sL ug{ kfO{G5 .
!*=^=^ cg';Gwfg / ljsf; vr{
s'g} AolQmsf] s'g} cfo aif{df s'g} Joj;fosf] cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;fdfGotofM
sf/f]jf/;+u ;DalGwt cg';Gwfg / ljsf; vr{ sL bfaL ug{ kfpg]5 . ;f]
;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !* sf] pkbkmf -!_, -@_ tyf -#_ df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf
/x]sf] 5 M
!*-!_
s'g} JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df s'g} Joj;foaf6 ePsf] cfo u0fgf ug]{
k|of]hgsf] nflu ;f] jif{df ;f] Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ sfo{df vr{ u/]sf] xb
;Ddsf] cg';Gwfg / ljsf; vr{ sL ug{ kfpg]5 .
!*-@_
pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} cfo jif{df ;f]
pkbkmf adf]lhd sf ug{ kfpg] vr{sf] ;Ldf u0fgf ubf{ ;f] JolQmaf6
;~rflnt ;a} Joj;fosf] ;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfosf] krf; k|ltzteGbf a9L
x'g] 5}g .
!*-#_
pkbkmf -@_ df plNnlvt ;LdfeGbf j9L sL ug{ gkfOg] s'g} clws
vr{ jf ;f]sf] s'g} efunfO{ cfufdL cfojif{sf] z'?df k"FhLs/0f u/L cg';"rL@
adf]lhd x|f; sL ug{ ;Sg]5 .
:ki6Ls/0f M o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu cg';Gwfg / ljsf; vr{ eGgfn]
s'g} JolQmaf6 lghsf] Joj;fosf] ljsf; ug]{ / Jofkfl/s pTkfbg jf
k|ls|ofsf] ;'wf/ ug]{ p2]Zoaf6 ul/Psf] vr{ ;Demg' k5{ .
t/ o:tf] vr{df cg';"rL@ sf] bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf -#_ df plNnlvt s'g} klg
;DklQ k|fKt ubf{sf] nfut ;dfj]z x'g] 5}g .
P]gsf] bkmf !* cg';f/ s'g} jif{ s'g} JolQmaf6 lghsf] Joj;fosf] ljsf; ug]{ /
Jofkfl/s pTkfbg jf k|ls|ofsf] ;'wf/ ug]{ p2]Zoaf6 ul/Psf] cg';Gwfg / ljsf;
vr{ lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ul/Psf] ;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfosf] krf; k|ltzt ;Dd dfq
;f] jif{ sL bfaL ug{ kfO{G5 .
pbfx/0f !*=^=!@ M dfyL pbfx/0f !*=^=(, g]kfn Aofkf/ lasf; k|f=ln=
lgDgfg';f/ cg';Gwfg / ljsf; vr{ ;f] cfo aif{df bfaL of]Uo /xG5 .
368

;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfosf] u0fgf

cfDbfgL
Go"gM
Aofh vr{
Jofkf/ df}Hbftsf] nfut vr{
x|f; vr{
cGo k|zf;lgs vr{
k|b'if0f lgoGq0f vr{

&!,%%,)))
@,*),)))
$$,)),)))
%),)))
%,)),)))
!@,)),)))

hDdf sL
^$,#),)))
;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfo
&,@%,)))
%) k|ltztn] x'g] /sd
#,^@,%))
af:tlas cg';Gwfg / ljsf; vr{
&,)),)))
hDdf bfaL of]Uo /sd
#,^@,%))
;d"lxs[t x'g] /sd
#,#&,%))
dfly pbfx/0fdf cg';Gwfg / ljsf; vr{{ ePsf] ?=&,)),))) dWo]
=
#,^@,%)) dfq bfaL ug{ ;lsG5 . sL x'g af+sL ?= #,#&,%)) ju{ 3 sf]
;DklQsf] x|f; cfwf/df ;dfj]z u/L cfufdL aif{ b]lv x|f;sL ug{ kfO{G5 .
!*=^=& x|f;sL vr{
s'g} AolQmsf] s'g} cfo aif{df s'g} Joj;fosf] cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;fdfGotofM
sf/f]jf/;+u ;DalGwt x|f;sL vr{ sL bfaL ug{ kfpg]5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf P]gsf]
bkmf !( sf] pkbkmf -!_, tyf -@_ df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
!(-!_
s'g} JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df s'g} Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 ePsf] cfo
u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu ;f] Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 ;f] JolQmsf] cfo cfh{g
ug{ ;f] jif{df cfkmgf] :jfldTjdf /xL k|of]u u/]sf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] x|f; eP
afkt cg';"rL@ adf]lhd x|f; vr{ sL ug'{ kg]{5 .
!(-@_
pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} lgsfon] ;fj{hlgs
k'jf{wf/ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf ;+rfng u/L g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug]{
cfof]hgfx? / laB't u[x lgdf{0f, pTkfbg / k|;f/0f ug]{ cfof]hgfx?df h8fg
ePsf ;+oGqx?, pks/0fx?, / cGo d]lzg/Lx?sf] x|f; sL ;DaGwdf
lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5 M
-s_ ;flasdf h8fg eO{ /x]sf ;+oGqx?, pks/0fx?, / cGo d]lzg/Lx?
k"/fgf] jf hL0f{ eO{ sfd gnfUg] x'g uO{ ;f]sf] ;f gofF ;+oGqx?,
pks/0fx? / cGo d]lzg/Lx? h8fg ug'{ kg]{ ePdf o;/L h8fg u/]sf]
cfo jif{df ;flasdf h8fg ePsf k"/fgf] jf lh0f{ eO{ sfd gnfUg]
;DklQsf] nfutaf6 ;f] cfojif{;Ddsf] x|f; sL 36fpbf afFsL x'g]
d"No vr{sf] ?kdf sL ug{ kfpg]5 .

369

-v_

v08 -s_ adf]lhd km]l/Psf k'/fgf ;DklQ afx]ssf cGo ;DklQx?sf

;DaGwdf ;f] lgsfon] To:tf cfof]hgf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ x:tfGt/0f
ug]{ ;dodf ;f] ;DklQsf] nfutaf6 x:tfGt/0f x'g] cfojif{;Ddsf] x|f;
sL 36fpbf d"No afFsL /xg cfPdf To:tf] afFsL d"No vr{sf] ?kdf
sL ug{ kfpg]5 .
P]gsf] bkmf !( sf] pkbkmf -!_ cg';f/ s'g} JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df s'g} Joj;fosf]
cfo u0fgf ubf{ lgDgfg';f/ ;Dk"0f{ ca:yfdf k'/f ePdf x|f; sL vr{ bfaL ug{'
kg]{5 M
- ;f] ;DklQ Joj;foaf6 cfo cfh{g ug]{ sfo{df k|of]u ePsf],
- ;f] AolQmsf] :jfldTj ePsf], /
- k|of]u ul/Psf] ;DklQ x|f;of]Uo ePsf] .
pkbkmf -!_ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd x|f; sL vr{ bfaL P]gsf] cg';"rL@ df tf]lsP
adf]lhd ug'{ kg]{5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf P]gsf] cg';"rL@ df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf]
5M
!= x|f; of]Uo ;DklQsf] juL{s/0f / ;d"xLs/0f M
P]gsf] cg';"rL @ sf] bkmf ! adf]lhd x|f; of]Uo ;DklQsf] juL{s/0f / ;d"xLs/0f
;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/ Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5M
c=@=!-!_ x|f; of]Uo ;DklQsf] juL{s/0f b]xfo adf]lhdsf] x'g]5 M
ju{ ;DklQsf] ljj/0f
s ejg, :6Sr/ / :yfoL k|s[ltsf o:t} k|sf/sf cGo agf}6x? .
v sDKo"6/, tYof s]nfpg] pks/0f, kmlg{r/, lkmS:r/ / sfof{no
pks/0fx? .
u c6f]df]afON;, a; tyf ldgLa;x? .
3 lgdf{0f tyf pTvgg\ ;DaGwL pks/0fx? / bkmf !& sf] pkbkmf -#_, bkmf !*
sf] pkbkmf -#_ / o; cg';"rLsf] pkbkmf -#_ ;d]t cGo st} ;dfj]z gEfPsf x|f;
of]Uo ;DklQx? .
ju{ 3 df pNn]v ePsf x|f;of]Uo ;DklQx? afx]ssf cb[Zo ;DklQx? .
x|f; vr{ u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu
s au{ -:yfoL ;+/rgf_ M h:t}, ejg, ;8s, 6g]n, 8\ofd, l:jld+u k'n, kfj/
xfp;, uf]bfd, :6]l8od, Eo" 6fj/, gx/, k'n, xjfO{ Pk|f]g, kfls{+u :6n o:t} :yfoL
;DklQx?,
v ju{ -sfof{no ;dfg / lkmS:r/_ M h:t} kmlg{r/, sDKo'6/ -Personal
Computers_, clkm; pks/0fx?, lkmSr;{ h:tf lz/f]ef/ sfof{no pks/0fx?,
u ju{ -;jf/L ;fwg_M h:t} sf/, lhk, a;, 6s, df]6/;fO{sn h:tf ;jf/L
;fwg,

370

3 ju{ -cfwf/e"t ;DklQ_M h:t} Joj;fohGo cj:yfn] k|of]u ul/g] pks/0fx? Specific Assets_, h:t}, sf/vfgfsf d]lzg/L, ljB't h]g]/]6/, 6jf{Og, 6]lnsd
pks/0fx?, a}+ls Joj;fo ug]{n] k|of]u ug]{ ATM Machine, Communication
Joj;fon] k|of]u ug]{ Switching Machine, Commutation equipment, Construction
Industry n] k|of]u ug]{ Tripper, Earth Moving Vehicle, xjfO{ ljdfg cfbL
ju{ -cd"t{ ;DklQ_M h:t} Kof6]G6, skL /fO6, 6]8dfs{, ;"q, a|f08 h:tf
;do;+u clwsf/ cfa4 ul/Psf ;DklQx?, -t/ s/ k|of]hgdf Goodwill ;DklQ
dflgb}g_ / k|lt OsfO{ pTkfbg jf ljqmLdf cfj4 ePsf] ;Demf}tf cd't{ ;DklQ geO{
/f]oN6L xf] .
x|f; vr{ u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu s au{df :yfoL ;+/rgf, h:t}, ejg,
Approach Road, Compound wall h:tf ;DklQx? ;dfa]; ul/g' kb{5 . lglZrt
cjlwsf] nflu hUuf ef8fdf lnO{ lgdf{0f x'g] ;+/rgf Pj+ Joj;flos ejgdf 7fpF
lnO{ lgdf{0f x'g] ;+/rgf ef8fdf lng] lbg] jLrsf] ;+emf}tfsf cfwf/df cjlw lgwf{/0f
ePsf] x'G5 . o;/L lgdf{0f ePsf] ;+/rgfsf] nfut au{df ;dfa]; u/L ;f]
;+emf}tfsf] clwgdf /xL x|f;sL vr{ bfaL ug'{ kb{5 .
c=@=!-@_ s'g} JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df lghsf] :jfldTjdf /xL Joj;fo jf
nufgLjf6 cfo cfh{gsf] nfuL k|of]u u/]sf] s'g} x|f;of]Uo ;DklQnfO{ klxnf]
k6s :jfldTjdf cfPsf] jf k|of]u ePsf] ;dodf lgDgfg';f/sf] ;d"x /fVg'
kg]{5 / ;f] ;d"xx?nfO{ ;f] jif{df pQm JolQmsf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQx?sf] ;d"x
dflgg]5 .
-s_ ;f] JolQmsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] jf k|of]udf /x]sf] p:t} ;DklQx?sf]
;DaGwdf ju{ s, v, u jf 3 sf x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ ;f]xL
ju{sf cGo ;DklQx?sf] pxL ;d"xdf .
cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf !-@_-s_ adf]lhd s'g} ;d'x cGtu{tsf] ;DklQ vl/b ubf{ ;f]xL
;d'xdf yk ug'{ kb{5 . cyf{t cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu ;DklQsf] 5'f 5'} u0fgf
gu/L ;d"xdf u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 .
pbfx/0f !*=^=!#M dfgf}+, cf=a= @)^%.^^ df g]kfn Aofkf/ lasf; k|f=ln=n]
lgDgfg';f/sf] ;DklQ vl/b u/]sf] /x]5 .
l;=g= ldlt
;DklQsf] laa/0f
/sd
!= @)^%.$.^ 6]jn
!),))).))
@= @)^%.%.% sDKo"6/
^),))).))
#= @)^%.%.& ;fO{sn
%,))).))
$= @)^%.^.* h]g]/]6/
!,)),))).))
%= @)^%.(.!& b/fh
!@,))).))
^= @)^%.!!.! d]r
!%,))).))
&= @)^%.!@.# sf/
!*,)),))).))
*= @)^^.!.$ df]6/ ;fO{sn
!,@),))).))
(= @)^^.#.% kfgL tfGg] kDk
(,))).))
pQm ;d"xnfO{ cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu 5'f 5'} u0fgf gu/L lgDgfg';f/ ;d'xdf

371

u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 .

;d'x v
@)^%.$.^
6]jn
@)^%.%.%
sDKo"6/
@)^%.(.!&
b/fh
@)^%.!!.!
d]r
hDdf ;d'x v
;d'x u
@)^%.!@.#
sf/
@)^^.!.$
df]6/ ;fO{sn
hDdf ;d'x u
;d'x 3
@)^%.%.&
;fO{sn
@)^%.^.*
h]g]/]6/
@)^^.#.%
kfgL tfGg] kDk
hDdf ;d'x 3
-v_

!),))).))
^),))).))
!@,))).))
!%,))).))
(&,))).))
!*,)),))).))
!,@),))).))
!(,@),))).))
%,))).))
!,)),))).))
(,))).))
!,!$,))).))

ju{ sf x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] ;DaGwdf pxL ju{sf] ;DklQx? eP

tfklg j]Unf j]Un} ;d"xdf /fVg' k5{ .

cg';"rL @ sf] bkmf !-@_-v_ adf]lhd au{ sf x|f; of]Uo ;DklQ, h:t}, k]6]06
/fO{6, 6]8dfs{ cfbL k|To]s ;DklQsf] x}l;ot km/s km/s x'g] x'gfn] oL
;DklQx?nfO{ ;f]xL au{sf] ePtf klg 5'f 5'} ;d'xdf /fvL u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 .
c=@=!-#_ Joj;foaf6 cfo cfh{g ug]{ l;nl;nfdf k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] pTvgg,
vlgh lgsfNg] sfo{ tyf ;f]sf] ljsf;sf] nflu k/]sf] nfut ;f] cfo;+u
;DalGwt Joj;fosf] nflu ;DklQ vl/b ubf{ k/]sf] nfut ;/x dflgg]5 .
k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] pTvgg, vlgh lgsfNg] sfo{ tyf ;f]sf] ljsf;sf] nflu k/]sf]
nfutg} o:tf sfo{sf] nflu cfaZos ;DklQ dflgPsf] 5 / o:tf] ;DklQnfO{ au{
3 cGtu{t /flvPsf] 5 .
@= x|f;sf] b/ M
u0fgfsf cfwf/df x|f;sf] b/ / t/Lsf # y/Lsf] x'G5M
!_ ;fdfGo b/ (Normal Rate)M cg';"lr @ sf] bkmf #-!_ adf]lhdsf] b/
@_ yk b/ (Accelerated Rate) M cg';"lr @ sf] bkmf #-@_ adf]lhdsf] yk b/
#_ afsL d"No x|f; (Terminal Depreciation) M cg';"lr @ sf] bkmf $ tyf P]gsf] bkmf
!(-@_ adf]lhdsf] x|f;
P]gsf] cg';"rL @ sf] bkmf # adf]lhd x|f; of]Uo ;DklQsf] ju{sf] cfwf/df
lgDgfg';f/sf] ;fdfGo b/ (Normal Rate) k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 M

372

c=@=#-!_ pkbkmf -@_ sf] cwLgdf /xL o; cg';"rLsf] bkmf @ sf] pkbkmf -@_ df
plNnlvt k|To]s ;d"xsf] xsdf nfu" x'g] x|f;sf] b/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M
b/
% k|ltzt
@% k|ltzt
@) k|ltzt
!% k|ltzt
;DklQ vl/b ubf{sf] avtdf pQm ;DklQsf] nfutnfO{
;DklQsf] k|of]ufjlwn] efu u/L lgs6td cfwf jif{df
ldnfgu/L x'g cfpg] b/ k|ltztdf .
c=@=#-@_ o; P]gsf] bkmf !( sf] pkbkmf -@_ df pNn]v ul/Psf cfof]hgfx?n] /
cg';"rL@ sf] bkmf @ sf] pkbkmf -#_ / -$_ df pNn]v ul/Psf lgsfon] o;
cg';"rLsf] pkbkmf -!_ df pNn]v u/]sf ju{ s, v, u / 3 df
pNn]lvt x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf nflu nfu" x'g] x|f;sLsf] b/df Ps ltxfO{n] yk
kfpg]5g\ .
x|f; sLsf] u0fgf ubf{ cfo jif{sf] cGTodf ;DklQsf] ;d"xdf /x]sf] x|f; cfwf/
/sddf x|f; sLsf] b/ n] u0fgf ug'{ k5{ .
t/ lgDgfg';f/sf lgsfox?n] eg] s, v, u / 3 df pNn]lvt x|f;of]Uo
;DklQsf nflu nfu" x'g] x|f;sLsf] b/df Ps ltxfO{n] yk yk b/ (Accelerated
Rate) kfp5g\ . ;fdfGo b/ jf yk b/ h] ;'s} ;'ljwf kfpg] ePtf klg ;DalGwt
;DklQ ;d"xsf] x|f; u0fgf u/L afsL /xg] /sddfq cfufdL cfo jif{df lhDd]jf/L
;fg{' kb{5 . P]gsf] bkmf !( sf] Joj:yf cg';f/ x|f; vr{ clgjfo{ vr{ xf] .
-s_ lgsfon] ;+rfng u/]sf ljz]if pBf]ux? cyf{t r'/f]6, la+8L, l;uf/,
vfg];"lt{, v}gL, d'Vo sRrf kbfy{ ;"lt{ ePsf] ;f]xL k|s[ltsf cGo pTkfbgx?,
dlb/f, ljo/ tyf o:t} k|sf/sf j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]uafx]s cf}Bf]lus
Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf # df juL{s/0f ul/Psf pTkfbgd"ns pBf]ux? .
-v_ s'g} ;8s, k'n, 6g]n, /f]kj] jf cfsfz] k'n lgdf{0f u/L ;+rfng ug]{, s'g}
6nL a; jf 6fd ;+rfng ug]{ lgsfo .
-u_ s/ gnfUg] afx]ssf ;xsf/L ;+3 tyf ;+:yfx? .
cyf{t, dfly -s_, -v_ tyf -u_ df pNn]lvt lgsfox?sf] nflu x|f; sLsf] b/
lgDgfg';f/sf] x'g]5 .
b/
ju{
s
^=^& k|ltzt
v
##=## k|ltzt
u
@^=^& k|ltzt
3
@)=)) k|ltzt
;fj{hlgs k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf ;+rfng u/L g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ x:tfGt/0f
ug]{ cfof]hgfx? / laB't u[x lgdf{0f, pTkfbg / k|;f/0f ug]{ cfof]hgfx?df h8fg
ju{
s
v
u
3

373

ePsf ;+oGqx?, pks/0fx?, / cGo d]lzg/Lx?sf] xsdf Terminal Depreciation

;d]t sL ug{ kfpg]5 . cyf{t, x:tfGt/0f ul/g] ;DklQsf] afFls d"No a/fa/sf]
/sd d"Vo pks/0f k|lt:yfkg ubf{ / x:tfGt/0f x'g] cfof]hgfaf6 ;DklQx?
x:tfGt/0f x'+bfsf avt x|f; sL vr{ bfaL ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
o; P]gdf pNn]lvt pBf]ux? Affx]s cGo pBf]u h:t}, ko{6g, ;]jf cfbL pBf]ux?n]
;flas cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gsf] bkmf !%-h_ cg';f/ k|fKt u/]sf Ps ltxfO{n] yk
(Accelerated Depreciation) sf] ;'lawf pknAw x'g] 5}g .
#= x|f; vr{ M
P]gsf] cg';"rL @ sf] bkmf @ adf]lhd x|f; of]Uo ;DklQsf] ju{sf] cfwf/df
lgDgfg';f/sf] b/ k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 M
c=@=@-!_ s'g} klg JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df ;f] JolQmsf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf
;d"xx? afkt o; bkmfsf] pkbkmf -@_ / -^_ adf]lhd u0fgf ul/Psf k|To]s
;d"xdf /x]sf ;DklQsf] ;f] jif{df ePsf] x|f; a/fa/sf] vr{ sL ug{
kfpg]5 .
c=@=@-@_ s'g} JolQmn] cfk\mgf] cfo jif{df ;d"xdf /x]sf ;DklQsf] x|f; sLsf]
u0fgf b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ;"qsf] k|of]u u/L lgsfNg' kg]{5 .
s Xv
s eGgfn] ;f] cfo jif{sf] cGTodf ;DklQsf] ;d"xdf /x]sf] x|f; cfwf/
/sdnfO{ hgfpFg]5,
v eGgfn] ;f] ;d"xsf] xsdf nfu' x'g] o; cg';"rLsf] bkmf # df plNnlvt
x|f; sL b/nfO{ hgfpFg]5 .
c=@=@-^_ ju{ s, v, u jf 3 sf ;d"xsf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQx?sf] x|f; sL
cfwf/ /sdaf6 o; bkmfsf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd u0fgf ul/g] x|f; vr{
s6fpFbf b'O{xhf/ ?k}ofFFeGbf sd ePdf cltl/Qm x|f; vr{ afkt ;f] jfFsL
/sd ;j} u0fgf ug'{ kg]{5 .
x|f; vr{ s6fpFbf s'g} ju{df /x]sf] ;DklQsf] x|f; cfwf/df ;f] ju{sf] x|f; sL b/
k|of]u u/L x'g cfpg] /sd bfaL ug'{ kg]{5 . pQm Aoa:yf tn pbfx/0fdf v'nfO{Psf]
5.
pbfx/0f !*=^=!$M dfgf}+, g]kfn Aofkf/ lasf; k|f=ln=sf] cf=a= @)^%.^^ cGtdf
df ;d'x v sf] x|f; cfwf/ ?= !,)),))).)) /x]5 eg] ;f] cf=a= df ;f]
;d'sf] x|f; vr{ lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 .
-s_ ;f] cfo jif{sf] cGTodf ;DklQsf] ;d"xdf
?= !,)),))).))
/x]sf] x|f; cfwf/ /sd
-v_ x|f; sL b/

@% k|ltzt
x|f; vr{

s Xv

?= @%,)))
s, v, u jf 3 ;d"xsf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQx?sf] x|f; sL cfwf/ /sdaf6
s'g} jif{sf] x|f; vr{ s6fpFbf b'O{xhf/ ?k}ofFFeGbf sd ePdf cltl/Qm x|f; vr{
374

afkt ;f] jfFsL /sd ;j} u0fgf ug'{ k5{ . pQm Aoa:yf tn pbfx/0fdf v'nfO{Psf]
5.
pbfx/0f !*=^=!%M dfgf}+, g]kfn Aofkf/ lasf; k|f=ln=sf] cf=a= @)^%.^^ cGtdf
au{ v sf] x|f; cfwf/ ?= @,$)) /x]5 . ;f] aif{ pQm au{sf] b/ @%% n] ?=
^)) x|f; sL u/L afFsL ?= !,*)) x'G5 . pQm /sd ?= @,))) eGbf sd
ePsf]n] ;f]xL cf=a= df cltl/Qm x|f; vr{ afkt sL bfaL ug{ kfO{G5 .
c=@=@-#_ s'g} cfo jif{sf] cGTodf ju{ s, v, u jf 3 df /x]sf x|f;of]Uo
;DklQsf] x|f; cfwf/ /sd b]xfo adf]lhdsf] v08 -s_ / v08 -v_ sf]
of]ujf6 v08 -u_ sf] /sd 36fO{ sfod ug'{ kg]{5 .
t/ o;/L 36fOPkl5sf] /sd z"Go eGbf sd x'g] 5}g M
-s_ cl3Nnf] jif{sf] cGTosf] ;f] ;d"xsf] x|f; sLcfwf/ /sdaf6 pkbkmf -@_
/ -^_ adf]lhd u0fgf ul/Psf] ;f] ;d"xsf] x|f; vr{ sL u/L jfFsL x'g]
/sd .
-v_ ;f] jif{df ;f] ;d"xsf] x|f; sL cfwf/ /sddf ;f] ;d"xdf ylkPsf
;DklQsf] nflu ul/Psf] ;f] ;d"xdf yk u/]sf] ;f] cfo jif{leq o;
cg';"rLsf] pkbkmf -%_ adf]lhdsf] vr{ jf ;d"xdf hf]l8Psf] vr{ .
-u_ ;f] ;d"xsf] s'g} ;DklQsf] ;f] jif{df ePsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt s'g} /sd .
s'g} cfo jif{sf] cGTodf ju{ s, v, u jf 3 cGtu{tsf ;d'xdf /x]sf
x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] x|f; cfwf/ lgDgfg';f/ sfod ug'{k5{ M
s= cl3Nnf] cfo jif{sf] cGTosf] ;f] ;d"xsf] x|f; cfwf/ /sdaf6 ;f]
aif{sf] x|f; sL u/L afFls /sd ?= @,))) eGbf sd ePdf ;f] ;d]t
sf k5Lsf] /sd (Opening Depreciation Base)
v= hf]8\g]M cl3Nnf] cfo aif{df ylkPsf ;DklQ t/ bkmf !( sf] k|of]hgsf]
nflu ;f] cfo aif{sf] x|f; cfwf/df ;dfa]; gx'g] /sdx?
cl3Nnf] cfo jif{sf] bkmf !^ cg';f/ o; cfo aif{sf] x|f;
cfwf/df yk x'g] /sd -3 au{sf] ;DklQsf] xsdf !& / !*
adf]lhd yk ePsf /sdx? ;d]t_
o; cfo aif{ leq ;f] ;d"xdf ylkPsf ;do cg';f/sf]
;DklQsf] nfut jf ;d"xdf hf]l8Psf] vr{
u= 36fpg]M ;f] cfo jif{ leq ;f] ;d"xsf] ;+klQsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt /sd
s'g} cfo jif{sf] cGTodf ju{ cGtu{tsf ;d'xdf /x]sf x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] x|f;
cfwf/ lgDgfg';f/ sfod ug'{k5{ M
s= cl3Nnf] cfo jif{sf] cGTodf ;d"xdf /x]sf x|f;of]Uo ;DklQx?sf] x|f;
sLsf] cfwf/ /sd, /
v= To; cfly{s jif{df ;f] x|f; sL cfwf/ /sddf ;f] ;d"x leqsf] ;DklQsf]
nflu -;do cg';f/sf]_ ylkPsf] /sd .
c=@=@-$_ s'g} cfo jif{sf] cGTodf ju{ cGtu{tsf k|To]s x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf]
x|f; sLsf] cfwf/ /sd b]xfo adf]lhdsf] /sdsf] s"n of]u x'g]5 M
375

-s_ cl3Nnf] cfo jif{sf] cGTodf ;d"xdf /x]sf x|f;of]Uo ;DklQx?sf] x|f;
sLsf] cfwf/ /sd, /
-v_ To; cfly{s jif{df ;f] x|f; sL cfwf/ /sddf ;f] ;d"xleqsf] ;DklQsf]
nflu pkbkmf -%_ adf]lhd ylkPsf] /sd .
c=@=@-%_ s'g} JolQmsf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] s'g} ;d"xdf ;dfj]z ePsf] s'g}
x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] nflu ul/Psf] nfutnfO{ ;DalGwt ;d"xsf] x|f; cfwf/
/sddf b]xfo adf]lhd hf]8\g' kg]{5 M
-s_ ;f] ;DklQ o; cg';"rLsf] bkmf ! adf]lhd ;d"xdf ;dfj]z ul/g] ;do
jf ;f] ;DklQ k|fKt ug{ vr{ u/]sf] ;do dWo] h'g kl5 cfpF5 ;f]
;dodf lgDg ;"q cg';f/ u0fgf u/L klxnf] dfg dfgL hf]8\g' kg]{5 .
s# X v
o; v08sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu s nfO{ b]xfosf] cjlwsf] nflu b]xfosf]
dfg x'g]5 M
-c_ cfo jif{sf] z'?b]vL k'if d;fGt;Ddsf] cjlwsf] cGTosf]
;do tLg x'g]5,
-cf_ df3b]lv r}qd;fGtjLrsf] cjlw b'O{ x'g]5, /
-O_ a}zfv b]lv cfo jif{sf] cGTo ;Ddsf] cjlw Ps x'g]5 .
v eGgfn] ;f] nfut /sd hgfpFg]5 .
-v_ nfutsf] jfFsL efu klxnf] efu yk ul/Psf] cfo jif{kl5sf] cfo jif{df
hf]l8G5 t/ ;f] cjlwsf] ljrdf o; cg';"rLsf] bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf -@_
adf]lhd pQm ;d"x la36g ePsf] x'g'x'b}g .
x|f; cfwf/ k|of]hgsf] nflu ;d"xdf ;dfj]z ePsf] -Joj;fodf k|of]u ePsf]_ ;do
cg';f/ ;DklQsf] nfutsf] u0fgf ubf{ lgDgfg';f/sf] /sd x|f; cfwf/df hf]8\g' k5{,
cfo jif{sf] z'?b]vL k'if d;fGt;Ddsf] cjlwdf ;dfj]z ePdf ;f]
;DklQsf] nfut /sd k'/},
df3b]lv r}q d;fGt jLrsf] cjlwdf ;dfj]z ePdf ;f] ;DklQsf]
nfutsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ /sd,
a}zfvb]lv cfo jif{sf] cGTo ;Ddsf] cjlwdf ;dfj]z ePdf ;f]
;DklQsf] nfutsf] Ps ltxfO{ /sd,
pk/f]Qmfg';f/ ;dfj]z eO{ jf+sL /xg] nfut /sd cfufdL cfo jif{sf]
;'? x|f; cfwf/df hf]l8G5 .
pQm Aoa:yf tn pbfx/0fdf v'nfO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !*=^=!^M dfgf}+, g]kfn Aofkf/ lasf; k|f=ln= n] cf=a= @)^%.^^ df ?=
^),))) sf] sDKo"6/ vl/b u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm cf=a=sf] x|f; cfwf/ u0fgf ubf{
v ;d'xsf] ;+klQ, ?= ^),))) kg]{ sDKo"6/ @)^% kf}if dlxgf leqdf yk
ePsf] /x]5 eg] k'/} /sd cyf{t ?= ^),))) g} x|f; cfwf/df ;dfa]; ug{

376

kfO{G5 . To:t} ;f] sDKo"6/ @)^% df3 b]lv r}q d;fGt ;Dddf yk ePsf] /x]5
eg] b'O{ ltxfO{ /sd cyf{t ?= $),))) tyf ;f] sDKo"6/ @)^^ a}zfv b]lv
cfiff9 d;fGt ;Dddf yk ePsf] /x]5 eg] Ps ltxfO{ /sd cyf{t ?= @),)))
x|f; cfwf/df ;dfa]; ug{ kfO{G5 .
pbfx/0f !*=^=!&M dfgf}+, g]kfn Aofkf/ lasf; k|f=ln= n] @)^% df3 !) ut]
Pp6f Trade Mark sf] License vl/b nfut ^)),))) /x]5 / k|of]u cjlw %
jif{ @ dlxgf /x]5 eg] pQm ;DklQsf] x|f; sL lgDgfg';f/sf] b/n] u0fgf ug'{
kb{5 .
nfut
cjlw -lgs6d cfwf jif{df_
jflif{s x|f; b/
jflif{s x|f;
vl/b /sd
jif{sf] z'?sf] x|f; cfwf/
of] jif{ yk -cjlw cg';f/_
of] jif{sf] lg;u{
x|f; cfwf/
x|f; vr{
cfufdL jif{sf] z'?sf] x|f; cfwf/
afsL x|f; cfwf/
;d"xdf hf]8\g afsL /sd

6,00,000
5.00

20%
1,20,000

20%

20%

2065/66

2066/67

2067/68

6,00,000

6,00,000

6,00,000

5,20,000

4,00,000

4,00,000

4,00,000

5,20,000

4,00,000

80,000

1,20,000

1,20,000

5,20,000

4,00,000

2,80,000

3,20,000

4,00,000

2,80,000

2,00,000

$= x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{ M

P]gsf] cg';"rL @ sf] bkmf $ adf]lhd x|f; of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{sf] ;DaGwdf
lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
c=@=$-!_ s'g} JolQmsf] ;f] cfo jif{df Joj;fo jf nufgLdf k|of]u ePsf x|f;of]Uo
;DklQ jf ;DklQx?sf] lg;u{af6 ePsf] cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ v08 -v_ eGbf
v08 -s_ a9L eP o:tf] a9L ePhlt /sd ;f] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
-s_ s'g} JolQmsf] ;d"xsf] s, v, u jf 3 ju{df kg]{ s'g} cfo jif{df
lghsf] ;f] jif{ x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt ePsf cfox?,
-v_ lg;u{af6 k|fKt cfonfO{ ;dfj]z gu/L o; cg';"lrsf] bkmf @ sf]
pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd ;d"xsf] ;f] jif{sf] cGTodf /x]sf] x|f; sL cfwf/
/sd .
;DklQsf] lg;u{afkt x'g] cfo ;DaGwL ca:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf]
5.

377

pbfx/0f !*=^=!*M dfgf}+, g]kfn Aofkf/ lasf; k|f=ln=sf] cf=a= @)^$.^% cGtdf ju{
u / 3 df lgDgfg';f/sf] ;DklQ /x]5 . ;f] k|f=ln=n] cf=a= @)^%.^^ df3df ?=
!)),))) sf] df]6/;fOsn yk u/]sf] /x]5 . cf=a= @)^%.^^ df ;f] k|f=ln= n]
cfk'm;+u ePsf] sf/ ?= !& nfv / d]lzg ?= ( nfvdf laqmL u/]sf] /x]5 . df]6/
;fOsn b'3{6gfdf k/L sfd gnfUg] ePsfn] cj s'g} ;DklQ afsL /x]g5 eg] ;f]
;d'xsf] sL x'g] vr{ (Outgoings) / cfodf ;dfj]z x'g] /sd (Incomings)
lgDgfg';f/ /xG5 .
;d"x
jif{sf] z'?sf] x|f; cfwf/
of] jif{ yk -cjlw cg';f/_
of] jif{sf] lg;u{
;d"xdf ;DklQ afsL
cfodf ;dfj]z x'g] /sd
(Balancing Charge)

lj36g x'bfsf] x|f;

u
15,00,000
1,00,000
17,00,000

3
10,50,000
-

1,00,000

(Terminal Depreciation)

x|f; cfwf/

25,50,000
1,00,000

9,00,000

5}g

hDdf

26,00,000

5}g
1,50,000
-

1,00,000
1,50,000
-

dfly pNn]lvt cj:yfdf ;d"xdf ;DklQ afsL g/x]sfn] x|f; cfwf/eGbf a9L k|fKt
ePsf] cfo (Balancing Charge) bkmf &-@_-3_ adf]lhd cfodf ;dfj]z x'G5 eg]
;d"xdf ;DklQ afsL g/x]sf] t/ d"No afsL ePsf] /sd cg';"lr @ sf] bkmf $
adf]lhd x|f; vr{ (Terminal Depreciation) kfp+b5 . ;d"xsf ;DklQsf] ljlqm jif{sf]
z'?df g} geO{ aLrdf jf jiff{Gtdf ePdf ;f] ;d"xdf dd{t vr{ ePsf] x'g ;Qm5 .
t/ pNn]lvt ca:yfdf ;DklQ /x]sf] t/ ;f] ;DklQsf] ;d'xdf afFsL /sd g/x]sf]
sf/0f To:tf] ;DklQdf x'g cfpg] dd{t ;'wf/ vr{ ePdf ju{ lj36g gePsfn] ;f]
;DklQsf] x|f; cfwf/df yk x'g hfG5 / cfufdL aif{ x|f; cfwf/df ;dfa]; u/L x|f;
vr{ bfaL ug'{ kg]{5 .
c=@=$-@_ s'g} JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{ ;dfKt x'g'eGbf cufl8 ;f] JolQmsf] x|f; of]Uo
;DklQsf] ;d"xdf /x]sf ;a} ;DklQx? lg;u{ u/]df ;f] ;d"x lj36g ePsf]
dflgg]5 / b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] ;d"xdf ePsf ;DklQsf] lgDg ;"q adf]lhd x|f;
u0fgf ubf{ x'g] x|f; sL /sd ;d"xsf] x|f; sL cfwf/ /sdeGbf a9L
ePdf ;f] JolQmn] ;f] jif{sf] nflu ;f] a9L ePhlt /sd k|fKt u/] ;/x
dflgg]5 .
sv
jf
-v_ x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] ;d"xdf ePsf ;DklQsf] lgDg ;"q adf]lhd x|f;
u0fgf ubf{ x'g cfpg] /sd ;d"xsf] x|f; sL cfwf/ /sdeGbf j9L
ePdf ;f] JolQmnfO{ ;f] jif{ ;f] a9L ePhlt vr{ /sd ldgfxf x'g]5 .
vs
:ki6Ls/0fM o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf]nfluM
378

-!_ s eGgfn] s'g} JolQmn] ;f] ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 ;f] jif{ k|fKt
u/]sf] jf k|fKt ug]{ cfDbfgLx? -Ogsld;_ ;Demg' k5{ .
-@_ v eGgfn] v08 -c_, -cf_ / -O_ sf] hDdf /sd ;Demg' k5{ M
-c_ ;f] jif{df ;d"xsf] 36\bf] k|0ffnLsf] jfFsL d"No,
-cf_ ;d"xsf] x|f; cfwf/ /sddf hf]l8Psf ;f] jif{sf vr{x? cfp6uf]O_, /
-O_ ;d"xsf] x|f; cfwf/ /sddf o; cg';"rLsf] bkmf @ sf]
pkbkmf -%_ adf]lhd cfufdL jif{df hf]l8g] vr{x? cfp6uf]O;_ .
;DklQsf] ;d'xsf] lg;u{sf] ca:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !*=^=!(M dflysf] pbfx/0fdf ;d"x 3 df lg;u{ ePsf ;DklQsf sf/0f
jiff{Gtdf ;d"x lj36g eP/ klg d"No afsL /x]s]f 5 . o:tf] afsL /x]sf] d"No ;f]
;d"x lj36g ePsf jif{df x|f; vr{ (Terminal Depreciation) kfpb5 .
c=@=$-#_ o; cg';"rLsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu s'g} cfo jif{df x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf]
;d"xsf] 36\bf] k|0ffnLsf] jfFsL /x]sf] d"No eGgfn] lgDgfg';f/sf] /sdnfO{
hgfpF5 M
-s_ ;d"xsf] ju{ s, v, u jf 3 sf] xsdf, ;f] ;d"xsf] cl3Nnf]
cfo jif{sf] cGTodf /x]sf] x|f; cfwf/ /sdaf6 ;f] jif{sf] nflu ;f]
;d"xsf] o; cg';"rLsf] bkmf @ sf] pkbkmf -@_ / pkbkmf -^_ adf]lhd
u0fgf ul/Psf] s'g} x|f; eP ;f] 36fP kl5 x'g] /sd,
-v_ ;d"xsf] ju{ sf] ;DaGwdf ;f] ;d"xsf] cl3Nnf] cfo jif{sf]
cGTodf /x]sf] x|f; cfwf/ /sdaf6 ;f] JolQmnfO{ o; cg';"rLsf] bkmf
@ sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd sL ug{ lbOPsf ljutsf cfo jif{x?sf
;a} vr{x? 36fPkl5 x'g] /sd .
k|To]s cf=a= df x|f; vr{ 36fO{ ;s]k5L sfod x'g] afFsL d"NonfO{ 36\bf] k|0ffnLsf]
jfFsL /x]sf] d"No (Written Down Value) elgG5 . o;nfO{ :ki6 ug]{ pbfx/0f tn
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !*=^=@)M dfgf}+, g]kfn Aofkf/ lasf; k|f=ln=sf] cf=a= @)^$.^%
cGTodf ;d"x u df lgDgfg';f/sf] ;DklQ /x]5 . ;f] k|f=ln=n] cf=a=
@)^%.^^ df s'g} ;DklQ yk u/]sf] /x]g5 .
cf=a= @)^$.^% x|f; cfwf/
!@,$),))).))
cf=a= @)^$.^% sf] x|f; vr{
#,!),))).))
36\bf] k|0ffnLsf] jfFsL /x]sf] d"No (Written Down
(,#),))).))
Value) -vu_
t/ s'g} ;DklQsf] k|of]u z'? ePsf] cjlwsf sf/0f ;d"xdf ;dfj]z ug{ afsL
/x]sf] /sd cfufdL jif{sf] z'?dfdfq afsL d"Nodf ;dfj]z x'G5 .

379

%= x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ;DjlGw ljz]if Joj:yfM

lgdf{0f ;+rfng / x:tfGt/0f (BOT/BOOT) cjwf/0ff cGtu{tsf cfof]hgf tyf
ljB't u[x lgdf{0f, pTkfbg / k|zf/0f ug]{ lgsfon] k|of]u u/]sf d"Vo pks/0f ljlu|
sfd gnfuL csf]{ pks/0fn] k|lt:yfkg u/]df To;/L k|lt:yfkg u/]sf] jif{
k|lt:yflkt eO{ hfg] pks/0fsf] afsL 36\bf] d"No bkmf !(-@_ adf]lhd x|f; vr{
kfpb5 . csf{lt/ lgdf{0f ;+rfng / x:tfGt/0f (BOT/BOOT) cjwf/0ff cGtu{tsf
cfof]hgfn] To:tf cfof]hgf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/]sf jif{ x:tfGt/0f
ePsf ;DklQx?sf] afsL 36\bf] d"No bkmf !(-@_ adf]lhd x|f; vr{ kfpb5 .
cfo jif{ @)^&.^* b]lv x|f; ;DaGwdf lgDg Joj:yf yk ePsf] 5 M
c@=#-#_ pTkfbgd"ns pBf]ux?n] cfk\mgf] pBf]usf] lgldQ cfjZos kg]{ phf{zlQm
pTkfbg ug{ k"+hLs[t u/]sf] ;DklQsf] k"+hLut /sdsf] krf; k|ltzt ;f]xL jif{
x|f; vr{ jfkt sL bfjL ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-$_ s'g} JolQmn] lkm:sn lk|G6/ / Sof; d]lzg /fvL ljn aLhs hf/L ug]{ u/]df
;f] lk|G6/ tyf Sof; d]lzgdf ePsf] vr{sf] Psd'i6 /sd x|f;vr{ jfkt ;f]xL
jif{ bfjL ug{ ;Sg]5 .
pQm Joj:yfsf] JofVof ug{ lgDg pbfx/0f k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M
pbfx/0f !*=^=@!M dfgf}, sTyf lnld6]8 Ps pTkfbg d"ns pBf]u /x]5 . d'n'ssf]
ljB't cfk"lt{sf] clgoldttfsf] hf]lvd sd ug{ @)^^ df3df ?=( nfvdf h]g]/]6/
h8fg u/]sf] /x]5 / ;d"x 3 df cGo ;DklQsf] jif{sf] z'?sf] x|f; cfwf/ ?=@(
nfv /x]5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf h]g]/]6/ h8fg u/]sf] jif{df cfwf k"lhut vr{ x|f;
kfpg] x'gfn] x|f; vr{sf] u0fgf lgDgfg';f/ x'G5M
jif{sf] z'?sf] x|f; cfwf/
?=@()),)))
of] jif{ yk -$%),))) k'/} / afsL ;dofg';f/_
?=&%),)))
lg;u{af6 k|fKt
?=)
ljz]if x|f; vr{ -s_
?=$%),)))
x|f; cfwf/
?=#@,)),)))
x|f;sf] b/ -ljz]if pBf]u_
@) k|ltzt
x|f; vr{ -;fdfGo / yk _-v_
^$),)))
hDdf x|f; vr{ -s / v sf] hDdf_
?= !),(),)))
pbfx/0f !*=^=@@M dfgf} dflysf] pbfx/0fdf lkm:sn lk|G6/ / Sof; d]lzg vl/b
u/L k|of]u u/]sf] / ;f] vl/bdf ?= %) xhf/ vr{ ePsf] eP k'/} vr{ /sd k|of]u
z'? u/]sf] jif{ g} x|f; vr{ s6\6L kfpbYof] .
!*=& cGo laif]z Aoa:yf
!*=&=! a}ls tyf jLdf Joj;fosf] cfo u0fgf ;DaGwL laz]if Aoa:yf

380

a}ls tyf jLdf Joj;fo ug]{ lgsfosf] cfo u0fgf ug]{ ;DaGwdf P]gn] u/]sf]
laz]if Aoa:yf Pj+ AofVof o;} lgb]{lzssf] kl/R5]b !( df ul/Psf] 5 .
!*=&=@ bL3{sflng s/f/ ;DaGwL laif]z Aoa:yf
P]gsf] bkmf @^ df bL3{sflng s/f/sf] cfo u0fgf ug]{ ;DaGwL 5'} Aoa:yf ul/Psf]
5 . pQm Aoa:yfsf ;Gbe{df la:t[t AofVof o;} lgb]{lzssf] kl/R5]b @) df
ul/Psf] 5 .
!*=&=# lab]zdf lt/]sf] cfos/ jfkt vr{ bfjL M
cfos/ P]g, @)%* n] jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] j}b]lzs cfo 5 / ;f]df ljb]zdf cfos/
lt/]sf] 5 eg] g]kfnsf] s/sf] cf}ift b/sf] l;dfleq /xL j}b]lzs s/ ldnfg ug{
;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t/ s'g} jfl;Gbf JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df j}b]lzs cfo
jfkt ljb]zdf s/ lt/]sf] 5 eg] To;/L lt/]sf] s/ pQm ljb]zsf] cfo g]kfnsf] cfo
;d]t ;dfj]z ubf{ nfUg] s/df ldnfg gu/L ljb]zdf bflvnf u/]sf] s/ /sd
j/fj/sf] /sdnfO{ vr{ bfjL ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf P]gsf] bkmf &! sf] pkbkmf -$_ df
/x]sf] 5 .
&!-$_
pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} cfo jif{sf]nflu
s'g} JolQmn] ;f] jif{df kfpg] ljb]zL s/ ldnfgsf] bfaL 5f]8L o:tf] ldnfg
;'ljwf pknAw /x]sf] ljb]zL cfos/ afktsf] /sd vr{ bfaL ug{ klg ;Sg]5 .
!*=*= Joj;foaf6 gf]S;fgL M
P]gsf] bkmf @) df Joj;foaf6 gf]S;fgL lgDgfg';f/ sL ug{ kfpg] Aoa:yf /x]sf]
5M
@)-!_
s'g} JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 ePsf] cfo u0fgf
ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu b]xfo adf]lhdsf] gf]S;fgL sL ug{ kfpg]5 M
-s_ ;f] JolQmn] cGo s'g} Joj;foaf6 Aoxf]g'{ k/]sf] ;f] jif{sf] s'g} sL x'g
gkfPsf] gf]S;fgL, /
-v_ ;f] JolQmn] s'g} Joj;foaf6 Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] ljut ;ft cfo jif{x?sf] sL
x'g gkfPsf] gf]S;fgL .
t/ ;fj{hlgs k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfng u/L g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{
x:tfGt/0f ug]{ cfof]hgfx?, ljB't u[x lgdf{0f, pTkfbg / k|zf/0f ug]{
cfof]hgfx? / g]kfn k]6f]lnod P]g, @)$) adf]lhd k]6f]lnod sfo{ ug]{
lgsfosf] xsdf ljut afx| jif{sf] sL x'g gkfPsf] gf]S;fgL .
s'g} JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 ePsf]] cfo u0fgf ug]{
k|of]hgsf] nflu ;f] JolQmn] cGo s'g} Joj;foaf6 Aoxf]g'{ k/]sf] ;f] jif{sf] s'g} sL
x'g gkfPsf] gf]S;fgL / ;f] JolQmn] s'g} Joj;foaf6 Aoxf]g'{ k/]sf] ljut ;ft cfo
jif{x?sf] sL x'g gkfPsf] gf]S;fgL sL ug{ kfpF5 . o; cy{df Joj;fosf]
gf]S;fgL nufgLsf] cfodf sL bfaL ug{ ;lsg] ePtflg nufgLsf] gf]S;fgL eg]
Joj;fosf] cfoaf6 sL bfaL ug{ kfO{b}g . To:t} Joj;fo jf nufgL af6 ePsf]]
gf]S;fgL kfl/>ldssf] cfoaf6 36fpg ;ls+b}g . gf]S;fgL ;dfof]hg v'nfpg]
pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

381

pbfx/0f !*=*=!M dfgf}+, u0f]z l;+v8fsf] cf=a= @)^%.^^ df cfoft Joj;fodf

?= ! s/f]8sf] cfo ePsf] /x]5 . lghsf] ;f] cf=a= df xf]6n ;+rfngdf ?= %)
nfv gf]S;fgL ePsf] /x]5 . lghn] cf=a= @)^%.^^ sf] cfo laa/0f k]; ubf{
xf]6n ;+rfngdf ePsf] gf]S;fgL ?= %) nfv cfoft Joj;fodf ePsf] ?= !
s/f]8af6 sL bfaL ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
pbfx/0f !*=*=@M dfgf}+, u0f]z l;+v8fsf] cf=a= @)^%.^^ df xf]6n ;+rfngdf ?=
%) nfv gf]S;fgL ePsf] /x]5 / ;f] aif{ lghsf] cGo cfo /x]g5 eg] lghsf] ;f]
gf]S;fgL cfufdL cf=a=x?df ;fg{ ;lsG5 . o:tf] gf]S;fgL & aif{ -cyf{t
cf=a=@)&@.&#_ ;Dd ;dfof]hg gx'Gh]n ;f/L bfaL ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf] gf]S;fgL
@)^^.^& b]lv @)&@.&# ;Ddsf h'g;'s} Joj;fo jf nufgLsf] cfodf sL ug{
kfpb5 .
t/ o;/L gf]S;fgL & aif{ ;Dd ;fg{ ;lsg] k|fjwfg P]gdf @)^$.^% -@)^$ ;fnsf]
;+;f]wg_ af6 dfq k|f/De ePsf]n] ;f] eGbf cl3sf] cf=a=sf] gf]S;fgL $ aif{ Aoltt
gePsf] v08df & aif{ ;Dd bfaL ug{ kfpg] / o:tf] gf]S;fgL cf=a= @)^$.^% cl3
$ aif{ Aoltt ePsf] v08df eg] yk # aif{ ;Dd bfaL ug{ kfpb}g .
;fj{hlgs k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfng u/L g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{
x:tfGt/0f ug]{ cfof]hgfx?, ljB't u[x lgdf{0f, pTkfbg / k|zf/0f ug]{ cfof]hgfx? /
g]kfn k]6f]lnod P]g, @)$) adf]lhd k]6f]lnod pTvgg\, pTkfbg h:tf sfo{ ug]{
lgsfosf] sL x'g gkfPsf] gf]S;fgL afx| jif{ ;Dd ;fg{ ;lsG5 .
P]gsf] bkmf %& adf]lhd s'g} lgsfosf] laut tLg jif{ cl3;Ddsf] :jfldTj sf]
t'ngfdf krf; k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf a9L :jfldTj kl/jt{g ePdf ;f] lgsfon]
cfk\mgf] :jfldTjsf] ;DklQ jf cfkm"n] jxg u/]sf] bfloTj lg;u{ u/]sf] dflgg]5 /
o; ca:yfdf :jldTjsf] kl/jt{g x'g'eGbf cl3 ;f] lgsfonfO{ x'g uPsf] gf]S;fgL
:jfldTjsf] kl/at{g kl5 sf ug{ kfO{b}g .
@)-#_
pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ sf] clwgdf /xL ;f] pkbkmfx?sf] k|of]hgsf nflu s'g}
JolStn] ljb]zL ;|f]tsf ;DaGwdf Aoxf]g'{ k/]sf] sL x'g gkfPsf] gf]S;fgL ;f]
JolQmsf] ljb]zL ;|f]taf6 ePsf] cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ dfq sL ug{ kfpg]5 /
s'g} s/ gnfUg] cfo k|fKt ubf{ ePsf] sL x'g gkfPsf] gf]S;fgL ;f] JolQmsf]
s/ gnfUg] cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ dfq sL ug{ kfpg]5 .
s'g} JolStn] ljb]zL ;|f]tsf ;DaGwdf Aoxf]g'{ k/]sf] sL x'g gkfPsf]] gf]S;fgL ;f]
JolQmsf] ;f]xL d'n'ssf] ljb]zL ;|f]taf6 ePsf] cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ dfq (Per country
basis) sL ug{ kfpg]5 / s'g} s/ gnfUg] cfo k|fKt ubf{ ePsf] sL x'g gkfPsf]
gf]S;fgL ;f] JolQmsf] s/ gnfUg] cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ dfq sL ug{ kfpg]5 . cyf{t
s'g} AolQmsf] kfls:tfgdf ePsf] Joj;fosf] gf]S;fgL kfls:tfgdfg} ePsf] Joj;fo
jf nufgLsf] cfoaf6 dfq sL ug{ kfpg]5 .
@)-$_ pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ sf] clwgdf /xL s'g} JolQmsf] Joj;fosf] cGt/f{li6o
:t/df k|lt:kwf{ u/L k|fKt u/]sf] bL3{sfnLg s/f/ k"/f ePsf] jf cGo s'g}
?kdf lg;u{ ul/Psf] cfo jif{df ;f] JolQmn] gf]S;fgL Aoxf]g'{ k/]df jf pkbkmf
-!_ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd lhDd]jf/L ;f/L cfufdL jif{df Nofpg kfpg] s'g}

382

sL x'g gkfPsf] gf]S;fgL] bL3{sfnLg s/f/;+u ;DalGwt ePdf ljefun]

lnlvt ;"rgf lbP/ ;f] gf]S;fgL b]xfo adf]lhd ug{ cg'dlt lbg ;Sg]5 M
-s_ ljutsf] cfo jif{ jf jif{x?df k5fl8 ;f/L n}hfg kfpg], /
-v_ ;f] jif{ jf jif{x?df ;f] bL3{sfnLg s/f/;+u ;DalGwt Joj;fosf] cfosf]
u0fgf ubf{ cfotkm{ ;dfj]z x'g] /sdx? vr{tkm{ ;dfj]z x'g] /sdx?
eGbf a9L eP hltsf] xb;Dd dfq sL x'g gkfPsf] gf]S;fgL dfGg
kfpg] .
bL3{sflng s/f/sf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfa]; ul/g] /sd cg'dflgt nfutsf]
cfwf/df ul/g] x'+bf z'? aif{df s/ of]Uo cfo b]lvO{ kl5Nnf aif{df gf]S;fgL x'g
;Sg] ;Defagf /xG5 . Global Contract sf dfWodaf6 x'g] o:tf s/f/sf ;Gbe{df
o:tf gf]S;fgL Carry-forward dfq ubf{ gf]S;fgL ;dfof]hg (Set-off) x'g g;Sg]
;Defjgf /x]sf] x'+bf P]gsf] bkmf @) sf] pkbkmf -$_ df cGt/f{li6o :t/df k|lt:kwf{
u/L k|fKt u/]sf] bL3{sfnLg s/f/ k"/f ePsf] jf cGo s'g} ?kdf lg;u{ ul/Psf] cfo
jif{df ljefun] lnlvt ;"rgf lbP/ ;f] gf]S;fgL ljutsf] cfo jif{ jf jif{x?df
k5fl8 ;f/L n}hfg (Carry-backward) kfpg] ;d]t cg'dlt lbg ;Sg] 5 .
P]gsf] bkmf %& adf]lhd s'g} lgsfosf] laut tLg jif{ cl3;Ddsf] :jfldTj lgoGq0f_ sf] t'ngfdf krf; k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf a9L :jfldTj -lgoGq0f_ kl/jt{g
ePdf ;f] lgsfon] cfk\mgf] :jfldTjsf] ;DklQ jf cfkm"n] jxg u/]sf] bfloTj lg;u{
u/]sf] dflgg]5 / o; ca:yfdf :jfldTjsf] kl/jt{gkl5 x'g uPsf] gf]S;fgLnfO{
To:tf] :jfldTjsf] kl/jt{g cl3sf] s''g} cfo jif{df k5fl8 n}hfg ;ls+b}g .
@)-%_
s'g} JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df Aoxf]g'{ k/]sf] b]xfosf] gf]S;fgL ;f] JolStsf]
bL3{sfnLg s/f/ jf s/f/x?;+u ;DalGwt /x]sf] dfgL afF8kmfF8 ug'{ kg]{5 M
-s_ Joj;fo;+u ;DjlGwt bL3{sfnLg s/f/ jf s/f/x?af6 ePsf] gf]S;fgL,
/
-v_ To:tf k|To]s s/f/sf nflu ;f] s/f/;+u ;DalGwt jif{df ;f] Joj;foaf6
ePsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ sL ul/g] vr{x? ;f] s/f/;+u ;DalGwt ;dfj]z
ul/g] /sdeGbf a9L ePsf] gf]S;fgL .
o; ;DaGwL pbfx/0f Pj+ AofVof o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b @) df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5
.
@)-^_
s'g} JolStn] s'g} cfo jif{df PseGbf a9L Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 ePsf]
cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;f] JolStn] sL x'g gkfPsf] gf]S;fgL PseGbf j9L Joj;fo
jf nufgLaf6 sL ug{ kfpg] ePdf ;f] JolQmn] ;f] gf]S;fgL jf gf]S;fgLsf]
c+z sL ug{] Joj;fo jf nufgLsf] k|fyldstf cfkm} lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg]5 .
s'g} JolStn] s'g} cfo jif{df PseGbf a9L Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 ePsf] cfo u0fgf
ubf{ ;f] JolStn] sL x'g gkfPsf] gf]S;fgL PseGbf j9L Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6
sL ug{ kfpg] ePdf ;f] JolQmn] ;f] gf]S;fgL jf gf]S;fgLsf] c+z sL ug{] Joj;fo
jf nufgLsf] k|fyldstf cfkm} lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg]5 . o; ;DaGwL pbfx/0f tn k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 .

383

pbfx/0f !*=*=#M dfgf}+, Unf]a g]kfn k|f=ln=sf] sf7df8f}+df Pp6f Trading

Business /x]5 . pQm k|f=ln=sf] e}/xjf / wgu9Ldf LPG Factory /x]5 . cf=a=
@)^%.^^ df Trading Business ?= !) nfv gf]S;fgL ePsf] /x]5 . e}/xjfsf]
LPG Joj;foaf6 ?= ! s/f]8sf] cfo ePsf] /x]5 . Pa+ wgu9Lsf] km\ofS6/Laf6
sf/f]af/df ?= @) nfv cfo ePsf] /x]5 . o; ca:yfdf pQm k|f=ln=n]
Trading Business sf] gf]S;fgLnfO{ e}/xjfsf] Joj;foaf6 ePsf] cfo jf
wgu9Laf6 ePsf] cfo dWo] s'g cfodf sL ug]{ eGg] cfkm}+n] /f]Hg' kb{5 .
@)-&_
s'g} JolStn] s'g} cfo jif{df s'g} Joj;fo jf nufgLjf6 Aoxf]g'{ k/]sf]
gf]S;fgLsf] u0fgf ubf{ o; bkmfsf] k|of]u gu/L ;f] JolQmsf] Joj;fo jf
nufgLaf6 ePsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ul/g] /sdx? eGbf sL ul/g]
/sdx? a9L eP o;/L a9L eP hltsf] /sdsf] u0fgf ug'{ kg]{5 .
:ki6Ls/0f M o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu sL x'g gkfPsf] gf]S;fgL eGgfn]
pkbkmf -!_, -@_ jf -$_ adf]lhd s'g} JolStsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ sL gul/Psf]
xb;Ddsf] gf]S;fgL ;Demg' k5{ .
pbfx/0fsf] nfluM
s= ;dfa]; ul/g] cfo -dfgf}_
?= !,)),)),)))
v= sL ul/g] /sdx? -dfgf}+_
?= !,!),)),)))
u= sL x'g gkfPsf] gf]S;fgL -vs_ ?= !),)),)))
@)-*_ s'g} JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df Joj;fo jf nufgLsf] cfodf k"/f jf
cf+lzs s/ 5'6 k|fKt u/]sf] eP To:tf] cfo jif{df ePsf] gf]S;fgL k5fl8sf
cfo jif{df ;f/L n}hfg -Sof/L km/jf8{_ kfpg] 5}g .
s'g} AolQmsf] s'g} Joj;foaf6 ePsf] cfodf cf+lzs jf k'/f s/ 5'6 x'g] /x]5 eg]
To:tf] Joj;fodf ePsf] gf]S;fgL cGo Joj;fo jf nufgLsf] cfoaf6 36fpg kfpg]
5}g . o;sf] ;fy} To:tf] Joj;fodf gf]S;fgL ePdf To:tf] gf]S;fgL k5f8Lsf
cfojif{df ;f/L n}hfg -Carry Forward_ klg kfpFb}g .

384

gf]S;fgL ;dfof]hgsf ca:yfsf] lrq

nufgL
sf]
gf]S;fgL

Joj;fosf]
gf]S;fgL

:jb]zL >f]t

ljb]zL -;f]xL
b]zsf]_ >f]t

:jb]zL >f]t

ljb]zL -;f]xL
b]zsf]_ >f]t

:jb]zL >f]t

ljb]zL -;f]xL
b]zsf]_ >f]t

:jb]zL >f]t

ljb]zL -;f]xL
b]zsf]_ >f]t

Joj;fo sf]
cfo

nufgL sf]
cfo

385

!*=(= 36fpg kfpg] rGbf /sd M

cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !@ cg';f/ rGbf afkt vr{ ul/Psf] /sdnfO{
lgDgfg';f/ 5'6 bfaL ug{ ;lsg] Aoa:yf ul/Psf] 5 M
-!_ s'g} JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df cfkm\gf] s/of]Uo cfo u0fgf ubf{ o; bkmfsf]
k|of]hgsf] nflu ljefuaf6 :jLs[t k|fKt s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfnfO{ rGbf pkxf/
lbPsf] /sd 36fpg bfjL ug{ ;Sg] 5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg ;f] pkbkmf jdf]lhd s'g} cfo
jif{df 36fpg kfpg] vr{ Ps nfv ?k}of jf ;f] JolQmsf] ;f] jif{sf] ;dfof]lht
s/ of]Uo cfosf] % k|ltzt dWo] h'g 36L x'G5 ;f]eGbf al9 x'g] 5}g .
o; Aoa:yf cGtu{t vr{ 5'6 bfaL ug{ o:tf] rGbf vr{ ljefu -sfof{no_ af6
:jLs[t k|fKt s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfnfO{ lbO{Psf] x'g' kb{5 . ljz]if u/L s/ 5'6
kfpg] ;+:yfx?df k/f]ksf/L ;+:yf, wfld{s ;+:yfsf ;fy} ;fdflhs sfo{x? ug]{
NGO x'g ;S5g\ .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg s'g} vf; cj:yfdf
g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L tf]s]sf] s'g} sfo{sf] nflu
s'g} JolQmn] vr{ u/]sf] jf rGbf lbPsf] /sd ;f] JolQmsf] cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{
vr{ jfkt k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf sL ug{ kfpg] u/L tf]Sg ;Sg] 5 .
P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -s g!_ cg';f/ ;dfof]lht s/ of]Uo cfo eGgfn] s'g}
JolQmsf] s'g} cfo jif{sf] s/ of]Uo cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ bkmf !@ jdf]lhd rGbf /sd
g36fO{ tyf bkmf !$ sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] Aofh, bkmf !& sf] k|b"if0f lgoGq0f vr{ jf
!* jdf]lhd cg';Gwfg / ljsf; vr{ sL gu/L u0fgf ul/Psf] s/ of]Uo cfo
;Demg' kb{5 . bkmf !$-@_ adf]lhdsf] Jofh, bkmf !& adf]lhdsf] k|b'if0f lgoGq0f
vr{ / bkmf !* adf]lhdsf] cg';Gwfg / ljsf; vr{ gePsf s/bftfx?sf nflu
lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfoaf6 s'g} cjsfz of]ubfg eP 36fO cfpg] /sd g} ;dfof]lht
s/of]Uo cfo x'G5 .
!*=!) ;Dkbf ;+/If0f / v]ns"bsf] ljsf;df u/]sf] vr{
P]gsf] bkmf !@s df ;Dkbf ;+/If0f / v]ns"bsf] ljsf;df u/]sf] vr{sf bfaL ug]{
;Gbe{ lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
s'g} sDkgLn] s'g} cfo jif{df ljefusf] k"j{ :jLs[lt lnO{ g]kfnleq /x]sf k|frLg,
wfld{s tyf ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;Dj4{g ug]{ jf v]ns"bsf] ;fj{hlgs
ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{df u/]sf] vr{ dWo] bz nfv ?k}+ofF;Ddsf] /sd jf
lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfosf] bz k|ltztn] x'g] /sd dWo] h'g 36L x'G5 ;f] /sd cfkm\gf]
;f] jif{sf] s/of]Uo cfo u0fgf ubf{ 36fpg] bfjL ug{ ;Sg]5 .
g]kfnleq /x]sf k|frLg, wfld{s tyf ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;Dj4{g ug]{
jf v]ns"bsf] ;fj{hlgs ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{df s'g} sDkgLn] u/]sf] vr{
lgDg cfwf/df lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfoaf6 36fO{ kfpg bfaL ug{ ;S5M
s= laefu af6 k"j{ :jLs[lt lng' kg]{M o;/L :jLs[lt dfUbf vr{ ug]{ k|of]hg, vr{
ug]{ cg'dflgt /sd, vr{ ug]{ ;do l;df Pa+ vr{ ug]{ k|s[of -h:t}, ;DalGwt
lgsfodf l;wf e'QmfgL ug]{, cfkm} ug]{ jf 7]Ssf dfkm{t ug]{_ vf]nL vr{ ug]{
386

sDtLdf & lbg cuf8L ;DalGwt /fh:j sfof{no lga]bg lbg' kb{5 . lgj]bg
pk/ sfof{non] lg0f{o u/L s/bftfnfO{ lg0f{osf] hfgsf/L lbPsf] x'g' kb{5 .
v= vr{ ug{ ;Sg] l;dfM o; k|of]hgsf]nflu ?= !) nfv df ga9\g] u/L jf
lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfosf] !) k|ltzt eGbf a9L x'g gx'g] .
!*=!!= 36fpg kfpg] cjsfz of]ubfg /sd M
P]gsf] bkmf ^#-@_ cg';f/ k|fs[lts JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df :jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifdf
u/]sf] cjsfz of]ubfg cfoaf6 36fO{ kfpg bfaL ug{ ;Sg]5 . t/ bkmf ^#-#_ Pj+
lgod @! Afd]flhd ?= # nfv jf cfkm\gf] lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfosf] Ps ltxfO{df h'g 36L
x'G5 ;f] /sddf gg3fO{ cfk\mgf] cfojf6 36fO{ kfpg bfjL ug{;Sg]5 . t/ :jLs[lt
k|fKt gu/]sf cjsfz sf]ifdf u/]sf] of]ubfg eg] cfojf6 36fO{ kfpg bfjL of]Uo
x'+b}g .
!*=!@= sL ug{ gkfpg] vr{ M
;fdfGotofM cfos/ P]g @)%* df Joj;fosf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;f] Joj;fosf]
lgldQ ;f] AolQmn] u/]sf] cfo cfh{g;+u ;DalGwt vr{ sL bfaL ug{ kfpg] Aoa:yf
eP klg P]gsf] bkmf @! df s]xL laz]if Aoa:yfx? cGtu{t sL bfaL ug{ gkfpg]
vr{x? /x]sf] / ;f] ;DaGwL k|fjwfgx? tn v'nfO{Psf] 5 M
@!-!_
o; P]gdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} JolStnfO{ s'g}
cfo jif{df s'g} Joj;fo, /f]huf/L jf nufgLaf6 ePsf] cfo u0fgf ug]{
k|of]hgsf] nflu b]xfosf] vr{ jf /sd sL ug{ kfOg] 5}g M
-s_ 3/]n' jf JolStut k|s[ltsf vr{,
-v_ o; P]g adf]lhd a'emfpg' kg]{ s/ / s'g} b]zsf] ;/sf/ tyf ;f]sf] s'g}
klg :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ s'g} sfg"g jf ;f] sfg"g cGtu{t ag]sf] s'g}
lgod, lalgodsf] pNn+3g u/] afkt a'emfOPsf] hl/jfgf / o:t} cGo
z'Ns,
-u_ bkmf !) adf]lhd 5"6 kfpg] /sdx? k|fKt ug{ s'g} JolStaf6 vr{
ul/Psf] xb;Ddsf jf clGtd ?kdf s/ sL ul/Psf /sdx? k|fKt ug{
ul/Psf vr{x?,
-3_ pkbkmf -@_ df n]lvPsf] e'QmfgL afktsf] vr{,
-_ s'g} lgsfoaf6 ul/Psf] d'gfkmfsf] ljt/0f, jf
-r_ o; kl/R5]b jf kl/R5]b^, &, !), !!, !@ jf !# adf]lhd k|bfg ul/Psf
afx]s v08 -s_, -v_, -u_, -3_ / -_ df vr{ sL ug{ gkfpg] egL
gelgPsf] eP tfklg o:tf cGo s'g} /sdx? .
@!-@_
s'g} cfo jif{df aL; nfv ?k}ofFeGbf a9Lsf] jflif{s sf/f]jf/ ug]{ JolQmn]
b]xfosf cj:yfdf afx]s ;f] cfo jif{df Ps k6sdf krf; xhf/ ?k}ofFeGbf
a9Lsf] gub e'StfgL u/]df ;f] sL ug{ kfpg]5}g M
-s_ g]kfn ;/sf/, ;+j}wflgs lgsfo, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj ePsf] ;+:yfg
jf a}+s jf ljQLo ;+:yfnfO{ ul/Psf] e'QmfgL,
-v_ k|fylds s[lif k}bfjf/ pTkfbg ug]{ s[ifs jf pTkfbsnfO{ e'QmfgL ubf{ /
To:tf] k}bfjf/sf] k|fylds k|zf]wg eO;s]sf] eP klg s[ifs cfkm}n]
k|zf]wg u/L e'QmfgL kfPsf] eP ;f] /sd,
-u_ cjsfz of]ubfg jf cjsfz e'QmfgL afktsf] e'QmfgL],
387

-3_ a}ls ;]jfx? pknAw gePsf] :yfgdf ul/Psf] e'QmfgL,

-_ a}ls ;]jf aGb ePsf] lbgdf ul/Psf] e'QmfgL jf gubdf g} ug'{ kg]{ s'g}
ckl/xfo{ afWotf ePsf] e'QmfgL, jf
-r_ e'QmfgL kfpg] JolQmsf] a}+s vftfdf hDdf ul/Psf] /sd .
@!-#_
bkmf !$, !%, !^, !&, !*, !(, @) / &! sf Joj:yfx?sf] cwLgdf /xL
k"FhLut k|s[ltsf] vr{ jf ljb]zL cfos/afkt s'g} klg /sd sL ug{ kfOg]
5}g .
:ki6Ls/0f M o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu,
-s_ 3/]n' jf JolQmut k|s[ltsf vr{ eGgfn] b]xfosf vr{x? ;Demg' k5{ M
-!_ s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] lghL] vr{x?, C0f lnPsf]df JolQmut k|of]u
ePsf] xb;Ddsf] C0f afktsf] Jofh ;d]t b]xfosf vr{x? M
-s_ af;:yfg, vfgf, vfhf, dgf]/~hg jf cfdf]bk|df]bsf cGo
ls|ofsnfkx? pknAw u/fpg] ;d]tsf k|fs[lts JolQmsf]
nflu ePsf vr{,
-v_ Joj;fo jf nufgLsf] l;nl;nfdf cfjt hfjt ug]{ afx]s
k|fs[lts JolQmn] 3/af6 Joj;fo jf nufgL ;+rfng ul/g]
:yfgdf cfjthfjt u/]afktsf] vr{,
-u_ sfd ubf{sf] ;doafx]s cGo ;dodf nufpg pko'Qm
gePsf n'ufafx]s k|fs[lts JolQmsf nflu n'ufsf] vl/b ug{
ePsf] vr{, /
-3_ lzIff jf tflndsf] nflu ul/Psf] vr{ .
t/ s'g} l8u|L jf l8Knf]df xfl;n gx'g] lsl;dsf Joj;fo jf
nufgL;+u k|ToIf ?kn] ;DalGwt lzIffsf] nfludfq ul/Psf] vr{
sL ug{ kfOg]5 .
-@_ b]xfosf cj:yfx? tyf ;f]sf] xb;Dd afx]s s'g} JolQmn] s'g}
k|fs[lts JolQmnfO{ e'QmfgL u/]sf] ;DaGwdf nfu]sf vr{x? / t];|f]
JolQmsf] nflu ul/Psf] vr{x? M
-s_ k|fs[lts JolQmsf] cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ ;f] e'QmfgLnfO{ ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] ePdf,
-v_ k|fs[lts JolQmn] cfkm"n] kfPsf] e'QmfgLsf] ahf/ d"No
a/fa/sf] ;f] JolQmnfO{ k|ltkmn:j?k lkmtf{ e'QmfgL u/]sf]
ePdf,
-u_ lx;fa /fVg sl7g x'g] jf k|zf;lgs ?kn] cJofjxfl/s x'g]
tf]lsPadf]lhdsf ;fgfltgf /sdsf] e'QmfgL ePdf .
-v_ a}ls ;]jf pknAw :yfg eGgfn] s'g} :yfg ljz]ifsf] bz
lsnf]ld6/ If]q leq a}ls ;]jf pknAw ePsf]df ;f] :yfgnfO{
a}ls ;]jf pknAw :yfg ;Demg' k5{ .
-u_ gub e'QmfgL eGgfn] a}+s jf ljlQo ;+:yf dfkm{t k|lttkq,
Psfp06 k]oL r]s, 8f6, wgfb]z, 6]lnu|flkms 6fG;km/, dgL
6fG;km/ -x'08L_ 4f/f a}+s vftfdf hDdf x'g] u/L ul/Psf]

388

e'QmfgL / a}+s jf ljQLo ;+:yfaLr cGo s'g} lsl;djf6

ul/Psf] :yfgfGt/0f afx]ssf e'QmfgL ;Demg' k5{ .
-3_ k"+lhut k|s[ltsf] vr{ eGgfn] b]xfo adf]lhdsf vr{ ;Demg'
k5{ M
-!_ k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;DefJotf cWoog, cGj]if0f / ljsf;sf
;DaGwdf nfu]sf] vr{,
-@_ afx| dlxgfeGbf a9L nfek|b cfo' ePsf] s'g} ;DklQ k|fKt
ubf{ nfu]sf] vr{, jf
-#_ bfloTjsf] lg;u{ ubf{ nfu]sf] vr{ .
P]gsf] bkmf @! cg';f/ s'g} JolStnfO{ s'g} cfo jif{df s'g} Joj;fo,
/f]huf/Laf6 ePsf] cfo u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu b]xfosf] vr{ jf /sd sL
ug{ kfOg] 5}g M
3/]n' jf JolStut k|s[ltsf vr{,
-s_ 3/]n' jf JolQmut k|s[ltsf vr{ eGgfn] b]xfosf vr{x? ;Demg'
k5{M
s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] lghL vr{x?, C0f lnPsf]df JolQmut k|of]u
ePsf] xb;Ddsf] C0f afktsf] Jofh ;d]t b]xfosf vr{x? M
-s_ af;:yfg, vfgf, vfhf, dgf]/~hg jf cfdf]bk|df]bsf cGo
ls|ofsnfkx? pknAw u/fpg] ;d]tsf k|fs[lts JolQmsf] nflu
ePsf vr{,
-v_ Joj;fosf] l;nl;nfdf cfjt hfjt ug]{ afx]s k|fs[lts JolQmn]
3/af6 Joj;fo ;+rfng ul/g] :yfgdf cfjthfjt u/]afktsf]
vr{,
-u_ sfd ubf{sf] ;doafx]s cGo ;dodf nufpg pko'Qm gePsf
n'ufafx]s k|fs[lts JolQmsf nflu n'ufsf] vl/b ug{ ePsf] vr{, /
-3_ lzIff jf tflndsf] nflu ul/Psf] vr{ .
t/ s'g} l8u|L jf l8Knf]df xfl;n gx'g] lsl;dsf Joj;fo;+u k|ToIf
?kn] ;DalGwt lzIffsf] nfludfq ul/Psf] vr{ sL ug{ kfOg]5 .
o; P]g adf]lhd a'emfpg'kg]{ s/ / s'g} b]zsf] ;/sf/ tyf ;f]sf] s'g}klg
:yfgLo lgsfonfO{ s'g} sfg"g jf ;f] sfg"g cGtu{t ag]sf] s'g} lgod,
lalgodsf] pNn+3g u/]afkt a'emfOPsf] hl/jfgf / o:t} cGo z'Ns,
s/ 5'6 kfpg] cfo k|fKt ug{ ul/Psf] vr{ jf clGtd ?kdf s/ sL
ul/Psf /sdx? k|fKt ug{ ul/Psf vr{x?,
s'g} cfo jif{df aL; nfv ?k}ofFFeGbf a9Lsf] jflif{s sf/f]jf/ ug]{ JolQmn]
P]gdf tf]lsPsf] cj:yfdf afx]s Ps k6sdf krf; xhf/ ?k}ofFFeGbf
a9Lsf] gub e'StfgL afktsf] vr{,
s'g} lgsfoaf6 ul/Psf] d'gfkmfsf] ljt/0f,
bkmf !$, !%, !^, !&, !*, !(, @) / &! sf] clwgdf /xL jfx]s k"FhLut
k|s[ltsf] vr{ jf ljb]zL cfos/afkt s'g}klg /sd sL ug{ kfOb}g .
bkmf @!-! r_ df P]gsf] s'g} bkmfn] :ki6 ?kdf vr{ sL ug{ gkfpg] egL
gelgPsf] ePtfklg o:tf cGo s'g} /sdx? ;d]t vr{ sL ug{ kfO{g]5}g .

389

kl/R5]b !(
a}+ls+u tyf jLdf Aoj;fo ;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yfx?
(Special Provision for Banking and Insurance Business)

!(=!

a}ls tyf jLdf Aoazfon] ;a{;fwf/0f tyf cGo Joj;fo ug]{ AolQmnfO{ ;d]t
pNn]vgLo k|efj kfg]{ x'gfn] a}ls Aoazfo ug]{ lgsfonfO{ a}+s tyf laQLo ;+:yf
;DaGwL P]g tyf g]kfn /fi6 a}+s P]gn] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn]
laleGg lgb]{zg lbg] u/]sf] tyf cg'udg ug]{ u/]sf] 5 eg] jLdf sf/f]af/ ug]{
lgsfonfO{ jLdf P]gn] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L jLdf ;ldltn] lgb]{zg lbg] tyf
cg'udg ug]{ sfo{ u/L cfPsf] 5 . cfos/ P]g, @)#! df jLdf Aoazfosf] cfo
lgwf{/0f ;DaGwdf 5'} Aoa:yf -bkmf !^_ u/]sf] lyof] eg] ;f] P]gsf] cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg
kZrft bkmf $! -h_ df yk ePsf] k|ltaGwfTds afSof+zn] a}+ls Aoazfo ug]{
lgsfosf] lgldQ 5'} yk Aoa:yf u/]sf] lyof] . o;} ;Gbe{df cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf]
kl/R5]b !! df ;d]t a}+ls tyf jLdf ;DaGwL Joj;fosf] cfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwdf
laz]if Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; kl/R5]bsf] p2]Zo a}ls tyf jLdf ;DaGwL Joj;fo
ug]{ lgsfosf] s/ of]Uo cfo lgwf{/0f ug]{ l;nl;nfdf P]gdf /x]sf] laz]if Aoa:yfsf]
;Gbe{df pko'Qm pbfx/0f ;lxt la:t[t AofVof ug{' /x]sf] 5 .
!(=@ a}+ls Aoj;fosf] lgldQ ljif]z Joj:yf
!(=@=! d"Vo zAbfjnLx? M
-s_ cfos/ P]g @)%* sf] bkmf %( sf] k|ltaGwfTds afSof+z cg';f/ a}+ls
Joj;fo eGgfn] k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd a}+ls sf/f]jf/ ug{ :jLs[t k|fKt
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] ;+rfng u/]sf] a}+ls sf/f]jf/nfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 .
laBdfg sfg"g adf]lhd g]kfn /fi6 a}+saf6 :jLs[t k|fKt u/]/ dfq a}+ls
sf/f]af/ ;+rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . P]gsf] bkmf %( sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd a}+ls
Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ s'g} JolQmsf] s'g} cfo jif{df ;f] Joj;foaf6 k|fKt x'g]
cfo jf gf]S;fgLsf] u0fgf ubf{ ;f] JolQmn] ;+rfng u/]sf] cGo Joj;fo eGbf
a}+ls Joj;fonfO{ leGg Joj;fosf] ?kdf dfgL 5'} u0fgf ug'{ kg]{5 .
-v_ ljQLo ;+:yf eGgfn] g]kfn /fi6 a}+s P]g @)%* sf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -5_
cg';f/ s[lif, ;xsf/L, pBf]u jf cGo s'g} vf; cfly{s k|of]hgsf nflu shf{
lbg] jf ;j{;fwf/0fjf6 lgIf]k ;+sng ug]{ p2]ion] k|rlnt sfg"g jdf]lhd
:yfkgf ePsf] ljQLo ;+:yf ;Demg' kb{5 / ;f] zJbn] g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn
/fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L ljQLo ;+:yf egL tf]lslbPsf] ;+:yf ;d]tnfO{
hgfp5 .
-u_ laQLo sf/f]jf/ jf a}ls Aoj;fo eGgfn] a}+s tyf laQLo ;+:yf ;DaGwL P]g
@)^# sf] bkmf $& df pNn]v eP cg';f/ d'Vo ?kn] dfu ugf{ ;fy jf s'g}
lgwf{l/t ;do kl5 k|rlnt tl/sf cg';f/ Aofh jf lagf Aofhdf lgIf]k
:jLsf/ ug]{ tyf To:tf] lgIf]ksf] e'QmfgL lbg], shf{ nufgL ug]{ h:tf sfd
sf/jfxL ;Demg' kb{5 .

390

!(=@=@ hf]lvd Joxf]g]{ sf]if ;DaGwL Joj:yf

P]gsf] bkmf %( sf] pkbkmf -!s_ adf]lhd hf]lvd Joxf]g]{ sf]if ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/
Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5M
%(-!s_ g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] tf]s]sf] dfkb08sf] cwLgdf /xL a}ls Aoj;fo
;~rfng ug]{ JolQmn] hf]lvd Joxf]g]{ sf]ifdf /fv]sf] c;'n x'g afFsL C0f
/sdsf] a9Ldf kfFr k|ltzt;Ddsf] /sdnfO{ vr{sf] kdf sL ul/g]5 .
o;/L hf]lvd Joxf]g]{ sf]if sfod /x]sf] cj:yfdf gp7\g] cf;fdL egL
d'gfkmfaf6 vr{ n]lvPdf ldGxf x'g]5}g / ;f] sf]ifdf /x]sf] /sd k"Flhs[t
ul/Pdf jf d'gfkmf jf nfef+z afF8kmfF8 ul/Pdf h'g jif{ afF8kmfF8 ul/Psf] 5
;f]xL jif{sf] cfodf ;dfj]z ul/g] 5 .
cfos/ P]g @)#! sf] bkmf $!-h_ n] g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] tf]s]sf] dfkb08 adf]lhd
a}+sx?n] hf]lvd Joxf]g]{ sf]ifdf ;f/]sf] /sd dWo] s"n jSof}tf C0f /sdsf] #
k|ltzt;Dd 5'6 kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . cfos/ P]g @)%* sf] bkmf %(-!s_
df ePsf] Aoa:yf cg'?k g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] tf]s]sf] dfkb08sf] clwgdf /xL a}+ls
Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ AolQmn] hf]lvd Joxf]g]{ sf]ifdf /fv]sf] /sd dWo] s"n jSof}tf
C0f /sdsf] a9Ldf % k|ltztsf] /sdnfO{ vr{sf] ?kdf bfaL ug{ kfpg] Aoa:yf
u/]sf] 5 . o;/L hf]lvd Aoxf]g]{ sf]if sfod /x]sf] ca:yfdf gp7\g] cf;fdL egL
d'gfkmfaf6 vr{ n]v]sf] /sd ldGxf x'g]5}g / ;f] sf]ifdf /x]sf] /sd k"+lhs[t ul/Pdf
jf d'gfkmf jf nfef+z af+8kmf+8 ul/Pdf h'g aif{ af+8kmf+8 ul/Psf] 5 ;f]xL aif{sf]
cfodf ;dfa]; ul/g]5 . P]gsf] o; Aoa:yf cg';f/ a}+ls Joj;fo ug]{ lgsfon]
hf]lvd Aoxf]g]{ sf]if v8f u/L vr{ bfaL ug]{ jf jf:tlas 8'j]sf] C0fnfO{ ckn]vg
ug]{ eGg] s'g} Ps Aoa:yf /f]Hg' kg]{ x'G5 . hf]lvd Aoxf]g]{ sf]if afkt vr{ bfaL ug{
;Sg] Aoa:yf tnsf] pbfx/0fdf v'nfO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !(=@=! M dfgf}+, Go" a}+s ln= sf] cfly{s aif{ @)%&.%* sf] cGtdf s'n
shf{ aSof}tf tyf hf]lvd Joxf]g]{ sf]ifdf qmdzM ?= !,%),)),))) tyf
?=^,#),))) /x]5 . ;f] dWo]] cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu ?= $,%),))) ldGxf ePsf]
/x]5 -cf=a= @)%&.%* ;Dd s'n shf{sf] a9Ldf # k|ltzt dfq ldGxf x'g]_ .
cfly{s aif{ @)%*.%( sf] cGtdf pQm a}+ssf] s'n shf{ aSof}tf
?=@,%%,)),))) /x]5 tyf hf]lvd Joxf]g]{ sf]ifdf ?= !$,)),))) /x]5 eg] P]gsf]
bkmf %(-!s_ adf]lhd ;f] a}+sn] hf]lvd Joxf]g]{ sf]if afkt lgDgfg';f/sf] /sd
vr{ bfaL ug{ kfpg] x'G5M
s_ cfly{s aif{ @)%*.%( sf] cGtdf s'n shf{ aSof}tf ?= @,%%,)),)))
v_ s'n shf{sf] % k|ltztn] x'g] /sd ?= !@,&%,)))
u_ hf]lvd Joxf]g]{ sf]ifdf hDdf /x]sf] /sd ?= !$,)),)))
3_ cfly{s aif{ @)%&.%* sf] cGtdf hf]lvd Joxf]g]{ sf]ifdf hDdf /x]sf] /sd ?=
^,#),))) dWo] s'n aSof}tf shf{ !,%),)),))) sf] # k|ltztn] x'g] /sd ?=
$,%),))) cfos/ k|of]hgsf] lgldQ 5'6 ePsf] .
_ cfly{s aif{ @)%*.%( df gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fadf ?= &,&),))) vr{ n]lvPsf]
-!$,)),)))^,#),)))_ .

391

r_ cfly{s aif{ @)%*.%( df gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fadf ?= &,&),))) vr{ n]lvPsf]

ePtf klg bfaL ug{ ;Sg] /sd ?= *,@%,))), -v08 -v_ df pNn]lvt /sd
?= !@,&%,))) af6 v08 -3_ pNn]lvt /sd ?= $,%),))) 36fp+bf x'g
cfpg] /sd_ .
pbfx/0f !(=@=@ M dfgf}+, dfyL pbfx/0f !(=#=! df pNn]v ePsf] Go" a}+s ln= sf]
cfly{s aif{ @)%(.^) sf] cGtdf s'n shf{ aSof}tf tyf hf]lvd Joxf]g]{ sf]ifdf
qmdzM ?= @,$),)),))) tyf ?= !$,%),))) /x]5 . cfly{s aif{ @)%(.^) df
P]gsf] bkmf %(-!s_ adf]lhd ;f] a}+ssf] hf]lvd Joxf]g]{ sf]ifsf] ca:yf lgDgfg';f/
x'g]5M
s_ cfly{s aif{ @)%(.^) sf] cGtdf s'n shf{ aSof}tf ?= @,$),)),)))
v_ s'n shf{sf] % k|ltztn] x'g] /sd ?= !@,)),)))
u_ hf]lvd Joxf]g]{ sf]ifdf hDdf /x]sf] /sd ?= !$,%),)))
3_ cfly{s aif{ @)%*.%( sf] cGtdf hf]lvd Joxf]g]{ sf]ifdf hDdf /x]sf] /sd ?=
!$,)),))) dWo] s'n aSof}tf shf{ @,%%,)),))) sf] % k|ltztn] x'g] /sd
?= !@,&%,))) cfos/ k|of]hgsf] lgldQ 5'6 ePsf] .
_ cfly{s aif{ @)%(.^) df gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fadf ?= %),))) vr{ n]lvPsf] !$,%),)))!$,)),)))_ .
r_ cfly{s aif{ @)%(.^) df gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fadf ?= %),))) vr{ n]lvPsf]
ePtf klg bkmf %(-!s_ adf]lhd bfaL ug{ ;Sg] s'n /sd ?= !@,)),)))
dfq ePsf] / laut aif{df ?= !@,&%,))) vr{ bfaL u/L;s]sf] x'+bf l;df
eGbf a9L bfaL ePsf] ?= &%,))) cf=a= @)%(.^) df cfos/ k|of]hgsf]
lgldQ cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .
!(=@=# shf{ ckn]vgM
P]gsf] bkmf @% sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -s_ df a}+ls Joj;fo ug]{ AolQmn] shf{
ckn]vg ;Gbe{df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
@%-@_ s'g} JolQmn] b]xfosf cj:yfdf dfq a}+ls Joj;fo ug]{ AolQmn] s'g} /sd
k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ Tofu ug{ jf ;f] JolQmsf] C0f bfaLnfO{ 8'j]sf] C0fsf] ?kdf
ckn]vg ug{ kfpg]5 M
-s_ s'g} ljQLo ;+:yf jf a}+ssf] C0f bfaLsf xsdf ;f] C0f bfaL tf]lsPsf]
dfkb08x? cg';f/ 8'j]sf] C0fdf kl/0ft ePdf
To:t}, P]gsf] bkmf $) sf] pkbkmf -#_ v08 -u_ sf] pkv08 -!_ adf]lhd b]xfosf
ca:yfdf C0f bfaL ePsf] ;DklQ lg;u{ ePsf] dflgg] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
a}+s jf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C[0f bfaLsf] ;DaGwdf tf]lsP adf]lhdsf dfkb08 cg';f/
v/fa C0f x'g k'u]sf]df
cfos/ lgodfanLsf] lgod ( df 8'a]sf] jf v/fa C0fdf kl/0ft x'g] dfkb08
lgDgfg';f/ tf]s]sf] 5 M

lgod ( P]gsf] bkmf @% sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -s_ / bkmf $) sf] pkbkmf -#_
sf] v08 -u_ sf] pkv08 -!_ sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu a}+s jf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f
392

8'a]sf] jf v/fa C0fdf kl/0ft x'g] ;DaGwdf g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
dfkb08 cg';f/ x'g]5 .
t;y{ P]gsf] bkmf @% sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -s_ tyf cfos/ lgodfjnL @)%(
sf] lgod ( adf]lhd s'g} ljQLo ;+:yf jf a}+ssf] C0f bfjLsf xsdf ;f] C0f bfjL
g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] tf]s]sf] dfkb08sf cg';f/ 8'j]s]f C0fdf kl/0ft ePdf ckn]vg
ug{ kfpg] x'G5 .
cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf %(-!s_ df ePsf] Aoa:yf cg'?k g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn]
tf]s]sf] dfkb08sf] clwgdf /xL a}+ls Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ AolQmn] hf]lvd Joxf]g]{
sf]ifdf /fv]sf] /sd dWo] s"n jSof}tf C0f /sdsf] a9Ldf % k|ltztsf] /sdnfO{
vr{sf] ?kdf bfaL ug{ kfpg] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;/L hf]lvd Aoxf]g]{ sf]if sfod
/x]sf] ca:yfdf gp7\g] cf;fdL egL d'gfkmfaf6 vr{ n]v]sf] /sd ldGxf x'g]5}g /
;f] sf]ifdf /x]sf] /sd k"+lhs[t ul/Pdf jf d'gfkmf jf nfef+z af+8kmf+8 ul/Pdf h'g
aif{ af+8kmf+8 ul/Psf] 5 ;f]xL aif{sf] cfodf ;dfa]; ul/g]5 .
a}+s tyf ljlQo ;+:yfn] pNn]lvt dfkb08sf] clwgdf /xL C0f bfjL jfkt ckn]vg
ug{ ;Sb5g\ . t/ P]gsf] bkmf %( sf] pkbkmf -!s_ adf]lhd hf]lvd Joxf]g]{ sf]if
afkt vr{ bfaL ug]{ a}+s tyf ljlQo ;+:yfn] eg] o; bkmf cGtu{t C0f bfjL
ckn]vg jfkt vr{ bfaL ug{ ;Sg] 5}gg\ . t/, o:tf] shf{ ckn]vg ubf{ ckn]vg
u/]sf] shf{ /sddf g36\g] u/L hf]lvd Aoxf]g]{ sf]ifdf /x]sf] /sd cfodf ;dfa];
u/]sf] v08df eg] C0f bfjL jfkt ckn]vg u/]sf] dflgg] 5}g . o; ;DaGwL
Aoa:yf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 k|i6\ofO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !(=@=# M dfgf}+, Go" a}+s ln= sf] cf=a= @)^%.^^ sf] cGtdf s'n shf{
aSof}tf Pa+ g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] lgb]{zg adf]lhd ckn]vg u/Lg' kg]{ shf{sf]
ca:yf lgDgfg';f/ /x]5 M
1. ckn]vg ug'{ eGbf cuf8Lsf] s'n shf{
1,00,00,00,000
2. ckn]vg ul/g] shf{
6,00,00,000
3. ckn]vg ul/;s]kl5 x'g] shf{sf] df}Hbft
94,00,00,000
pQm a}+ssf] shf{ ckn]vg ubf{ g]kfn /fi6 j}+sn] tf]lslbPsf] dfkb08 leq /xL
ckn]vg u/]sf] /x]5 / P]gsf] bkmf %(-!s_ cGtu{t hf]lvd Aoxf]g]{ sf]ifsf] afkt
vr{ bfaL u/]sf] /x]g5 . o; ca:yfdf pQm a}+sn] ckn]vg u/]sf] shf{ ?= ^
s/f]8 o; bkmf cGtu{t vr{sf] ?kdf sL bfaL ug{ kfpg]5 .
pbfx/0f !(=@=$ M dfgf}+, Go" a}+s ln= n] P]gsf] bkmf %(-!s_ adf]lhd hf]lvd
Aoxf]g]{ sf]if afkt vr{ bfaL ug]{ u/]sf] . ;f] a}+ssf] cf=a= @)^%.^^ sf] cGtdf
s'n shf{ aSof}tf, hf]lvd Joxf]g]{ sf]if Pa+ ckn]vg u/]sf] shf{sf] ca:yf
lgDgfg';f/ /x]5 M
1. ckn]vg ug'{ eGbf cuf8Lsf] s'n shf{
1,00,00,00,000
2. ckn]vg ul/Psf] shf{
1,00,00,000
3. ckn]vg ul/;s]kl5sf] shf{sf] df}Hbft
99,00,00,000
4. g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] lgb]{zg adf]lhd hf]lvd Aoxf]g]{
4,10,00,000
sf]ifdf afFsL Aoa:yf
393

5.

3,70,00,000
cf=a= @)^$.^% ;Dd sfod Aoa:yf
o; a}+sn] P]gsf] bkmf %(-!_-s_ sf] Joj:yf cg';f/ cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu
hf]lvd Joxf]g]{ sf]ifdf /fVg] ;'ljwf lnPsf] 5 . pQm Joj:yf ckgfpg] JolQmn]
P]gsf] bkmf @%-@_ sf] Joj:yf cg';f/ l;w} gfkmf gf]S;fg vftfdf ckn]vg jfkt
vr{ n]Vg kfpFb}g . g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] lgb]{zg cg';f/ clgjfo{ ?kdf ckn]vg
ug'{kg]{ / >]:tfaf6 x6fpg' kg]{ C0fsf] ckn]vg ubf{ pQm C0f jfktsf] /sdnfO{
hf]lvd Joxf]g]{ sf]ifdf cfDbfgL afFwL vr{ n]Vg' kb{5 . o;/L vr{ n]Vbf ckn]vg
jfkt vr{ n]lvPsf] /sd / hf]lvd Joxf]g]{ sf]ifdf /x]sf] /sdsf] of]u ckn]vg
ug'{ k"j{sf] c;'n x'g afFsL C0f /sdsf] % k|ltzt eGbf a9L ePdf a9L eP hlt
/sd cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu vr{ bfjL ug{ kfO{b}g . o; pbfx/0fdf ckn]vg
ug'{eGbf cufl8sf] s"n shf{ ?= !,)),)),)),))) / g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] lgb]{zg
cg';f/ clgjfo{ ?kdf ckn]vg u'g{ kg]{ shf{ ?= !,)),)),))) 5 tyf g]kfn
/fi6 a}+ssf] lgb]{zg adf]lhd hf]lvd Joxf]g]{ sf]ifdf afFsL Joj:yf
?=$,!),)),))) /x]sf] 5 . a}+sn] shf{ ckn]vg jfktsf] /sd ?= !,)),)),)))
/ g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] lgb]{zg adf]lhd hf]lvd Joxf]g]{ sf]ifdf /x]sf] Joj:yf ?=
$,!),)),))) x'+bf s'n ?= %,!),)),))) x'g cfpF5 . a}+sn] P]gsf] bkmf %( -!_
-s_ sf] Joj:yf cjnDag u/]sf] x'Fbf ckn]vg ug'{eGbf cufl8sf] s'n shf{ ?=
!,)),)),)),))) ePsf] x'Fbf ;f] jfkt ?= %,)),)),))) ;Dd vr{ bfjL ug{
kfp+5 . a}+sn] ckn]vg jfkt / hf]lvd Joxf]g]{ sf]ifdf u/]sf] Joj:yfsf] s'n
/sd ?= %,!),)),))) ePsf] x'Fbf ?= !),)),))) vr{sf] ?kdf bfjL ug{
kfpFb}g .

!(=@=$ Jofh cfDbfgLsf] u0fgf

P]gsf] bkmf @$ sf] pkbkmf -!_ df adf]lhd Pqm'on cfwf/sf] n]vf+sg ug'{ kg]{ / ;f]
;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
@$-!_ s'g} JolQmn] s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu o; P]gsf] cwLgdf /xL Joj;fo jf
nufgLjf6 ePsf] cfgf] cfosf] u0fgfsf] n]vf+sg Ps|'on cfwf/df ubf{
e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ l;h{gf x'gf;fy To:tf] e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf] dfgL
lghsf] cfosf] u0fgfdf ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
t/, P]gsf] bkmf @$ sf] pkbkmf -#_ df a}+ls Joj;fo ug]{ AolQmsf] nflu shf{ tyf
;fk6Lsf] Aofh cfDbfgL lgDgfg';f/ ug{ ;lsg] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
@$-#_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg a}+ls Joj;fosf
;DaGwdf g]kfn /fi6 a}+s P]g, @)%* tyf a}+ls ;DaGwL k|rlnt
sfg"gsf cwLgdf /xL g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] tf]s]sf] n]vfgnfO{ ljefun]
dfGotf lbg ;Sg]5 .
g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] hf/L u/]sf] lgb]{zg adf]lhd a}+ls Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ AolQmn]
shf{df Accrual Basis df Aofh cfDbfgL hgfpg ;Sb}gg\ . a}+ls Joj;fo ;+rfng
ug]{ AolQmn] cfkm\gf] jSof}tf C0fx?df kfs]sf] JofhnfO{ gubdfg} c;'n ug{
g;s]sf] v08df ;f] Aofh /sdnfO{ d'NtjL lx;fadf (Interest Suspense) /fVg' kg]{]
lgb]{zg g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] hf/L u/]sf] 5 / o;/L d'NtjLdf /x]sf] Aofh /sd h'g
;dodf gub c;'n x'G5 ;f]xL ;dodf Aofh cfDbfgL hgfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . g]kfn /fi6

394

a}+sn] hf/L u/]sf] lgb]{zg adf]lhd a}+ls ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"gsf] clwgdf /xL
a}+ls Aoj;fo ug]{ lgsfon] u/]sf] shf{ nufgLsf] Aofh gub k|fKtLsf] cfwf/df
dfq cfo u0fgf ug{ ;Sg]5 . o; ;DaGwL Aoa:yf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 k|i6\ofO{Psf]
5.
pbfx/0f !(=@=% M dfgf}+, Go" a}+s ln= sf] cfly{s aif{ @)^%.^^ df s'n shf{
aSof}tfsf] Accrual Basis df Aofh u0fgf ubf{ ?= (,)),)),))) Aofh cfDbfgL
x'g] /x]5 . ;f] dWo] ?= *,%),)),))) gubd} c;'n ePsf] /x]5 / afFsL /sd
k|fKt gePsf] /x]5 eg] gubdf k|fKt Aofh ?= *,%),)),))) dfq cfly{s aif{
@)^%.^^ df cfodf u0fgf ul/g' k5{ / afFsL /sd ;f] aif{ Aofh d'NtaL (Interest
Suspense) lx;fadf /fVg' kb{5 . o;/L d'NtaL /x]sf] Aofh h'g ;dodf gub
k|fKt x'G5 ;f]xL ;dodf cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 . t/ Jofh d"NtjLdf /x]sf]
/sd / p7\g afsL Jofh /sd a/fj/ x'g' kb{5 .
Aofh d'NtaL lx;fasf] n]vfg ;DaGwL Aoa:yf o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b * df
AofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
!(=@=% ljb]zL d'b|f sf/f]jf/ cfDbfgL
P]gsf] bkmf @* sf] pkbkmf -!_ tyf -@_ adf]lhd s'g} JolQmsf] cfo tyf ;f] cfo
lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;dfj]z ul/g] / s6[L ul/g] /sdx? g]kfnL ?k}ofF afx]s cGo ?k}ofFdf
ePsf] v08df lgDgfg';f/ x'g] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
@*-!_ o; P]gsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu s'g} JolQmsf] cfo tyf ;f] cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{
;dfj]z ul/g] / sL ul/g] /sdx? g]kfnL ?k}ofFafx]s cGo d'b|fdf c+lst
ul/Psf] eP To:tf] /sdnfO{ g]kfnL?k}ofFdf kl/jt{g ug{' kg]{5 .
@*-@_ s'g} JolQmsf] s'g} cfo jif{df cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ul/g] jf s6[L ul/g]
/sd g]kfnL ?k}ofFafx]s cGo d'b|fdf c+lst ul/Psf]df ;f] /sd k|fKt ul/Psf],
vr{ ul/Psf], lbPsf], a'emfPsf] jf s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu cGo s'g} lsl;dn]
lx;fa ubf{sf jvt k|rlnt ljlgdo b/ cg';f/ ;f] d'b|fnfO{ g]kfnL ?k}ofFdf
kl/jt{g ug{' kg]{5 .
a}+ls Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ AolQmn] ljb]zL d'b|fdf ;d]t ;DklQ bfloTj sfod ug]{
x'+bf ljlgdo b/df kl/jt{g ePsf] cfwf/df ;DklQ bfloTj ;d]tnfO{ ;f]lx cg';f/
?kfGt/0f ug'{ kb{5 . g]kfn n]vfdfg !! (NAS-11: Effects of Change in Foreign
Currency Rate) df ;d]t lab]zL d'b|fdf x'g] sf/f]af/nfO{ sf/f]af/sf] ;dodf
k|rlnt lalgdo b/n] ?kfGt/0f u/L g]kfnL d'b|f (Functional Currency) df n]vfg
ug'{ kg]{ Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 . ljb]zL d'b|fnfO{ k|rlnt b/ cg';f/ g]kfnL ?k}ofdf
kl/jt{g ug'{kb{5 . t/, ljefun] lnlvt ;"rgf hf/L u/L cg'dlt lbPdf ljefun]
tf]s]sf] cf};t ljlgdo b/ cg';f/ kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsg]5 .
!(=# ;fdfGo jLdf Aoj;fosf] lgldQ ljif]z Joj:yf
!(=#=! d"Vo zAbfjnLx? M
-s_ P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -s km_ adf]lhd ;fdfGo jLdf eGgfn] nufgL jLdf
afx]ssf jLdf ;Demg' k5{ .

395

;fdfGotofM ;fdfGo jLdf eGgfn] 5f]6f] cawLsf] nflu ul/g] jLdf a'lemG5 .
h:t}, Transit Insurance, Accidental Insurance, Medical Insurance, Fire
Insurance, Motor Insurance, Engineering Insurance, cfbL . o:tf jLdf
kf]ln;Lx? ;dfGotofM Ps aif{ jf ;f] eGbf sd cawLsf nflu dfq axfn
x'g]5 .
-v_ P]gsf] bkmf ^) df pNn]lvt :ki6Ls/0f adf]lhd btf{ ePsf] ;fdfGo jLdf
Joj;fo eGgfn] k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd g]kfndf btf{ eO{ ;fdfGo jLdf
sf/f]jf/ ug]{ jLdf Joj;fo ;Demg' k5{ .
g]kfndf jLdf Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu jLdf P]g cGtu{t /xL jLdf
;ldltaf6 :jLs[lt lng' kg]{ x'G5 .
-u_ lads (Insurer)eGgfn] k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd jLdf jf k'gla{df Joj;fo
;+rfng ug{ :jLs[lt lnPsf lgsfonfO{ a'emfp+5 . k|rlnt jLdf ;DalGwt
sfg"g -jLdf P]g, @)$(_ adf]lhd jLdf Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{ ;+ul7t ;+:yfn]
dfq cfa]bg lbg ;Sg] ePsf] x'+bf k|fs[lts AolQm lads x'g ;Sg] 5}gg\ .
-3_ laldt(Insured)eGgfn] jLdf u/fpg] k|fs[lts AolQm jf ;+:yfnfO{ a'emfp+5 .
!(=#=@ ;fdfGo jLdf Aoj;fosf] cfo
P]gsf] bkmf ^! sf] pkbkmf -!_ n] nufgL jLdf Joj;fosf] cfo u0fgf ug]{ ;Gbe{df
lgDgfg';f/sf] laif]z Aoa:yf u/]sf]5 M
^)-!_ ;fdfGo jLdf Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ s'g} JolQmsf] s'g} cfo jif{df ;f]
Joj;foaf6 k|fKt x'g] cfo jf gf]S;fgL u0fgf ubf{ ;f] JolQmn] ;+rfng u/]sf]
cGo Joj;fo eGbf jLdf Joj;fonfO{ leGg Joj;fosf] ?kdf dfgL 5'} u0fgf
ug'{ kg]{5 .
!(=#=# ;fdfGo jLdfsf] cfo u0fgf ug]{ tl/sf M
P]gsf] bkmf ^) sf] pkbkmf -@_ df ;fdfGo jLdf Joj;fo ug]{ AolQmsf] s'g} cfo
aif{sf] cfo u0fgf ug]{ ;Gbe{df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
^)-@_ ;fdfGo jLdf Joj;fo ug]{ s'g} JolQmsf] s'g} cfo jif{sf] cfosf] u0fgf
ubf{ b]xfo adf]lhd ug'{ kg]{5 M
-s_ cfotkm{ o; P]g adf]lhd ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{ s'g} cGo /sdx?sf cltl/Qm
b]xfosf /sdx? klg ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{5 M
-!_ ;f] JolQmn] ;f] jif{df ;f] Joj;fo ;+rfng u/L k|fKt u/]sf]
k'gla{dfsf] lk|ldod nufot jLdfsf] lk|ldod afktsf] /sd, /
-@_ k'gla{df, hdfgt, ;'/If0f jf Ifltk"lt{sf] s'g} s/f/afkt v08 -v_
sf] pkv08 -!_ adf]lhdsf e'QmfgLjf6 ;f] jif{df k|fKt /sdx? .
-v_ vr{tkm{ o; P]g adf]lhd sf ug{ kfpg] /sdsf cltl/Qm b]xfosf
/sdx? klg sf ug{ kfpg]5 M
-!_ ;f] Joj;fo ;+rfng ubf{ ;f] JolQmaf6 ladssf] x}l;otdf ;f]
jif{df ul/Psf] e'QmfgLx?, /
396

-@_ ;f] jif{ jf ljut jif{df ;f] Joj;foaf6 ePsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{
v08 -s_ sf] pkv08 -!_ adf]lhd ;dfj]z ul/Psf ;f] jif{df
aLdLtnfO{ lkmtf{ lbOPsf lk|ldodx? .
-#_ hf]lvd Joxf]g]{ sf]ifdf /fv]sf] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] /sdsf] of]u
-s_ s'g} jif{sf] gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fadf b]vfOPsf] v'b jLdf
z'Nssf] %) k|ltzt;Ddsf] /sd, /
-v_ s'g} jif{sf] cGTodf bfaL e'QmfgL afkt afFsL /sdsf]] !!%
k|ltzt;Ddsf] /sd .
t/, o; pkv08 adf]lhd s'g} jif{ vr{sL lnPsf] /sd cfufdL
cfo jif{df jLdf Joj;fosf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{
kg]{5 .
;fdfGo jLdf Joj;fo ug]{ JolQmsf] cfodf nufgLdf k|fKt Jofh cfDbfgLsf] ;d]t
dxTjk"0f{ c+z /x]sf] x'G5 . o:tf cfo afx]s jLdf Aoazfo ug]{sf] AolQmsf] cfodf
tn pNn]lvt cfox? lalzi6 /x]sf x'G5g\ M

jLdf bfloTj :jLsf/] afkt ;Demf}tf adf]lhd laldtx?af6 k|fKt x'g]

lk|ldodx? (Premium Received),
k'glj{df :jLsf/ u/] (Reinsurance accepted) jfkt k|fKt lk|ldodx?,
k'glj{df u/fP (Reinsurance ceded) jfkt k|fKt x'g] sldzg, tyf
;f] lgsfoaf6 ljdssf] x}l;otaf6 e'Qmfg ePsf /sdx?sf] jLdf ;+emf}tf
adf]lhd lkmtf{ k|fKt x'g] /sd (Recovery) x? .
To;} u/L ;fdfGo jLdf Joj;fo ug]{ JolQmn] cGo ;fdfGo sLsf] cltl/Qm tn
pNn]lvt lalzi6 lzif{s cGtu{t yk sL bfaL ug{ ;Sb5g\ M

ljdssf] x}l;otn] jLdf ;Demf}tf jdf]lhd e'Qmfg ug'{ kg]{ Insurance/

Reinsurance claim,
jLdf ;Demf}tf jdf]lhd ljldtnfO{ lkmtf{ ul/Psf lk|ldod h:tf /sdx?
(Premium Refund),
k'glj{df :jLsf/ u/] (Reinsurance accepted) jfkt lbO{g] sld;g,
clestf{ sld;g (Agent Commission),
jLdf hu]8f lx;faM ;f] aif{ k|fKt u/]sf] v'b jLdf lk|ldod (Insurance premium
collected + Premium on reinsurance accepted - Premium on reinsurance
ceded) sf] %) k|ltztn] x'g cfpg] /sd c;dfKt hf]lvd hu]8f (Unexpired
Risk Reserve) afkt hf]lvd Aoxf]g]{ sf]ifdf /fv]sf] /sd .

;fdfGo jLdfsf] cjwL ;fdfGotofM Ps jif{sf] x'G5 / jLdf sDkgLn] jif{ el/ jLdf
cfn]v (Insurance Policy) hf/L ug]{ x'+bf sDkgLsf] ;+efljt bfloTj cfly{s jif{
;Fu} ;dfKt e} ;s]sf] x'+b}g . ctM jLdf P]g adf]lhd ;f] cfly{s jif{df ;+sng u/]sf]
v'b jLdf lk|ldod k'gla{df sf u/L v'b /sd dWo] %) k|ltzt /sd c;dfKt

397

hf]lvd hu]8fdf ;fg'{ kg]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . t/, o;/L c;dfKt hf]lvd hu]8fdf
;f/]sf] /sd csf]{ jif{ cfDbfgLdf ;fg'{ kg]{ Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 .
bfjL jfkt cg'dflgt bfloTjM ;f] cfo jif{df bfjL k|fKt eO;s]sf] t/ jiff{Gt
;Dddf lgSof}{n x'g afFsL bfjL /sdsf] !!% k|ltztn] x'g cfpg] /sd bfjL
jfkt cg'dflgt bfloTj (Reserve for unsettled claim) ;DaGwL hf]lvd Joxf]g]{
sf]ifdf ;f/]sf /sdx? ;d]t vr{ sL bfjL ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
k|rlnt jLdf ;+aGwL sfg"g cg';f/ ;fdfGo jLdf sDkgLn] jiff{Gt ;Dddf bfjL
k|fKt ePsf] t/ :jLsf/ u/L g;s]sf] Ifltsf] ;e]{ sfo{ jf+ls jf cGo cfjZos bfjL
;DjGwL sfuhftx? k]z x'g jf+ls /x]sf] xsdf To:tf] bfjL k|fKt /sddf !%
k|ltzt yk u/L /sd hu]8fdf /fVg' kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf] d'Vo cfzo ;DalGwt cfly{s
aif{df Intimate ePsf] bfaLsf] !% k|ltztsf b/n] jLdf bfaL of]Uo 36gf eO{ ;s]sf]
t/ Intimate x'g afFsL bfaLsf nfuL ;d]t hu]8f 5'6\ofpg' /x]sf] 5 . t/, o;/L o;
aif{ vr{ -hu]8fsf] nflu_ bfaL u/]sf] /sd csf]{ aif{ cfDbfgLdf u0fgf ug'{ kg]{
Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 . o; ;DaGwL Aoa:yf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 k|i6\ofO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !(=#=! M dfgf}, g]kfn jLdf sDkgL ln= sf] cfly{s jif{ @)^$.^% tyf
@)^%.^^ df jLdf lx;fj ;DaGwL tYofx? lgDgfg';f/ /x]5g\ .
!= cf=j= @)^%.^^ df v'b jLdf lk|ldod
$,)),))).
@= cf=j= @)^%.^^ df k'glj{df u/fP jfkt k|fKt @),))).
(Commission on insurance ceded)

#=
$=
%=

cf=j= @)^$.^% sf] cGtdf /x]sf] c;dfKt jLdf sf]if !,%),))).

cf=j= @)^$.^% sf] cGtdf /x]sf] bfjL jfkt @#,))).
cg'dflgt bfloTj
cf=j= @)^%.^^ df e'QmfgL ul/Psf] k'glj{df sldzg !),))).
(Commission on reinsurance accepted)

cf=j= @)^%.^^ df e'Qmfg ul/Psf] jLdf clestf{ !%,))).

sldzg
&= Joj:yfkg vr{
!,)),))).
*= cf=j= @)^%.^^ sf] jLdf bfjL e'QmfgL
!,)),))).
(= cf=j= @)^%.^^ df jLdf bfjL k|fKt t/ lgSof]{n #),))).
eOg;s]sf bfjLx?
!)= nufgLdf k|fKt Aofh
%),))).
!!= bfaL of]Uo x|f; vr{
^),))).
!@= lalaw cfDbfgL
@%,))).

^=

pk/f]Qm tYofsf] cfwf/df g]kfn jLdf sDkgL ln= sf] cfosf] u0fgf lgDgfg';f/
ug'{ kb{5 M
cfodf ;dfa]; x'g] /sdx?
!= utjif{sf] c;dfKt hf]lvd hu]8f
@= utjif{sf] bfjL jfkt cg'dflgt bfloTj

!,%),))).
@#,))).
398

#=
$=
%=
^=

v'b jLdf lk|ldod

$,)),))).
k'glj{df sldzg cfDbfgL
@),))).
nufgLdf k|fKt Aofh
%),))).
lalaw cfDbfgL
@%,))).
hDdf -s_M
^,^*,))).
Go"gM sL bfjL /sdx?
!= jLdf bfjL e'QmfgL -bkmf ^)_
!,)),))).
@= clestf{ sldzg -bkmf !#_
!%,))).
#= k'glj{df sldzg e'QmfgL -bkmf !#_
!),))).
$= Joj:yfkg vr{ -bkmf !#, !$, !^_
!,)),))).
%= bfaL of]Uo x|f; vr{ -bkmf !(_
^),))).
^= bfjL jfkt cg'dflgt bfloTj -#),)))!!%_
#$,%)).
&= o; jif{sf] c;dfKt hf]lvd hu]8f
@,)),))).
-v'b ljdf lk|ldod ?= $,)),))). sf] %) n]_ x'g]
/sd -bkmf ^)_
hDdf -v_ M
%,!(,%)).
cfo -sv _
!,$*,%)).
dfly pNn]lvt sL bfjL u/LPsf] hf]lvd Aoxf]g]{ sf]ifdf ;f/]sf] /sd, cyf{t bfjL
jfkt cg'dflgt bfloTj ?= #$,%)) tyf c;dfKt hf]lvd hu]8f ?= @,)),)))
cf=j= @)^^.^& sf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
!(=$ nufgL jLdf Aoj;fosf] lgldQ ljif]z Joj:yf
!(=$=! nufgL jLdf Aoj;fosf] cfo
P]gsf] bkmf ^! sf] pkbkmf -!_ n] nufgL jLdf Joj;fosf] cfo u0fgf ug]{ ;Gbe{df
lgDgfg';f/sf] laif]z Aoa:yf u/]sf]5 M
^!-!_ nufgL jLdf Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ s'g} JolQmsf] s'g} cfo jif{df ;f]
Joj;foaf6 k|fKt x'g] cfo jf gf]S;fgLsf] u0fgf ubf{ ;f] JolQmn] ;+rfng
u/]sf] cGo Joj;fo eGbf nufgL jLdf Joj;fonfO{ leGg Joj;fosf] ?kdf
dfgL 5'} u0fgf ug'{ kg]{5 .
P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -s u_ adf]lhd nufgL jLdf eGgfn] b]xfosf s'g}
jLdf ;Demg' k5{ M
-!_ laldt JolSt jf laldt JolStsf] ;DaWb JolQmsf] d[To';DaGwL
36gfsf xsdf ul/Psf] jLdf,
-@_ laldt JolSt jf lghsf] ;DaWb JolStsf] JolQmut rf]6k6s jf s'g}
vf; tj/df c;Ifd x'g] 36gf ;DaGwL jLdf,
t/ jLdfsf] jLdf ;Demf}tf slDtdf kfFr jif{;Dd jxfn /xg] jf
jxfnLsf] ;do ;Ldf gePsf] / s/f/df plNnlvt ljz]if

399

kl/l:yltx?df afx]s kfFr jif{sf] cjlw e'Stfg x'g' cufj} ladsaf6

cGTo ug{ g;lsg] u/L ul/Psf] x'g' kg]{5 .
-#_ s'g} /sd jf >[vnfa4 /sdx? eljiodf laldtnfO{ e'StfgL x'g] u/L
ul/Psf] jLdf,
-$_ pkv08 -!_, -@_, jf -#_ cGtu{tsf jLdfsf] k'gla{df, /
-%_ pkv08 -$_ df plNnlvt k'gla{dfsf] k'gla{df .
nufgL jLdfsf] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf Life Insurance, Endowment Policy,
Superannuation cfbL h:tf sf/f]af/nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . hLag ;DawL hf]lvd ;+u
;DalGwt jLdf eP klg Accidental Insurance, Medical Insurance sf] ;Demf}tf
cawL kfFr aif{ eGbf sd cawLdf ;dfKt x'g] eP To:tf] sf/f]af/ eg] nufgL jLdf
cGtu{t kb}{gg\ . t/ o:tf] jLdfsf] ;Demf}tf cawL kfFr jif{ eGbf a9L cjlwsf] eP
nufgL jLdfsf] kl/efiff leq kb{5g\ .
!(=$=@ nufgL jLdfsf] cfo u0fgf ug]{ tl/sf M
P]gsf] bkmf ^! sf] pkbkmf -@_ df nufgL jLdf Joj;fo ug]{ AolQmsf] s'g} cfo
aif{sf] cfo u0fgf ug]{ ;Gbe{df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
^!-@_
nufgL jLdf Joj;fo ug]{ s'g} JolQmsf] s'g} cfo jif{sf] cfosf] u0fgf
ubf{ b]xfo adf]lhd ug'{ kg]{5 M
-s_ b]xfosf /sdx? afx]s o; P]g adf]lhd ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg] cGo
/sdx? ;dfj]z ug]{ M
-!_ ;f] JolQmn] ;f] Joj;fo ;+rfng ubf{ lk|ldod nufot jLdf lk|ldod
afktsf] ?kdf ;f] cfo jif{df k|fKt u/]sf] k'gla{dfsf] /sd, /
-@_ k'gla{df, hdfgt, ;'/If0f jf Ifltk"lt{sf] s'g} s/f/ afktsf] v08 v_ sf] pkv08 -!_ adf]lhdsf] e'QmfgLjf6 ;f] jif{df k|fKt /sdx? .
-v_ b]xfosf /sdx? afx]s o; P]g adf]lhd sL ug{ ;lsg] cGo /sdx?
sL ug]{ M
-!_ s'g} JolQmn] ladssf] x}l;otdf pQm Joj;fo ;+rfng ubf{ u/]sf]
e'QmfgLx?, /
-@_ aLldtnfO{ lkmtf{ ePsf] v08 -s_ sf] pkv08 -!_ df plNnlvt
lk|ldod .
P]gsf] bkmf ^! sf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -s_ sf] pkv08 -!_
/ -@_ tyf v08 -v_ sf] pkv08 -!_ / -@_ df plNnlvt /sdx? ;f] JolQmsf]
;DklQ jf bfloTj afktsf cfDbfgL / vr{ dflgg] 5}g .
P]gsf] bkmf ^! sf] pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd s'g} JolQmsf] nufgL jLdf Joj;fosf]
nufgL jLdf ;Demf}tf ;f] JolQmsf] ;DklQ tyf bfloTj dflgg] 5}g .
;fdfGo jLdf Joj;fodf k|fKt ePsf lk|ldodx? ;f] Joj;fosf] ;Gbe{df cfo
dflgg] ePtf klg nufgL jLdfsf] ;Gbe{df eg] jLdf cfn]v (Insurance policy)
jfkt ljldtx?n] hDdf ul/g] lk|ldodx?nfO{ eg] cfos/ k|of]hgsf] lgldQ ;f]
lgsfosf] cfo dflgb}g . bkmf ^!-#_ adf]lhd o;/L k|fKt x'g] lk|ldod /sdx?nfO{
400

;f] lgsfon] cfgf] bfloTj jf ;DklQ jfktsf] cfDbfgL (Incomings) klg dflgb}+g .
To;sf/0f nufgL jLdf Joj;fo ug]{ lgsfon] k|fKt u/]sf] lk|ldodnfO{ lgsfosf]
k"lhsf] ?kdf n]vfg ug'{ kg{] x'G5 . o;} u/L jLdf cfn]vsf ;Gbe{df ;Demf}tf
adf]lhd k|fKt x'g] ;f]w egf{ jfktsf] /sd, k'glj{df lk|ldod h:tf /sdx? ;d]t
;f] lgsfosf] cfo dflgb}g / k"lh dflgG5g\ .
To;} u/L ljdssf] x}l;otn] ;f] lgsfon] e'Qmfg u/]sf /sdx? Pj+ ljldtnfO{ lkmtf{
ul/Psf jLdf lk|ldod nufotsf /sdx? ;f] lgsfosf] vr{ sL jf s'g} ;DklQ jf
bfloTj jfktsf] vr{ (Outgoings) dflgb}g . o; cy{df nufgL jLdf Joj;fo ug{]
JolQmn] cfos/ k|of]hgsf] lgldQ cGo lgsfo ;/x ;fdfGo cfox?, h:t} Jofh
cfDbfgL, ljljw cfDbfgLx? cfodf ;dfj]; ug'{ kg{] x'G5 / ;fdfGo vr{x?, h:t}
Joj:yfkg vr{, Jofh vr{, x|f; vr{, sldzg vr{, cflb cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu
sL bfjL ug{ ;Sg] 5g\ . o;/L nufgL jLdf Joj;fo ug{] JolQmn] ljldtaf6 k|fKt
ePsf jf o;} ;Gbe{df ;Demf}tf adf]lhd k'glj{df lk|ldod jf6 k|fKt /sdnfO{
;DklQ jfktsf] cfDbfgL (Capital Receipts) dflgg] 5]}g . To;}u/L laldtsf] vftf
jf jLdf sf]ifdf jflif{s hDdf ul/g] af]g; jf To:t} /sdx? ;f] vftfaf6 e'QmfgL
geP;Dd e'QmfgL gdflgg] x'gfn] vr{ sL gdflgg] / e'QmfgL ubf{sf avt nfe
dflgg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
To;}u/L ljldtnfO{ ul/g] e'QmfgL jf ;Demf}tf adf]lhd k'glj{df e'QmfgL nufotsf
e'QmfgLnfO{ ;f] lgsfo -ljds_ sf] bfloTj jfktsf vr{ (Captal payment) dflgg]
5}g . o;sf] ;fy} jLdf Joj;fo ug{] JolQmn] ljldtsf nflu hf/L u/]sf] jLdf
cfn]v (Insurance Policy) jfktsf] bfloTj (Sum Insured) ;f] JolQmsf] ;DklQ tyf
bfloTj dflgg] 5}g . o; cy{df jLdf Joj;fo ug{] JolQmn] jLdf ;Demf}tfsf
clwgdf k|fKt ug{] jf e'Qmfg ug]{ lk|ldod jf Ifltk"lt{ nufotsf /sd ;f] lgsfosf]
;DklQ, bfloTj , cfo jf vr{ x'b}gg\ .
jLdf Joj;fosf] ;Gbe{df ;f] lgsfon] ljldtnfO{ lbg] jf]g; /sd, jLdf cfn]v
;DaGwL bfloTj cg'dfg ug]{ ;Gbe{df Actuary n] u/]sf] Actuarial Valuation sf]
cfwf/df jLdf sf]if (Life Fund) df ul/g] ;dfof]hg cyf{t jLdf jfkt cg'dflgt
bfloTj gk'u eP gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fjdf vr{ n]vL ;f] sf]ifdf hDdf ul/g] Pj+ Life
Fund jfktsf] hu]8f a9L (Surplus) eP ;f] sf]ifdf vr{ n]vL gfkmf gf]S;fg
lx;fadf hDdf ul/Psf] /sd cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu bfjL of]Uo sL jf cfo
dflgg] 5}g .
dflysf Joj:yfx? cg';f/ nufgL jLdf Joj;fosf] s/ cfwf/ jf;nft lgDgfg';f/
x'G5M
k"lh tyf bfloTj
z]o/ k"lh
hu]8f / gfkmf
nufgL stf{sf] nufgL
lk|ldod
jLdf sf]if
cGo bfloTjx?
hDdf kF"lh tyf bfloTj

s/ cfwf/
r'Qmf k"lhsf] /sd
s/ ltl/Psf] s/of]Uo cfo
r'Qmf ePsf] /sd
sf]ifdf ;dfj]z /sd
bkmf #(-@_ adf]lhd

;DklQ
x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ

s/ cfwf/
cg';"lr @ adf]lhd

Joj;flos
;DklQ

bkmf #*-@_ adf]lhd

hDdf ;DklQ

401

s/ k|of]hgsf] n]vf cjwf/0ff / ljQLo n]vfsf] cjwf/0ffdf 7"nf] dfqfdf km/s

/x]sfn] nufgL jLdf Joj;fosf] x/]s h;f] lx;fjdf 8]km8{ cfos/ k|of]hgsf nflu
c:yfoL cGt/ / 8]km8{ s/ l;h{gf ePsf] x'G5 . dflysf] cjwf/0ff JofVof ug]{
pbfx/0f lgDgfg';f/ 5M
pbfx/0f !(=$=!M dfgf} :jl0f{d hLjg jLdf sDkgL ln= Ps nufgL jLdf Joj;fo
ug{] lgsfo -ljds_ /x]5 . of] cfo jif{sf nflu ;f] lgsfosf] lgDgfg';f/ tYof
/x]5 .
!=
@=
#=
$=
%=
^=
&=
*=
(=
!)=
!!=
!@=
!#=
!$=

jLdf lk|ldod k|fKt -v'b_

s"n jLdf cfn]v d"No
k'glj{df lnP jfkt e'Qmfg u/LPsf] sldzg vr{
k'glj{df u/fP jfkt k|fKt sldzg
nufgL tyf shf{df Jofh cfDbfgL
cGo ljljw cfDbfgL
jLdf sf]ifdf o; jif{ yk ul/Psf] /sd
?= # nfv lk|ldod lt/L ;s]sf] Ps kf]lnl; xf]N8/n]
kf]lnl; ;dk{0f (policy surrender) ubf{ u/LPsf] e'QmfgL
?= %),))). dfq lk|ldod hDdf u/]sf] Ps kf]lnl;
xf]N8/sf] d[To" ePsf] sf/0f lghsf] xsjfnfnfO{ e'Qmfg
ug'{ k/]sf] /sd
?= #)),))). lk|ldod lt/L ;s]sf] Ps ljldtsf] Policy
Mature ePsf] sf/0f jf]g; ;lxt e'QmfgL ug'{ k/]sf] /sd
clestf{ sld;g
Joj:yfkg vr{
d]l8sn z'Ns
bflj of]Uo x|f; vr{

!),)),))).
%,)),)),))).
!),))).
!%,))).
@),)),))).
$),))).
!%,)),))).
@,%),))).
$,)),))).
%,%),))).
!,)),))).
^,)),))).
@),))).
!,)),))).

pk/f]Qm tYofsf] cfwf/df pQm ljdssf] cfosf] u0fgf lgDgfg';f/ x'g] x'G5 .
!=
@=
#=

!=
@=
#=
$=

;dfj]; ul/g] /sd M

Jofh cfDbfgL
ljljw cfDbfgL
k'glj{df u/fP jfkt sldzg
hDdf -s_
sL bfjL of]Uo vr{ M
k'glj{df lnP jfkt sldzg vr{
clestf{ sldzg
Joj:yfkg vr{
x|f;sL vr{

@),)),))).
$),))).
!%,))).
@),%%,))).
!),))).
!,)),))).
^,)),))).
!,)),))).
402

%=

d]l8sn z'Ns
hDdf vr{ sL -v_
Joj;fosf] d'gfkmf / nfe -sv_
laldtnfO{ lkmtf{ ul/Psf e'QmfgLx? s/ k|of]hgdf nfe ;lxtsf]
Jojxf/ ul/G5 .

!(=%

@),))).
*#),))).
!#,@%,))).
k"lh lkmtf{ ;/x

o; jif{ e'QmfgL ePsf] jLdf jfktsf] /sd

%,%),))).
!= Matured policy jfkt e'QmfgL
#,)),))).
k|fKt ePsf] lk|ldod
nufgLstf{sf] nfe -bkmf ** adf]lhd nfedf % k|ltzt
s/ nfUg]_
@,%),))).
@= Death claim jfkt e'QmfgL
$,)),))).
k|fKt ePsf] lk|ldod
%),))).
nufgLstf{sf] nfe -bkmf ** adf]lhd nfedf % k|ltzt
s/ nfUg]_
#,%),))).
#= Policy surrender jfkt e'QmfgL
@,%),))).
k|fKt ePsf] lk|ldod
#,)),))).
gfkmf M-k"lh ;/xsf] cfDbfgL ePsfn] s/ gnfUg] t/ bkmf
%^-#_ adf]lhd d'gfkmf /lxtsf] nfef+z ljt/0f x'g uPdf
Joj;fosf] cfodf ;dfj]z x'g]_
%),))).
dflysf] pbfx/0fdf jLdf lk|ldod jfkt k|fKt ?= !),)),))). ;f] ljdssf] cfo jf
Joj;flos bfloTj jf ;DklQ jfktsf] cfDbfgL dflgb}g . ;f] lk|ldod jfktsf] jLdf
cfn]v ;Demf}tf d"No (Sum insured) ?= %,)),)),))). klg ;f] ljdssf] bfloTj
dflgg] 5}g .
jLdfaf6 k|fKt /sd
P]gsf] bkmf ^@ adf]lhd jLdfaf6 k|fKt /sd lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 M
-!_ s'g} JolQmsf] cfosf] u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu ;f] AolQmn] jLdfaf6 k|fKt
u/]sf] /sdsf] ;DaGwdf bkmf #! Dff pNn]v eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg nufgL jLdfaf6 k|fKt nfe
;DaGwdf b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ afl;Gbf JolQmn] To:tf] /sd e'QmfgL u/]sf] cj:yfdf laldt pk/
clGtd ?kdf x'g] s/ sLf/f s/ nufOg]5, /
-v_ u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmn] To:tf] /sd e'QmfgL u/]sf] cj:yfdf laldtsf]
cfodf ;f] /sd ;dfj]z u/L u0fgf ug'{ kg]{5 .

403

:ki6Ls/0f M o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu nufgL jLdfaf6 k|fKt nfe eGgfn] ;f]
jLdfsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} JolQmn] nufgL jLdf afkt k|fKt u/]sf] e'QmfgL ;f] JolQmn]
lt/]sf] lk|ldodeGbf a9L ePhltsf] /sdnfO{ ;Demg' k5{ .
;fdfGo jLdfjf6 k|fKt Ifltk'lt{sf] xsdf P]gsf] bkmf $^ sf] Joj:yf 5gf}6 ePsf]
cj:yf afx]s bkmf #! cg';f/ lgDgfg';f/ rfl/lqs/0f ug'{ kb{5 .
jLdf afktsf] e'QmfgL nufot b]xfosf s'/fx? afkt s'g} JolQm jf ;f] JolQmsf]
;Da4 JolQmn] s'g} Ifltk"lt{ /sd k|fKt u/]sf]df ;f] Ifltk"lt{ afktsf] /sd k|fKt
u/]sf] ;dodf To:tf] /sd cj:yf cg';f/ /f]huf/L, Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 ePsf]
cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ug{' kg]{5 M
-s_ s'g} Joj;fo, /f]huf/L jf nufgLjf6 ;f] JolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf] jf k|fKt
x'g ;Sg] s'g} cfo jf ;f] cfosf] u0fgfdf ;dfj]z x'g] s'g} /sd
afktsf] Ifltk"lt{, jf
-v_ s'g} Joj;fo jf nufgLdf ;f] JolQmnfO{ ePsf] jf x'g;Sg] gf]S;fgL jf
;f] JolQmsf] cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ sL x'g] vr{ /sd afktsf] Ifltk"lt{ .
P]gsf] bkmf #!, $^, ^@ tyf (@ sf] clwgdf /xL jLdfjf6 k|fKt Ifltk'lt{sf] xsdf
cfos/ nfUb5 . o; ;DaGwL Aoa:yf tnsf pbfx/0faf6 k|i6 kfl/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f !(=%=! M dfgf}+, t'n;L O06/k|fOh]h s+klg n] cfgf] :6s sf] ;'/If0fsf]
nflu ?= %) nfv sf] jLdf u/]sf] /x]5 . cfo jif{ @)^$^% df pQm sDkgLsf]
uf]bfddf cfunfuL ePsf] /x]5 / cfunfuLsf] ;dodf pQm uf]bfddf ?= #) nfv
d"No j/fj/sf] df}Hbft /x]5 . pQm sDkgLn]] jLdf sDkgL;Fu ;f] gf]S;fgLsf] bfjL
e'QmfgLsf] nflu cfo jif{ @)^$^% df g} lgj]bg lbO{ ;s]sf] /x]5 . t/ ;f]
cf=a= sf] cGTo;Dd klg jLdf sDkgLn]] ;f] bfjL jf/] lgSof{}n u/L ;s]sf] /x]g5 .
o; cj:yfdf ;f] sDkgLn]] P]gsf] bkmf !% pkbkmf -!_ cGtu{t cfo jif{
@)^$^% df o;/L gf]S;fg ePsf] df}Hbft sL bfjL ug{ ;Sg]5 . olb pQm
jLdf sDkgLn]] ;f] bflj jfkt cfo jif{ @)^%^^ df bfjL :jLsf/ u/L ?= @%
nfv e'Qmfg u/]sf] /x]5 eg] k'/} /sd cfodf clwsf/ l;h{gf ePsf] cf=j=
@)^%.^^ sf] Joj;fosf] cfodf ;dfj]z x'G5 .
pbfx/0f !(=%=@ M dfgf}+, lkkn O06/k|fOh]h sDkgLn] cfkm\gf] kmlg{r/ tyf
sfof{no pks/0f jfkt ?=@) nfvsf] jLdf u/fPsf] /x]5 . pQm cfunfuLsf]
;dodf ;Dk"0f{ kmlg{r/ tyf sfof{no pks/0f hn]/ sfd gnfUg] ePsf] /x]5 .
;f] cfo jif{df pQm sDkgLsf]] ;d"x v sf] x|f; cfwf/ ?= !% nfv /x]5 . jLdf
sDkgLn] ;f] bfjLsf] ;d]t lgSof{}n Pj+ e'QmfgL cf=a= @)^$^% df gu/L cf=a=
@)^%^^ df dfq u/]sf] /x]5 / ;f] afkt ?= !* nfv e'QmfgL u/]sf] /x]5 .
cf=a= @)^%^^ df ;f] sDkgLn] @)^% kf}if d;fGt leq} ?= !) nfvsf] sfof{no
pks/0f tyf kmlg{r/ vl/b u/L ;s]sf] /x]5 eg] ;f] sDkgLn]] cf=a= @)^$^%
tyf, @)^%^^ df o; ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/ n]vfg ug'{ kb{5 .
cf=a= @)^$^%
o; cfly{s jif{df pQm sDkgLsf]] ;d"x v sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQ g} hn]/ gi6
ePsf] sf/0f s"n x|f; cfwf/ cyf{t ?= !% nfv lg;u{ ePsf] dflgG5 / P]gsf]

404

bkmf !( adf]lhd ?= !% nfv sL bfjL ug{ ;Sg]5 . t/ lgsfosf] ljQLo

ljj/0fsf] k|dfl0fs/0f ubf{;Dd jLdfaf6 lg0f{o ePsf] eP ;f] sf/f]jf/ g]kfn
n]vfdfg % jf;nft ldlt kl5sf ultljwL cGtu{t ;f]xL cf=j=sf] x|f; u0fgfdf
lg;u{af6 k|fKt /sddf ;dfj]z x'G5 . bkmf $^ sf] 5gf}6 u/]sf cj:yfdf oL
;DklQdf ;fdfGo ;DklQ ;/x x|f; u0fgf x'G5 / csf]{ jif{ k|lt:yflkt ;DklQdf
k/]sf] /sd z'Go dflgG5 .
cf=a= @)^%^^
cfly{s jif{ @)^%^^ df pQm sD+kgLn] ;d"x v cGtu{t ?= !) nfvsf]
;DklQ @)^% kf}if d;fGt leq vl/b u/]sf] / jLdf sDkgLaf6 ;d]t ?= !* nfv
bflj e'QmfgL k|fKt ePsf] ;DklQsf] x|f; cfwf/ tyf lg;u{ lgDgfg';f/ x'g] x'G5 .
@)^%^^ df x|f; cfwf/df ;dfj]z x'g] /sd !),)),))).
Go"gM ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt /sd
).
x|f; cfwf/
!),)),))).
aLdfaf6 k|fKt ePsf] /sd k|fKt ePsf jif{ bkmf #! / ^@ adf]lhd Joj;fosf]
cfodf ;dfj]z x'g] /sddf hf]l8G5 .
P]gsf] bkmf #! adf]lhd jfl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQmsf] JolQmut b'3{6gfaf6 ePsf]
zfl//Ls Iflt jfktsf] Ifltk"lt{ e'QmfgL /sd cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ gkg]{ Aoa:yf
ePsf]n] To:tf] /sd cfodf ;dfj]; ug'{ kb{}g .
P]gsf] bkmf (@ sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -u_ adf]lhd jfl;Gbf sDkgLn] e'StfgL
u/]sf] nufgL jLdf jfkt k|fKt u/]sf] nfe clGtd ?kn] s/ nfUg] tyf u}/ jfl;Gbf
sDkgLn] e'Qmfg u/]sf] eP jLdfjf6 k|fKt nfe laldtsf] cfodf ;dfj]z u/L u0fgf
ug{' kg]{ x'G5 . P]gsf] bkmf ** sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd jfl;Gbf sDkgLn] e'QmfgL
u/]sf] nufgL jLdf jfkt k|fKt u/]sf] nfedf % k|ltztsf b/n] s/ nfUb5 . ;f]xL
cg'?k nufgL jLdf Dofb e'StfgL (matured) jf s'g} bfaL of]Uo 36gf 36]sf]
ca:yfdf (happening of incidence) k|fKt /sd dWo] ljldtn] ;f] ;do ;Dd e'Stfg
u/]sf] jLdf lk|ldod /sd sf u/L v'b j9L k|fKt /sd dfq nfesf] ?kdf u0fgf
ug'{ kb{5 .

405

pbfx/0f !(=%=# M dfgf}+, lbjfs/ vlgofFn] g]kfndf btf{ ePsf] z'e hLjg jLdf
sDkgL ln= df ?= %,)),))) sf] hLjg jLdf kf]n];L lnPsf /x]5g\ / ;f] afkt
s'n lk|ldod ?= %,%),))) hDdf u/]sf /x]5g\ . ldlt @)^^.@.$ df ;f] kf]ln;Lsf]
Dofb e'StfgL (Matured) ePsf] /x]5 . jLdf ;+emf}tf adf]lhd ;f] jLdf sDkgLn]
lghnfO{ ?= (,%),))) e'Qmfg u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm e'QmfgLdf ?= $,)),))) nfe
ePsf] -(,%),)))%,%),)))_ / ;f] nfedf % k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] /sd s/
nfUb5 / ;f] jLdf sDkgLn] lghnfO{ e'QmfgLsf] ;dodfg} ?= @),))) s/ /sd
sf u/L afFsL ?= (,#),))) e'Qmfg ug'{ kb{5 . o;/L sf ePsf] s/ /sd P]gsf]
bkmf ^@ sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -s_ tyf bkmf (@ sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -u_
adf]lhd clGtd ?kn] s/ sL ePsf] e'QmfgL dflgG5 / lghsf] cfodf ;dfa];
ug'{ kb}{g .
t/, dfyLsf] pbfx/0fdf lgh lbjfs/ vlgofFn] g]kfndf btf{ ePsf] lads;+u jLdf
gu/fO{ u}/ afl;Gbf AolQm;+u jLdf u/fPsf] / ;f]xL a/fa/sf] /sd e'QmfgL ePsf]
/x]5 eg] s'n nfe ?= $,)),))) nfO{ g} nufgLsf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
o; ca:yfdf lghn] lab]zdf ;f] e'QmfgL afkt s'g} s/ lt/sf /x]5g\ eg] ;f] s/
P]gsf] clwgdf /xL ldnfg bfaL ug{ kfpg]5g\ . o;/L lab]zdf lt/]sf] s/ ldnfg
;DaGwL Aoa:yf o;} lgb]{lzssf] kl/R5]b !$ df lbO{Psf] 5 .
!(=^

Joj;fo uflePsf] sf/0fn] x'g] lg;u{ ;DaGwL ljif]z Joj:yf

P]gsf] bkmf $&s n] a}+ls+u tyf ljQLo Joj;fo jf aLdf Joj;fo ug]{ Ps} k|s[ltsf
lgsfox? cfk;df ufleP/ -dh{/ jf PSo'lhzg_ ePdf ljz]if Joj:yfx? u/]sf] 5 .
$&s-!_ a}ls+u tyf ljQLo Joj;fo jf jLdf Joj;fo ug]{] Ps} k|s[ltsf] lgsfox?
cfk;df ufleP/ -dh{/ jf PSo'lhzg_ ePdf bkmf %& sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08
-s_, -v_, -3_, -_, -r_ / -5_ tyf pkbkmf -#_ sf] Joj:yf nfu" x'g] 5}g .
a}ls+u jf aLdf ;DalGw Ps} k|s[ltsf] Joj;fo ug]{ lgsfox? uflePsf avtdf of]
bkmfdf ul/Psf Joj:yfx? nfu' x'G5g\ . s'g} a}+ls+u Joj;fo ug]{ lgsfox? jf aLdf
Joj;fo ug]{ lgsfox? cfk;df uflePsf cj:yfdf bkmf %& adf]lhd :jfldTj
kl/jt{g ePsf] lgsfosf] :jfldTj kl/jt{g cl3 sfod /x]sf lhDd]jf/L ;fg{ kfpg]
gf]S;fgL nufotsf ljleGg /sdx? (Tax Attributes) nfO{ :jfldTjdf kl/jt{g kl5
;dfof]hg ug{ gkfpg] u/L (No deferrals) bkmf %& sf] pkbkmf -@_ f/f nufOPsf]
lgDg aGb]hx? nfu' x'g] 5}g M
%&-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd s'g} lgsfosf] :jfldTj kl/jt{g ePdf
To:tf] kl/jt{g kl5 ;f] lgsfonfO{ b]xfosf sfo{ ug{ cg'dlt lbOg] 5}g M
-s_ :jfldTjsf] kl/jt{g x'g'eGbf cl3 ;f] lgsfoaf6 vr{ ul/Psf bkmf !$
sf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd cufl8 ;fl/Psf] Jofh sf ug{,
-v_ :jldTjsf] kl/jt{g x'g'eGbf cl3 ;f] lgsfonfO{ x'g uPsf] gf]S;fgL bkmf
@) adf]lhd sf ug{,
-3_ :jfldTj kl/jt{g x'g'cl3 bkmf @$ sf] pkbkmf -$_ sf] v08 -s_
adf]lhd s'g} /sd jf vr{ afkt lx;fa u/]sf] / :jfldTjsf] kl/jt{g

406

kl5 ;f] /sd jf vr{sf] bkmf @$ sf] pkbkmf -$_ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd
;RrfPsf]df bkmf @$ sf] pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd ;dfof]hg ug{,
-_ :jfldTjsf] kl/jt{g x'g'cl3 bkmf @% sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -v_
adf]lhd s'g} /sdsf] lx;fa u/]sf] / :jfldTjsf] kl/jt{gkl5 ;f] /sd
k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ Tofu u/]sf] jf ;f] /sd s'g} JolQmsf] C0f bfaL
ePsf]df To:tf] JolQmn] pQm C0fnfO{ 8'a]sf] C0f dfgL ckn]vg u/]df
bkmf @% sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ;dfof]hg ug{,
-r_ :jfldTjsf] kl/jt{g x'g'cl3 ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{ ubf{ x'g uPsf]
3f6f :jfldTjsf] kl/jt{gkl5 ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt
cfDbfgLdf bkmf #^ adf]lhd 36fpg,
-5_ :jfldTj kl/jt{g x'g'cl3 bkmf ^) sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -v_ sf]
pkv08 -!_ adf]lhd lk|ldodsf] lx;fa u/]sf]df / :jfldTjsf] kl/jt{g
kl5 To:tf] lk|ldod laldtnfO{ lkmtf{ lbPdf ;f] adf]lhd vr{ bfaL ug{,
jf
s'g} lgsfosf] bkmf %&-#_ jdf]lhd :jfldTj kl/jt{g ePdf To;/L :jfldTj kl/jt{g
x'g' cufl8 / k5f8Lsf efux?nfO{ a]Unfj]Un} cfo jif{ dflgg] Joj:yf klg bkmf
$&s sf] cj:yfdf nfu' x'b}g .
ljutsf gf]S;fgL sL ;DaGwdf lgDg k|ltjGwfTds Joj:yf nfu' /xG5M
t/, ufleP/ cl:tTjdf g/x]sf] lgsfosf] s'g} sL x'g g;s]sf] gf]S;fgL eP To:tf]
gf]S;fgL bfdf;fxLn] cfufdL ;ft jif{df sL ug'{ kg]{5 . o;/L ;dfg ls:tfdf
gf]S;fgL sL ug]{ lgsfo ;f] k'/} gf]S;fgL sL gub}{ k'gM ljefhg ePdf sL ePsf]
gf]S;fgL afkt sL ePsf] /sddf uflePsf] -dh{/ jf PSo'lhzg_ cfly{s ai{fdf
sfod /x]sf] s/sf] b/n] s/ ltg'{ kg]{5 .
;f] ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ lgDg pbfx/0fdf :ki6 ul/Psf] 5M
pbfx/0f !(=^=!M dfgf}, sfe]| a}s ln= n] sf:sL a}+s ln= sf ;j} z]o/wgLnfO{
k|To]s !)) lsQf z]o/ a/fa/ () z]o/ lbO{ sf:sL a}+s ln= uflePsf] /x]5 .
sf:sL a}+s ln= df ?=@ s/f]8 !) nfv sL x'g afsL gf]S;fg /x]5 . uflePsf] jif{
ufleg] sf/f]jf/ kl5 sfe|] a}+ssf] gf]S;fgL sL cufl8sf] s/of]Uo cfo ?=# s/f]8
/x]5 . ufleP/ cl:yTjdf g/x]sf] sf:sL a}+s ln= sf] o:tf] sL x'g afsL gf]S;fgL
ufleP kl5sf] sfe|] a}+sn] bfdf;fxLn] & jif{df sL ug{ kfpb5 . of] jif{ ?=#)
nfvdfq gf]S;fgL sL ug{ kfpb5 . ufleP/ cl:yTjdf g/x]sf] sDkgLsf] ufleg'
cuf8L & jif{ ggf3]sf] gf]S;fgLdfq o; Joj:yf adf]lhd bfdf;fxLdf sL ug{
kfOG5 .
pbfx/0f !(=^=@M dfgf}, sfe]| a}s ln= n] sf:sL a}+s ln= sf ;j} z]o/wgLnfO{
k|To]s !)) lsQf z]o/ a/fa/ () z]o/ lbO{ sf:sL a}+s ln= uflePsf] /x]5 . sfe|]
a}+s ln= df ?=@ s/f]8 !) nfv sL x'g afsL gf]S;fg /x]5 . uflePsf] jif{ ufleg]
sf/f]jf/ kl5 sf:sL a}+ssf] sf/f]jf/ klg ;dflxt ePsfn] sfe|] a}+ssf] gf]S;fgL
sL cufl8sf] s/of]Uo cfo ?=# s/f]8 /x]5 . ufleP kl5 klg cl:yTjdf /x]sf]
sfe|] a}+s ln= sf] o:tf] sL x'g afsL gf]S;fgL ufleP kl5sf] bkmf @) sf] Joj:yf
adf]lhd gf]S;fgL l;h{gf ePsf] jif{af6 & jif{;Dd sL ug{ kfpb5, bfdf;fxL
407

ul//xg' kb{}g .
pbfx/0f !(=^=#M dfgf}, sfe]| a}s ln= n] sf:sL a}+s ln= sf ;j} z]o/wgLnfO{
k|To]s !)) lsQf z]o/ a/fa/ () z]o/ lbO{ sf:sL a}+s ln= uflePsf] /x]5 .
sf:sL a}+s ln= df ?=@ s/f]8 !) nfv sL x'g afsL gf]S;fg /x]5 . uflePsf] $
jif{ kl5 sfe|] a}+saf6 k'/fgf sf:sL a}+ssf z]o/wgLx? ljefhg e} hfg] lg0f{o
u/]5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf sf:sL a}+s ln= cl:yTjdf x'bfsf] & jif{;Dd k'/fgf]
gf]S;fg ?=@ s/f]8 !) nfvsf] & efusf] $ efu sL e} ;s]sf] x'G5 . ljefhgaf6
gof+ sDkgL ag]sf] jif{ ;f] sL e};s]sf] gf]S;fgL ?=! s/f]8 @) nfvdf uflePsf]
jif{sf] cfos/sf] b/ cg';f/ x'g] /sd s/ ltg'{ kb{5 . afsL /x]sf] sL gePsf]
gf]S;fgL ?=() nfv klg sL ug{ kfpb}g .
lgsfox? cfk;df ufleg] qmddf Pp6f lgsfodf ePsf ;a} ;DklQ tyf bfloTjx?
csf]{ lgsfodf x:tfGt/0f x'g hfG5g\ . o:tf] x:tfGt/0fsf ;DaGwdf lgDg t/Lsfn]
d"Nof+sg x'g] Joj:yf pkbkmf -@_ df ul/Psf] 5M
$&s-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lgsfox? ufleO{ ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] lg;u{ ePdf
b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5M
-s_ Jofkfl/s df}Hbft tyf Joj;flos ;DklQsf] lg;u{sf] xsdf
-!_ lg;u{sf] tTsfn cl3 ;f] ;DklQ jfkt ePsf] v"b vr{ a/fa/sf] /sd
;f] lg;u{ jfkt ;f] JolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf] dflgg]5, /
-@_ pkv08 -!_ df pNn]v eP a/fa/sf] /sd ;DklQ k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf]
nfut k/]sf] dflgg]5 .
-v_ x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{sf] xsdf
-!_ lg;u{ x'Fbfsf jvt cg';"rL@ sf] bkmf $ adf]lhd ;d"xsf] 36\bf]
k|0ffnLsf] afFsL d"No a/fa/sf] /sd ;f] lg;u{ jfkt k|fKt u/]sf]
dflgg]5, /
-@_ pkv08 -!_ df pNn]v eP a/fa/sf] /sd ;DklQ k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf]
nfut k/]sf] dflgg]5 .
-u_ bfloTjsf] lg;u{sf] xsdf
-!_ lg;u{sf] tTsfn cl3 ;f] bfloTjsf] ahf/ d"No / v'b cfDbfgL dWo] h'g
36L x'G5 ;f] a/fa/sf] /sd lg;u{ jfkt ;f] JolQmsf] nfut k/]sf]
dflgg]5, /
-@_ pkv08 -!_ df pNn]v eP a/fa/sf] /sd bfloTj jxg ug]{ JolQmn] ;f]
bfloTj jxg u/] jfkt k|fKt u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
-#_ Joj;fo ufEg] lgsfo jf ufleP/ sfod ePsf] lgsfon] uflePsf]
;DklQ / bfloTjsf] nfut u0fgf ubf{ ufleg] lgsfoaf6 ;f] uflePsf]
Joj;fo ;+rfng u/]sf avt -dh{/ jf PSo"hL;g cufl8_ sfod /x]sf
;DklQ / bfloTj jfktsf nfut dfq v08 -s_, -v_ / -u_ adf]lhd
u0fgf ug'{ kg]{5 .
;f] ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ lgDg pbfx/0fdf :ki6 ul/Psf] 5M
pbfx/0f !(=^=$ M dfgf}, sfe]| a}s ln= n] sf:sL a}+s ln= sf ;j} z]o/wgLnfO{
k|To]s !) lsQf z]o/ a/fa/ ( z]o/ lbO{ sf:sL a}+s ln= uflePsf] /x]5 . sf:sL

408

a}+s ln= sf lgDg ;DklQ tyf bfloTjx? lgDgfg';f/ d"Nodf lg;u{ ePsf] / sfe|]
a}+ssf] nfut k/]sf] dflgG5M
Joj;flos ;DklQ M ufleg'sf] tTsfn cl3sf] v'b vr{ -g]6 cfp6uf]O+u_
x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ M ufleg'sf] tTsfn cl3sf] cg';"lr @ sf] bkmf $ adf]lhdsf]
36\bf] k|0ffnLsf] afsL d"No
Joj;flos bfloTj M ufleg'sf] tTsfn cl3sf] v'b cfDbfgL -g]6 OGsld+u_ /
ahf/d"NodWo] h'g 36L x'G5 ;f] /sd
lgsfo ufleg] qmddf ufleg] sDkgL / ufEg] sDkgLsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;fd"lxs
cjsf;sf] cj:yf ePdf lgDgfg';f/ x'G5M
$&s-#_
pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ufleO{ lg;u{ ePsf] lgsfodf jf ufleP
kZrftsf] lgsfodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;fd'lxs ?kdf ;]jfaf6 casfz lbg]
k|of]hgsf] nflu ul/g] yk Psd'i6 e'StfgLdf -casfz sf]if dfkm{t ul/g]
e'StfgL jf sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{df pNn]v eP cg';f/ ug'{kg]{ e'StfgL afx]ssf_
casfz e'StfgLdf s/ sL ug'{kg]{ b/df krf; k|ltzt 5'6 lbO{ e'StfgLdf s/
sL ug'{kg]{ 5 .
;f] ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ lgDg pbfx/0fdf :ki6 ul/Psf] 5M
pbfx/0f !(=^=%M dfgf}, sfe]| a}s ln= n] sf:sL a}+s ln= sf ;j} z]o/wgLnfO{
k|To]s !) lsQf z]o/ a/fa/ ( z]o/ lbO{ sf:sL a}+s ln= uflePsf] /x]5 .
ufleg] zt{x?dWo] Pp6f b'j} a}+ssf ^) k|ltzt sd{rf/LnfO{ ;fd'lxs cjsf;
lbg] / ;f] jfkt ;DjlGwt sd{rf/L lgodfjnLdf ePsf] Joj:yf cg';f/sf]
;'ljwfsf cltl/Qm ?=!)),))) lbOg] /x]5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf b'j} lgsfosf
cjsf; kfpg] sd{rf/Lsf] ;f] e'QmfgLdf nfUg] s/df %) k|ltztn] 5'6 lbO{
clu|d s/ sL ug'{ kb{5 .
cjsf; kfpg] sd{rf/Lsf] yk ;'ljwf -b'j} sDkgLdf_ M
e'QmfgL ePsf] cjsf; /sd
?=!)),)))
s/ 5'6 kfpg] /sd -%) k|ltzt_
?=%),)))
afsL /sd
?=%),)))
e'QmfgLdf s/ sL -!% k|ltztn]_
?=&,%))
bkmf (@ df ePsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ of] /sd clGtd ljwLsf] s/ nfUg] cfo xf] .
lgsfo ufleg] qmddf ufleg] sDkgLsf z]o/wgLn] csf]{ sDkgL -ufEg] sDkgL_ sf]
z]o/ k|fKt u/]sf x'G5g\ . o:tf] z]o/ ljqmL ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/ x'G5M
$&s-$_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ufleO{ lg;u{ ePsf] lgsfodf sfod /x]sf
z]o/wgLx?n] cfkmgf] z]o/ uflePsf] b'O{ aif{ leq cfkmgf] z]o/ las|Lsf]
dfWodaf6 lg;u{ u/]df To;/L lg;u{ ePsf] z]o/df ePsf] nfedf k'lhut
nfes/ nfUg] 5}g .
;f] ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ lgDg pbfx/0fdf :ki6 ul/Psf] 5M

409

pbfx/0f !(=^=^M dfgf}, sfe]| a}s ln= n] sf:sL a}+s ln= sf ;j} z]o/wgLnfO{
k|To]s !) lsQf z]o/ a/fa/ ( z]o/ lbO{ sf:sL a}+s ln= @)^*.@.@( df
uflePsf] /x]5 . /d]zhL zfxsf] sf:sL ln= df !))) lsQf z]o/ -r'Qmf d"No ?=
!)) nfut ?=@))_ /x]5 . uflePsf] sf/0f /d]zhLn] ()) lsQf z]o/ k|fKt
u/]sf /x]5g\ . /d]zhLn] sfe|] ln= sf] $)) lsQf z]o/ @)^(.#.@) df k|ltz]o/
?=#!) df ljlqm u/]5g\ . of] cj:yfdf z]o/ ljlqmdf ePsf] nfe ?=$$,))) !!)*$))_ df uflePsf] @ jif{ leq} ljlqmsf] u/L nfe ePsfn] k'lhut nfes/
nfUb}g .
t/, /d]zhL zfx ufleg' cl3b]lv g} sfe|] a}+s ln=sf] z]o/wgL ePsf eP o:tf]
ljlqmaf6 k|fKt nfedf !) k|ltzt s/ nfUbYof] . cfo jif{ @)^*.^( b]lv eg]
s/sf] b/ % k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] 5 .
ufleg] k|lqmof k'/f eO ;s] kl5sf] sDkgLsf z]o/wgLn] ;f] sDkgL -ufEg] sDkgL_
sf] nfef+z k|fKt ePdf lgDgfg';f/ x'G5M
$&s-%_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ufleO{ lg;u{ ePsf] lgsfon] uflePsf] ldltn] b'O{ aif{
leq uflePsf] ca:yfdf sfod /x]sf] z]o/wgLnfO{ lat/0f u/]sf] nfefz+df s/
nfUg] 5}g .
;f] ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ lgDg pbfx/0fdf :ki6 ul/Psf] 5M
pbfx/0f !(=^=&M dfgf}, sfe]| a}s ln= n] sf:sL a}+s ln= sf ;j} z]o/wgLnfO{
k|To]s !) lsQf z]o/ a/fa/ ( z]o/ lbO{ sf:sL a}+s ln= @)^&.@.@( df
uflePsf] /x]5 . ufleP kl5 sfe]| a}+s ln= n] @)^(.@.@) k|lt z]o/ ?=$)
nfef+z ljt/0f u/]sf] /x]5 . of] cj:yfdf sfe|] a}+s ln= sf s'g} klg
z]o/wgLnfO{ nfef+z s/ nfUb}g .
t/ pQm nfef+z @)^(.@.@( jf ;f] k5f8L ljt/0f u/]sf] eP of] ;'ljwf k|fKt x'g
;Qm}g / nfef+z s/ % k|ltzt nfUbYof] .
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf / aLdf Joj;fo ug]{ sDkgLx? ufleg] ;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf
lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
$&s-^_ pkbkmf -!_ cg';f/ ufleO{ lg;u{ x'g rfxg] lgsfon] @)^( ;fn sflQs
d;fGtleq ufleg] cfzo kq cfGtl/s /fh:j laefudf lbg' kg]{5 .
$&s-&_ pkbkmf-!_ adf]lhd uflegsf] nflu cfzo kq lbg] lgsfox?n] ufleO{g]
k|ls|of @)&) ;fn sflQs d;fGtleq k'/f ug'{kg]{5 .
$&s-*_ pkbkmf -^_ df tf]lsPsf] cjlw leq cfzo kq glbg] lgsfo tyf pkbkmf &_ df pNn]v ePsf] ldlt;Dd ufleg] k|ls|of k'/f gu/]sf] lgsfosf] xsdf of]
bkmfsf] Joj:yf nfu" ePsf] dflgg] 5}g .
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf / aLdf Joj;fo ug]{ sDkgLx? Ufleg rfxg] sDkgLx?n]
@)^( sflQ{s d;fGtleq cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefudf lbO{ ;f] ;DaGwL k|lqmofx?
@)&) sflQ{s d;fGtleq k'/f u/L ;s]sf] x'g' kb{5 .

410

kl/R5]b @)
bL#{sfnLg s/f/sf] cfosf] u)fgf
(Calculation of Income from Long Term Contract)

@)=!

bL3{sfnLg s/f/ eGgfn] ;fdfGotofM !@ dlxgf eGbf a9L cawL ;Dd axfn /xg]
pTkfbg, h8fg jf lgdf{0f ;DaGwL s/f/nfO{ a'emfpF5 . bL3{sfnLg s/f/sf]
jf:tlas cfo ;f] s/f/ ;DkGg geO{ olsg gx'g] ePsf] sf/0f s/sf] bfloTj ;d]t
To:tf] s/f/ ;DkGg geP;Dd olsg x'g ;Sb}g . s/bftfnfO{ s/f/ ;DkGg eP kl5
dfq s/sf] bfloTjsf] u0fgf ubf{ Ps}rf]6L s/sf] ef/ a9L kg{ hfg] / ;/sf/n] klg
l9nf] dfq s/ k|fKt ug]{ ePsf]n] sdfPs} jvt s/ ltg{ ;Sg] u/L ;DkGg k|ultsf]
cfwf/df s/ tyf ljj/0f a'emfpg kfpg] Joj:yf cfos/ P]gdf ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L
bL3{sfnLg s/f/ ;DkGg eP kZrft dfq s/ of]Uo cfo u0fgf ug]{ / s/ bfloTj
olsg u/L bflvnf u/]sf] v08df s/ ;+sng sfo{df k|lts'n k|efj kg]{ tyf
s/bftfsf] To:tf] Joj;fosf] cg'udg ug]{ sfo{ ;d]t gx'g] ePsf]n] cfos/ P]g,
@)%* df bL3{sfnLg s/f/ k"0f{?kdf ;DkGg geP klg To:tf] s/f/ ;DkGg
k|ltztsf] cfwf/df cfo u0fgf ug]{ / ;f] cfwf/df s/sf] bfloTj ePsf] v08df
cGo Joj;fo ;/x s/ bflvnf ug{ kg]{ Aoa:yf ul/Psf]5 . o;/L bL3{sfnLg
s/f/sf] s/of]Uo cfo u0fgf ;DaGwL Aoa:yfsf lalaw kIfx?nfO{ AofVof o;
kl/R5]bdf ul/Psf]5 .
@)=@ bL3{sfnLg s/f/
bL3{sfnLg s/f/ eGgfn] !@ dlxgf eGbf a9L cawL;Dd axfn /xg] ;fdfGotofM
pTkfbg, h8fg jf lgdf{0f ;DaGwL s/f/ jf k|ltkmn lanlDat (Deferred Return)
x'g] s/f/nfO{ a'emfp+5 . cyf{t bL3{sfnLg s/f/dfM
s= s/f/ cjlw M !@ dlxgfeGbf a9L x'g' kb{5,
v= pTkfbg, h8fg jf lgdf{0f jf ;f];+u ;Da4 ;]jf ;DjlGw x'g' kb{5,
u= s/f/sf] 9f+rf k|ltkmn ljnlDat x'g] lsl;dsf] x'g' kb{5 /
3= ;dfj]z gx'g] s/f/ -nufgL jLdf, cjsfz sf]if jf z]o/ cfbL ;DalGw_ x'g' x'b}g
.
@)=@=! bL3{sfnLg s/f/ cGtu{t ;dfj]z / sL x'g] /sdM
P]gsf] bkmf @^ df bL3{sfnLg s/f/ cGtu{t ;dfj]z / sL x'g] /sdx?df cf};t
lgsfNg] tl/sfsf ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
@^-!_ s'g} JolQmnfO{ s'g} cfo jif{df s'g} /f]huf/L, Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 ePsf]
cfo u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu ;f] JolQmsf] bL3{sfnLg s/f/ cGtu{t s/f/sf]
;DkGg k|ltzt cg';f/ qmda4 j[l4sf] of]u cg';f/ ;dfj]z x'g] / qmda4
a[l4sf] of]u cg';f/ sL ul/g] cg'dflgt /sd, k|fKt ul/Psf] jf vr{ ul/Psf]
dflgg]5 .
:ki6Ls/0fM o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu bL3{sfnLg s/f/ eGgfn] b]xfo
adf]lhdsf] cj:yfsf] s/f/ ;Demg' k5{ M

411

-s_ ;f] s/f/sf] axfnL cjlw afx| dlxgf eGbf a9L ePsf], /
-v_ ;f] s/f/ pTkfbg, h8fg jf lgdf{0fsf nflu jf To:tf] k|To]s sfdsf
;DaGwdf ;Da4 ;]jfsf] ;Dkfbgsf nflu ul/Psf] jf ;dfj]z gePsf]
s/f/ afx]ssf] k|ltkmn ljnlDat x'g] s/f/ .
;fdfGotofM pTkfbg, h8fg jf lgdf{0f ;DaGwL s/f/ jf ;f];+u ;DalGwt ;]jfx?
ug]{ s/f/sf] ;DaGwdf cfo u0fgf ug]{ ;Gbe{df ;f] ;do ;Ddsf] qmda4 a[l4sf]
of]u cg';f/ sf ul/g] (Cumulative Deduction) /sdnfO{ s/f/ cGTo x'g] ;do
;Dddf sf ul/g] /sd cyf{t s/f/sf] nfut cg'dfg;+u t'ngf ubf{ x'g]
k|ltztnfO{ s/f/sf] ;DkGg k|ltzt (Percentage of Contract Completion) elgG5 .
o; k|sf/ s'g} s/f/sf] s'n nfut cg'dfgsf] t'ngfdf ;DalGwt cfo aif{df vr{
sL bfaL ul/Psf] /sdsf] x'g cfpg] k|ltztsf cfwf/df s/f/sf] ;DkGg k|ltzt
lgsflnG5 . g]kfn n]vfdfg (Nepal Accounting Standard 13: Construction Contract)
adf]lhd ;fdfGotofM bL3{sfnLg s/f/sf] cfo (Revenue Recognition) To:tf]
s/f/sf] ;DkGg k|ltztsf cfwf/df u0fgf ul/g' kg]{ Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf
@^ adf]lhdsf] qmda4 j[l4sf] of]usf] t/Lsf / g]kfn n]vfdfg adf]lhdsf] t/Lsfdf
;dfgtf /x]sf] 5 .
pbfx/0f @)=@=! M dfgf}+, Go" g]kfn sG:6S;g sDkgL k|f= ln= n] cf=a= @)^%.^^
df $ aif{ cawLdf ;DkGg x'g] ;8s lgdf{0fsf] 7]Ssf ;8s laefuaf6 ?= !!
s/f]8df lnPsf] / s'n cg'dflgt nfut /sd ?= !) s/f]8 /x]5 . cf=a=
@)^%.^^ df pQm k|f=ln=n] ?= @ s/f]8 @) nfv vr{ sL bfaL u/]sf] /x]5 eg]
;f] s/f/ afkt ;f] cf=a=df lgDgfg';f/sf] /sd cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 M
cf=a= @)^$.^% ;Ddsf] nfut sL /sd X 100%
s/f/sf] s'n cg'dflgt nfut /sd
2,20,00,000
10,00,00,000

100%

s/f/sf] hDdf ;DkGg k|ltzt

s/f/sf] hDdf d"No ?=
cf=a= @)^$.^% sf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug{'
kg]{ /sd ?=
sL bfaL /sd ?=

22%

=
=

11,00,00,000

2,20,00,000

2,42,00,000

cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kg]{ cGo k|fjwfgx? o;} lgb{]lzsfsf] kl/R5]b ^ df la:t[t
AofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
@^-@_ k|ltkmn ljnlDat x'g] s/f/, qmda4 a[l4sf] of]u cg';f/ ;dfj]z x'g],
qmda4 a[l4sf] of]u cg';f/ sf ul/g], ;dfj]z gePsf] s/f/ -PS:Ns'8]8
sG6fS6_ / ;DkGg k|ltztsf] s/f/ tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
lgod !) adf]lhd k|ltkmn ljnlDat x'g] s/f/ eGgfn] lgDgfg';f/sf] s/f/nfO{
a'emfp+5 M

412

s'g} s/f/sf] kIfn] s/f/ k|f/De ePkl5 k|To]s ^ dlxgfsf] cjlwdf cg'dflgt
nfe / cg'dflgt xfgL ;DaGwdf ljefun] tf]s]sf s'/fx? gb]vfPdf To:tf]
s/f/ k|ltkmn ljnlDjt x'g] s/f/ x'g]5 .
!@ dlxgfeGbf a9L cjlwsf] s'g} s/f/sf] kIfn] s/f/ k|f/De ePkl5 k|To]s ^
dlxgfsf] calwdf cg'dflgt nfe jf xfgLsf ;Gbe{df laefun] tf]s]sf s'/fx?
gb]vfPdf To:tf] s/f/ k|ltkmn ljnlDjt x'g] s/f/ dflgG5 .
lgod !! adf]lhd b]xfo adf]lhdsf] s/f/ ;dfj]z gePsf] s/f/ -PS:Ns'8]8
sG6fS6_ x'g]5 M

-s_
-v_

s'g} lgsfodf lxt lglxt ePsf] jf cjsfz sf]ifsf] ;b:otf k|fKt

u/]sf] sf/0fn] pTkGg s'g} s/f/, jf
nufgL jLdfsf] s'g} s/f/ .

s'g} lgsfosf] lxt kfpg jf casfz sf]ifsf] ;b:otf k|fKt ug{ ul/Psf] s/f/ jf
nufgL jLdf;DaGwL s/f/nfO{ ;dfj]z gePsf] s/f/ -PS:Ns'8]8 sG6fS6_ elgG5 /
o:tf s/f/x? bL3{sfnLg s/f/sf] kl/efiff leq kb}{gg\ .
pbfx/0f @)=@=@ M dfgf}+, b]j]z 9sfnn] !% aif{ cjlwsf] nflu hLjg jLdf u/]sf
/x]5g\ . lghn] pQm aLdf ;+emf}tfdf tf]lsPsf] cjlwsf] k5L lgoldt ?kdf
dfl;s ?= %,))) k]G;g kfpg] /x]5g\ .
o;/L k5L e'QmfgL kfpg] u/L ul/Psf] Endowment Fund, Pension Fund h:tf
s/f/sf] cjlw !@ dlxgf eGbf a9L eP klg o:tf s/f/ bL3{sfnLg s/f/df
;dfj]; x'+b}g .
lgod !@ df bL3{sfnLg s/f/sf ;DaGwdf b]xfo adf]lhd cGo Joj:yf pNn]v
u/]sf] 5 M

!@-!_ s'g} ;dodf s'g} JolQmsf] nufgL, /f]huf/L jf Joj;foaf6 cflh{t

cfonfO{ s'g} ;dodf ;fdfGo cfo jif{ ;/x u0fgf gu/L ;f] jf
;f]eGbf cl3Nnf] ;dodf cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z x'g] /sdx? qmdj4
a[l4sf] of]u cg';f/ ;dfa]z x'g] /sd x'g]5g\ .
!@-@_ s'g} ;dodf s'g} JolQmsf] Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 cflh{t cfonfO{ s'g}
;dodf ;fdfGo cfo jif{ ;/x u0fgf gu/L ;f] jf ;f]eGbf cl3Nnf]
;dodf cfo u0fgf ubf{ sf ug{ kfO{g] /sdx? qmdj4 a[l4sf] of]u
cg';f/ sf ul/g] /sd x'g]5g\ .
!@-#_ s'g} vf; ;dodf P]gsf] bkmf @^ sf] pkbkmf -@_ df plNnlvt
s/f/sf] ;DkGg k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ubf{ b]xfo adf]lhd lgwf{/0f ul/g]5 M
-s_ pTkfbg, lgdf{0f jf h8fg;+u ;DalGwt s/f/ jf ;f];+u
;DalGwt ;]jfx? k"/f ug]{ s/f/sf] ;DaGwdf ;f] ;dodf qmdj4
a[l4sf] of]u cg';f/ sf ul/g] /sdnfO{ s/f/ cGTo x'g] ;dodf
qmdj4 a[l4sf] of]u cg';f/ sf ul/g] /sd;+u t'ngf u/]/, jf
-v_ v08 -s_ afx]ssf cj:yfdf ;f] v08sf] cwLgdf /xL ljefun]
tf]s] adf]lhd .
413

!@-$_ P]gsf] bkmf (% adf]lhd s'g} cfo jif{df cg'dflgt s/sf] ljj/0f
bflvnf ug'{ gkg]{ JolQmsf] xsdf P]gsf] bkmf @^ df ul/Psf]
bL3{sfnLg s/f/sf] Joj:yf nfu' x'g] 5}g .
!@-%_ b]xfosf] s/f/nfO{ P]gsf] bkmf @^ df ul/Psf] bL3{sfnLg s/f/sf]
Joj:yf nfu" x'g]5 .
-s_ P]g nfu" x'Fbfsf jvt pTkfbg, lgdf{0f jf h8fg;+u ;DalGwt
s/f/ jf ;f] ljifo;+u ;DalGwt ;]jfx? k'/f ug]{ s/f/, /
-v_ v08 -s_ afx]ssf] cj:yfdf ljefun] tf]lslbPs]f ;do /
cj:yf cg';f/sf s/f/ .
pbfx/0f @)=@=# M dfgf}+, Go" g]kfn s+G:6S;g sDkgL] k|f= ln= n] cf=a= @)^#.^$
df Shopping Mall agfpg ?= @ c/adf 7]Ssf lnPsf] /x]5 . pQm lgdf{0f sfo{ #
jifdf ;dfkg ug'{ kg]{ /x]5 . pQm 7]Ssfsf] ;'? cg'dflgt nfut ?= ! c/a *)
s/f]8 /x]5 . bf]>f] aif{df Shopping Mall wgLn] ?= # s/f]8 %) nfv sf]
Variation Order lbPsf] /x]5, t]>f] aif{ ;f] Variation Order nfO{ df ?= %) nfv
yk u/L a9fP/ ?= $ s/f]8 agfPsf] /x]5 . o;/L Variation Order sf] sf/0f bf]>f]
aif{df cg'dflgt nfut ?= @ s/f]8 %) nfv yk ePsf] / t]>f] aif{ ;f]df ?= %)
nfv yk eO{ cg'dfg nfut ?= # s/f]8 yk ePsf] /x]5 . pQm k|f=ln= sf] cf=a=
@)^#.^$ df lgdf{0f sf] nfut ?= () s/f]8 /x]sf], cf=a= @)^$.^% df ?= $!
s/f]8 $) nfv vr{ ePsf] / cf=a= @)^%.^^ df ?= %! s/f]8 ^) nfv vr{
ePsf] /x]5 . pQm k|f=ln=n] cf=a= @)^#.^$ b]lv cf=a= @)^%.^^ ;Dddf
lgDgfg';f/sf] /sd sL bfaL Pj+ cfodf ;dfa]; u/L s/of]Uo cfo u0fgf ug'{
kb{5 M
/sd ?= nfvdf
cf=a=
cf=a=
cf=a=
laa/0f
@)^#.^$ @)^$.^% @)^%.^^
;''? s/f/ d"No
e]/LP;g
hDdf s/f/ d"No
;'? cg'dflgt nfut vr{
yk cg'dflgt nfut vr{
hDdf cg'dflgt nfut vr{
o; aif{sf] vr{
xfn ;Ddsf] vr{
s/f/ ;DkGg x'g nfUg] yk cg'dfg
cg'dflgt cfo (Estimated Profit)
hDdf ;DkGg k|ltzt
cfosf] u0fgfM

2,00,00

2,00,00

2,00,00

3,50

4,00

20,000

2,03,50

2,04,00

1,80,00

1,80,00

1,80,00

2,50

3,00

1,80,00

1,82,50

1,83,00

90,00

41,40

51,60

90,00

1,31,40

1,83,00

90,00

51,10

20,00

21,00

21,00

50.00%

72.00% 100.00%

414

cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kg]{ /sd

-;DkGg k|ltzt x s/f/ d"No_
Go"gM ut aif{ ;Dd cfodf ;dfa];
ePsf] /sd
o; aif{sf] cfodf ;dfa]; x'g] /sd
o; aif{sf] sL bfaL /sd
lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo
Go"gM 5'6 /sd -gePsf] dflgPsf]_
s/of]Uo cfo

1,00,00

1,46,52

2,04,00

(1,00,00)

(1,46,52)

1,00,00

46,52

57,48

90,00

41,40

51,60

10,00

5,12

5,88

10,00

5,12

5,88

lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo tyf s/of]Uo cfo ;DaGwL cGo k|fjwfgx? o;} lgb{]lzsfsf]
kl/R5]b % df la:t[t AofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
bL3{sflng s/f/df ;DkGg k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ug{ Joj;foLn] ;f] s/f/df ug]{ vr{sf]
cg'dfg ;lx / e/kbf]{ x'g' kb{5 . e/kbf]{ nfut cg'dfg gePdf nfUg' kg]{ s/
klxNnf jif{x?df ;g{ k'Ub5 .
@)=@=@ gf]S;fgL k5fl8 ;f/L n}hfg] (Carry-backward) Aoa:yf M
bL3{sfnLg s/f/sf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfa]; ul/g] /sd cg'dflgt nfutsf]
cfwf/df ul/g] x'+bf z'? aif{df s/ of]Uo cfo b]lvO{ kl5Nnf aif{df gf]S;fgL x'g
;Sg] ;Defagf /xG5 . Global Contract sf dfWodaf6 x'g] o:tf s/f/sf ;Gbe{df
o:tf gf]S;fgL cufl8 ;f/L n}hfg] (Carry-forward) dfq ubf{ gf]S;fgL ;dfof]hg
(Set-off) x'g g;Sg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] x'+bf P]gsf] bkmf @) sf] pkbkmf -$_ tyf -%_
df cGt/f{li6o :t/df k|lt:kwf{ u/L k|fKt u/]sf] bL3{sfnLg s/f/ k"/f ePsf] jf cGo
s'g} ?kdf lg;u{ ul/Psf] cfo jif{df ljefun] lnlvt ;"rgf lbP/ ;f] gf]S;fgL
ljutsf] cfo jif{ jf jif{x?df k5fl8 ;f/L n}hfg (Carry-backward) kfpg] ;d]t
cg'dlt lbg ;Sg] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf @) sf] pkbkmf -$_ tyf -%_ o; ;DaGwdf
lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
bkmf @)-$_M pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ sf] clwgdf /xL s'g} JolQmsf] Joj;fosf]
cGt/f{li6o :t/df k|lt:kwf{ u/L k|fKt u/]sf] bL3{sfnLg s/f/ k"/f ePsf] jf
cGo s'g} ?kdf lg;u{ ul/Psf] cfo jif{df ;f] JolQmn] gf]S;fgL Aoxf]g'{ k/]df
jf pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd lhDd]jf/L ;f/L cfufdL jif{df Nofpg
kfpg] s'g} sL x'g gkfPsf] gf]S;fgL] bL3{sfnLg s/f/;+u ;DalGwt ePdf
ljefun] lnlvt ;"rgf lbP/ ;f] gf]S;fgL b]xfo adf]lhd ug{ cg'dlt lbg
;Sg]5 M
-s_ ljutsf] cfo jif{ jf jif{x?df k5fl8 ;f/L n}hfg kfpg], /
-v_ ;f] jif{ jf jif{x?df ;f] bL3{sfnLg s/f/;+u ;DalGwt Joj;fosf] cfosf]
u0fgf ubf{ cfotkm{ ;dfj]z x'g] /sdx? vr{tkm{ ;dfj]z x'g] /sdx?
eGbf a9L eP hltsf] xb;Dd dfq sL x'g gkfPsf] gf]S;fgL dfGg
kfpg] .
bkmf @)-%_M s'g} JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df Aoxf]g'{ k/]sf] b]xfosf] gf]S;fgL ;f]
JolStsf] bL3{sfnLg s/f/ jf s/f/x?;+u ;DalGwt /x]sf] dfgL afF8kmfF8 ug'{
kg]{5 M
415

-s_ Joj;fo;+u ;DjlGwt bL3{sfnLg s/f/ jf s/f/x?af6 ePsf] gf]S;fgL,

/
-v_ To:tf k|To]s s/f/sf nflu ;f] s/f/;+u ;DalGwt jif{df ;f] Joj;foaf6
ePsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ sL ul/g] vr{x? ;f] s/f/;+u ;DalGwt ;dfj]z
ul/g] /sdeGbf a9L ePsf] gf]S;fgL .
P]gsf] bkmf @^ cg';f/ s'g} bL3{sfnLg s/f/sf] ;dfa]; ul/g] cfo eGbf sL bfaL
of]Uo vr{ a9L eP hlt /sd P]gsf] bkmf @) sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -s_
adf]lhd ;f] AolQmsf] cGo Joj;fo jf nufgLsf] cfoaf6 36fO{ kfpg bfaL ug{
;Sb5 . obL ;f] AolQmsf] cGo Joj;fo jf nufgLsf] cfo geP P]gsf] bkmf @) sf]
pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd To:tf] gf]S;fgL cfufdL ;ft -&_ cfo aif{ ;Dd
;f/L tL cfo aif{sf] Joj;fo jf nufgLsf] cfoaf6 sL bfaL ug{ ;Sb5 . t/ o;/L
kl5Nnf cfo aif{df lhDd]jf/L ;fg]{ gf]S;fgL (Loss Carry-forward) Global Contract
cGtu{tsf] bL3{sfnLg s/f/ ePsf] v08df P]gsf] bkmf @) sf] pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd
To:tf] gf]S;fgLnfO{ laut aif{sf] cfoaf6 36fpg] u/L k5f8L ;fg{ (Carry
backward) laefun] lnlvt ;"rgf hf/L u/L cg'dlt lbg ;Sb5 .
bL3{sfnLg s/f/df ePsf] gf]S;fgL ;dfof]hgsf ;DaGwdf P]gdf ePsf]] Aoa:yf
v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f @)=@=$M dfgf}+, dfyL @)=@=# df pNn]lvt pbfx/0fdf Go" g]kfn sG:6S;g
sDkgL k|f=ln=sf] t]>f] aif{df s/f/sf] nfut a9]/ ?= @ c/a ! s/f]8 k'Ug uPsf]
/x]5 . pQm k|f=ln=n] cf=a= @)^#.^$ b]lv cf=a= @)^%.^^ ;Dddf lgDgfg';f/sf]
/sd sL bfaL Pj+ cfodf ;dfa]; u/L s/of]Uo cfo u0fgf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . pQm
s/f/ Global Contract eP cf=a= @)^%.^^ sf] gf]S;fgL laefusf] :jLs[lt adf]lhd
lgDgfg';f/ Carry-back ug{ ;Sb5 M
/sd ?= nfvdf
cf=a=
cf=a=
cf=a=
laa/0f
@)^#.^$ @)^$.^% @)^%.^^
2,00,00
2,00,00
2,00,00
;''? s/f/ d"No
3,50
4,00
e]/LP;g
2,00,00
2,03,50
2,04,00
hDdf s/f/ d"No
1,80,00
1,80,00
1,80,00
;'? cg'dflgt s/f/ vr{
2,50
21,00
yk cg'dflgt
1,80,00
1,82,50
2,01,00
hDdf cg'dflgt s/f/ vr{
90,00
41,40
69,60
o; aif{sf] vr{
90,00
1,31,40
2,01,00
xfn ;Ddsf] vr{
90,00
51,10
s/f/ ;DkGg x'g nfUg] yk cg'dfg
20,00
21,00
3,00
cg'dflgt cfo (Estimated Profit)
50.00%
72.00%
100.00%
hDdf ;DkGg k|ltzt
cfosf] u0fgfM
1,00,00
1,46,52
2,04,00
cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kg]{ /sd
-;DkGg k|ltzt x s/f/ d"No_
(1,00,00) (1,46,52)
Go"gM ut aif{ ;Dd ;dfa]; ePsf] /sd
416

o; aif{sf] cfodf ;dfa]; x'g] /sd

o; aif{sf] sL bfaL /sd
lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo

1,00,00

46,52

57,48

90,00

41,40

69,60

10,00

5,12

(12,12)

Go"gM 5'6 /sd -gePsf] dflgPsf]_

s/of]Uo cfo

10,00

5,12

(12,12)

(12,12)
ug]{ ;lsg] gf]S;fgL
(10,00)
(2,12)
;dfof]hg ul/Psf] gf]S;fgL
(2,12)
;dfof]hg ug{ afFsL gf]S;fgL
pbfx/0f @)=@=% M dfgf}+, dfyL @)=@=# / @)=@=$ df pNn]lvt pbfx/0fdf bf]>f] aif{
ahf/ d"No a9]/ s/f/sf] nfut a9]/ ?= @ c/a !) s/f]8 k'Ug] cg'dfg ePsf]
/x]5 . ;f] aif{ Shopping Mall wgLn] o;/L a9]sf] /sdsf] Iflt k"lt{ ug{ c:jLsf/
u/]sf] /x]5 . t]>f] aif{sf] cGtdf Go" g]kfn s+G:6S;g sDkgLn] k|f= ln= / Shopping
Mall wgL lar ;+emf}tf eO{ e]/Lo;g c8{/ ;lxt s'n e'QmfgL ?= @ c/a !! s/f]8
lbg ;xdt ePsf] /x]5 . pQm k|f=ln=n] cf=a= @)^#.^$ b]lv cf=a= @)^%.^^
;Dddf lgDgfg';f/sf] /sd sL bfaL Pj+ cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kg]{ tyf ;dfof]hg
ug]{ gf]S;fgL lgDg adf]lhd x'g]5 M
/sd ?= nfvdf
cf=a=
cf=a=
cf=a=
laa/0f
@)^#.^$ @)^$.^% @)^%.^^
2,00,00
2,00,00
2,00,00
;''? s/f/ d"No
3,50
11,00
e]/LP;g / yk d"No
2,00,00
2,03,50
2,11,00
hDdf s/f/ d"No
1,80,00
1,80,00
1,80,00
;'? cg'dflgt s/f/ vr{
30,00
30,50
yk cg'dflgt
1,80,00
2,10,00
2,10,50
hDdf cg'dflgt vr{
90,00
4,620
7,430
o; aif{sf] vr{
90,00
1,36,20
2,10,50
xfn ;Ddsf] vr{
90,00
7,380
s/f/ ;DkGg x'g nfUg] yk cg'dfg
20,00
(650)
50
cg'dflgt cfo (Estimated Profit)
50.00%
64.86%
100.00%
hDdf ;DkGg k|ltzt
cfosf] u0fgfM
1,00,00
1,31,99
2,11,00
cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kg]{ /sd
-;DkGg k|ltzt x s/f/ d"No_
(1,00,00) (1,31,99)
Go"gM ut aif{ ;Dd ;dfa]; ePsf] /sd
1,00,00
31,99
79,01
o; aif{sf] cfodf ;dfa]; x'g] /sd
90,00
1,36,20
2,10,50
sL bfaL vr{
(90,00)
(1,36,20)
Go"gM ut aif{ ;Dd sL bfaL ePsf] /sd 14,21
ut aif{sf] gf]S;fgL -bkmf @)=!=v_
90,00
46,20
88,51
o; aif{sf] sL bfaL /sd
10,00
(14,21)
(9,50)
cfo -gf]S;fgL_
(9,50)
Carry Back ePsf] gf]S;fgL -bkmf @)=$_
Carry Back

417

@)=#

Go" g]kfn sG:6S;g sDkgL k|f=ln=sf] cf=a= @)^$.^% df ePsf] gf]S;fgL ?= !$

s/f]8 @! nfv ;f] cfo aif{df ;f] lgsfosf] cGo Joj;fo jf nufgLsf] cfo eP
To:tf] cfoaf6 P]gsf] bkmf @)-!_-s_ adf]lhd sL bfaL ug{ ;Sb5 . o:tf] Joj;fo
jf nufgLsf] cfo gePdf bL3{sfnLg s/f/ cGt{utsf] To:tf] gf]S;fgL s/f/ ;DkGg
eO{ g;s]sf] sf/0f cf=a= @)^#.^$ sf] aif{ cfoaf6 sL x'g] u/L k5f8L ;fg{
(Carry backward) ;ls+b}g / P]gsf] bkmf @)-!_-v_ adf]lhd cfufdL aif{ ;fg'{ (Carry
forward) kg]{ x'G5 . cf=a= @)^%.^^ sf] cfoaf6 ;d]t sL x'g g;sL afFls /x]sf]
?= ( s/f]8 %) nfv bL3{sfnLg s/f/ ;DkGg eO ;s]]sf] sf/0f laefusf] lnlvt
cg'dlt lnO{ cf=a= @)^#.^$ sf] cfoaf6 sL x'g] u/L k5f8L ;fg{ (Carry
backward) ;Sb5 . o; k|sf/ ;f] lgsfon] cf=a= @)^#.^$ df lt/]sf] s/ ?= (
s/f]8 %) nfvsf] gf]S;fgL ;dfof]hg kZrft sfod x'g] ?= %) nfvsf] cfodf
nfUg] s/ s6fO{ lkmtf{ kfp+b5 . dfly pNn]lvt bL3{sfnLg s/f/ ;DkGg kZrft x'g]
cfo cyf{t ?= %) nfv (2,11,00 - 2,10,50) ePsf] x'+bf ;f] lgsfosf] cf=a=
@)^#.^$ afx]s cGo cf=a= df cfo x'g] b]lv+b}g .
gf]S;fgL ;dfof]hg ;DaGwL la:t[t AofVof o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !* df ul/Psf]
5.
laa/0f bflvnf ;DaGwL Aoa:yf
P]gsf] bkmf @^ tyf lgod !@ adf]lhd bL3{sfnLg s/f/sf] cfo u0fgf ug'{kg]{ /
o:tf] cfo;+u ;DalGwt laa/0f P]gsf] bkmf (^ adf]lhd bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf
5 . P]gsf] bkmf (^-!_ adf]lhd k|To]s JolQmn] cfo jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] tLg dlxgf
leq jf Dofb yk k|fKt ePdf ;f] ylkPsf] Dofb leq ;DalGwt /fh:j sfof{nodf
laj/0f bflvnf ug{' kg{]5 . cfo laj/0f bflvnf ug]{ ;DaGwdf o;} lgb]{lzsfsf]
kl/R5]b @% df la:t[t AofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
o;/L bL3{sfnLg s/f/sf] cfo x'g] s/bftfn] P]gsf] bkmf (% adf]lhd ls:tfaGbLdf
s/ bflvnf ug'{ kb{5 . cyf{t o:tf Joj;fosf] ;d]t cg'dflgt cfosf cfwf/df
s/of]Uo cfo u0fgf u/L cfpg] s/ /sdsf] $) k|ltztn] x'g cfpg] /sd ;f] cfo
aif{sf] kf}if d;fGt leq, &) k|ltztn] x'g cfpg] /sd ;f] cfo aif{sf] r}q d;fGt
leq tyf afFls /sd cfiff9 d;fGt leq bflvnf ug'{ kb{5 . ls:tfaGbL bflvnf
;DaGwdf o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b @$ df la:t[t AofVof ul/Psf] 5 .

@)=$ vr{ cg'dfg ;DjlGw Joj:yf

P]gsf] bkmf @^ tyf lgod !@ adf]lhd s/bftfn] bL3{sfnLg s/f/sf] cfo u0fgfsf]
z'?df g} k"/} s/f/ cjlwsf nflu vr{sf] cg'dfg ug'{ kb{5 . To:tf] cg'dfg k|fljlws
ljZn]if0f ;lxtsf] ahf/ d"Nosf cfwf/df tof/ u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 . s/f/sf] cg'dflgt
d"No k|fljlws ljZn]if0f ;lxtsf] / jflif{s ?kdf cBfjlws ul/Psf] ePtf klg s/
k|of]hgdf x'g ;Sg] hf]lvd Go'lgs/0f ug{ cfjZos 5 .

418

kl/R5]b @!
nufgLaf^ ePsf] cfosf] u)fgf
(Income from Investment)

@!=!

cfos/ P]g, @)%* df Joj;fo, /f]huf/L, nufgL tyf cfsl:ds nfenfO{ cfosf]
zLif{ssf] ?kdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . pNn]lvt cfosf zLif{sx? dWo] nufgLsf] cfo
Ps /x]sf] 5 . ;fdfGotofM nufgLsf] cfo k|fs[lts AolQmn] ug]{ ub{5g\ . nufgLsf]
;Gbe{df nufgL ug]{ AolQm ;fdfGotofM lgl:qmo (Passive) x'g] / sDkgL cfo cfh{g
ug]{ sfo{df lgl:qmo (Passive) g/xg] x'gfn] sDkgLsf] ;fdfGotofM nufgLsf] cfo
x'+b}g . nufgLsf] cfo u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu cfo cfh{g ug]{ sfo{;+u ;DalGwt
vr{x?nfO{ P]gdf :ki6 ?kdf cGoyf pNn]v ePsf] ca:yfdf afx]s vr{sf] ?kdf
sL bfaL ug{ ;lsg] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 . o;/L vr{ sL bfaL ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu
P]gsf] clwgdf /xL n]vfsf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGt cg'?k x'g] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
nufgLaf6 ePsf] cfosf] u0fgf tyf vr{sf] AofVof o; kl/R5]bdf ul/Psf] 5 .
@!=@ d'Vo kl/efiff
@!=@=! nufgLsf] kl/efiffM
cfos/ P]g @)%* sf] bkmf % adf]lhd s'g} cfo jif{sf] cfo Joj;fo, /f]huf/L,
nufgL / cfsl:ds nfe zLif{sx?df alu{s/0f u/]sf]5 . P]gsf] bkmf @ -s v_ n]
nufgL nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 M
nufgL eGgfn] b]xfo adf]lhd afx]s Ps jf Ps eGbf a9L ;DklQ wf/0f ug]{ jf
To:tf] ;DklQ nufgL ug]{ sfo{ ;Demg' k5{ M
-!_ ;DklQdf :jfldTj /fVg] JolQmaf6 lghL k|of]udf NofOPsf] ;DklQ /fVg] sfo{,
-@_ /f]huf/L jf Joj;fo .
t/ u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ /fVg] sfo{ nufgL dflgg] 5 .
;DklQ wf/0f (Holding) u/L cfo cfh{g ug]{ sfo{nfO{ nufgL elgG5 . ;DklQdf
:jfldTj /fVg] JolQmaf6 lghL k|of]udf NofOPsf] ;DklQ /fVg] sfo{ jf /f]huf/L jf
Joj;fodf k|of]u ul/Psf] ;DklQ afx]ssf ;DklQdf :jfldTj /fVg] Pj+ u}/
Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ /fVg] sfo{ h:tf sfo{nfO{ nufgL elgG5 . ;fdfGotofM
nufgLsf] cfo cfh{g ug]{ sfo{df cfo cfh{g ug]{ AolQmsf] lg/Gt/ ;xeflutf
(Active Engagement) /xb}g . nfef+z, Jofh, k|fs[lts ;|f]t afktsf] e'StfgL, ef8f,
/f]oN6L, nufgL jLdfaf6 k|fKt nfe, :jLs[lt k|fKt gu/]sf] cjsfz sf]ifsf] lxtaf6
k|fKt nfe jf :jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifaf6 ul/Psf] cjsfz e'StfgL u}/ Joj;flos
s/of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{ (Disposal) af6 k|fKt v"b nfe h:tf cfo nufgLsf] cfo
jf k|ltkmn x'G5 . ;fdfGotofM o:tf cfo cfh{g ug]{ AolQmsf] ;f] cfo cfh{g ug]{
;Gbe{df lg/Gt/ ;xeflutf clgjfo{ 5}g . Aoazfo / nufgLdf w]/} ;dfgtf b]lvg
cfpg] ePtfklg tnsf] pbfx/0fn] nufgLnfO{ k|i6 kfb{5 M
pbfx/0f @!=@=!M dfgf}+, k|;Gg b]jsf]6f eGg] AolQmsf] k'tnL;8s, sf7df8f}+df %
s/f]8 ?k}ofFdf vl/b u/]sf] Pp6f 3/ /x]5 . lghn] pQm 3/ ef8fdf nufpg]
p4]Zon] Pp6f Ph]G6nfO{ ef8fsf] % k|ltztn] sld;g kfpg] u/L lgo"Qm u/]sf]

/x]5 . lghnfO{ cfly{s aif{ @)^%.^^ df pQm 3/sf] axfn afkt ?= !) nfv
k|fKt ePsf] /x]5 . lghn] ;f] axfn cfosf] % k|ltztn] x'g cfpg] sld;g ?=
%),))) pQm Ph]06nfO{ e'Qmfg u/]sf /x]5g\ . k|;Gg b]jsf]6fsf] o; cfonfO{
nufgLsf] cfo dflgg] 5 / bkmf ( adf]lhd nufgLsf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kg]{
x'G5 . P]gsf] bkmf (@ adf]lhd Joj;fo ;+rfng ul//x]sf] afx]s cGo k|fs[lts
JolQmnfO{ g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] 3/ axfn afktsf] s/ sL u/L k|fKt u/]sf] ef8f
e'QmfgL clGtd ?kn] s/ sL x'g] e'QmfgL dflgg] ePsf] x'+bf lghn] ;f] axfn
cfDbfgLnfO{ cfodf ;dfa]; eg] ug'{ kb}{g .
pbfx/0f @!=@=@M dfly pbfx/0f @!=@=! df pNn]lvt k|;Gg b]jsf]6f eGg]
AolQmsf] ;f] 3/ nufot cGo 3/x? klg /x]sf] / tL 3/x? klg ef8fdf nufO{
;lqmo ?kdf To;sf] Aoa:yfkg (Active Engagement) u/L cfPsf /x]5g\ eg]
o;/L 3/ axfndf nufpg] lghsf] Joj;fo dflgG5 . o; ca:yfdf lghn] k|fKt
ug]{ ef8f cfDbfgLnfO{ Joj;fosf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ k5{ / P]gsf] bkmf &
adf]lhd Joj;fosf] cfodf u0fgf ug'{ k5{ . ;f] ca:yfdf lghn] 3/sf] x|f; sL
nufot o;/L 3/ ef8f nufpg] sfo{;+u ;DalGwt vr{x? sL bfaL ug{ kfp5 /
lghn] >f]tdf s/ sL u/L dfq ef8f e'QmfgL ug]{ ePtfklg Joj;fo ;+rfng;+u
;DalGwt 3/ axfn cfDbfgL ePsf] x'bf o:tf] ef8f e'QmfgL clGtd ?kn] s/ sL
x'g] e'QmfgL eg] dflgb}g .
s'g} sf/f]af/ nufgL dflgg ;DklQ wf/0fsf] k|s[ltnfO{ Wofg lbg' k5{ . ;fdfGotofM
nufgLsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu wf/0f ul/Psf] ;DklQ nfdf] ;do;Dd wf/0f ul/G5 .
nufgLdf ;f]xL ;DklQaf6 cfo x'g] tyf Aoj;fodf ;f] ;DklQ lsga]r jf cGo
tj/n] k|of]u u/L cfo cfh{g ul/g] x'G5 . nufgL / Joj;fosf] cfodf w]/} xb ;Dd
;dfgtf /x] klg nufgL jf Joj;fosf] nflu wf/0f ul/g] p2]Zo (Intention)
dxTjk"0f{ /xG5 . tyfkL lgsfosf] xsdf eg] ;fdfGotofM nufgLsf] cfo x'+b}g .
@!=@=@ u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ
P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -b_ cg';f/ u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ eGgfn]
b]xfosf ;DklQ afx]ssf hUuf, ejg tyf s'g} lgsfodf /x]sf] lxt jf ;'/If0f
;Demg' k5{ M
@-b_-!_ Joj;flos ;DklQ, x|f; of]Uo ;DklQ jf Jofkfl/s df}Hbft,
-s_ Aoa;flos ;DklQ M Aoa;flos ;DklQ eGgfn] Joj;fodf k|of]u ul/Psf
Trading stock cyf{t lalqmsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu /x]sf] ;DklQ / x|f;of]Uo
;DklQ jfx]ssf ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQnfO{ hgfpF5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu Joj;fosf]
:jfldTjdf /x]sf] hUuf, Joj;fon] nufgL u/]sf] z]o/, l8a]Gr/, Joj;fon]
c;"n ug'{kg]{ cf;fdL cfbL Joj;flos ;DklQ x'g\ .
-v_ x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ M x|f; of]Uo ;DklQ eGgfn] cfo cfh{gsf] nflu k|of]u
ul/Psf 6"6km'6 jf k'/fgf] x'b} uPsf] jf ;do Aoltt x'b} uPsf] sf/0faf6
d"Nodf x|f; x'g] ;DklQnfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 . t/, o; zAbn] Aofkfl/s
df}HbftnfO{ eg] hgfpb}g .

420

pbfx/0f @!=@=#M dfgf}+, xl/;n] cfkm\gf] lghL k|of]usf] nflu kf]v/fdf 3/

lsg]sf] /x]5 . pQm 3/af6 cfo cfh{g ug]{ x]t'n] xl/; nufgL s]Gb| vf]nL
pQm 3/ ef8fdf lbO{ cfo cfh{g ug]{ u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm 3/sf] d"Nodf P]g
cg';f/ x|f; vr{ sf u/]sf] / x|f; vr{ sf u/L afFsL x'g cfpg] /sd
jf;nftdf b]vfPsf] /x]5 . o:tf] ca:yfdf nufgL k|of]hgsf nflu k|of]u
ul/Psf] ;DklQ cyf{t 3/sf] k|of]u u/]jfkt x'g cfpg] 6'6km'6 jfkt
pknAw u/fO{Psf] x|f; vr{ sf u/L b]vfO{Psf] 3/sf] lstfjL d"No
cg';f/sf] ;DklQnfO{ x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ elgG5 .
-u_ Aofkfl/s df}Hbft (Trading Stock) lalqm ug]{ jf pTkfbg ug{sf] nflu
pkef]u ul/g] p2]Zon] /flvPsf] ;DklQnfO{ Aofkfl/s df}Hbft elgG5 . s'g}
AolQmsf] :jfdLTjdf /x]sf] Pj+ lgh4f/f ;+rflnt lgoldt Joj;fosf] qmddf
lalqm ul/g] ;DklQ, sfo{ k|utLdf /x]sf] ;DklQ (Work in progress) / o:tf
;DklQdf k|of]u x'g] ;fdfu|L, h:t} Packing Material x?sf] df}Hbft nfO{
Aofkfl/s df}Hbft a'lemG5 .
Pbfx/0f @!=@=$M dfgf}+, xf8f kmlg{r/ k|f=ln=n] kmlg{r/ vl/b lalqm ug]{ sfo{
ub{5 . lghn] cf=a= @)^%)^^ df ? !)),))) sf] bz j6f d]r vl/b
u/]sf] /x]5 / ;f] dWo] ^ a6f d]r ? &),))) df lalqm u/]sf] /x]5 eg] ;f]
cf=a=df lalqmsf] nfuL /flvPsf] !) j6f d]r pQm k|f=ln=sf] Aofkfl/s
df}Hbft xf] . ;f] Aofkfl/s df}Hbft dWo] ^ j6f d]r lghn] lalqm u/]sf] x'+bf
jf+sL x'g cfpg] clGtd df}Hbftdf /x]sf] d]r yfg $ j6f eg] Aofkfl/s
df}Hbft dflgG5 .
@-b_-@_ s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] lgDg cj:yfsf] lghL ejg
-s_ cljlR5Gg bz jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L cjlw :jfldTjdf /x]sf], /
-v_ ;f] JolQmn] cljlR5Gg jf k6s k6s u/L s'n bz jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L
a;f]af; u/]sf],
:kli6s/0fM o; pkv08sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu lghL ejg eGgfn] ejg / ejgn]
rr]{sf] If]qkmn a/fa/sf] hUuf jf Ps /f]kgL hUuf dWo] h'g 36L x'G5 ;f]nfO{
a'emfpg] 5 .
u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQdf hUuf, ejg tyf s'g} lgsfodf /x]sf] lxt -h:t},
z]o/, l8a]~r/, cfbL_ kb{5g\ eg] ;'g, rf+bL, df]6/ cfbL cGo ;DklQx? u}/
Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQdf kb}{gg\ .

Aoa;flos k|of]hgdf pkef]u ePsf ;DklQx? cGtu{t x|f; of]Uo

(Depreciable) ;DklQ -h:t}, ejg, d]lzg/L, uf8L, cfbL_ tyf u}/ x|f;
uf]Uo (Non-depreciable) ;DklQ -h:t}, hUuf, z]o/, cfbL_ kb{5g\ . t/
Aoazfosf] cfo cfh{g ug]{ sfo{df k|of]u gePsf] cyf{t ;f] AolQmn]
wf/0f dfq u/]sf] u}/ x|f; of]Uo ;DklQ -h:t}, hUuf, z]o/, cfbL_ eg] u}/
Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ dflgG5g\ . o;sf] cnfjf Jofkfl/s df}Hbft
(Stock in Trade) cyf{t laqmLsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu wf/0f ul/Psf]
;DklQnfO{ u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ dflgb}g .
421

s'g} k|fs[lts AolQmsf] clalR5Gg -nuftf/_ bz aif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L

:jfldTj (Ownership) /x]sf] / ;f] JolQmn] cljlR5Gg jf k6s k6s u/L
s'n bz jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L a;f]af; u/]sf] lghL ejg (Personal
House) nfO{ AolQmut ;DklQ dflgPsf] 5 . s'g} AolQmsf] lghL ejg u}/
Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ gdflgg ;f] AolQmn] ;f] ejg clalR5Gg bz
aif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L cfkm\gf] :jfldTj (Ownership) df /fv]sf] x'g' kg]{ /
;f] AolQm To:tf] ejgdf clalR5Gg jf k6s k6s u/L bz aif{ jf ;f]
eGbf a9L a;f]af; u/]sf] -b'j} ca:yf k'/f u/]sf]_ x'g' clgjfo{ /x]sf] 5 .

s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] tL; nfv ?k}ofFeGbf sd d"Nodf lg;u{ (Dispose)

u/]sf] hUuf tyf lghL ejg klg u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ
dflgb}g .

tLg k':tfleq ePsf] vl/b ljqmLafx]s cGo lsl;dn] x:tfGt/0f u/L

lg;u{ u/]sf] ;DklQ . cGo lsl;dn] x:tfGt/0f eGgfn] ;fdfGtofM
c+za08f, ck'tfnL, as; kq, cfbL kb{5 . ltg k':tf afx]s cGoaf6
as; kq h:tf k|s[ofaf6 x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf] ;DklQsf] xsdf eg]
To:tf ;DklQnfO{ u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ dflgG5 .

t/ lghL ejg ePsf] hUufsf xsdf ;f] ejgn] rr]{sf] hUuf jf Ps

/f]kgL hUufdWo] h'g 36L x'G5 ;f] hUufdfq lghL ejgsf] d"Nof+sgdf
;dfj]z x'G5 .
u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ ;DaGwdf la:t[t AofVof o; lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b @
df ul/Psf] 5 .
@-b_-#_ s'g} lxtflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz sf]ifdf /x]sf] lxt,
casfz sf]ifdf of]ubfg ug]{ x/]s AolQm casfz sf]ifdf /x]sf] nufgLsf] ;Gbe{df
lxtflwsf/L x'G5g\ . o;/L lxtfwLsf/Lsf] pQm casfz sf]ifdf /x]sf] lxtnfO{ u}/
Aoa;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ dflgb}g . pQm AolQmsf] casfz sf]if afx]s cGoq
lgsfodf /x]sf] nufgLnfO{ u}/ Aoa;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ dflgG5 .
pbfx/0f @!=@=%M dfgf}+, /fd k|;fbn] /f]huf/bftfaf6 :jtGq ?kdf ;+rflnt
casfz sf]ifdf x/]s dlxgf ? $,))) of]ubfg ug]{ u/]sf /x]5g\ . ;fy}, lghn]
s'g} Ps laQLo ;:yfdf ? ! nfvsf] z]o/ vl/b u/]sf /x]5g\ eg] casfz
sf]ifdf of]ubfg u/L hDdf /x]sf] /sdnfO{ u}/ Aoa;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ
dflgb}g . t/, lghsf] laQLo ;+:yfsf] z]o/df nufgL eg] u}/ Aoa;flos s/of]Uo
;DklQ dflgG5 .
@-b_-$_ s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] tL; nfv ?k}ofF eGbf sd d"Nodf lg;u{ u/]sf]
hUuf tyf lghL ejg, jf
s'g} k|fs[lts AolQmn] hUuf tyf lghL 3/ lg;u{ ubf{ ? #) nfv eGbf sd d"Nodf
lg;u{ u/]sf] 5 eg] To:tf] ;DklQ u}/ Aoa;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ dflgb}g . ;f]
eGbf a9L d"Nodf lg;u{ u/]sf] eP ;f] ;DklQ lg;u{af6 k|fKt /sdnfO{ u}/
Aoa;flos s/of]Uo cfo dflgG5 .

422

pbfx/0f @!=@=^M dfgf}+, ;'/]zn] @)^).)#.#@ df ?= @) nfvdf Ps 3/ lsg]sf

/x]5g\ / pQm 3/ ldlt @)^%.)%.!) ut] ? *) nfvdf lalqm u/]sf /x]5g\ eg]
o;/L ? #) nfv eGbf a9L d"Nodf lg;u{ u/]sf] x'+bf o;/L k|fKt ul/Psf]
/sdnfO{ u}/ Aoa;flos s/ of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{ dflgG5 / P]gsf] bkmf #&
cg';f/ u0fgf u/L x'g cfpg] nfenfO{ u}/ Aoa;flos s/ of]Uo cfo dfgL
nufgLsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfa]z ug'{ kb{5 .
t/ olb lghn] ;f] 3/ ?= #) nfv eGbf sd d"Nodf lalqm u/]sf /x]5g\ eg]
To:tf] 3/ eg] u}/ Aoa;flos s/ of]Uo ;DklQ dflgb}g / lghsf] nufgLsf]
cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb}{g .
@-b_-%_ tLg k':tfleq ePsf] vl/b ljqmL afx]s cGo lsl;dn] x:tfGt/0f u/L
lg;u{ u/]sf] ;DklQ .
;fwf/0ftof tLgk':tf leq vl/b lalqm ge} c+za08f, js;kq cflb dfkm{t
;DklQsf] x:tfGt/0f ug]{ ul/G5 . t/ slxn] sfxL tLgk':tf leq klg ;DklQsf]
vl/b lalqm x'g] x'+bf o;/L lalqm ul/Psf] ;DklQsf] lalqm d"No /sdnfO{ u}/
Aoa;flos s/of]Uo cfo dflgG5 . t/ tLg k':tf leq lalqm ul/Psf] ;DklQsf] d"No
?= #) nfv eGbf sd ePdf ;f] ;DklQnfO{ Aoa;flos s/ of]Uo gdfgL gLlh
;DklQ dflgG5 .
@!=# nufgLsf] cfosf] n]vfg
@!=#=! s/ n]vfg / ;do
k|fs[lts AolQmn] cfkm\gf] /f]huf/L / nufgLsf] cfosf] n]vfg gub cfwf/ (Cash
Basis) df ug{' kb{5 . sDkgLn] cfkm\gf] cfo Accrual Basis df g} n]vfg ug'{ kg]{
x'G5 . cGo AolQmsf] xsdf eg] k|rlnt n]vf Joj:yfsf] cwf/df gub jf Pq'monsf]
cfwf/df n]vfg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L k|of]u ul/g] n]vfg gLlt n]vfsf] ;j{dfGo
l;fGt adf]lhd lg/Gt/ ?kdf (Consistently) kfng ug{' kg]{ x'G5 . k|rlnt
n]vfdfg cg';f/ Pj+ P]gsf] bkmf @! sf] pkbkmf -%_ jdf]lhd ;d]t n]vfg
tl/sfdf ;fdfGotofM kl/jt{g ug{ kfO{b}g . tyfkL k|rlnt Industrial Practices sf]
cfwf/df n]vfg tl/sf kl/jt{g ug{ cfjZos nfu]sf] v08df k|fs[lts JolQmn]
ljefu ;dIf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 / ;f] s'/f ljefunfO{ plrt nfu]df s/ k|of]hgsf]
nflu n]vfg tl/sf kl/jt{g ug{ :jLs[lt lbg ;Sg]5 . sDkgLsf] s/ k|of]hgsf]
nflu n]vfg Accrual Basis df g} x'g' kg]{ x'gfn] sDkgLn] eg] n]vfg kl/jt{g ug{
lga]bg lbg ;Sg] 5}gg\ . o;/L s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu n]vfg tl/sf ljefusf]
:jLs[lt lnO{ kl/jt{g u/]sf] v08df To:tf] kl/jt{g ePsf] cfo jif{df ;f] JolQmsf]
cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ePsf], sf ePsf] jf ;dfj]z x'g] jf sf x'g] /sdx?df
s'g} /sd g5'6\g] u/L jf bf]xf]/f] gkg]{ u/L ;dfof]hg ug{' kg]{5 .
@!=#=# gub cfwf/sf] n]vfg (Cash basis of accounting)M
gub k|fKt eP kl5 cfDbfgLdf ;dfa]; ug]{ Pj+ gub e'QmfgL ePkl5 dfq} vr{ n]Vg]
k|0ffnLnfO{ gubsf] cfwf/df n]vfg ug]{ k2tL dflgG5 . P]gsf] bkmf @# adf]lhd
gub cfwf/sf] n]vfg ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/ Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5M
s'g} JolQmn] s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu o; P]gsf] cwLgdf /xL /f]huf/L, Joj;fo jf
nufgLaf6 ePsf] cfgf] cfosf] u0fgfsf] n]vf+sg gub cfwf/df ubf{ b]xfo
adf]lhd ug'{ kg]{5 M
423

-s_

lghn] e'QmfgL k|fKt ubf{ jf lghnfO{ ;f] e'QmfgL pknAw x'Fbfsf

cj:yfdf dfq lghsf] cfosf] u0fgfdf /sd k|fKt u/]sf] dfgL ;dfj]z
ug'{ kg]{5 .
-v_ lghn] e'QmfgL u/]kl5 dfq ;f] u0fgfdf vr{afkt sL ug'{ kg]{5 .
@!=#=$ Pq'mon cfwf/sf] n]vfg (Accrual Basis of Accounting):
Pq'mon cfwf/sf] n]vfg (Accrual Basis of Accounting) cGt/fli6o k|rngdf /x]sf]
n]vfg k2tL xf] . g]kfn n]vfdfg (Nepal Accounting Standard- 1: Presentation of
Financial Statement) n] lgsfosf] gub k|jfx (Cash Flow Statement) jfx]s cGo
cfly{s ljj/0f Accrual Basis df /fVgkg]{ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf @! sf]
pkbkmf -#_ df sDkgLn] s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu Accrual Basis df g} n]vfg ug'{kg]{
:ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
Accrual Basis of Accounting df s'g} cfly{s 36gf jf sf/f]jf/ x'gf;fy g} n]vfg
ul/G5 . cyf{t sf/f]jf/x? h'g ;do;+u ;DjlGwt 5 ;f]lx ;dodf g} n]vfg ul/g]
k2tLnfO{ Pq'mon cfwf/sf] n]vfg elgG5 . o:tf] k2tLn] cfDbfgL / vr{ ljrsf]
Matching Concept nfO{ ;d]t k'i6\ofO{ ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] x'G5 . o; ktLdf cfo
n]vfg ubf{ e'QmfgL kfpg] clwsf/ ;[hgf (Right to Receive) ePsf] cj:yfdf cfo
n]vfg ul/g' k5{ eg] vr{sf] ;Gbe{df e'QmfgL lbg' kg]{ bfloTj (Obligation to Pay)
;[hgf x'gf;fy vr{ ePsf] dfgL n]vfg ul/g' kb{5 . cyf{t o; lsl;dsf] n]vfg
ktLdf gub k|fKtL jf e'QmfgLnfO{ dfq cfwf/ dflgb}g .
P]gsf] bkmf @$ adf]lhd Pq'mon cfwf/sf] n]vfg ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/ Aoa:yf
u/]sf] 5M
-!_ s'g} JolQmn] s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu o; P]gsf] cwLgdf /xL Joj;fo jf
nufgLjf6 ePsf] cfgf] cfosf] u0fgfsf] n]vfg Pq'mon cfwf/df ubf{
e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ l;h{gf x'gf;fy To:tf] e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf] dfgL
lghsf] cfosf] u0fgfdf ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df pNn]veP adf]lhd s'g} JolQmsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ sL ug]{
k|of]hgsf] nflu b]xfosf vr{x? Joxf]/]sf] dflgg]5 M
-s_ s'g} csf]{ JolQmjf6 ePsf] e'QmfgLsf] ;fdf To:tf] vr{ ;dfj]z ePsf]
s'g} e'QmfgL ul/Psf] ePdf b]xfosf] cj:yfdf vr{ Joxf]/]sf] dflgg]5 M
-!_ ;f] JolQmdf ;f] e'QmfgL ug]{ bfloTj /x]sf]df,
-@_ To:tf] bfloTjsf] d"No oyfy{ k/s 9n] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsg]
ePsf]df, /
-#_ csf]{ JolQmaf6 e'QmfgL k|fKt ePsf]df, jf
-v_ v08 -s_ df plNnlvt cj:yfafx]s cGo ;a} cj:yfdf e'QmfgL ul/Psf]
;dodf vr{ Joxf]/]sf] dflgg]5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg a}+ls Joj;fosf ;DaGwdf
g]kfn /fi6 a}+s P]g, @)%* tyf a}+ls ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"gsf cwLgdf /xL
g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] tf]s]sf] n]vfgnfO{ ljefun] dfGotf lbg ;Sg]5 .
424

@!=$

-$_ Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 ePsf] s'g} JolQmsf] cfo Pq'mon cfwf/df u0fgf ubf{
;f] JolQmn] cfk"mn] kfpg' kg]{ s'g} e'QmfgL ;dfj]z u/]sf]df jf cfk'mn] Joxf]g'{
kg]{ s'g} e'QmfgL sf u/]sf] df ;6xL b/sf] km/ssf] sf/0f ;d]tn] ubf{ ;f]
JolQmn] e'QmfgL kfpFbf jf e'QmfgL lb+bf km/s kg{ uPdf km/s /sdnfO{
e'QmfgL k|fKt x'Fbf jf lb+bf ;dfof]hg ug'{ kg]{5 .
s/ n]vfg tl/sf, ;do Pj+ cfwf/x?sf af/]df la:t[t AofVof o;} lgb]{lzsfsf]
kl/R5]b & df ul/Psf] 5 .
nufgLaf6 ePsf] cfosf] u0fgfdf ;dfa]; x'g] /sdx?
P]gsf] bkmf ( df nufgLaf6 ePsf] cfosf] u0fgfsf ;DaGwdf ;dfa]; x'g] /sdx?
pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . pkbkmf -!_ df s'g} AolQmsf] nufgLsf] cfosf] ;DaGwdf
lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
(-!_
s'g} JolStn] s'g} cfo jif{df nufgLaf6 u/]sf] d'gfkmf / nfex? ;f]
JolQmsf] ;f] nufgLsf] ;f] jif{sf] cfo x'g]5 .
d'gfkmf tyf nfe u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu nufgLaf6 k|fKt x'g] nfef+z, Aofh,
ef8f, /f]oN6L, u}/ Joj;foLs s/ of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt nfe cflb ;d]t
/fvL u0fgf ul/G5 . s'g} klg JolQmsf] nufgLsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ P]gsf] bkmf ( sf]
pkbkmf -@_ df pNn]lvt lgDgfg';f/ /sdx? ;dfj]z u/L ug'{ kb{5 M
(-@_M s'g} JolStn] s'g} cfo jif{df nufgL u/] afkt u/]sf] d'gfkmf / nfesf] u0fgf
ubf{ ;f] JolStn] ;f] jif{df k|fKt u/]sf b]xfosf /sdx? ;dfj]z ug{' kg]{5 M
(-@_-s_ ;f] nufgLaf6 k|fKt nfef+z, Jofh, k|fs[lts ;|f]t afktsf] e'StfgL, ef8f,
/f]oN6L, nufgL jLdfaf6 k|fKt nfe, bkmf ^# sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd :jLs[lt
k|fKt gu/]sf] cjsfz sf]ifsf] lxtaf6 k|fKt nfe jf :jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifaf6
ul/Psf] cjsfz e'StfgL,
s'g} AolQmn] z]o/ nufgL u/] jfkt k|fKt ug]{ nfef+z, lgIf]k hDdf u/] jfkt jf
shf{ nufgL u/] jfkt k|fKt ul/g] Aofh, 3/ef8f nufP jfkt k|fKt ul/g] ef8f jf
cGo ef8f, :jLs[t casfz sf]ifaf6 k|fKt nfe jf :jLs[t casfz sf]ifaf6 k|fKt
ul/Psf] casfz e'QmfgL ;j} nufgLsf] cfo u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nfuL cfodf
;dfa]z ug'{ kb{5 . t/, P]gsf] bkmf (@ cg';f/ clGtd s/sL eO{ e'QmfgL ePsf]
/sdnfO{ nufgLsf] cfodf ;dfa]z ug'{ kb}{g .
pbfx/0f @!=$=!M dfgf}+, xl/;n] ABC Company Ltd. df ? !,)),))) shf{
nufgL u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm sDkgLn] ;f] afkt !) k|ltztn] x'g cfpg] Aofh ?
!),))) df P]gsf] bkmf ** cg'zf/ !% k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] ?= !,%)) clu|d
s/sL u/L afFsL ?= *,%)) e'Qmfg u/]sf] /x]5 . o; ca:yfdf lghsf] ?=
!),))) nufgLsf] cfo dflgG5 .
(-@_-v_ kl/R5]b* adf]lhd u0fgf ul/Psf] ;f] JolStsf] ;f] nufgLsf] u}/
Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt v"b nfe,
o; ;DaGwL pbfx/0f dfly @!=@=^ df lbO{Psf] 5 .

425

(-@_-u_ ;f] JolStn] u/]sf] nufgLsf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ lg;u{ ubf{ cg';"rL@ sf]
bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] ;d"xdf
ePsf ;DklQsf] nflu ul/Psf] vr{x? -cfp6uf]O;_ ;lxtsf] af+sL d"No
eGbf k|fKt x'g] cfDbfgLx? -Ogsld;_ a9L ePDff ;f] a9L ePhlt /sd,
nufgLdf pkof]u ul/Psf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ lg;u{ ubf{ nfe eP To:tf] nfenfO{
nufgLsf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .
(-@_-3_ nufgLsf ;DaGwdf ;f] JolStn] k|fKt u/]sf] pkxf/,
nufgLsf] ;Gbe{df k|fKt pkxf/nfO{ nufgLsf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .
pbfx/0f @!=$=@M dfgf}+, xl/;n] ;DkGg a}+s ln= df ?= @ s/f]8sf] lgIf]k nufgL
u/]sf /x]5g\ . s'g} cfo aif{df a}+sn] ?= ! s/f]8eGbf a9L lgIf]k ePsf
nufgLstf{nfO{ bz}+df Ps tf]nfsf] ;'gsf] l;Ssf pkxf/ :j?k lbPsf] /x]5g\ eg]
lghn] k|fKt u/]sf] pQm ;'gsf] l;Ssf nufgL u/]/ pkxf/ kfPsf] x'+bf, ;f] pkxf/
ahf/ d"Nodf d"Nof+sg u/L nufgLsf] cfodf ;dfa]z ug'{ kb{5 .
(-@_-_ ;f] nufgLsf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf] cjsfz e'QmfgL / ;f] JolQmsf] nflu
cjsfz sf]ifdf hDdf ul/Psf] /sd ;d]tsf] cjsfz of]ubfg,
nufgL afkt k|fKt x'g] casfz e'QmfgL, h:t} k]G;g km08 af6 k|fKt x'g] k]G;g
h:tf /sdnfO{ ;d]t nufgLsf] cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .
(-@_-r_ nufgLsf ;DaGwdf s'g} k|ltaGw :jLsf/ u/] afkt k|fKt ul/Psf
/sdx?, /
nufgL gug]{ zt{df jf o:t} s'g} zt{ jf aGb]hsf sf/0f k|fKt /sdx? nufgLsf]
cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb{5 .
(-@_-5_ kl/R5]b^ jf & jf bkmf %^ adf]lhd ;dfj]z ul/g' kg]{ cGo /sdx? .
P]gsf] kl/R5]b^ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu s'g} AolQmn] n]vfg
tl/sf laefuaf6 :jLs[lt lnO{ kl/at{g u/]sf] v08df jf ;f]xL kl/R5]bsf cGo
bkmfx?df ePsf] Aoa:yfsf] sf/0faf6 n]vfg tl/sf kl/at{g ePdf kl/at{g ePsf]
cfo aif{df ;f] JolQmsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ePsf], sf ePsf] jf ;dfj]z x'g]
jf sf x'g] /sdx?df s'g} /sd g5'6\g] u/L jf bf]xf]/f] gkg]{ u/L ;dfof]hg ug{'
kg]{5 .
P]gsf] kl/R5]b& df pNn]v eP adf]lhd s'g} JolQmf/f ul/Psf] sf/f]jf/sf] e'QmfgL
gubdf dfq} geO{ ;DklQsf] x:tfGt/0f u/L ul/Psf] e'QmfgLsf] xsdf To;/L
x:tfGtl/t ;DklQsf] ahf/ d"No j/fj/sf] /sdnfO{ cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
o;/L x:tfGtl/t ;DklQsf] d"No b'O{ kIf ljr ePsf] ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ul/Psf]
d"No jf lstfjL d"NonfO{ cflwsf/Ls sf/f]jf/ d"No gdfgL ;f] jvt x:tfGtl/t
;DklQsf] ahf/ cg';f/ olsg ul/Psf] d"NonfO{ P]gsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu cflwsf/Ls
d"No dfgL cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . o;/L ul/Psf] sf/f]jf/ nufgL;Fu ;DjlGwt
eP nufgLsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
P]gsf] bkmf %^ cg';f/ lgsfo / lxtflwsf/L ljrsf] sf/f]jf/df ePsf] ;DklQ jf
bfloTjsf] lg;u{af6 x'g] nfenfO{ o; v08 cGtu{t cfodf ;dfj]z u/L ljj/0f eg'{

426

kb{5 . o; ;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0f o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !# tyf @@ df pNn]v

ul/Psf] 5 .
@!=%

nufgLsf] cfodf ;dfa]; gx'g] /sdx?

P]gsf] bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -#_ df nufgLsf] cfodf ;dfa]; gx'g] /sdx?sf
;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf ul/Psf] 5M
(-#_ pkbkmf -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} JolQmn] nufgLaf6 k|fKt
ug]{ d'gfkmf tyf nfesf] u0fgf ubf{ b]xfosf s'/fx? ;dfj]z ul/g] 5}g\g M
(-#_-s_ bkmf !), %$, / ^( adf]lhd 5"6 kfpg] /sd / clGtd ?kdf s/ sL
x'g] e'StfgL, /
P]gsf] bkmf !) adf]lhd lgDgfg';f/sf] /sdx?nfO{ cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kb}{g .
!)-s_ g]kfn ;/sf/ / s'g} ljb]zL /fi6 jf cGt/f{li6o ;+3 ;+:yfsf] aLrdf
ePsf] lkIfLo jf ax'kIfLo ;lGwdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd s/ 5"6sf]
;'ljwf kfpg] s'g} JolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf] s/ 5"6sf] /sd,
g]kfn ;/sf/ / cGo s'g} klg ljb]zL /fi6 jf cGt/fli6o ;+3 ;+:yfsf] jLrdf
ePsf] lkIfLo ;lGwdf pNn]v eP jdf]lhd s/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf kfpg] JolQmn] ;f]
;lGwsf] clwgdf /xL k|fKt u/]sf] /sd s/ 5'6sf] /sd x'g]5 .
!)-em_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] h'g;'s} k|sf/sf] cfo .
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cfo ;Dk"0f{ ?kdf s/ 5'6 x'g] cfo dflgPsf] 5 . t;y{ g]kfn
;/sf/nfO{ e'QmfgL ug]{ /sdx?df >f]tdf s/ sl ;d]t ug'{ kg]{ 5}g . g]kfn
;/sf/n] k"FhL nufgL jf C0f nufgL jf k|fs[lts >f]tsf] k|of]u u/] jfkt k|fKt
nufgLhGo e'QmfgLx? cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu 5'6 x'G5 . o; ;Gbe{df g]kfn
;/sf/sf] k"0f{ :jfldTj ePsf] Aoa;flos lgsfo -h:t}, /fli6o afl0fHo a}+s_ sf]
cfo eg] o; v08sf] cfwf/df 5'6 x'g] cfo dflgb}g .
sDkgL jf ;fem]bf/L kmd{af6 ljt/0f ul/Psf] nfef+z
P]gsf] bkmf %$ cg';f/ jfl;Gbf sDkgL jf ;fem]bf/L kmd{af6 ljt/0f ul/Psf]
nfef+zdf clGtd ?kdf s/ sL ug]{ ljlwf/f s/ nufOG5 eg] cGo lgsfon]
ljt/0f u/]df s/ gnfUg] Joj:yf 5 . o; ;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0f o;} lgb]{lzsfsf]
kl/R5]b !# df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
lgolGqt lab]zL lgsfox?4f/f lat/0f x'g] /sdx?
lgolGqt lab]zL lgsfox?f/f P]gsf] bkmf ^( sf] pkbkmf -@_ cg';f/ lat/0f x'g]
nfef+z /sdx? cfo u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g . o; ;DaGwdf
lj:t[t ljj/0f o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !$ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
clGtd ?kdf s/ sL x'g] e'QmfgLx?
clGtd ?kdf s/ sL x'g] P]gsf] bkmf (@ cg';f/sf e'QmfgLaf6 k|fKt ePsf]
/sdnfO{ cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g . h:t}, g]kfn >f]t ePsf] e'QmfgLdf s/ sL
u/L k|fKt u/]sf] nfef+z /sdnfO{ P]gsf] bkmf (@ cg';f/ clGtd s/ sL u/L
427

e'QmfgL ul/Psf] /sd dflgPsf] x'Fbf o:tf] e'QmfgL /sdnfO{ cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{
kb}{g . o; ;DaGwdf lj:t[t ljj/0f o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !^ df pNn]v ul/Psf]
5.
(-#_-v_
;f] JolStn] /f]huf/L jf Joj;foaf6 cfh{g ug]{ cfosf] u0fgf
ubf{ ;dfj]z ul/g] /sd .
s'g} AolQmsf] nufgL cfo u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu ;dfa]; ul/g] /sdx? bf]xf]/f]
gkg]{ u/L ;f] JolStn] /f]huf/L jf Joj;foaf6 cfh{g ug]{ cfosf] u0fgf ubf{
;dfj]z ul/g] /sd nufgLsf] cfodf ;dfa]z ug'{ kb}{g . P]gsf] bkmf & cg';f/
Joj;fosf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfa]z ul/Psf] cfox? / bkmf * cg';f/ /f]huf/Lsf]
cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfa]z ul/Psf cfox?nfO{ nufgLsf] cfodf u0fgf ubf{ ;dfa]z
ul/Psf cfox?nfO{ ug'{kb{}g .
@!=^ sL x'g] /sdx? (Deductions)
@!=^=! ;fdfGo sL
s'g} AolQmsf] s'g} cfo aif{df s'g} nufgLsf] cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;fdfGotofM
sf/f]jf/;+u ;DalGwt ;+k"0f{ vr{x? sL bfaL ug{ kfpg]5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf P]gsf]
bkmf !# df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
!# s'g} JolStn] s'g} cfo jif{df s'g} Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 ePsf] cfo u0fgf
ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu o; P]gsf] cwLgdf /xL sf/f]jf/;+u ;DalGwt b]xfosf
vr{x? sL ug{ kfpg]5 M
-s_ ;f] cfojif{df ePsf,
-v_ ;f] JolStaf6 ePsf, /
-u_ Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 cfo cfh{g x'g] sfo{df ePsf .
nufgLaf6 cfo cfh{g ug]{ sfo{;+u ;DalGwt ;f] aif{ ePsf] / ;f] AolQmn] u/]sf]
vr{x? ;fdfGo sLsf] ?kdf vr{ bfaL ug{ ;Sg] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 . dfly pNn]lvt
tLgj6} ca:yfx? k"/f gePsf] v08df eg] vr{ bfaL ug{ ;ls+b}g .
pbfx/0f @!=^=! M dfgf}+, uf]laGb g]kfnn] s'g} lgsfodf shf{ nufgL u/]sf
/x]5g\ . pQm shf{ afktsf] Aofh p7fpg] Pj+ lx;fa /fVg] k|of]hgsf] lgldQ
cf=a= @)^$.^% df Ps hgf sd{rf/L lgo"Qm u/]sf /x]5g\ / ;f] cfo aif{df
lghnfO{ ?= #) xhf/ kfl/>lds e'QmfgL u/]sf /x]5g\ . o:tf] vr{ ;f] cfo jif{df
nufgLsf] cfo cfh{g ug{ ePsf] x'+bf lghn] ;f] kfl/>lds e'QmfgL cf=a=
@)^$.^% df vr{ bfaL ug{ ;Sb5 .
@!=^=@ Aofh sL
s'g} AolQmsf] s'g} cfo aif{df s'g} nufgLsf] cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;fdfGotofM
sf/f]jf/;+u ;DalGwt Aofh ;Dk"0f{ vr{x? sL bfaL ug{ kfpg]5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf
P]gsf] bkmf !$ df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
!$-!_
s'g} JolStn] s'g} cfo jif{df Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 ePsf] cfosf] u0fgf
ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu ;f] JolStsf] Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 cfo cfh{g x'g]

428

sfo{sf nflu l;h{gf ePsf] b]xfosf] C0f bfloTj cGtu{t ;f] jif{df nfu]sf
;a} Jofh sL ug{ kfpg]5 M
-s_ s'g} /sd C0f lnP afkt ;f] C0f bfloTj l;h{gf ePsf]df ;f] /sd
;f]xL jif{ k|of]u ul/Psf] jf ;f] jif{df k|of]u ul/Psf s'g} ;DklQ vl/b
ug{ k|of]u ul/Psf], jf
-v_ cGo s'g} cj:yfdf ;f] C0f bfloTj l;h{gf x'g uPsf] .
P]gsf] bkmf !$ sf] pkbkmf -!_ cg';f/ s'g} JolStn] s'g} cfo jif{df nufgLaf6
ePsf] cfosf] u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu ;f] JolStn] ;f] jif{df k|of]u ul/Psf s'g}
;DklQ vl/b ug{ k|of]u ul/Psf C0f bfloTj jf nufgLjf6 cfo cfh{g x'g] sfo{sf
nflu l;h{gf ePsf] C0f bfloTj cGtu{t ;f] jif{df nfu]sf ;a} Jofh sL ug{
kfpg]5 .
pbfx/0f @!=^=@ M dfgf}+, uf]laGb g]kfnn] s'g} lgsfodf ?= !) nfv shf{ nufgL
u/]sf /x]5g\ . pQm shf{ nufgL ug{ lghn] s'g} a}+s af6 ?= % nfv shf{ lnPsf
/x]5g\ . cf=a= @)^$.^% df lghn] ;f] nufgL afkt ?= ! nfv @) xhf/ Aofh
cfDbfgL u/]sf /x]5g\ / shf{ afkt ?= %) xhf/ Aofh e'Qmfg u/]sf /x]5g\ .
o:tf] Aofh e'QmfgL nufgLsf] cfo cfh{g ug{ lghn] ;f] aif{ vr{ u/]sf] x'+bf
lghn] ;f] Aofh e'QmfgL nufgL sf] cfo cfh{g ug]{ sfo{;+u ;DalGwt ;d]t
ePsf]n] cf=a= @)^$.^% df Aofh vr{ bfaL ug{ ;Sb5 .
!$-@_
pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s/ 5"6 kfpg]
;+:yff/f lgolGqt afl;Gbf lgsfon] s'g} cfo jif{df lgoGq0f ug]{ JolQm jf
;Da4 JolQmnfO{ Aofh e'QmfgL u/]df pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd sL ug{ kfpg]
To:tf] Aofh /sd b]xfosf /sdx?sf] hDdf eGbf a9L x'g] 5}g M
-s_ ;f] lgsfosf] s/of]Uo cfosf] u0fgfdf ;dfj]z ul/g] ;f] jif{df k|fKt
u/]sf] ;a} Jofh /sd, /
-v_ ;f] lgsfoaf6 k|fKt ul/Psf] s'g} Jofh ;dfj]z gu/L jf ;f] lgsfojf6
a'emfOPsf] s'g} Jofh sL gu/L u0fgf ul/Psf] ;f] lgsfosf] ;f] jif{sf]
;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfosf] krf; k|ltzt /sd .
bkmf !$ df lbO{Psf] :kli6s/0fdf s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ :ki6
kfl/Psf] 5 M
:ki6Ls/0f M o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu s'g} cfo jif{sf] nflu s/ 5"6
kfpg] ;+:yff/f lgolGqt afl;Gbf lgsfo eGgfn] g]kfn ;/sf/ jfx]s ;f] jif{
df afl;Gbf lgsfo eO{ ;f] afl;Gbf lgsfodf ;f] jif{sf] s'g} ;dodf b]xfosf
JolQm jf ;+:yfx?sf] kRrL; k|ltzt jf ;f]eGbf a9L lglxt :jfldTj jf
lgoGq0f /x]sf] lgsfo ;Demg' k5{ M
-s_ s/ 5"6 kfpg] ;+:yf / ;f] ;+u ;Da4 JolQm,
-v_ ;f] jif{df bkmf !! adf]lhd s/ 5"6 kfpg] JolSt jf To:tf] JolQm;+u
;Da4 JolQm,
-u_ u}/ afl;Gbf JolSt jf u}/ afl;Gbf JolQm;+u ;Da4 JolQm, jf
429

-3_ v08 -s_, -v_ / -u_ df plNnlvt JolStx?s]f s'g} ;+of]hg .

P]gsf] bkmf !$ sf] pkbkmf -@_ cg';f/ s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yff/f lgolGqt afl;Gbf
lgsfon] lgoGq0f ug]{ AolQm jf ;Da4 AolQmnfO{ u/]sf] Aofh e'QmfgL vr{ bfaL ubf{
;f] lgsfosf] s/of]Uo cfosf] u0fgfdf ;dfj]z ul/g] ;f] jif{df k|fKt u/]sf] ;a}
Jofh /sd / ;f] lgsfosf] Aofh vr{ tyf k|fKt Aofh cfDbfgL ;dfa]z gePsf]
;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfosf] krf; k|ltztsf] of]u;Dd dfq ;f] aif{ Jofh sf ug{
kfO{G5 . P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -s g!_ df ;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfonfO{ lgDgfg';f/
kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 M
;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfo eGgfn] s'g} JolQmsf] s'g} cfojif{sf] s/ of]Uo cfosf]
u0fgf ubf{ bkmf !@ adf]lhd s'g} /sd g36fO{ tyf bkmf !$ sf] pkbkmf -@_, bkmf
!& jf !* adf]lhd sL gu/L u0fgf ul/Psf] s/of]Uo cfo ;Dg' k5{ .
cyf{t, s/ 5"6 kfpg] ;+:yff/f lgolGqt afl;Gbf lgsfon] s'g} cfo jif{df lgoGq0f
ug]{ JolQm jf ;Da4 JolQmnfO{ u/]sf] Aofh e'QmfgL, k|b"if0f lgoGq0f vr{ jf
cg';Gwfg / ljsf; vr{ sL bfaL ug'{ cl3 Pj+ rGbf vr{ bfaL cuf8Lsf] s/of]Uo
cfonfO{ ;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfo elgG5 .
!$-#_
pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd sL ug{ glbPsf] jf gul/Psf] s'g} JofhnfO{
cufdL cfo jif{df lhDd]jf/L ;fg{ / vr{ ePsf] b]vfpg kfpg]5 .
s/ 5"6 kfpg] ;+:yff/f lgolGqt afl;Gbf lgsfon] s'g} cfo jif{df lgoGq0f ug]{
JolQm jf ;Da4 JolQmnfO{ u/]sf] Aofh e'QmfgL P]gsf] bkmf !$ sf] pkbkmf -@_ df
tf]lsPsf] ;Ldf eGbf a9L ePdf o;/L a9L ePsf] Aofh vr{nfO{ cufdL cfo jif{df
lhDd]jf/L ;fg{ / vr{ bfaL ug{ kfO{G5 .
@!=^=# dd{t tyf ;'wf/ vr{
s'g} AolQmsf] s'g} cfo aif{df s'g} nufgLsf] cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;fdfGotofM
sf/f]jf/;+u ;DalGwt dd{t tyf ;'wf/ vr{ sL bfaL ug{ kfpg]5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf
P]gsf] bkmf !^ sf] pkbkmf -!_, -@_ tyf -#_ df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
!^-!_
s'g} JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df s'g} Joj;fo jf nufgLsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{
;f] Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 cfo cfh{g ug{ ;f] jif{df :jfldTj ePsf] / k|of]u
ul/Psf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] dd{t jf ;'wf/ ubf{ ePsf] ;a} vr{x? sL ug{
kfpg]5 .
!^-@_
pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;f] pkbkmf adf]lhd
ug{ kfpg] vr{ sL ubf{ ;f] cfo jif{sf] cGTodf /x]sf] ;DklQsf] ;d"xsf] x|f;
cfwf/ /sdsf] ;ft k|ltzt eGbf a9L x'g] 5}g .
t/ xjfO{ oftfoft ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] AolQmn] g]kfn gful/s p8\8og
k|flws/0fn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dfkb08 adf]lhd xjfO{ hxfhsf] k"0f{ k/LIf0f ubf{
nfu]sf] dd{t ;Def/ vr{df pQm of] ;Ldf nfu" x'g] 5}g .
!^-#_
pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf] ;Ldfsf] kl/0ffd :j?k sL ug{ gkfOg] dd{t
tyf ;'wf/ jfkt s'g clws vr{ jf / ;f] sf] efu cfufdL cfojif{sf] ;'?df
;DalGwt ;DklQsf] ;d"xsf] x|f; cfwf/ /sddf hf]8\g kfpg]5 .

430

P]gsf] bkmf !^ sf] pkbkmf -!_ cg';f/ s'g} JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df s'g} nufgLsf]
cfo u0fgf ubf{ lgDgfg';f/ ;Dk"0f{ ca:yf k'/f ePdf dd{t ;Def/ vr{ sL bfaL
ug{ kfpg]5M
-

;f] ;DklQ nufgLaf6 cfo cfh{g ug{ sfo{df k|of]u ePsf],

;f] AolQmsf] :jfldTj ePsf], /

- k|of]u ul/Psf] ;DklQ x|f;of]Uo ePsf] .

pkbkmf -@_ df tf]lsP adf]lhd o;/L sL bfaL ul/Psf] dd{t jf ;'wf/ vr{x? ;f]
cfo jif{sf] cGTodf /x]sf] ;DklQsf] ;d"xsf] x|f; cfwf/ /sdsf] ;ft k|ltzt eGbf
a9L x'g' x'b}g .
pbfx/0f @!=^=# M dfgf}+, cf=a= @)^%.^^ df uf]laGb nfdfn] g]kfn Aofkf/ lasf;
k|f=ln=nfO{ sf/ ef8fdf lbPsf /x]5g\ / ;Demf}tf adf]lhd ;f] sf/sf] dd{t ;'wf/
vr{ lghn] g} ug'{ kg]{ /x]5 . ;f] cf=a= df pQm sf/sf] dd{t ;'wf/ vr{ tyf
;DklQsf] ca:yf lgDgfg';f/sf] /x]5 M
!= ;f] cf=a= df lgDgfg';f/ dd{t ;'wf/ vr{ ePsf] /x]5M
u c6f]df]jfO{N; ;d"x
?= !,!%,)))
@= ;f] ;DklQsf]] x|f; cfwf/ (Depreciation Base) lgDgfg';f/ /x]5 M
u c6f]df]jfO{N; ;d"x
?= !%,)),)))
#= lghn] ;f] cfo aif{df lgDgfg';f/ x'g] dd{t ;'wf/ vr{ bfaL ug{ ;Sg]5g\ M
u c6f]df]jfO{N; ;d"x & k|=z= n]
?= !,)%,)))
$= sL gx'g] dd{t ;'wf/ vr{ -x|f; cfwf/df ;dfj]z x'g] /sd_M cf=a= @)^%.^^
df ?= !,)%,))) dfq vr{ sL bfaL ug{ ;lsg] x'+bf vr{ sL gx'g] /sd ?=
!),))) -!,!%,)))!,)%,)))_ cfufdL cfo aif{sf] ;'? x|f; cfwf/df
;dfa]; x'G5 .
@!=^=$ x|f;sL vr{
s'g} AolQmsf] s'g} cfo aif{df s'g} nufgLsf] cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;fdfGotofM
sf/f]jf/;+u ;DalGwt x|f;sL vr{ sL bfaL ug{ kfpg]5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf P]gsf]
bkmf !( sf] pkbkmf -!_ tyf -@_ df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
!(-!_
s'g} JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df s'g} Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 ePsf] cfo
u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu ;f] Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 ;f] JolQmsf] cfo cfh{g ug{
;f] jif{df cfkmgf] :jfldTjdf /xL k|of]u u/]sf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] x|f; eP afkt
cg';"rL@ adf]lhd x|f; vr{ sL ug'{ kg]{5 .
!(-@_
pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} lgsfon] ;fj{hlgs
k'jf{wf/ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf ;+rfng u/L g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug]{
cfof]hgfx? / laB't u[x lgdf{0f, pTkfbg / k|;f/0f ug]{ cfof]hgfx?df h8fg
ePsf ;+oGqx?, pks/0fx?, / cGo d]lzg/Lx?sf] x|f; sL ;DaGwdf
lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5 M

431

-s_

;flasdf h8fg eO{ /x]sf ;+oGqx?, pks/0fx?, / cGo d]lzg/Lx?

k"/fgf] jf hL0f{ eO{ sfd gnfUg] x'g uO{ ;f]sf] ;f gofF ;+oGqx?,
pks/0fx? / cGo d]lzg/Lx? h8fg ug'{ kg]{ ePdf o;/L h8fg u/]sf]
cfo jif{df ;flasdf h8fg ePsf k"/fgf] jf lh0f{ eO{ sfd gnfUg]
;DklQsf] nfutaf6 ;f] cfojif{;Ddsf] x|f; sL 36fpbf afFsL x'g]
d"No vr{sf] ?kdf sL ug{ kfpg]5 .
-v_ v08 -s_ adf]lhd km]l/Psf k'/fgf ;DklQ afx]ssf cGo ;DklQx?sf
;DaGwdf ;f] lgsfon] To:tf cfof]hgf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ x:tfGt/0f
ug]{ ;dodf ;f] ;DklQsf] nfutaf6 x:tfGt/0f x'g] cfojif{;Ddsf] x|f;
sL 36fpbf d"No afFsL /xg cfPdf To:tf] afFsL d"No vr{sf] ?kdf
sL ug{ kfpg]5 .
P]gsf] bkmf !( sf] pkbkmf -!_ cg';f/ s'g} JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df s'g} nufgLsf]
cfo u0fgf ubf{ lgDgfg';f/ ;Dk"0f{ ca:yf k'/f ePdf x|f; sL vr{ bfaL ug{' kg]{5
M
- ;f] ;DklQ nufgLaf6 cfo cfh{g ug{ sfo{df k|of]u ePsf],
- ;f] AolQmsf] :jfldTj ePsf], /
- k|of]u ul/Psf] ;DklQ x|f;of]Uo ePsf] .
pkbkmf -!_ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd x|f; sL vr{ bfaL P]gsf] cg';"rL@ df tf]lsP
adf]lhd ug'{ kg]{5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf P]gsf] cg';"rL@ df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf]
5M
!= x|f; of]Uo ;DklQsf] juL{s/0f / ;d"xLs/0f M
P]gsf] cg';"rL @ sf] bkmf ! adf]lhd x|f; of]Uo ;DklQsf] juL{s/0f / ;d"xLs/0f
;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/ Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5M
c=@=!-!_ x|f; of]Uo ;DklQsf] juL{s/0f b]xfo adf]lhdsf] x'g]5 M
ju{ ;DklQsf] ljj/0f
s ejg, :6Sr/ / :yfoL k|s[ltsf o:t} k|sf/sf cGo agf}6x? .
v sDKo"6/, tYof s]nfpg] pks/0f, kmlg{r/, lkmS:r/ / sfof{no
pks/0fx? .
u c6f]df]afON;, a; tyf ldgLa;x? .
3 lgdf{0f tyf pTvgg\ ;DaGwL pks/0fx? / bkmf !& sf] pkbkmf -#_, bkmf !*
sf] pkbkmf -#_ / o; cg';"rLsf] pkbkmf -#_ ;d]t cGo st} ;dfj]z gEfPsf x|f;
of]Uo ;DklQx? .
ju{ 3 df pNn]v ePsf x|f;of]Uo ;DklQx? afx]ssf cb[Zo ;DklQx? .
x|f; vr{ u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu s au{df :yfoL ;+/rgf, h:t}, ejg,
Approach Road, Compound wall h:tf ;DklQx? ;dfa]; ul/g' kb{5 . lglZrt
cjlwsf] nflu hUuf ef8fdf lnO{ lgdf{0f x'g] ;+/rgf Pj+ Joj;flos ejgdf 7fpF
lnO{ lgdf{0f x'g] ;+/rgf ef8fdf lng] lbg] jLrsf] ;+emf}tfsf cfwf/df cjlw lgwf{/0f

432

ePsf] x'G5 . o;/L lgdf0f ePsf] ;+/rgfsf] nfut au{df ;dfa]; u/L ;f]
;+emf}tfsf] clwgdf /xL x|f;sL vr{ bfaL ug'{ kb{5 .
c=@=!-@_ s'g} JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df lghsf] :jfldTjdf /xL Joj;fo jf
nufgLjf6 cfo cfh{gsf] nfuL k|of]u u/]sf] s'g} x|f;of]Uo ;DklQnfO{ klxnf]
k6s :jfldTjdf cfPsf] jf k|of]u ePsf] ;dodf lgDgfg';f/sf] ;d"x /fVg'
kg]{5 / ;f] ;d"xx?nfO{ ;f] jif{df pQm JolQmsf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQx?sf] ;d"x
dflgg]5 .
-s_ ;f] JolQmsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] jf k|of]udf /x]sf] p:t} ;DklQx?sf]
;DaGwdf ju{ s, v, u jf 3 sf x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ ;f]xL
ju{sf cGo ;DklQx?sf] pxL ;d"xdf .
cg';"rL @ sf] bkmf !-@_-s_ adf]lhd s'g} ;d"x cGtu{tsf] ;DklQ vl/b ubf{ ;f]xL
;d"xdf yk ug'{ kb{5 . cyf{t cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu ;DklQsf] 5'f 5'} u0fgf
gu/L ;d"xdf u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 .
pbfx/0f @!=^=$M dfgf}+, cf=a= @)^%.^^ df dgf]h sZokn] nufgL sfo{df k|of]u
ug{ lgDgfg';f/sf] ;DklQ vl/b u/]sf] /x]5 .
l;=g= ldlt
;DklQsf] laa/0f
/sd
!= @)^%.$.^ 6]jn
!),))).))
@= @)^%.%.% sDKo"6/
^),))).))
#= @)^%.%.& ;fO{sn
%,))).))
$= @)^%.^.* h]g]/]6/
!,)),))).))
%= @)^%.(.!& b/fh
!@,))).))
^= @)^%.!!.! d]r
!%,))).))
&= @)^%.!@.# sf/
!*,)),))).))
*= @)^^.!.$ df]6/ ;fO{sn
!,@),))).))
(= @)^^.#.% kfgL tfGg] kDk
(,))).))
pQm ;d"xnfO{ cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu 5'f 5'} u0fgf gu/L lgDgfg';f/ ;d"xdf
u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 .
;d'x v
@)^%.$.^
6]jn
@)^%.%.%
sDKo"6/
@)^%.(.!&
b/fh
@)^%.!!.!
d]r
hDdf ;d'x v
;d'x u
@)^%.!@.#
sf/
@)^^.!.$
df]6/ ;fO{sn

!),))).))
^),))).))
!@,))).))
!%,))).))
(&,))).))
!*,)),))).))
!,@),))).))

433

hDdf ;d'x u
;d'x 3
@)^%.%.&
;fO{sn
@)^%.^.*
h]g]/6] /
@)^^.#.%
kfgL tfGg] kDk
hDdf ;d'x 3
-v_

!(,@),))).))
%,))).))
!,)),))).))
(,))).))
!,!$,))).))

ju{ sf x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] ;DaGwdf pxL ju{sf] ;DklQx? eP

tfklg j]Unf j]Un} ;d"xdf /fVg' k5{ .

cg';"rL @ sf] bkmf !-@_-v_ adf]lhd au{ sf x|f; of]Uo ;DklQ, h:t}, k]6]06
/fO{6, 6]8dfs{ cfbL k|To]s ;DklQsf] x}l;ot km/s km/s x'g] x'gfn] oL
;DklQx?nfO{ ;f]xL au{sf] ePtf klg 5'f 5'} ;d"xdf /fvL u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 .
c=@=!-#_ Joj;foaf6 cfo cfh{g ug]{ l;nl;nfdf k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] pTvgg,
vlgh lgsfNg] sfo{ tyf ;f]sf] ljsf;sf] nflu k/]sf] nfut ;f] cfo;+u
;DalGwt Joj;fosf] nflu ;DklQ vl/b ubf{ k/]sf] nfut ;/x dflgg]5 .
k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] pTvgg, vlgh lgsfNg] sfo{ tyf ;f]sf] ljsf;sf] nflu k/]sf]
nfutg} o:tf sfo{sf] nflu cfaZos ;DklQ dflgPsf] 5 / o:tf] ;DklQnfO{ au{
3 cGtu{t /flvPsf] 5 .
@= x|f;sf] b/ M
P]gsf] cg';"rL @ sf] bkmf # adf]lhd x|f; of]Uo ;DklQsf] ju{sf] cfwf/df
lgDgfg';f/sf] b/ k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 M
c=@=#-!_ pkbkmf -@_ sf] cwLgdf /xL o; cg';"rLsf] bkmf @ sf] pkbkmf -@_ df
plNnlvt k|To]s ;d"xsf] xsdf nfu" x'g] x|f;sf] b/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M
ju{
s
v
u
3

b/
% k|ltzt
@% k|ltzt
@) k|ltzt
!% k|ltzt
;DklQ vl/b ubf{sf] avtdf pQm ;DklQsf] nfutnfO{
;DklQsf] k|of]ufjlwn] efu u/L lgs6td cfwf jif{df
ldnfgu/L x'g cfpg] b/ k|ltztdf .
c=@=#-@_ o; P]gsf] bkmf !( sf] pkbkmf -@_ df pNn]v ul/Psf cfof]hgfx?n] /
cg';"rL! sf] bkmf @ sf] pkbkmf -#_ / -$_ df pNn]v ul/Psf lgsfon] o;
cg';"rLsf] pkbkmf -!_ df pNn]v u/]sf ju{ s, v, u / 3 df
pNn]lvt x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf nflu nfu" x'g] x|f;sLsf] b/df Ps ltxfO{n] yk
kfpg]5g\ .

434

x|f; sLsf] u0fgf ubf{ cfo jif{sf] cGTodf ;DklQsf] ;d"xdf /x]sf] x|f; cfwf/
/sddf x|f; sL sf] b/ n] u0fgf ug'{ k5{ . t/ yk x|f; s6\6Lsf] Aoa:yf
nufgLsf] ;Gbe{df nfu' x'+b}g .
#= x|f; vr{ M
P]gsf] cg';"rL @ sf] bkmf @ adf]lhd x|f; of]Uo ;DklQsf] ju{sf] cfwf/df
lgDgfg';f/sf] b/ k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 M
c=@=@-!_ s'g} klg JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df ;f] JolQmsf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf
;d"xx? afkt o; bkmfsf] pkbkmf -@_ / -^_ adf]lhd u0fgf ul/Psf k|To]s
;d"xdf /x]sf ;DklQsf] ;f] jif{df ePsf] x|f; a/fa/sf] vr{ sL ug{
kfpg]5 .
c=@=@-@_ s'g} JolQmn] cfk\mgf] cfo jif{df ;d"xdf /x]sf ;DklQsf] x|f; sLsf]
u0fgf b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ;"qsf] k|of]u u/L lgsfNg' kg]{5 .
s Xv
s eGgfn] ;f] cfo jif{sf] cGTodf ;DklQsf] ;d"xdf /x]sf] x|f; cfwf/
/sdnfO{ hgfpFg]5,
v eGgfn] ;f] ;d"xsf] xsdf nfu' x'g] o; cg';"rLsf] bkmf # df plNnlvt
x|f; sL b/nfO{ hgfpFg]5 .
c=@=@-^_ ju{ s, v, u jf 3 sf ;d"xsf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQx?sf] x|f; sL
cfwf/ /sdaf6 o; bkmfsf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd u0fgf ul/g] x|f; vr{
s6fpFbf b'O{xhf/ ?k}ofFFeGbf sd ePdf cltl/Qm x|f; vr{ afkt ;f] jfFsL
/sd ;j} u0fgf ug'{ kg]{5 .
x|f; vr{ s6fpFbf s'g} au{df /x]sf] ;DklQsf] x|f; cfwf/df ;f] ju{sf] x|f; sL b/
k|of]u u/L x'g cfpg] /sd bfaL ug'{ kg]{5 . pQm Aoa:yf tn pbfx/0fdf v'nfO{Psf]
5.
pbfx/0f @!=^=%M dfgf}+, uf]laGb nfdfsf] cf=a= @)^%.^^ sf] cGTodf ;d"x u
sf] x|f; cfwf/ ?= !%,)),))).)) /x]5 eg] ;f] cf=a= df ;f] ;d"xsf] x|f; vr{
lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 .
-s_ ;f] cfo jif{sf] cGTodf ;DklQsf]
;d"xdf /x]sf] x|f; cfwf/ /sd
?= !%,)),))).))
-v_ x|f; sL b/

@) k|ltzt
x|f; vr{

s Xv

?= #,)),)))
s, v, u jf 3 sf ;d"xsf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQx?sf] x|f; sL cfwf/
/sdaf6 s'g} jif{sf] x|f; vr{ s6fpFbf b'O{xhf/ ?k}ofFFeGbf sd ePdf cltl/Qm x|f;
vr{ afkt ;f] jfFsL /sd ;j} u0fgf ug'{ k5{ . pQm Aoa:yf tn pbfx/0fdf
v'nfO{Psf] 5 .

435

pbfx/0f @!=^=^M dfgf}+, lbg]z 5ts'nLsf] nufgLsf] sf/f]af/ /x]5 . lghsf] cf=a=
@)^%.^^ sf] cGTodf au{ v sf] x|f; cfwf/ ?= @,$)) /x]5 . ;f] aif{ pQm
au{sf] b/ @%% n] ?= ^)) x|f; sL u/L afFsL ?= !,*)) x'G5 . pQm /sd ?=
@,))) eGbf sd ePsf]n] ;f]xL cf=a= df cltl/Qm x|f; vr{ afkt sL bfaL
ug{ ;S5g\ .
c=@=@-#_ s'g} cfo jif{sf] cGTodf ju{ s, v, u jf 3 df /x]sf x|f;of]Uo
;DklQsf] x|f; cfwf/ /sd b]xfo adf]lhdsf] v08 -s_ / v08 -v_ sf]
of]ujf6 v08 -u_ sf] /sd 36fO{ sfod ug'{ kg]{5 .
t/ o;/L 36fOPkl5sf] /sd z"Go eGbf sd x'g] 5}g M
-s_ cl3Nnf] jif{sf] cGTosf] ;f] ;d"xsf] x|f; sLcfwf/ /sdaf6 pkbkmf -@_
/ -^_ adf]lhd u0fgf ul/Psf] ;f] ;d"xsf] x|f; vr{ sL u/L jfFsL x'g]
/sd .
-v_ ;f] jif{df ;f] ;d"xsf] x|f; sL cfwf/ /sddf ;f] ;d"xdf ylkPsf
;DklQsf] nflu ul/Psf] ;f] ;d"xdf yk u/]sf] ;f] cfo jif{leq o;
cg';"rLsf] bkmf % adf]lhdsf] vr{ jf ;d"xdf hf]l8Psf] vr{ .
-u_ ;f] ;d"xsf] s'g} ;DklQsf] ;f] jif{df ePsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt s'g} /sd .
s'g} cfo jif{sf] cGTodf ju{ s, v, u jf 3 cGtu{tsf ;d"xdf /x]sf
x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] x|f; cfwf/ lgDgfg';f/ sfod ug'{k5{ M
s= cl3Nnf] cfo jif{sf] cGTosf] ;f] ;d"xsf] x|f; cfwf/ /sdaf6 ;f]
aif{sf] x|f; sL u/L afFls /sd ?= @,))) eGbf sd ePdf ;f] ;d]t
sf k5Lsf] /sd (Opening Basis)
v= hf]8\g]M cl3Nnf] cfo aif{df ylkPsf ;DklQ t/ bkmf !( sf]
k|of]hgsf] nflu ;f] cfo aif{sf] x|f; cfwf/df ;dfa]; gx'g]
/sdx?
cl3Nnf] cfo jif{sf] bkmf !^, cg';f/ o; cfo aif{sf] x|f;
cfwf/df yk x'g] /sd -3 au{sf] ;DklQsf] xsdf !& /
!* adf]lhd yk ePsf /sdx? ;d]t_
o; cfo aif{ leq ;f] ;d"xdf ylkPsf ;do cg';f/sf]
;DklQsf] nfut jf ;d"xdf hf]l8Psf] vr{
u= 36fpg]M ;f] cfo jif{ leq ;f] ;d"xsf] ;DklQsf] lg;u{ af6 k|fKt
/sd
c=@=@-$_ s'g} cfo jif{sf] cGTodf ju{ cGtu{tsf k|To]s x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf]
x|f; sLsf] cfwf/ /sd b]xfo adf]lhdsf] /sdsf] s"n of]u x'g]5 M
-s_ cl3Nnf] cfo jif{sf] cGTodf ;d"xdf /x]sf x|f;of]Uo ;DklQx?sf] x|f;
sLsf] cfwf/ /sd, /
-v_ To; cfly{s jif{df ;f] x|f; sL cfwf/ /sddf ;f] ;d"xleqsf] ;DklQsf]
nflu pkbkmf -%_ adf]lhd ylkPsf] /sd .

436

s'g} cfo jif{sf] cGTodf ju{ cGtu{tsf ;d"xdf /x]sf x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] x|f;
cfwf/ lgDgfg';f/ sfod ug'{k5{ M
s= cl3Nnf] cfo jif{sf] cGTodf ;d"xdf /x]sf x|f;of]Uo ;DklQx?sf] x|f;
sLsf] cfwf/ /sd, /
v= To; cfly{s jif{df ;f] x|f; sL cfwf/ /sddf ;f] ;d"x leqsf] ;DklQsf]
nflu -;do cg';f/_ ylkPsf] /sd .
c=@=@-%_ s'g} JolQmsf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] s'g} ;d"xdf ;dfj]z ePsf] s'g}
x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] nflu ul/Psf] nfutnfO{ ;DalGwt ;d"xsf] x|f; cfwf/
/sddf b]xfo adf]lhd hf]8\g' kg]{5 M
-s_ ;f] ;DklQ o; cg';"rLsf] bkmf ! adf]lhd ;d"xdf ;dfj]z ul/g] ;do
jf ;f] ;DklQ k|fKt ug{ vr{ u/]sf] ;do dWo] h'g kl5 cfpF5 ;f]
;dodf lgDg ;"q cg';f/ u0fgf u/L klxnf] dfg dfgL hf]8\g' kg]{5 .
s# X v
o; v08sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu s nfO{ b]xfosf] cjlwsf] nflu b]xfosf]
dfg x'g]5 M
-c_ cfo jif{sf] z'?b]vL k'if d;fGt;Ddsf] cjlwsf] cGTosf]
;do tLg x'g]5,
-cf_ df3b]lv r}qd;fGtjLrsf] cjlw b'O{ x'g]5, /
-O_ a}zfv b]lv cfo jif{sf] cGTo ;Ddsf] cjlw Ps x'g]5 .
v eGgfn] ;f] nfut /sd hgfpFg]5 .
-v_ nfutsf] jfFsL efu klxnf] efu yk ul/Psf] cfo jif{kl5sf] cfo jif{df
hf]l8G5 t/ ;f] cjlwsf] ljrdf o; cg';"rLsf] bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf -@_
adf]lhd pQm ;d"x la36g ePsf] x'g'x'b}g .
x|f; cfwf/ k|of]hgsf] nflu ;do cg';f/ ;DklQsf] nfutsf] u0fgf ubf{
lgDgfg';f/sf] /sd x|f; cfwf/df hf]8\g' k5{,
cfo jif{sf] z'? b]vL k'if d;fGt;Ddsf] cjlwdf ;dfj]z ePdf ;f]
;DklQsf] nfut /sd k'/},
df3b]lv r}q d;fGt jLrsf] cjlwdf ;dfj]z ePdf ;f] ;DklQsf]
nfutsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ /sd,
a}zfv b]lv cfo jif{sf] cGTo ;Ddsf] cjlwdf ;dfj]z ePdf ;f]
;DklQsf] nfutsf] Ps ltxfO{ /sd,
pk/f]Qmfg';f/ ;dfj]z eO{ jf+sL /xg] nfut /sd cfufdL cfo jif{sf]
;'? x|f; cfwf/df hf]l8G5 .
pQm Aoa:yf tn pbfx/0fdf v'nfO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f @!=^=&M dfgf}+, lxdnfn 8+uf]nsf] nufgLsf] cfo /x]5 . lghn] ;f]
sf/f]af/sf] nflu cf=a= @)^%.^^ df ?= ^),))) sf] sDKo"6/ vl/b u/]sf

437

/x]5g\ . pQm cf=a=sf] x|f; cfwf/ u0fgf ubf{ v ;d'xsf] ;DklQ ?=^),)))
kg]{ sDKo"6/ @)^% kf}if dlxgf leqdf yk ePsf] /x]5 eg] k'/} /sd cyf{t ?=
^),))) g} x|f; cfwf/df ;dfa]; ug{ kfO{G5 . To:t} ;f] sDKo"6/ @)^% df3
b]lv r}q d;fGt ;Dddf yk ePsf] /x]5 eg] b'O{ ltxfO{ /sd cyf{t ?= $),)))
tyf ;f] sDKo"6/ @)^^ a}zfv b]lv cfiff9 d;fGt ;Dddf yk ePsf] /x]5 eg]
Ps ltxfO{ /sd cyf{t ?= @),))) x|f; cfwf/df ;dfa]; ug{ kfO{G5 .
$= x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{ M
P]gsf] cg';"rL @ sf] bkmf $ adf]lhd x|f; of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{sf] ;DaGwdf
lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
c=@=$-!_ s'g} JolQmsf] ;f] cfo jif{df Joj;fo jf nufgLdf k|of]u ePsf x|f;of]Uo
;DklQ jf ;DklQx?sf] lg;u{af6 ePsf] cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ v08 -v_ eGbf
v08 -s_ a9L eP o:tf] a9L ePhlt /sd ;f] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
-s_ s'g} JolQmsf] ;d"xsf] s, v, u jf 3 ju{df kg]{ s'g} cfo jif{df
lghsf] ;f] jif{ x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt ePsf cfox?,
-v_ lg;u{af6 k|fKt cfonfO{ ;dfj]z gu/L o; cg';"lrsf] bkmf @ sf]
pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd ;d"xsf] ;f] jif{sf] cGTodf /x]sf] x|f; sL cfwf/
/sd .
;DklQsf] lg;u{afkt x'g] cfo ;DaGwL ca:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf]
5.
pbfx/0f @!=^=*M dfgf}+, g]kfn Aofkf/ lasf; k|f=ln=sf] cf=a= @)^$.^% cGtdf ju{
u / 3 df df lgDgfg';f/sf] ;DklQ /x]5 . ;f] k|f=ln=n] cf=a= @)^%.^^ df3df
?= !)),))) sf] df]6/;fOsn yk u/]sf] /x]5 . cf=a= @)^%.^^ df ;f] k|f=ln= n]
cfk'm;+u ePsf] sf/ ?= !& nfv / d]lzg ?=( nfvdf laqmL u/]sf] /x]5 . df]6/
;fOsn b'3{6gfdf k/L sfd gnfUg] ePsfn] cj s'g} ;DklQ afsL /x]g5 eg] ;f]
;d'xsf] sL x'g] vr{ (Outgoings) / cfodf ;dfj]z x'g] /sd (Incomings)
lgDgfg';f/ /xG5 .
;d"x
jif{sf] z'?sf] x|f; cfwf/
of] jif{ yk -cjlw cg';f/_
of] jif{sf] lg;u{
;d"xdf ;DklQ afsL
cfodf ;dfj]z x'g] /sd
(Balancing Charge)

lj36g x'bfsf] x|f;

u
15,00,000
1,00,000
17,00,000

3
10,50,000
-

1,00,000

(Terminal Depreciation)

x|f; cfwf/

25,50,000
1,00,000

9,00,000

5}g

hDdf

26,00,000

5}g
1,50,000
-

1,00,000
1,50,000
-

dfly pNn]lvt cj:yfdf ju{df ;DklQ afsL g/x]sfn] x|f; cfwf/eGbf a9L k|fKt
ePsf] cfo (Balancing Charge) bkmf &-@_-3_ adf]lhd cfodf ;dfj]z x'G5 eg]

438

ju{df ;DklQ afsL g/x]sf] t/ d"No afsL ePsf] /sd cg';"lr @ sf] bkmf $
adf]lhd x|f; vr{ (Terminal Depreciation) kfp+b5 . ju{sf ;DklQsf] ljlqm jif{sf]
z'?df g} geO{ aLrdf jf jiff{Gtdf ePdf ;f] ju{df dd{t vr{ ePsf] x'g ;Qm5 .
t/ pNn]lvt ca:yfdf ;DklQ /x]sf] t/ ;f] ;DklQsf] ju{df afFsL /sd g/x]sf]
sf/0f To:tf] ;DklQdf x'g cfpg] dd{t ;'wf/ vr{ ePdf ju{ lj36g gePsfn] ;f]
;DklQsf] x|f; cfwf/df yk x'g hfG5 / cfufdL aif{ x|f; cfwf/df ;dfa]; u/L x|f;
vr{ bfaL ug'{ kg]{5 .
c=@=$-@_ s'g} JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{ ;dfKt x'g'eGbf cufl8 ;f] JolQmsf] x|f; of]Uo
;DklQsf] ;d"xdf /x]sf ;a} ;DklQx? lg;u{ u/]df ;f] ;d"x lj36g ePsf]
dflgg]5 / b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] ;d"xdf ePsf ;DklQsf] lgDg ;"q adf]lhd x|f;
u0fgf ubf{ x'g] x|f; sL /sd ;d"xsf] x|f; sL cfwf/ /sdeGbf a9L
ePdf ;f] JolQmn] ;f] jif{sf] nflu ;f] a9L ePhlt /sd k|fKt u/] ;/x
dflgg]5 .
sv
jf
-v_ x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] ;d"xdf ePsf ;DklQsf] lgDg ;"q adf]lhd x|f;
u0fgf ubf{ x'g cfpg] /sd ;d"xsf] x|f; sL cfwf/ /sdeGbf j9L
ePdf ;f] JolQmnfO{ ;f] jif{ ;f] a9L ePhlt vr{ /sd ldgfxf x'g]5 .
vs
:ki6Ls/0fM o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf]nfluM
-!_ s eGgfn] s'g} JolQmn] ;f] ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 ;f] jif{ k|fKt
u/]sf] jf k|fKt ug]{ cfDbfgLx? -Ogsld;_ ;Demg' k5{ .
-@_ v eGgfn] v08 -c_, -cf_ / -O_ sf] hDdf /sd ;Demg' k5{ M
-c_ ;f] jif{df ;d"xsf] 36\bf] k|0ffnLsf] jfFsL d"No,
-cf_ ;d"xsf] x|f; cfwf/ /sddf hf]l8Psf ;f] jif{sf vr{x? cfp6uf]O_, /
-O_ ;d"xsf] x|f; cfwf/ /sddf o; cg';"rLsf] bkmf @ sf]
pkbkmf -%_ adf]lhd cfufdL jif{df hf]l8g] vr{x? cfp6uf]O;_ .
;DklQsf] ;d'xsf] lg;u{sf] ca:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

439

pbfx/0f @!=^=(M dfgf}+, uf]laGb nfdfsf] cf=a= @)^$.^% sf] cGTodf ;d"x u
df lgDgfg';f/sf] ;DklQ /x]5 . lghn] cf=a= @)^%.^^ df s'g} ;DklQ yk u/]sf]
/x]g5 . cf=a= @)^%.^^ df lghn] cfkm';+u ePsf] sf/ ?= !$ nfvdf laqmL
u/]sf] /x]5 eg] ;f] ;d"xsf] Outgoings / Incomings lgDgfg';f/ /xG5 .
!%,)),))).))
-s_ hDdf ;d'x u
-v_ cf=a= @)^$.^% x|f; cfwf/
!%,)),))).))
-u_ cf=a= @)^$.^% sf] x|f; vr{
#,)),))).))
-3_ x|f; cfwf/af6 x|f; vr{ k5Lsf] /sd -vu_
!@,)),))).))
-_ cf=a= @)^%.^^ x|f; cfwf/, ;dfof]hg c3L
!@,)),))).))
(Outgoings)

!$,)),))).))
-r_ ;DklQ lalqmaf6 k|fKt /sd (Incomings)
-%_ cfodf ;dfa]; ug{' kg]{ /sd -r_
@,)),))).))
o;/L ;f] ;DklQsf] ;d"xdf afFsL /sd (Outgoings) eGbf Incomings a9L ePsf]
/ ;f] ;d"xdf cGo ;DklQ ;d]t g/x]sf] sf/0f To:tf] ;DklQsf] ;d"x lg;u{
ePsf] dflgG5 / Outgoings eGbf Incomings a9Lsf] /sd ?= @ nfv nufgLsf]
cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kg]{5 .
obL lghn] ;f] sf/ ?= !! nfvdf dfq lalqm u/]sf] eP Incomings eGbf
Outgoings ?= ! nfvn] sd ePsf] x'Fbf bkmf !( cGtu{t ;f] cf=a= df vr{ bfaL
ug{ kfpFYof] .
c=@=$-#_ o; cg';"rLsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu s'g} cfo jif{df x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf]
;d"xsf] 36\bf] k|0ffnLsf] jfFsL /x]sf] d"No eGgfn] lgDgfg';f/sf] /sdnfO{
hgfpF5 M
-s_ ;d"xsf] ju{ s, v, u jf 3 sf] xsdf, ;f] ;d"xsf] cl3Nnf]
cfo jif{sf] cGTodf /x]sf] x|f; cfwf/ /sdaf6 ;f] jif{sf] nflu ;f]
;d"xsf] o; cg';"rLsf] bkmf @ sf] pkbkmf -@_ / pkbkmf -^_ adf]lhd
u0fgf ul/Psf] s'g} x|f; eP ;f] 36fP kl5 x'g] /sd,
-v_ ;d"xsf] ju{ sf] ;DaGwdf ;f] ;d"xsf] cl3Nnf] cfo jif{sf]
cGTodf /x]sf] x|f; cfwf/ /sdaf6 ;f] JolQmnfO{ o; cg';"rLsf] bkmf
@ sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd sL ug{ lbOPsf ljutsf cfo jif{x?sf
;a} vr{x? 36fPkl5 x'g] /sd .
k|To]s cf=a= df x|f; vr{ 36fO{ ;s]k5L sfod x'g] afFsL d"NonfO{ 36\bf] k|0ffnLsf]
jfFsL /x]sf] d"No (Written Down Value) elgG5 . o; Joj:yfnfO{ :ki6 kfg]{
pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

440

pbfx/0f @!=^=!)M dfgf}+, uf]laGb nfdfsf] cf=a= @)^$.^% cGTodf ;d"x u df

lgDgfg';f/sf] ;DklQ /x]5 . lhn] cf=a= @)^%.^^ df s'g} ;DklQ yk u/]sf]
/x]g5 .
!%,)),))).))
-s_ hDdf ;d"x u
-v_ cf=a= @)^$.^% x|f; cfwf/
!%,)),))).))
-u_ cf=a= @)^$.^% sf] x|f; vr{
#,)),))).))
-3_ 36\bf] k|0ffnLsf] jfFsL /x]sf] d"No (Written
!@,)),))).))
Down Value) -vu_
@!=&

@!=*=

lab]zdf lt/]sf] cfos/

cfos/ P]g, @)%* n] jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] j}b]lzs cfo 5 / ;f]df ljb]zdf cfos/
lt/sf] 5 eg] g]kfnsf] s/sf] cf}ift b/sf] ;Ldfleq /xL j}b]lzs s/ ldnfg ug{
;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t/ s'g} jfl;Gbf JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df j}b]lzs cfo
jfkt ljb]zdf s/ lt/]sf] 5 eg] To;/L lt/]sf] s/ pQm ljb]zsf] cfo / g]kfnsf]
cfo ;d]t ;dfj]z ubf{ nfUg] s/df ldnfg gu/L ljb]zdf bflvnf u/]sf] s/ /sd
j/fj/sf] /sdnfO{ vr{ bfjL ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf P]gsf] bkmf &! sf] pkbkmf -$_ df
/x]sf] 5 .
&!-$_
pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} cfo jif{sf]nflu
s'g} JolQmn] ;f] jif{df kfpg] ljb]zL s/ ldnfgsf] bfaL 5f]8L o:tf] ldnfg
;'ljwf pknAw /x]sf] ljb]zL cfos/ afktsf] /sd vr{ bfaL ug{ klg
;Sg]5 .
nufgLaf6 gf]S;fgL M
P]gsf] bkmf @) df nufgLaf6 ePsf] gf]S;fgL lgDgfg';f/ sL ug{ kfpg] Aoa:yf
/x]sf] 5M
@)-!_
s'g} JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 ePsf] cfo u0fgf
ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu b]xfo adf]lhdsf] gf]S;fgL sL ug{ kfpg]5 M
-s_ ;f] JolQmn] cGo s'g} Joj;foaf6 Aoxf]g'{ k/]sf] ;f] jif{sf] s'g} sL x'g
gkfPsf] gf]S;fgL, /
-v_ ;f] JolQmn] s'g} Joj;foaf6 Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] ljut ;ft cfo jif{x?sf] sL
x'g gkfPsf] gf]S;fgL .
t/ ;fj{hlgs k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfng u/L g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{
x:tfGt/0f ug]{ cfof]hgfx?, ljB't u[x lgdf{0f, pTkfbg / k|zf/0f ug]{
cfof]hgfx? / g]kfn k]6f]lnod P]g, @)$) adf]lhd k]6f]lnod sfo{ ug]{
lgsfosf] xsdf ljut afx| jif{sf] sL x'g gkfPsf] gf]S;fgL .
s'g} JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 ePsf]] cfo u0fgf ug]{
k|of]hgsf] nflu ;f] JolQmn] cGo s'g} Joj;foaf6 Aoxf]g'{ k/]sf] ;f] jif{sf] s'g} sL
x'g gkfPsf] gf]S;fgL / ;f] JolQmn] s'g} Joj;foaf6 Aoxf]g'{ k/]sf] ljut ;ft cfo
jif{x?sf] sL x'g gkfPsf] gf]S;fgL sL ug{ kfO{G5 . o; cy{df Joj;fosf]
gf]S;fgL nufgLsf] cfodf sL bfaL ug{ ;lsg] ePtflg nufgLsf] gf]S;fgL eg]
Joj;fosf] cfoaf6 sL bfaL ug{ ;lsb}g . To:t} Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 ePsf]]
441

gf]S;fgL kfl/>ldssf] cfoaf6 36fpg ;ls+b}g . gf]S;fgL ;dfof]hg v'nfpg]

pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f @!=*=!M dfgf}+, u0f]z l;+v8fsf] cf=a= @)^%.^^ df xf]6n Joj;foaf6
?= !) nfv gf]S;fgL ePsf] /x]5 . lghn] ;f] aif{ Ps ;"lrs[t sDkgLsf] z]o/
laqmL -nufgLsf] cfo_ u/]sf /x]5g\ / ;f] afkt ?= !% nfv nfe ePsf] /x]5 .
lghsf] ;f] cf=a=df z]o/ lg;u{af6 ePsf] v'b nfe u0fgf ubf{ xf]6n
Joj;foaf6 ePsf] gf]S;fgL ?= !) nfv sL bfaL u/L afFls ?= % nfv dfq
v'b nfe x'g] x'G5 .
dfly pNn]lvt pbfx/0fdf xf]6n Joj;foaf6 ePsf] cfoaf6 eg] nufgLsf]
gf]S;fgL sL bfaL ug{ ;lsb}g .
@)-@_
s'g} JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df s'g} nufgLaf6 ePsf] cfo u0fgf ug]{
k|of]hgsf] nflu ;f] JolQmn] cGo s'g} nufgLaf6 Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] ;f] jif{sf] sL
x'g gkfPsf] gf]S;fgL / ;f] JolQmsf] ;f] nufgL / cGo s'g} nufgLaf6 Joxf]g'{
k/]sf] ljut ;ft cfo jif{x?sf] sL x'g gkfPsf] gf]S;fgL sL ug{ kfpg]5 .
s'g} JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df nufgLaf6 ePsf]] cfo u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu ;f]
JolQmn] cGo s'g} nufgLaf6 Aoxf]g'{ k/]sf] ;f] jif{sf] s'g} sL x'g gkfPsf] gf]S;fgL
/ ;f] JolQmn] s'g} nufgLaf6 Aoxf]g'{ k/]sf] ljut ;ft cfo jif{x?sf] sL x'g
gkfPsf] gf]S;fgL sL ug{ kfO{G5 . nufgLdf ePsf] gf]S;fgL ;dfof]hg v'nfpg]
pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f @!=*=@M dfgf}+, u0f]z l;+v8fn] cf=a= @)^$.^% df Ps ;"lrst
sDkgLsf] z]o/ laqmL -nufgLsf] cfo_ u/]sf /x]5g\ / ;f] afkt ?= ^ nfv
gf]S;fg ePsf] /x]5 / To:tf] gf]S;fgL ;f] aif{ ;dfof]hg x'g ;s]sf] /x]g5 .
cf=a= @)^%.^^ lghn] Pp6f hUuf -u}/ Aofa;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ_ ?= !
s/f]8df laqmL -nufgLsf] cfo_ u/]sf /x]5g\ / ;f] afkt ?= @) nfv nfe
ePsf] /x]5 . lghsf] ;f] cf=a=df u}/ Aofa;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6
ePsf] v'b nfe u0fgf ubf{ cf=a= @)^$.^% df nufgLdf ePsf] gf]S;fgL ?= ^
nfv sL bfaL u/L afFls ?= !$ nfv dfq v'b nfe x'G5 .
@)-#_
pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ sf] clwgdf /xL ;f] pkbkmfx?sf] k|of]hgsf nflu s'g}
JolStn] ljb]zL ;|f]tsf ;DaGwdf Aoxf]g'{ k/]sf] sL x'g gkfPsf] gf]S;fgL ;f]
JolQmsf] ljb]zL ;|f]taf6 ePsf] cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ dfq sL ug{ kfpg]5 /
s'g} s/ gnfUg] cfo k|fKt ubf{ ePsf] sL x'g gkfPsf] gf]S;fgL ;f] JolQmsf]
s/ gnfUg] cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ dfq sL ug{ kfpg]5 .
s'g} JolStn] ljb]zL ;|f]tsf ;DaGwdf Aoxf]g'{ k/]sf] sL x'g gkfPsf]] gf]S;fgL ;f]
JolQmsf] ljb]zL ;|f]taf6 ePsf] cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ dfq sL ug{ kfpg]5 / s'g} s/
gnfUg] cfo k|fKt ubf{ ePsf] sL x'g gkfPsf] gf]S;fgL ;f] JolQmsf] s/ gnfUg]
cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ dfq sL ug{ kfpg]5 . cyf{t s'g} AolQmsf] kfls:tfgdf ePsf]
nufgLsf] gf]S;fgL kfls:tfgdf g} ePsf] nufgLsf] cfoaf6 dfq sL ug{ kfpg]5 .

442

@)-&_
s'g} JolStn] s'g} cfo jif{df s'g} Joj;fo jf nufgLjf6 Aoxf]g'{ k/]sf]
gf]S;fgLsf] u0fgf ubf{ o; bkmfsf] k|of]u gu/L ;f] JolQmsf] Joj;fo jf
nufgLaf6 ePsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ul/g] /sdx? eGbf sL ul/g]
/sdx? a9L eP o;/L a9L eP hltsf] /sdsf] u0fgf ug'{ kg]{5 .
:ki6Ls/0f M o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu sL x'g gkfPsf] gf]S;fgL eGgfn]
pkbkmf -!_, -@_ jf -$_ adf]lhd s'g} JolStsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ sL gul/Psf]
xb;Ddsf] gf]S;fgL ;Demg' k5{ .
pbfx/0fsf] nfluM
s= ;dfa]; ul/g] cfo -dfgf}_
?= !,)),)),)))
v= sL ul/g] /sdx? -dfgf}+_
?= !,!),)),)))
u= sL x'g gkfPsf] gf]S;fgL -vs_ ?= !),)),)))
@)-*_ s'g} JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df Joj;fo jf nufgLsf] cfodf k"/f jf
cf+lzs s/ 5'6 k|fKt u/]sf] eP To:tf] cfo jif{df ePsf] gf]S;fgL k5fl8sf
cfo jif{df ;f/L n}hfg -Sof/L km/jf8{_ kfpg] 5}g .
s'g} AolQmsf] cfodf cf+lzs jf k'/f s/ 5'6 x'g] /x]5 eg] To:tf] Joj;fo jf
nufgLdf ePsf] gf]S;fgL cGo Joj;fo jf nufgLsf] cfoaf6 36fpg kfpg] 5}g .
h:tf], P]gsf] bkmf !! adf]lhd cf+lzs jf k"/f s/ 5'6 ePsf] Joj;fosf] gf]S;fgL
cGo Joj;fo jf nufgLsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ sL bfaL ug{ kfO{b}g / To:tf] gf]S;fgL
Carry Forward ;d]t ug{ ;ls+b}g .

443

gf]S;fgL ;dfof]hgsf ca:yfsf] lrq

nufgL
sf]
gf]S;fgL

Joj;fosf]
gf]S;fgL

:jb]zL >f]t

ljb]zL -;f]xL
b]zsf]_ >f]t

:jb]zL >f]t

ljb]zL -;f]xL
b]zsf]_ >f]t

:jb]zL >f]t

ljb]zL -;f]xL
b]zsf]_ >f]t

:jb]zL >f]t

ljb]zL -;f]xL
b]zsf]_ >f]t

Joj;fo sf]
cfo

nufgL sf]
cfo

444

@!=(=

36fpg kfpg] rGbf /sd M

cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !@ cg';f/ rGbf afkt vr{ ul/Psf] /sdnfO{
lgDgfg';f/ 5'6 bfaL ug{ ;lsg] Aoa:yf ul/Psf] 5 M
-!_ s'g} JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df cfkm\gf] s/of]Uo cfo u0fgf ubf{ o; bkmfsf]
k|of]hgsf] nflu ljefuaf6 :jLs[t k|fKt s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfnfO{ rGbf pkxf/
lbPsf] /sd 36fpg bfjL ug{ ;Sg] 5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg ;f] pkbkmf jdf]lhd s'g} cfo
jif{df 36fpg kfpg] vr{ Ps nfv ?k}of jf ;f] JolQmsf] ;f] jif{sf] ;dfof]lht
s/ of]Uo cfosf] % k|ltzt dWo] h'g 36L x'G5 ;f]eGbf al9 x'g] 5}g .
o; Aoa:yf cGtu{t vr{ 5'6 bfaL ug{ o:tf] rGbf vr{ ljefu -sfof{no_ af6
:jLs[t k|fKt s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfnfO{ lbO{Psf] x'g' kb{5 . ljz]if u/L s/ 5'6
kfpg] ;+:yfx?df k/f]ksf/L ;+:yf, wfld{s ;+:yfsf ;fy} ;fdflhs sfo{x? ug]{
NGO x'g ;S5g\ .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg s'g} vf; cj:yfdf
g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L tf]s]sf] s'g} sfo{sf] nflu
s'g} JolQmn] vr{ u/]sf] jf rGbf lbPsf] /sd ;f] JolQmsf] cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{
vr{ jfkt k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf sL ug{ kfpg] u/L tf]Sg ;Sg] 5 .
P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -s g!_ cg';f/ ;dfof]lht s/ of]Uo cfo eGgfn] s'g}
JolQmsf] s'g} cfo jif{sf] s/ of]Uo cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ bkmf !@ jdf]lhd rGbf /sd
g36fO{ tyf bkmf !$ sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] Aofh, bkmf !& sf] k|b"if0f lgoGq0f vr{ jf
!* jdf]lhd cg';Gwfg / ljsf; vr{ sL gu/L u0fgf ul/Psf] s/ of]Uo cfo
;Demg' kb{5 . bkmf !$-@_ adf]lhdsf] Jofh, bkmf !& adf]lhdsf] k|b'if0f lgoGq0f
vr{ / bkmf !* adf]lhdsf] cg';Gwfg / ljsf; vr{ gePsf s/bftfx?sf nflu
lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfoaf6 s'g} cjsfz of]ubfg eP 36fO cfpg] /sd g} ;dfof]lht
s/of]Uo cfo x'G5 .
@!=!) ;Dkbf ;+/If0f / v]ns"bsf] ljsf;df u/]sf] vr{
P]gsf] bkmf !@s df ;Dkbf ;+/If0f / v]ns"bsf] ljsf;df u/]sf] vr{sf bfaL ug]{
;Gbe{ lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
s'g} sDkgLn] s'g} cfo jif{df ljefusf] k"j{ :jLs[lt lnO{ g]kfnleq /x]sf k|frLg,
wfld{s tyf ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;Dj4{g ug]{ jf v]ns"bsf] ;fj{hlgs
ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{df u/]sf] vr{ dWo] bz nfv ?k}+ofF;Ddsf] /sd jf
lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfosf] bz k|ltztn] x'g] /sd dWo] h'g 36L x'G5 ;f] /sd cfkm\gf]
;f] jif{sf] s/of]Uo cfo u0fgf ubf{ 36fpg] bfjL ug{ ;Sg]5 .
g]kfnleq /x]sf k|frLg, wfld{s tyf ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;Dj4{g ug]{
jf v]ns"bsf] ;fj{hlgs ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{df s'g} sDkgLn] u/]sf] vr{
lgDg cfwf/df lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfoaf6 36fO{ kfpg bfaL ug{ ;S5M
s= laefu af6 k"j{ :jLs[lt lng' kg]{M o;/L :jLs[lt dfUbf vr{ ug]{ k|of]hg, vr{
ug]{ cg'dflgt /sd, vr{ ug]{ ;do l;df Pa+ vr{ ug]{ k|s[of -h:t}, ;DalGwt
lgsfodf l;wf e'QmfgL ug]{, cfkm} ug]{ jf 7]Ssf dfkm{t ug]{_ vf]nL vr{ ug]{
445

sDtLdf & lbg cuf8L ;DalGwt /fh:j sfof{no lga]bg lbg' kb{5 . lgj]bg
pk/ sfof{non] lg0f{o u/L s/bftfnfO{ lg0f{osf] hfgsf/L lbPsf] x'g' kb{5 .
v= vr{ ug{ ;Sg] l;dfM o; k|of]hgsf]nflu ?= !) nfv df ga9\g] u/L jf
lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfosf] !) k|ltzt eGbf a9L x'g gx'g] .
@!=!!= 36fpg kfpg] cjsfz of]ubfg /sd M
P]gsf] bkmf ^#-@_ cg';f/ k|fs[lts JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df :jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifdf
u/]sf] cjsfz of]ubfg cfoaf6 36fO{ kfpg bfaL ug{ ;Sg]5 . t/ bkmf ^#-#_ Pj+
lgod @! Afd]flhd ?= # nfv jf cfkm\gf] lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfosf] Ps ltxfO{df h'g 36L
x'G5 ;f] /sddf gg3fO{ cfk\mgf] cfojf6 36fO{ kfpg bfjL ug{;Sg]5 . t/ :jLs[lt
k|fKt gu/]sf cjsfz sf]ifdf u/]sf] of]ubfg eg] cfojf6 36fO{ kfpg bfjL of]Uo
x'+b}g .
@!=!@= sL ug{ gkfpg] vr{ M
;fdfGotofM cfos/ P]g, @)%* df nufgLsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;f] nufgLsf] lgldQ
;f] AolQmn] u/]sf] cfo cfh{g;+u ;DalGwt vr{ sL bfaL ug{ kfpg] Aoa:yf eP
klg P]gsf] bkmf @! df s]xL laz]if Aoa:yfx? cGtu{t sL bfaL ug{ gkfpg] vr{x?
/x]sf] / ;f] ;DaGwL k|fjwfgx? tn v'nfO{Psf] 5 M
@!-!_
o; P]gdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} JolStnfO{ s'g}
cfo jif{df s'g} Joj;fo, /f]huf/L jf nufgLaf6 ePsf] cfo u0fgf ug]{
k|of]hgsf] nflu b]xfosf] vr{ jf /sd sL ug{ kfOg] 5}g M
-s_ 3/]n' jf JolStut k|s[ltsf vr{,
-v_ o; P]g adf]lhd a'emfpg' kg]{ s/ / s'g} b]zsf] ;/sf/ tyf ;f]sf] s'g}
klg :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ s'g} sfg"g jf ;f] sfg"g cGtu{t ag]sf] s'g}
lgod, lalgodsf] pNn+3g u/] afkt a'emfOPsf] hl/jfgf / o:t} cGo
z'Ns,
-u_ bkmf !) adf]lhd 5"6 kfpg] /sdx? k|fKt ug{ s'g} JolStaf6 vr{
ul/Psf] xb;Ddsf jf clGtd ?kdf s/ sL ul/Psf /sdx? k|fKt ug{
ul/Psf vr{x?,
-3_ pkbkmf -@_ df n]lvPsf] e'QmfgL afktsf] vr{,
-_ s'g} lgsfoaf6 ul/Psf] d'gfkmfsf] ljt/0f, jf
-r_ o; kl/R5]b jf kl/R5]b^, &, !), !!, !@ jf !# adf]lhd k|bfg ul/Psf
afx]s v08 -s_, -v_, -u_, -3_ / -_ df vr{ sL ug{ gkfpg] egL
gelgPsf] eP tfklg o:tf cGo s'g} /sdx? .
@!-@_
s'g} cfo jif{df aL; nfv ?k}ofFeGbf a9Lsf] jflif{s sf/f]jf/ ug]{ JolQmn]
b]xfosf cj:yfdf afx]s ;f] cfo jif{df Ps k6sdf krf; xhf/ ?k}ofFeGbf
a9Lsf] gub e'StfgL u/]df ;f] sL ug{ kfpg]5}g M

446

-s_ g]kfn ;/sf/, ;+j}wflgs lgsfo, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj ePsf] ;+:yfg
jf a}+s jf ljQLo ;+:yfnfO{ ul/Psf] e'QmfgL,
-v_ k|fylds s[lif k}bfjf/ pTkfbg ug]{ s[ifs jf pTkfbsnfO{ e'QmfgL ubf{ /
To:tf] k}bfjf/sf] k|fylds k|zf]wg eO;s]sf] eP klg s[ifs cfkm}n]
k|zf]wg u/L e'QmfgL kfPsf] eP ;f] /sd,
-u_ cjsfz of]ubfg jf cjsfz e'QmfgL afktsf] e'QmfgL],
-3_ a}ls ;]jfx? pknAw gePsf] :yfgdf ul/Psf] e'QmfgL,
-_ a}ls ;]jf aGb ePsf] lbgdf ul/Psf] e'QmfgL jf gubdf g} ug'{ kg]{ s'g}
ckl/xfo{ afWotf ePsf] e'QmfgL, jf
-r_ e'QmfgL kfpg] JolQmsf] a}+s vftfdf hDdf ul/Psf] /sd .
@!-#_
bkmf !$, !%, !^, !&, !*, !(, @) / &! sf Joj:yfx?sf] cwLgdf /xL
k"FhLut k|s[ltsf] vr{ jf ljb]zL cfos/afkt s'g} klg /sd sL ug{ kfOg]
5}g .
:ki6Ls/0f M o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu,
-s_ 3/]n' jf JolQmut k|s[ltsf vr{ eGgfn] b]xfosf vr{x? ;Demg' k5{ M
-!_ s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] lghL] vr{x?, C0f lnPsf]df JolQmut k|of]u
ePsf] xb;Ddsf] C0f afktsf] Jofh ;d]t b]xfosf vr{x? M
-s_ af;:yfg, vfgf, vfhf, dgf]/~hg jf cfdf]bk|df]bsf cGo
ls|ofsnfkx? pknAw u/fpg] ;d]tsf k|fs[lts JolQmsf]
nflu ePsf vr{,
-v_ Joj;fo jf nufgLsf] l;nl;nfdf cfjt hfjt ug]{ afx]s
k|fs[lts JolQmn] 3/af6 Joj;fo jf nufgL ;+rfng ul/g]
:yfgdf cfjthfjt u/]afktsf] vr{,
-u_ sfd ubf{sf] ;doafx]s cGo ;dodf nufpg pko'Qm
gePsf n'ufafx]s k|fs[lts JolQmsf nflu n'ufsf] vl/b ug{
ePsf] vr{, /
-3_ lzIff jf tflndsf] nflu ul/Psf] vr{ .
t/ s'g} l8u|L jf l8Knf]df xfl;n gx'g] lsl;dsf Joj;fo jf
nufgL;+u k|ToIf ?kn] ;DalGwt lzIffsf] nfludfq ul/Psf] vr{
sL ug{ kfOg]5 .
-@_ b]xfosf cj:yfx? tyf ;f]sf] xb;Dd afx]s s'g} JolQmn] s'g}
k|fs[lts JolQmnfO{ e'QmfgL u/]sf] ;DaGwdf nfu]sf vr{x? / t];|f]
JolQmsf] nflu ul/Psf] vr{x? M
-s_ k|fs[lts JolQmsf] cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ ;f] e'QmfgLnfO{ ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] ePdf,
-v_ k|fs[lts JolQmn] cfkm"n] kfPsf] e'QmfgLsf] ahf/ d"No
a/fa/sf] ;f] JolQmnfO{ k|ltkmn:j?k lkmtf{ e'QmfgL u/]sf]
ePdf,

447

-u_ lx;fa /fVg sl7g x'g] jf k|zf;lgs ?kn] cJofjxfl/s x'g]

tf]lsPadf]lhdsf ;fgfltgf /sdsf] e'QmfgL ePdf .
-v_ a}ls ;]jf pknAw :yfg eGgfn] s'g} :yfg ljz]ifsf] bz
lsnf]ld6/ If]q leq a}ls ;]jf pknAw ePsf]df ;f] :yfgnfO{
a}ls ;]jf pknAw :yfg ;Demg' k5{ .
-u_ gub e'QmfgL eGgfn] a}+s jf ljlQo ;+:yf dfkm{t k|lttkq,
Psfp06k]oL r]s, 8f6, wgfb]z, 6]lnu|flkms 6fG;km/, dgL
6fG;km/-x'08L_ 4f/f a}+s vftfdf hDdf x'g] u/L ul/Psf]
e'QmfgL / a}+s jf ljQLo ;+:yfaLr cGo s'g} lsl;djf6
ul/Psf] :yfgfGt/0f afx]ssf e'QmfgL ;Demg' k5{ .
-3_ k"+lhut k|s[ltsf] vr{ eGgfn] b]xfo adf]lhdsf vr{ ;Demg'
k5{ M
-!_ k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;DefJotf cWoog, cGj]if0f / ljsf;sf
;DaGwdf nfu]sf] vr{,
-@_ afx| dlxgfeGbf a9L nfek|b cfo' ePsf] s'g} ;DklQ k|fKt
ubf{ nfu]sf] vr{, jf
-#_ bfloTjsf] lg;u{ ubf{ nfu]sf] vr{ .
P]gsf] bkmf @! cg';f/ s'g} JolStnfO{ s'g} cfo jif{df s'g} nufgLaf6 ePsf]
cfo u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu b]xfosf] vr{ jf /sd sL ug{ kfOg] 5}g M
3/]n' jf JolStut k|s[ltsf vr{,
-s_ 3/]n' jf JolQmut k|s[ltsf vr{ eGgfn] b]xfosf vr{x? ;Demg'
k5{ M
s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] lghL vr{x?, C0f lnPsf]df JolQmut k|of]u
ePsf] xb ;Ddsf] C0f afktsf] Jofh ;d]t b]xfosf vr{x? M
-s_ af;:yfg, vfgf, vfhf, dgf]/~hg jf cfdf]bk|df]bsf cGo
ls|ofsnfkx? pknAw u/fpg] ;d]tsf k|fs[lts JolQmsf] nflu
ePsf vr{,
-v_ nufgLsf] l;nl;nfdf cfjt hfjt ug]{ afx]s k|fs[lts JolQmn]
3/af6 nufgL ;+rfng ul/g] :yfgdf cfjthfjt u/]afktsf]
vr{,
-u_ sfd ubf{sf] ;do afx]s cGo ;dodf nufpg pko'Qm gePsf
n'ufafx]s k|fs[lts JolQmsf nflu n'ufsf] vl/b ug{ ePsf]
vr{, /
-3_ lzIff jf tflndsf] nflu ul/Psf] vr{ .
t/ s'g} l8u|L jf l8Knf]df xfl;n gx'g] lsl;dsf nufgL;+u
k|ToIf ?kn] ;DalGwt lzIffsf] nflu dfq ul/Psf] vr{ sL ug{
kfOg]5 .

448

o; P]g adf]lhd a'emfpg'kg]{ s/ / s'g} b]zsf] ;/sf/ tyf ;f]sf] s'g} klg
:yfgLo lgsfonfO{ s'g} sfg"g jf ;f] sfg"g cGtu{t ag]sf] s'g} lgod,
lalgodsf] pNn+3g u/]afkt a'emfOPsf] hl/jfgf / o:t} cGo z'Ns,
s/ 5'6 kfpg] cfo k|fKt ug{ ul/Psf] vr{ jf clGtd ?kdf s/ sL
ul/Psf /sdx? k|fKt ug{ ul/Psf vr{x?,
s'g} cfo jif{df aL; nfv ?k}ofFFeGbf a9Lsf] jflif{s sf/f]jf/ ug]{ JolQmn]
P]gdf tf]lsPsf] cj:yfdf afx]s Ps k6sdf krf; xhf/ ?k}ofFF eGbf
a9Lsf] gub e'StfgL afktsf] vr{,
s'g} lgsfoaf6 ul/Psf] d'gfkmfsf] ljt/0f,
bkmf !$, !%, !^, !&, !*, !(, @) / &! sf] clwgdf /xL jfx]s k"FhLut
k|s[ltsf] vr{ jf ljb]zL cfos/afkt s'g}klg /sd sL ug{ kfOb}g .
bkmf @!-! r_ df P]gsf] s'g} bkmfn] :ki6 ?kdf vr{ sL ug{ gkfpg] egL
gelgPsf] ePtfklg o:tf cGo s'g} /sdx? ;d]t vr{ sL ug{ kfO{g]5}g .

449

kl/R%]b 22

;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{af^ x'g] nfesf] lgwf{/)f

(Gain on Disposal of Asset and Liability)

@@=!

cfos/ P]g, @)%* df AolQmsf] ;DklQ tyf bfloTjsf] lg;u{ ePsf] v08df x'g]
v'b nfenfO{ cfodf ;dfa]; ul/g' kg]{ Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 . AolQmsf] sf/f]af/sf]
k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df o:tf] cfo Joj;fo jf nufgLsf] x'g ;Sb5 . P]gsf] kl/R5]b *
df ;DklQ tyf bfloTj lg;u{sf cj:yfx? / o:tf lg;u{;+u ;DalGwt cfDbfgL
(Incomings) / vr{ (Outgoings) sf laleGg cj:yfx? v'nfO{Psf] 5 . lgb]{lzsfsf]
o; kl/R5]bdf ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{jf6 x'g] nfe Pj+ v'b nfe (Net Gain)
sf cawf/0ffx? k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o; kl/R5]bdf sltko lg;u{x?df tTsfn
cfos/ k|of]hgsf] lgldQ cfDbfgL jf vr{ gx'g] ePtfklg To:tf sf/f]af/ jf
x:tfGt/0fsf] cfDbfgL (Incomings) / vr{ (Outgoings) u0fgf ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf
;d]t v'nfO{Psf] 5 . h:t}, klt kTgL aLrdf x'g] x:tfGt0f, k|fs[lts AolQmsf]
d[To" kZrft x'g] x:tfGt/0f cfbL ;d]t v'nfO{Psf] 5 . o;/L ;DklQ Pj+
bfloTjsf lg;u{ jf lg;u{ dflgg] ljljw cj:yfx? v'nfO{ AofVof ug'{ o;
kl/R5]bsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .
@@=@= d'Vo kl/efiffx?
lgb]{lzsfsf] o; kl/R5]bdf dxTjk"0f{ dflgPsf s]xL zAbfjnLsf] kl/efiff tn
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
@@=@=! ;DklQ
;DklQ zAbn] s'g}klg lsl;dsf] d"t{ jf cd"t{ ;DklQ -d'b|f, Voflt, k|ljlw 1fg,
hfoh]yf, s'g} JolQmsf] ljb]zL zfvfdf /x]sf] :jfldTj jf lxt, cfDbfgL ug]{ jf
eljiodf cfDbfgL k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ / s'g} To:tf] ;DklQsf] s'g} efu ;d]t_ nfO{
hgfp+5 . P]gsf] bkmf @-s w_ n] ;DklQnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 M
;DklQ eGgfn] s'g} klg lsl;dsf] d"t{ jf cd"t{ ;DklQ ;Demg' k5{ / ;f]
zAbn] d'b|f, Voflt, k|ljlw 1fg, hfoh]yf, s'g} JolQmsf] ljb]zL zfvfdf /x]sf]
:jfldTj jf lxt, cfDbfgL ug]{ jf eljiodf cfDbfgL k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ / s'g}
To:tf] ;DklQsf] s'g} efu ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 .
;DklQsf] cj:yf Pj+ cfos/ k|of]hgsf] lgldQ tL ;DklQsf] ;fdfGo sf/f]af/
tyf lg;u{df x'g] Aoa:yf tnsf] lrqaf6 k|i6 kfl/Psf] 5 .

450

;DklQsf]
k|sf/

Jofkfl/s df}Hbft
bkmf @-s `_
xf]Og eg]

lg;u{ x'+bf
ul/g]
Jojxf/

k|fKt /sd
cfodf ;dfj]z
ul/g], bkmf &-@_
-v_, Jofkfl/s
df}Hbftsf] nfut
vr{jfkt sf
ul/g], bkmf !%

x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ
bkmf @ -s /_
xf]Og eg]
cg';"rL @ sf] $@_s cg';f/
x|f;sL cfwf/eGbf
j9L ePsf] cfo
-bkmf & -@_ -3_ jf
( -@_-u_ cGtu{t
cfodf ;dfj]z
ul/g]

Joj;flos
;DklQ
bkmf @-s 6_
xf]Og eg]
v'b nfenfO{
cfo dflgg]
bkmf & -@_ -u_
v'b gf]S;fg
jfkt vr{
Joj;fosf]
cfoaf6 sf ug{
gkfOg] / cfufdL
aif{ ;fg{ ;lsg],
bkmf #^-@_

u}/ Joj;flos
s/of]Uo ;DklQ
bkmf @ -b_

cGo
;DklQ

xf]Og eg]
v'b nfenfO{
cfo dflgg]
bkmf ( -@_-v_
v'b gf]S;fg
jfkt vr{
k"FhLut nfesf]
u0fgf afx]sdf
sf ug{ gkfOg]
/ cfufdL aif{
;fg{ ;lsg]

k|fs[lts
JolQmsf]
dfq x'g]
x'Fbf
cfos/
df s'g}
c;/
kfb}{g

@@=@=@ Jofkfl/s df}Hbft

P]gsf] bkmf @ -s `_ df Jofkfl/s df}HbftnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kl/eflift u/]sf] 5M

Jofkfl/s df}Hbft eGgfn] s'g} JolStsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] lghf/f ;+rflnt
lgoldt Joa;fosf] qmddf laqmL ul/g] ;DklQ, sfo{ k|ultdf /x]sf] ;DklQ /
;DklQdf ;dflji6 x'g] ;fdfu|Lx?sf] df}Hbft ;Demg' k5{ .
t/ o; zAbn] ljb]zL d'b|fdf /x]sf] ;DklQnfO{ hgfpFg] 5}g .
Aoazfodf k|ToIf jf ck|ToIo ?kdf laqmLsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu /flvPsf
;DklQx?nfO{ Jofkfl/s df}Hbft elgG5 . AolQmsf] Joj;fosf] cfwf/df o:tf]
a:t'sf] pbfx/0f km/s km/s x'g ;Sb5 . h:t}, kmlg{r/ lsga]r ug]{ AolQmsf]
nflu kmlg{r/ Jofkfl/s df}Hbft x'G5 eg] cGo AolQmsf] nflu eg] x|f; of]Uo
;DklQ dflgG5 .
@@=@=# x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ
P]gsf] bkmf @ -s /_ df x|f;of]Uo ;DklQnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kl/eflift u/]sf] 5M
x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ eGgfn] s'g} Joj;fo jf nufgLdf cfo cfh{gsf] nflu k|of]u
ul/Psf 6'6k'm6, k"/fgf] x'+b} uPsf] jf ;do JotLt x'b} uPsf] sf/0faf6 d"Nodf
x|f; x'g] ;DklQ ;Demg' k5{ .
t/ o; zAbn] Jofkfl/s df}HbftnfO{ hgfpFg] 5}g .
;do Pj+ pkef]usf cfwf/df vr{ jf 6'6k'm6 eP/ hfg] ;DklQnfO{ x|f; of]Uo
;DklQ dflgG5 . AolQmsf] Joj;fosf] k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df o:tf] a:t'sf] pbfx/0f
km/s km/s x'g ;Sb5 . h:t}, kmlg{r/ lsga]r ug]{ AolQmsf] nflu kmlg{r/
Jofkfl/s df}Hbft x'G5 eg] cGo Joj;fo jf nufgLdf To;sf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 eg]
;f] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ dflgG5 . ;fdfGotofM ;do Pj+ pkof]usf cfwf/df vr{ jf
6'6k'm6 eP/ hfg] ;DklQsf] pkef]u u/L cfo cfh{g ug]{ sfo{ ePsf] 5 eg]
To:tf] ;DklQnfO{ x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ elgG5 .
451

@@=@=$ Joj;flos ;DklQ

P]gsf] bkmf @ -s 6_ df Joj;flos ;DklQnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kl/eflift u/]sf] 5M

Joj;flos ;DklQ eGgfn] s'g} Joj;fodf k|of]u ul/Psf] s'g} ;DklQ ;Demg' k5{ .
t/ o; zAbn] Jofkfl/s df}Hbft jf Joj;fosf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQnfO{ hgfpFg]
5}g .
Joj;flos ;DklQdf Jofkfl/s df}Hbft jf Joj;fosf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ afx]s
cGo Joj;fosf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] / To;sf] clwsf/ :yflkt ePsf ;DklQ, h:t},
hUuf, lng' kg]{ /sd, k]ZsL lx;fa, gub tyf a}+s df}Hbft cfbL kb{5g\ .
Aofa;flos ;DklQ tyf cGo ;DklQsf] t'ngfTds cj:yf o;} kl/R5]bsf] a'+bf
@@=@=! df pNn]lvt ;DklQsf k|sf/ -Category) bzf{pg] AofVof lrqaf6 ;d]t
:ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 .
@@=@=% u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ
P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -b_ df u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQnfO{ lgDgfg';f/
kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 M
@-b_
u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ eGgfn] b]xfosf ;DklQ afx]ssf
hUuf, ejg tyf s'g} lgsfodf /x]sf] lxt jf ;'/If0f ;Demg' k5{ M
-!_ Joj;flos ;DklQ, x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ jf Jofkfl/s df}Hbft,
-@_ s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] lgDg cj:yfsf] lghL ejg,
-s_ cljlR5Gg bz jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L cjlw :jfldTjdf /x]sf] /
-v_ ;f] JolQmn] cljlR5Gg jf k6s k6s u/L s'n bz jif{ jf
;f]eGbf a9L a;f]af; u/]sf],
:kli6s/0fM o; pkv08sf] k|of]hgsf nflu lghL ejg eGgfn]
ejg / ejgn] rr]{sf] If]qkmn a/fa/sf] hUuf jf Ps /f]kgL
hUuf dWo] h'g 36L x'G5 ;f] nfO{ a'emfpg] 5 .
-#_ s'g} lxtflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz sf]ifdf /x]sf] lxt,
-$_ s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] tL; nfv ?k}ofF eGbf sd d"Nodf lg;u{ u/]sf]
hUuf tyf lghL ejg jf

-%_ tLg k':tfleq ePsf] vl/b, laqmL jfx]s cGo lsl;dn]

x:tfGt/0f u/L lg;u{ u/]sf] ;DklQ .
u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQdf ;fdfGotofM hUuf, ejg tyf s'g} lgsfodf /x]sf]
lxt -h:t}, z]o/, l8a]~r/, cfbL_ kb{5g\ eg] ;'g, rf+bL, df]6/ cfbL cGo ;DklQx?
u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQdf kb}{gg\ .

Joj;flos ;DklQ cyf{t Aoa;flos k|of]hgdf pkef]u ePsf ;DklQx?

cGtu{t x|f; of]Uo (Depreciable) ;DklQ -h:t}, ejg, d]lzg/L, uf8L, cfbL_
tyf u}/ x|f; of]Uo (Non-depreciable) ;DklQ -h:t}, hUuf, z]o/, cfbL_
kb{5g\ . t/ Aoazfosf] cfo cfh{g ug]{ sfo{df k|of]u gePsf] cyf{t ;f]
452

AolQmn] wf/0f dfq u/]sf] u}/ x|f; of]Uo ;DklQ {h:t} hUuf, z]o/ -Hold for
Trading afx]s_} eg] u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ dflgg] 5g\ . o;sf]
cnfjf Jofkfl/s df}Hbft (Stock in Trade) cyf{t laqmLsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu
wf/0f ul/Psf] ;DklQnfO{ u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ dflgb}g .

s'g} k|fs[lts AolQmsf] clalR5Gg -nuftf/_ bz aif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L :jfldTj
(Ownership) /x]sf] / ;f] JolQmn] cljlR5Gg jf k6s k6s u/L s'n bz jif{
jf ;f]eGbf a9L a;f]af; u/]sf] lghL ejg (Personal House) nfO{ AolQmut
;DklQ dflgPsf] 5 . s'g} AolQmsf] lghL ejg u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ
gdflgg ;f] AolQmn] ;f] ejg clalR5Gg bz aif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L cfkm\gf]
:jfldTj (Ownership) df /fv]sf] x'g' kg]{ / ;f] AolQm To:tf] ejgdf
clalR5Gg jf k6s k6s u/L bz aif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L a;f]af; u/]sf] -b'j}
cj:yf k'/f u/]sf]_ x'g' clgjfo{ /x]sf] 5 .

s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] tL; nfv ?k}ofFeGbf sd d"Nodf lg;u{ (Disposal)

u/]sf] hUuf tyf lghL ejg klg u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ dflgb}g .
hUuf ePsf] ejgsf xsdf hUufsf] If]qkmn ejgn] rr]{sf] hUuf a/fa/ jf
Ps /f]kgLdWo] h'g 36L x'G5 ;f]nfO{ a'emfp5 .

tLg k':tfleq ePsf] vl/b ljqmLafx]s cGo lsl;dn] x:tfGt/0f u/L lg;u{
u/]sf] ;DklQ . cGo lsl;dn] x:tfGt/0f eGgfn] ;fdfGtofM c+za08f,
ck'tfnL, as; kq, cfbL kb{5 . tLg k':tf afx]s cGoaf6 as; kq h:tf
k|s[ofaf6 x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf] ;DklQsf] xsdf eg] To:tf ;DklQnfO{ u}/
Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ dflgG5 . To:t}, tLg k':tf leq eP klg ;fdfGo
?kdf vl/b laqmL ePdf eg] To:tf ;DklQx? u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ
dflgG5 .
u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ ;DaGwL pbfx/0f ;lxtsf] AofVof o;} lgb]{lzssf]
kl/R5]b @ df ul/Psf] 5 .
@@=@=^ lg;u{ -l8:kf]hn_
P]gsf] bkmf @ -o_ df lg;u{ -Disposal_ nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kl/eflift u/]sf] 5M
lg;u{ -l8:kf]hn_ eGgfn] bkmf $) df pNn]v eP adf]lhd s'g} ;DklQ jf
bfloTjsf] laqmL jf x:tfGt/0f ;d]tsf] lg;u{ ;Demg' k5{ .
;DklQsf] xsdf, laqmL jf ls:tfaGbLdf laqmL u/L, cGo ;DklQ jf bfloTjdf
ufleO{, gfl;O{, x/fO{, c+za08f jf xs x:tfGt/0f u/L, ;f6f;f6 u/L jf s'g}
tj/af6 cfkm\gf] :jfldTj x6\g] dfWodnfO{ ;DklQsf] lg;u{ (Disposal) ePsf]
dflgG5 . To:t}, bfloTjsf] xsdf, bfloTj e'Qmfg u/L, bfloTjaf6 d'Qm eO{, cGo
;DklQ jf bfloTjdf ufleO{, bfloTj /2 eO{ jf s'g} klg dfWodaf6 bfloTj d'Qm
ePsf] v08df bfloTjsf] lg;u{ (Disposal) dflgG5 .

P]gsf] bkmf $) sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd s'g} JolQmsf] s'g} ;DklQaf6
:jfldTj x6]df lghn] ;f] ;DklQsf] lg;u{ u/]sf] dflgg]5 . ;f] cg';f/, lgDg
sfo{nfO{ ;d]t ;DklQsf] lg;u{ u/]sf] dflgg]5 M
o ;DklQsf] ljt/0f ul/g'
453

o
o
o
o
o

;DklQ cGo ;DklQ jf bfloTjdf ufleg',

ls:tfaGbL ljqmLsf] dfWodaf6 ljqmL ug'{ jf ljQLo kf cGtu{t s'g}
csf]{ JolQmnfO{ kfdf lbOg',
/4 ul/g', ljgf; x'g',
x/fpg',
Dofb ;lsg' jf ;dk{0f ul/g' h:tf sfo{ .

P]gsf] bkmf $) sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd s'g} JolQm s'g} bfloTjsf] ef/af6
x6]df lghn] ;f] bfloTjsf] lg;u{ u/]sf] dflgg]5 . ;f] cg';f/ lgDg sfo{nfO{
;d]t bfloTjsf] lg;u{ u/]sf] dflgg]5 M
o bfloTj km5\of}{6 x'g',
o bfloTj /4 x'g',
o bfloTj d'Qm x'g',
o bfloTj ;dfkg x'g' jf csf]{ bfloTj jf ;DklQdf ufleg' h:tf sfo{ .
P]gsf] bkmf $) sf] pkbkmf -#_ v08 -s_ adf]lhd k|fs[lts JolQmsf]
;DaGwdf ;f] JolQmsf] d[To'sf] tTsfn cl3 s'g} ;DklQ jf bfloTj lg;u{
u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
P]gsf] bkmf $) sf] pkbkmf -#_ v08 -v_ adf]lhd s'g} ;DklQsf] ;DaGwdf
;f] ;DklQ afktsf cfDbfgLx?sf] of]u ;f] ;DklQ afktsf vr{x?sf]
of]ueGbf a9L ePdf ;f] ;DklQ lg;u{ u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
P]gsf] bkmf $) sf] pkbkmf -#_ v08 -u_ adf]lhd C0f bfjLsf] ;DaGwdf
tf]lsP adf]lhdsf dfkb08 cg';f/ v/fa C0f x'g k'u]sf]df lg;u{ ePsf]
dflgG5 .
P]gsf] bkmf $) sf] pkbkmf -#_ v08 -3_ adf]lhd s'g} JolQmn] Joj;flos
;DklQ, u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ, x|f; of]Uo ;DklQ jf Jofkf/
df}Hbftsf]] lsl;d km]l/g] u/L To:tf] ;DklQ lghn] k|of]u ug{ yfn]sf]
cj:yfdf ;f] ;DklQsf] km]l/Psf] :j?k k|of]u ug'{ eGbf tTsfn cl3 lg;u{
ePsf] dflgG5 .
P]gsf] bkmf $) sf] pkbkmf -#_ v08 -_ adf]lhd tyf bkmf %& df pNn]v
eP adf]lhd s'g} lgsfosf] laut tLg jif{ cl3;Ddsf] :jfldTjsf] t'ngfdf
krf; k|ltzt jf ;f]eGbf a9L :jfldTj kl/jt{g ePdf ;d]t ;f] lgsfosf]
;DklQ jf bfloTj lg;u{ ePsf] dflgg]5 .

@@=#

P]gsf] bkmf $) sf] pkbkmf -#_ v08 -r_ adf]lhd g]kfndf cjl:yt hUuf
hldg jf ejg afx]s, ;f] JolQm u}/afl;Gbf JolQm x'g'eGbf tTsfn cl3 ;f]
AolQmsf] ;DklQ jf bfloTj lg;u{ ePsf] dflgg]5 .
;DklQ tyf bfloTjaf6 k|fKt v"b nfe
P]gsf] bkmf #^ df ;DklQ tyf bfloTjaf6 k|fKt v"b nfesf] u0fgf ;DaGwdf
454

lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5M

#^-!_
s'g} cfo jif{sf]nflu s'g} JolQmsf] Joj;fosf] Joj;flos ;DklQ
jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt v"b nfesf] u0fgf ;f] cfo jif{df ;f]
Joj;fosf] Joj;flos ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt ;a}
nfesf] of]uaf6 b]xfosf gf]S;fgL s6fO{ ug'{ kg]{5 M
-s_ Joj;fosf] Joj;flos ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{af6 ;f] jif{df
x'g uPsf] ;a} gf]S;fgLsf] of]u,
-v_ ;f] jif{df ;f] JolQmsf] cGo s'g} Joj;foaf6 x'g uPsf] v"b
gf]S;fgL dWo] cGoq sL x'g g;s]sf] gf]S;fgL, /
-u_ s'g} cfo jif{df ;f] Joj;fo jf ;f] JolQmsf] cGo s'g}
Joj;foaf6 ljutdf x'g uPsf] v"b gf]S;fgL dWo] sL x'g
g;s]sf] gf]S;fgL .
s'g} klg JolQmsf] s'g} cfo jk{df Joj;flos ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] lg;{ujf6 v'b
nfesf] u0fgf ubf{ pQm JolQmsf] Joj;flos ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] lg;u{jf6 k|fKt
;j} nfesf] of]ujf6 Joj;flos ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{jf6 ;f] jif{ x'g uPsf]
gf]S;fgL, cGo Joj;fojf6 ePsf] gf]S;fgL /sd dWo] cGoq sL x'g g;s]sf]
gf]S;fgL ;fy} cGo Joj;fojf6 ljutdf ePsf] v'b gf]S;fgL dWo] sL x'g
g;s]sf] gf]S;fgL 36fO{ jfsL x'g] /sdnfO{ v'b nfe elgG5 . o; Joj:yf cg';f/
v'bnfe lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ug{' kb{5M
s= cfo jif{e/L lg;u{ ePsf Joj;flos ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt
nfex?sf] of]u
v= 36fpg],
!= Joj;flos ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] lg;u{df ePsf] o; cf=j=sf]
gf]S;fgL
@= o; cf=j= df s'g} Joj;foaf6 x'g uPsf] v'b gf]S;fgL dWo] cGoq
s6\6L x'g g;s]sf] gf]S;fgL
#= ljut jif{x?df x'g uPsf] v'b gf]S;fgL dWo] sL gePsf] afsL
gf]S;fgL
$= bkmf @)-&_ adf]lhd Joj;fosf] & jf !@ jif{;Dd sL gePsf]
afsL gf]S;fgL
u= v'b nfe -s v_
pQm Aoa:yf v'nfpg] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

455

pbfx/0f @@=#=!M dfgf}+, ;'n]dfg Ps k|fs[lts JolQm x'g\ . lghsf] Joj;fo dWo]
;'n]dfg ls/fgf klg Ps /x]5 . pQm Joj;fosf] cf=j= @)^%^^ df v'b
gf]S;fgL ?= @ nfv /x]5 . lghsf] csf]{ Joj;fo ;'n]dfg kmlg{r/ Jofkf/ /x]5 .
pQm kmlg{r/ Jofkf/df ;f] aif{ ?= # nfv gf]S;fgL ePsf] /x]5 . pQm gf]S;fgL
cGoq st} klg sf x'g ;s]sf] (Unrelieved Loss) /x]g5 . lghsf] pQm kmlg{r/
Jofkf/jf6 cf=j= @)^$^% df ?= @ nfv gf]S;fg ePsf] /x]5 . lghsf] pQm
Jofkf/df Joj;fosf] nflu k|of]u ul/Psf] hUuf ;f] cf= j= df ?= %) nfvdf
ljqmL u/]sf /x]5g\ . pQm hUuf lghn] rf/ aif{ cl3 ?= @) nfvdf vl/b u/]sf
/x]5g\ . o; cj:yfdf ;DklQsf] lg;u{df v'b nfesf] u0fgf lgDgfg';f/ ug'{
kb{5 .
laa/0f
ls/fgf k;n kmlg{r/ Joj;fo
cf=a= )^%^^ sf] sL x'g
@)),)))
g;s]sf] gf]S;fgL
ut jif{sf] afFls gf]S;fgL
s'n sf x'g afFsL gf]S;fgL
@)),)))
Joj;flos ;DklQ lg;u{jf6 ePsf] v'b nfesf] u0fgfM
laa/0f
!= cfDbfgLM hUuf ljqmL -OGsld+u_
36fpg]M
@= vr{ M hUufsf] nfut d"No -cfp6uf]O+u_
#= nfe -! - @_
36fpg]M
$= Joj;flos ;DklQ jf bfloTjdf of] jif{ ePsf] gf]S;fgL
%= Joj;flos ;DklQ jf bfloTjdf ljutdf ePsf] gf]S;fgL
^= Joj;fosf] cjlw gf3]sf] ePsf] sL x'g gkfPsf] gf]S;fgL
v'b nfe -# - $ - % - ^_

#)),)))
@)),)))
%)),)))
/sd
%) nfv
@) nfv
#) nfv
% nfv
@ nfv
)
@# nfv

Joj;fodf ePsf] Joj;flos ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{df ePsf] v'b nfe bkmf
&-@_-u_ adf]lhd Joj;fosf] cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;dfj]z x'G5 .
#^-@_
s'g} cfo jif{sf]nflu s'g} JolQmsf] nufgLsf] s/ nfUg] u}/ Joj;flos
;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt v"b nfesf] u0fgf ;f] cfo jif{df ;f] nufgLsf]
s/ nfUg] u}/ Joj;flos ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt ;a} nfesf] of]uaf6
b]xfosf] gf]S;fgL s6fO{ ug'{ kg]{5 M
-s_ ;f] nufgLsf] s/ nfUg] u}/ Joj;flos ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 ;f] jif{df
x'g uPsf] ;a} gf]S;fgLsf] of]u,
-v_ ;f] jif{df ;f] JolQmsf] cGo s'g} Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 x'g uPsf] v"b
gf]S;fgL dWo] cGoq sL x'g g;s]sf] gf]S;fgL, /
-u_ ljutsf] s'g} cfo jif{df ;f] JolQmsf] ;f] nufgL, s'g} Joj;fo jf cGo
s'g} nufgLaf6 x'g uPsf] v"b gf]S;fgL dWo] sL x'g g;s]sf]
gf]S;fgL .
456

s'g}klg cfo jif{df s'g}klg JolQmn] nufgLsf] s/ nfUg] u}/ Joj;flos ;DklQsf]
lg;u{jf6 k|fKt ug]{ nfesf] of]ujf6 nufgLsf] s/ nfUg] u}/ Joj;foLs ;DklQjf6
;f] jif{df x'g uPsf] ;j} gf]S;fgLsf ;fy} cGo Joj;fo jf nufgLjf6 x'g uPsf]
gf]S;fgL /sd dWo] cGoq sL x'g g;sL af+sL /x]sf] v'b gf]S;fgL / ljutsf]
s'g} cfo jif{df Joj;fo jf nufgLjf6 ePsf] gf]S;fgL dWo] sL ge} jfFls /x]sf]
gf]S;fgL sL u/L u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 . u}/ Joj;flos ;DklQsf] v'b nfe u0fgf
ubf{ Joj;fo tyf nufgLdf ePsf] gf]S;fgL ;dfof]hg ug{ kfOG5 . o; Joj:yf
cg';f/ v'bnfe lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ug{' kb{5M
s= cfo jif{e/L lg;u{ ePsf u}/ Joj;flos ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt
nfex?sf] of]u
v= 36fpg],
!= u}/ Joj;flos ;DklQsf] lg;u{df ePsf] of] cf=j=sf] gf]S;fgL
@= o; cf=j=sf] nufgLsf] gf]S;fgL
#= Joj;flos ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] lg;u{df ePsf] gf]S;fgL ;d]t o;
cf=j=sf] Joj;fosf] gf]S;fgL
$= Joj;flos ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] lg;u{df ePsf] ljutsf] sL
gePsf] afsL gf]S;fgL
%= bkmf @)-&_ adf]lhd Joj;fosf] & jf !@ jif{;Dd / nufgLsf]
ljutdf sL gePsf] afsL gf]S;fgL
u= v'b nfe -s v_
pQm Aoa:yf v'nfpg] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

457

pbfx/0f @@=#=@M dfgf}+, ;'n]dfg Ps k|fs[lts JolQm x'g . lghnfO{ cf=j=

@)^%^^ df z]o/ laqmLaf6 ?= @ nfv gf]S;fgL ePsf] /x]5 . lghsf] kmlg{r/
Jofkf/ klg /x]5 . pQm kmlg{r/ Jofkf/df ;f] aif{ ?=# nfv gf]S;fgL ePsf]
/x]5 . pQm gf]S;fgL cGoq st} klg sf x'g ;s]sf] /x]g5 . lghsf] pQm
kmlg{r/ Jofkf/jf6 cf=j= @)^$^% df ?= @ nfv gf]S;fg ePsf] /x]5 . lghn]
cfkm\gf] gfddf /x]sf] lghL hUuf -u}/ Aofa;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ_ ;f] cf=a=df
?= ^) nfvdf ljqmL u/]sf /x]5g\ . pQm hUuf lghn] rf/ aif{ c3L ?= @)
nfvdf vl/b u/]sf /x]5g\ . o; cj:yfdf ;DklQsf] nfesf] u0fgf lgDgfg';f/
ug'{ kb{5 .
z]o/ sf/f]af/df gf]S;fgL
?= @ nfv
kmlg{r/ Jofkf/ df
cf= j=)^%^^ sf] gf]S;fgL
?= # nfv
ut jif{ -cf= j=)^$^%_ sf] af+sL
gf]S;fgL
?= @ nfv
s'n sf x'g afFsL gf]S;fgL
?= & nfv
;DklQ lg;u{jf6 ePsf] v'b nfesf] u0fgfM
laa/0f
!= hUuf ljqmL -u}/ Joj;flos ;DklQsf] lg;u{_
36fpg]M
@= hUufsf] nfut d"No
#= nfe -! - @_
36fpg]M
$= u}/ Joj;flos ;DklQ lg;u{df of] jif{ ePsf] gf]S;fgL
%= u}/ Joj;flos ;DklQ lg;u{df ljutdf ePsf] gf]S;fgL
^= ;f]xL cfo jif{df cGo Joj;fodf ePsf] gf]S;fgL
&= ljut cfo jif{df cGo Joj;fodf ePsf] gf]S;fgL
^= Joj;flos ;DklQ lg;u{df ljutdf ePsf] gf]S;fgL
&= cjlw gf3]sf sf/0f sL x'g gkfPsf] afsL gf]S;fgL
v'b nfe -# - $ - %- ^_

/sd
^) nfv
@) nfv
$) nfv
@ nfv
)
# nfv
@ nfv
)
)
## nfv

nufgLdf k|of]u ePsf] u}/ Joj;flos s/ nfUg] ;DklQ jfktsf] v'b nfe bkmf
(-@_-v_ adf]lhd nufgLsf] cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;dfj]z x'g] /sddf u0fgf
ul/G5 .
#^-#_
ljb]zL ;|f]tsf] ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{af6 x'g uPsf] gf]S;fgLsf
;DaGwdf s'g} JolQmn] pkbkmf -!_ jf -@_ adf]lhd sL ug]{ bfaL s'g}
ljb]zL ;|f]tsf] ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt nfesf] xb;Dd dfq ug{
;Sg]5 .
s'g} AolQmsf] ljb]zL ;|f]tsf] Aofa;flos ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{af6 x'g uPsf]
gf]S;fgL ;f]xL ljb]zL ;|f]tsf] Aofa;flos ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt
nfe jf nufgLsf] s/ nfUg] u}/ Joj;flos ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt nfeaf6
dfq sL ug]{ bfaL ug{ ;Sg]5 . h:t}, s'g} AolQmsf] ef/tsf] Aofa;flos
;DklQsf] lg;u{df gf]S;fgL ePsf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] gf]S;fgL ef/tsf] Aofa;flos
;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt nfe jf ef/tsf] nufgLsf] s/ nfUg] u}/
458

Joj;flos ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt nfeaf6 dfq sL bfaL ug{ ;Sg]5 . To:t},
s'g} AolQmsf] ljb]zL ;|f]tsf] nufgLsf] s/ nfUg] u}/ Joj;flos ;DklQsf]
lg;u{af6 x'g uPsf] gf]S;fgL ;f]xL ljb]zL ;|f]tsf] nufgLsf] s/ nfUg] u}/
Joj;flos ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt nfeaf6 dfq sL bfaL ug{ ;Sg]5 . h:t},
s'g} AolQmsf] ef/tsf] nufgLsf] s/ nfUg] u}/ Joj;flos ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6
gf]S;fgL ePsf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] gf]S;fgL ef/tsf] nufgLsf] s/ nfUg] u}/
Joj;flos ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt nfeaf6 dfq sL bfaL ug{ ;Sg]5 . pQm
Aoa:yf v'nfpg] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f @@=#=#M dfgf}+, ;'n]dfg Ps afl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQm x'g . lghnfO{ cf=j=
@)^%^^ df ef/tdf /x]sf] z]o/ laqmLaf6 ?= % nfv gf]S;fgL ePsf] /x]5 .
lghsf] g]kfnsf] Joj;foaf6 ;f] cf=j= df ?= @ nfv gf]S;fgL ePsf] /x]5 .
lghsf] ef/tdf kmlg{r/ pBf]u klg /x]5 . pQm kmlg{r/ pBf]udf ;f] aif{ ?= #
nfv gf]S;fgL ePsf] /x]5 . lghsf] ;f] pBf]un] ef/tdf k|of]u ul/cfPsf] hUuf Aofa;flos ;DklQ_ cf=a= @)^$.^% df laqmL ubf{ ?= @) nfv gf]S;fgL ePsf]
/x]5 . pQm gf]S;fgL ut cf=a=df ;dfof]hg x'g ;s]sf] /x]g5 . o; cf=a= df
lghn] ;f]xL pBf]usf] ef/t l:yt csf]{ hUuf ?= ^) nfvdf ljqmL u/]sf /x]5g\ .
pQm hUuf lghn] rf/ aif{ cl3 ?= @) nfvdf vl/b u/]sf /x]5g\ eg] To;
cj:yfdf ef/tdf /x]sf] Aofa;flos ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 ePsf] nfesf] u0fgf
lgDgfg';f/ ug'{ kb{5 .
ef/tsf] z]o/sf] lg;u{df gf]S;fgL
?= % nfv
ef/tsf] kmlg{r/ pBf]usf] gf]S;fgL
?= # nfv
g]kfnsf] Joj;fosf] gf]S;fgL
?= @ nfv
ut jif{sf] ef/tdf /x]sf] Aoa;flos ;DklQsf]
?= @) nfv
lg;u{sf] ;dfof]hg x'g afFsL gf]S;fgL
Aoa;flos ;DklQ lg;u{jf6 ePsf] v'b nfesf] u0fgfM
laa/0f
/sd
!= ef/tdf /x]sf] hUuf ljqmL -Joj;flos ;DklQsf] lg;u{_ ^) nfv
36fpg]M
@= hUufsf] nfut d"No
@) nfv
#= nfe -! - @_
$) nfv
36fpg]M
$= ef/tsf] kmlg{r/ pBf]udf ePsf] gf]S;fgL
# nfv
%= ut aif{sf] ef/tdf /x]sf] Joj;flos ;DklQsf]
@) nfv
lg;u{af6 gf]S;fgL
^= ef/tdf /x]sf] z]o/sf] lg;u{df ePsf] gf]S;fgL
% nfv
&= g]kfn ;|f]t /x]sf] Joj;fosf] gf]S;fgL
@ nfv
!) nfv
v'b nfe {# - ($+ %+ ^+ &_}
#^-$_
s'g} JolQmn] pkbkmf -!_ jf -@_ adf]lhd PseGbf a9L u0fgfdf
Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 x'g uPsf] v"b gf]S;fgL pkbkmf -!_ jf -@_ adf]lhd
sL ug{ ;Sg] ePdf lghn] ;f] gf]S;fgL jf gf]S;fgLsf] c+z sL ug]{
459

@@=$

k|of]hgsf] nflu u0fgfx?sf] 5gf}6 ug{ ;Sg]5 .

:ki6Ls/0f M o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu,
-!_ v"b gf]S;fgL eGgfn],
-s_ s'g} Joj;fosf] ;DaGwdf s'g} cfo jif{df ;f] Joj;fosf]
Joj;flos ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{af6 x'g uPsf] gf]S;fgL
;f] jif{df ;f] Joj;fosf] Joj;flos ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf]
lg;u{af6 k|fKt nfeeGbf a9L eP hltsf] /sd ;Demg' k5{ ,/
-v_ s'g} nufgLsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} cfo jif{df ;f] nufgLsf] s/of]Uo
u}/ Joj;flos ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 x'g uPsf] gf]S;fgL ;f] jif{df
;f] nufgLsf] s/of]Uo u}/ Joj;flos ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt
nfeeGbf a9L eP hltsf] /sd ;Demg' k5{ .
-@_ sL x'g g;s]sf] v"b gf]S;fgL eGgfn] s'g} Joj;fo jf nufgLsf],
-s_ s'g} cfo jif{df ;f] Joj;fo jf nufgLsf] ;f] jif{df ePsf] v"b
gf]S;fgL dWo] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -v_ jf -u_ jf pkbkmf -@_
sf] v08 -v_ jf -u_ adf]lhd sL x'g gkfPsf] gf]S;fgL, /
-v_ bkmf @) sf] pkbkmf -!_ jf -@_ sf] ;do ;Ldfsf] sf/0fn] vr{
ldGxf kfpg g;lsg] ;f] Joj;fo jf nufgLsf] ;f] bkmf sf]
pkbkmf -&_ adf]lhdsf] s'g} sL x'g g;s]sf] gf]S;fgL ;Demg'
k5{ .
ljb]zL >f]tsf] ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] lg;u{jf6 x'g uPsf] gf]S;fgL, s'g} ljb]zL
>f]tsf] ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] lg;u{jf6 k|fKt nfesf] xb;Dd dfq bfjL ug{
kfpb5g . g]kfn >f]t ePsf] ;DklQsf] lg;u{jf6 ePsf] nfejf6 ldnfg ug{ eg]
kfO{b}g . pQm Aoa:yf v'nfpg] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f @@=#=$M dfgf}+, s'g} AolQmsf] cfosf] cj:yf lgDgfg';f/sf] /x]5M
!= Aoa;flos ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 ?= %),))) nfe /x]5,
@= ljut jif{df Aoa;flos ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 ?= #),))) gf]S;fgL /x]5
#= lab]zL >f]tsf] ;DklQaf6 ?= !),))) gf]S;fgL /x]5
;f] AolQmn] dfly pNn]lvt Aofa;flos ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 ePsf] nfe ?=
%),))) af6 ljut jif{df Aofa;flos ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 ePsf] gf]S;fgL ?=
#),))) nfO{ sL ug{ ;Sg]5 t/ lab]zL >f]tsf] ;DklQaf6 ePsf] gf]S;fgL ?=
!),))) nfO{ eg] g]kfn >f]t ePsf] ;DklQsf] lg;u{jf6 ePsf] nfejf6 sL
ug{ ;Sg] 5}g . cyf{t, ljb]zL >f]tsf] ;DklQbfloTj / nfe gf]S;fgLsf] u0fgf
ubf{ ljb]zL d'n's lkR5] 5'f5'} >f]tsf] -Per country basis_ 5'f5'} u0fgf ug'{
kg]{5 .
;DklQ tyf bfloTjaf6 ePsf] nfe / gf]S;fgL
P]gsf] bkmf #& df ;DklQ tyf bfloTjaf6 k|fKt nfe / gf]S;fgLsf] u0fgf
;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5M
#&-!_
s'g} ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{af6 x'g uPsf] s'g} JolQmsf] nfe
lg;u{sf] ;dodf ;f] ;DklQ jf bfloTj afktsf] vr{x?sf] -cfp6 uf]O;_
460

of]ueGbf ;f] ;DklQ jf bfloTj afkt k|fKt cfDbfgLsf] of]u a9L eP hltsf]
/sd dfgL u0fgf ug'{ kg]{5 .
#&-@_
s'g} ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{af6 x'g uPsf] s'g} JolQmsf] gf]S;fgL
lg;u{sf] ;dodf ;f] ;DklQ jf bfloTjafkt k|fKt cfDbfgLx?sf] of]ueGbf
;f] ;DklQ jf bfloTj afktsf] vr{sf] -cfp6 uf]O;_ of]u a9L eP hltsf]
/sd dfgL u0fgf ug'{ kg]{5 .
s'g} ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{sf] ;dodf ;f] ;DklQ jf bfloTj afktsf] vr{x?
(Outgoings) sf] of]ueGbf ;f] ;DklQ jf bfloTj afkt k|fKt cfDbfgL] (Incomings)
sf] of]u a9L ePsf] v08df a9L ePhltsf] /sd nfe x'G5 eg] 36L ePdf 36L
ePhltsf] /sd gf]S;fgL x'G5 . pQm Aoa:yf v'nfpg] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f @@=$=!M dfgf}+, s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmn] ! jif{ cufl8 jgfPsf] 3/ laqmL
u/]sf] /x]5 . laqmL x'+bfsf jvt;Dd hUuf vl/b u/L Tof] 3/ jgfpgsf] nflu ?
!,@),)),))) vr{ ePsf] /x]5 . laqmLsf] ;dodf laqmL ug{sf] nfuL @),)))
vr{ ePsf] /x]5 eg] lg;u{sf] ;dodf Tof] 3/ jfkt ?= !,@),@),))) vr{
(Out-goings) dflgG5 .
laqmLjf6 ?= !,@%,)),))) k|fKt (Incomings) eP5 eg], ;f] ;DklQsf] vr{
(Outgoings) ?= !,@),@),))) eO{ ?= $,*),))) nfe x'G5 .
laqmLjf6 ?= !,!(,)),))) k|fKt (Incomings) eP5 eg], ;f] ;DklQsf] vr{
(Outgoings) ?= !,@),@),))) eO{ ?= !,@),))) gf]S;fg x'G5 .
@@=%=

;DklQ / bfloTjx? afktsf] vr{ tyf v'b vr{

P]gsf] bkmf #* df ;DklQ tyf bfloTjaf6 k|fKt vr{ tyf v'b vr{sf] u0fgf
;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5M
#*-!_
o; P]gsf] cwLgdf /xL s'g} JolQmsf] ;DklQ jf bfloTj afktsf]
vr{x?df b]xfosf vr{x? ;dfj]z x'g]5g\ M
-s_ s'g} ;DklQsf] ;DaGwdf b]xfosf /sdx? nufot ;f] ;DklQ k|fKt ubf{
;f] JolQmaf6 ul/Psf vr{x? M
-!_ ;f] ;DklQsf] lgdf{0f jf pTkfbg ubf{ nfu]sf] ;DalGwt vr{, /
-@_ ;f] ;DklQ k|fKt ePsf] sf/0fn] ;f] JolQmsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{
;dfj]z ul/g' kg]{ s'g} /sd .
-v_ ;f] ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] kl/jt{g, ;'wf/ / dd{t ;+ef/ ubf{ nfu]sf]
vr{ nufot ;f] ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] :jfldTj lnbf lghaf6 ul/Psf]
vr{, / ;DklQsf] ;DaGwdf ;f] ;DklQsf] dd{t ;+ef/ ubf{ nfu]sf]
vr{,
-u_ ;f] ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{ ubf{ lghaf6 ul/Psf] vr{, /
-3_ ;f] ;DklQ k|fKt ubf{ jf bfloTj axg ubf{ / To:tf] ;DklQ jf bfloTj
lg;u{ ubf{ lghaf6 ul/Psf cfsl:ds vr{x? .
461

t/ o:tf] vr{df bkmf @! sf] pkbkmf -!_sf] v08 -s_, -v_, -u_, -3_
/ -_ adf]lhdsf vr{x? / cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ sL ug{ ;lsg] xb
;Ddsf vr{x? ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{ 5}g .
;DklQ tyf bfloTj jfktsf] vr{ (Outgoings) df ;DklQsf] lgdf{0f jf pTkfbg
ubf{ nfu]sf] vr{, ;DklQ k|fKt ubf{ jf bfloTj axg ubf{ nfu]sf] vr{, ;f] ;DklQ
jf bfloTjsf] kl/jt{g, ;'wf/ / dd{t ;+ef/ ubf{ nfu]sf] vr{ nufot ;DklQ jf
bfloTjsf] lg;u{ ubf{ nfu]sf] vr{ ;dfj]z u/L vr{ (Outgoings) Plsg ug'{ k5{ .
t/ Joj;fosf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ sL x'g] /sdx? Pj+ lghL k|s[ltsf tyf ;f]
;DklQ jf bfloTj;+u c;DalGwt vr{x? eg] ;f] ;DklQ tyf bfloTj jfktsf] vr{
(Outgoings) df ;dfa]; x'g] 5}gg\ . ;DklQ tyf bfloTj jfktsf] vr{
(Outgoings) df cfo lgwf{/0f x'bf sL x'g] /sdx? afx]ssf lgDg /sd ;dfj]z
x'G5g\M
s= ;f] ;DklQ jf bfloTj k|fKt ubf{ ltl/Psf /sd (Amount paid at inception)
v= ;f] ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] :jfldTj wf/0f ubf{ ltl/Psf /sd (Amount paid
during holding period)

u= ;f] ;DklQ jf bfloTj lg;u{ ubf{ ltl/Psf /sd (Amount paid at disposal)
3= ;f] ;DklQ jf bfloTj k|fKtLsf sf/0fn] ltg'{ k/]sf] /sd (Amount on which tax
paid due to receipt of asset or liability)

;DklQ tyf bfloTj jfktsf] vr{ (Outgoings) cj:yf v'nfpg] pbfx/0f tn

k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f @@=%=!M dfgf}+, uf]kfn ;fksf]]6fn] cf=a= @)^).^! df ?= $) nfvdf
hUuf v/Lb u/]sf /x]5g\ . pQm hUuf v/Lb ubf{ lghn] bnfnnfO{ ?=@ nfv
sld;g lbPsf /x]5g\ . pQm hUufsf] lnvt Pj+ /lhi6zg afkt ?=! nfv &%
xhf/ vr{ ePsf] /x]5 . lghn] ;f] hUufdf sDkfp08 jfn nufp+bf ?= # nfv
vr{ u/]sf /x]5g\ . lghn] ;f] hUuf vl/b ug{ a}+saf6 shf{ lnPsf /x]5g\ . cf=a=
@)^^.^& df lghn] ;f] hUuf ?= ! s/f]8df laqmL u/]sf /x]5g\ . ;f] ldlt;Dd
Aofh ?= & nfv e'Qmfg u/]sf /x]5g\ . lghn] hUuf lalqm ubf{ bnfnnfO{ ?= #
nfv sld;g lbPsf /x]5g\ . lghn] hUuf lsg]sf] v'l;ofnLdf ;f]xL hUufdf ?=
%) xhf/ vr{ u/L cfkm\gf lxt}ifLnfO{ ef]h v'jfPsf /x]5g\ .
o; cj:yfdf pQm hUufafktsf] vr{ (Outgoings) sf] u0fgf lgDgfg';f/ ul/G5M
hUufsf] v/Lb d"No
$) nfv
hUuf v/Lbdf bnfn sld;g
@ nfv
!=&% nfv
lnvt Pj+ /lhi6zg
sDkfp08 jfn
# nfv
Aofh vr{
& nfv
ef]h vr{
gkfpg]
hUuf lalqmdf bnfn sld;g
# nfv
hUufsf] nfut (outgoing)
%^=&% nfv
o;/L pQm ;DklQsf] lg;u{jf6 k|fKt nfe u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] lgldQ ?= %^
nfv &% xhf/ ;f] hUufafktsf] vr{ (Outgoings) dflgG5 .
462

;DklQ k|fKt ubf{ nfut ltg{ gk/]sf] cj:yfdf cfo dflgPsf] /sd jf
;DklQdf ePsf] j[l4sf sf/0f ;f] JolQmn] s/ ltg'{ k/]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]
;DklQ jf j[l4 jfkt s/ n]vf+sgdf ;dfj]z ePsf] /sdnfO{ ;f] ;DklQ
jfktsf] vr{ (Outgoings) dflgG5 . pQm cj:yf v'nfpg] pbfx/0f tn
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f @@=%=@M dfgf}+, s'g} ljb]zL ;/sf/n] Michel eGg] ;f] b]zsf] gful/snfO{
g]kfn l:yt ;f] b]zsf] PDj]l;df /f]huf/L lbPsf] /x]5 . ;f] ljb]zL ;/sf/n]
lghnfO{ tnjdf gubsf] cnfjf ;f] ljb]zL ;/sf/f/f lgisfzg ul/Psf s]xL
Bonds ;d]t lbPsf] /x]5 . tL Bonds sf] tTsflng jhf/ d"No dfgf+} ?= ! nfv
/x]5 . lghsf] xsdf tnjsf] :j?kdf k|fKt u/]sf] gub / Bonds, P]gsf] bkmf
!) cg';f/ s/ 5'6 x'g] /sd xf] . dfgf}+, csf]{ aif{ lghn] pQm Bonds ?
!,)%,))) df g]kfndf ljqmL u/]sf] /x]5 . o; cj:yfdf ;f] ;DklQ lg;u{af6
x'g] nfe u0fgf ubf{ vr{ ?= !,)),))) tyf cfDbfgL ?= !,)%,))) dfgL u0fgf
ug'{ kb{5 .
#*-@_
s'g} vf; ;dodf s'g} ;DklQ jf bfloTj afktsf v"b vr{x? ;f]
;dodf ;f] ;DklQ jf bfloTj afktsf ;a} cfDbfgLx?sf] of]ueGbf ;f]
;DklQ jf bfloTj afktsf] ;a} vr{x?sf] of]u a9L eP hltsf] /sdx?
dfgL u0fgf ug'{ kg]{5 .
#*-#_
kl/R5]b^ / & df plNnlvt cfo u0fgf ubf{ sL ul/g] vr{ /sdnfO{
s'g} ;DklQ jf bfloTj afktsf] vr{ /sdsf] ;Gbe{df eP ;/x dfgL
pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf vr{x?sf ;DaGwdf nfu" x'g] 5g\ .
t/ plNnlvt Joj:yfsf] ;DaGwdf bkmf @^ nfu" x'g] 5}g .
;DklQ tyf bfloTj jfktsf] vr{ (Outgoings) df ;DklQsf] lgdf{0f jf pTkfbg
ubf{ nfu]sf] vr{, ;DklQ k|fKt ubf{ jf bfloTj axg ubf{ nfu]sf] vr{, ;f] ;DklQ
jf bfloTjsf] kl/jt{g, ;'wf/ / dd{t ;+ef/ ubf{ nfu]sf] vr{ nufot ;DklQ jf
bfloTjsf] lg;u{ ubf{ nfu]sf] vr{ ;dfj]z u/L vr{ (Outgoings) Plsg ug'{ k5{ .
t/ Joj;fosf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ sL x'g] /sdx? eg] o;sf] vr{sf] nflu u|fx\o
x'b}g . s'g} Joj;flos ;DklQsf] lg;u{sf] ;do;Dddf ePsf] hDdf vr{df ;f]
;do;Ddsf] cfDbfgL 36fpbf cfpg] /sd ;f] ;DklQ jfktsf] v'b vr{ (Net
Outgoings) xf] . ;DklQ jfktsf v'b vr{ u0fgf ubf{ bkmf @^ adf]lhd u0fgf
ePsf] bL3{sflng s/f/ jfkt lng afsL /x]sf] /sdnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/b}g . s'g}
klg ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{jf6 x'g] nfe jf gf]S;fgL ;DjGwL bkmf #& n]
JofVof u/] cg';f/ pQm ;DklQsf] lg;u{ x'bfsf] cj:yfdf ;DklQsf] vr{ s;/L
olsg ug]{ eGg] ;DjGwdf o; bkmfn] JofVof u/]sf] 5 .
s'g} JolQmn] gubsf] abnf lhG;Ldf cfo k|fKt u/]sf /x]5g\ eg] o;/L lhG;Ldf
k|fKt u/]sf] ;DklQnfO{ d"Nofg u/L cfodf ;dfj]z ul/G5 . o;/L d"Nofg
ePsf] pQm ;DklQsf] d"NonfO{ ;f] ;DklQ afktsf] vr{ (Outgoing) dflgG5 . pQm
cj:yf v'nfpg] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

463

pbfx/0f @@=%=#M dfgf}+, uf]k]z P08 sDkgL k|f=ln= n] hUuf vl/b ubf{ ?=$)
nfv lt/]sf] /x]5 . csf]{ jif{df ;f] hUufnfO{ ;DofP jfktsf] vr{ ?= ! nfv
/x]5 . t]>f] jif{df ;fFw gldn]sf] s]xL efu ;Flwof/nfO{ ldnfpg lbP jfkt ?=@
nfv k|fKt u/]sf] /x]5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;f] hUuf jfktsf] v'b vr{ (Net
Outgoings) lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ul/G5M
klxnf] jif{ hUuf jfktsf] vr{ (Outgoings) M?= $) nfv
bf]>f] jif{ hUuf jfktsf] vr{ (Outgoings) M?= $! Nffv
t]>f] jif{ hUuf jfktsf] vr{ (Outgoings) M?= #( nfv
n]vf+sg k|of]hgsf nflu ;DklQ jfktsf] vr{ (Outgoings) g} s/ cfwf/ (Tax
Base) x'G5 .
@@=^

;DklQ tyf bfloTj afktsf cfDbfgL / v"b cfDbfgL

P]gsf] bkmf #( df ;DklQ tyf bfloTj afktsf cfDbfgL / v"b cfDbfgLsf] u0fgf
;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5M
#(-!_
o; P]gsf] cwLgdf /xL s'g} JolQmsf] ;DklQ jf bfloTj afktsf
cfDbfgLx?df b]xfosf /sdx? ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{5 M
-s_ lghn] bfloTjsf] ;DaGwdf bfloTj jxg ubf{ k|fKt u/]sf /sdx?,
-v_ ;DklQsf] d"No kl/jt{g jf Go"g u/L jf bfloTj a[l4 u/L k|fKt
ul/Psf /sdx? nufot ;DklQ k|fKt ubf{ jf bfloTj jxg ug]{
;DaGwdf lghaf6 k|fKt ul/g] /sdx?, /
-u_ ;f] ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{ ;DaGwdf lghn] k|fKt u/]sf] jf k|fKt
ug{] /sdx? .
t/ o:tf] cfDbfgLdf s/ 5"6 kfPsf] /sd, clGtd ?kdf sL x'g] e'QmfgL jf
;f] JolQmsf] cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ cfodf ;dfj]z ul/g] /sdx? ;dfj]z x'g]
5}gg\ .
#(-@_
s'g} vf; ;dodf s'g} ;DklQ jf bfloTj afktsf v"b cfDbfgLx?df
;f] ;dodf ;f] ;DklQ jf bfloTj afktsf vr{x?sf] of]ueGbf ;f] ;DklQ jf
bfloTj afktsf cfDbfgLx? a9L eP hltsf] /sdx? ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
#(-#_
kl/R5]b^ / & df plNnlvt ljifosf ;DjGwdf cfo u0fgf ubf{
cfodf ;dfj]z ul/g] /sdnfO{ s'g} ;DklQ jf bfloTj afktsf] cfDbfgL
/sdsf] ;Gbe{df eP ;/x dfgL pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ug'{ kg]{5 .
t/ plNnlvt Joj:yfsf] ;DaGwdf bkmf @^ nfu" x'g] 5}g .
of] bkmf ljz]ifu/L ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{jf6 k|fKt x'g] cfDbfgL (Incoming)
;+u ;DjlGwt 5 . P]gsf] clwgdf /xL s'g} JolQmsf] ;DklQ jfktsf] cfDbfgL
(Incoming) eGgfn] ;f] ;DklQ lg;u{ ubf{ lghn] k|fKt u/]sf] jf k|fKt ug]{ /sdx?
;Demg' kb{5 . Pj+, bfloTjsf] ;DjGwdf bfloTj jxg ubf{ k|fKt u/]sf] /sdx?
cfDbfgL x'g\ . ;DklQsf] d"No kl/jt{g jf Go"g u/L jf bfloTj j[l u/L k|fKt
464

ul/Psf /sdx? nufot ;DklQ k|fKt ubf{ jf bfloTj jxg ubf{ lghjf6 k|fKt
ul/g] /sdx? klg cfDbfgLdf ;dfj]z x'G5g . t/ o:tf] cfDbfgL bkmf !) cg';f/
s/ 5'6 kfPsf] /sd, bkmf (@ cg';f/ clGtd ?kdf sL x'g] e"QmfgL / ;f]
JolQmsf] cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ cfodf ;dfj]z ul/g] /sdx? ;dfj]z ul/b}g . Pj+
k|sf/ /sdx?sf] kl/df0fLs/0f, rfl/qLs/0f tyf afF8kmfF8 ;DjGwL Joj:yf
cg';f/ obL To:tf] cj:yf ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] sf/0fn] ;[hgf ePsf] xf] eg]
cfDbfgL (Incomings) u0fgf eP ;/x dfgL o;} bkmfsf] pkbkmf -!_ cg';f/ ug'{
kb{5 . ;f/f+zdf ;DklQ tyf bfloTj jfktsf] cfDbfgL (Incomings) df cfo u0fgf
ubf{ ;dfj]z x'g] /sdx? afx]ssf lgDg /sd ;dfj]z x'G5g\M
s= ;f] ;DklQ jf bfloTj k|fKt ubf{ k|fKt /sd (Amount receipt at inception)
v= ;f] ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] :jfldTj jf ef/sf] wf/0f cjlwdf k|fKt /sd
(Amount receipt during holding period)

@@=&

u= ;f] ;DklQ jf bfloTj lg;u{ ubf{ k|fKt /sd (Amount received at disposal)
;DklQ tyf bfloTj jfktsf] cfDbfgLdf ;DklQ k|fKt ubf{ jf bfloTj jxg ug]{
;DaGwdf k|fKt ul/g] /sdx? nufot ;f] ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{jf6 k|fKt
u/]sf] jf k|fKt ug{] /sdx? ;dfj]z u/L cfDbfgL Plsg ug'{ k5{ . t/ Joj;fosf]
cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z x'g] /sdx? eg] o:tf] cfDbfgLdf ;dfa]z ug'{ kb}{g .
;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{
P]gsf] bkmf $) df ;DklQ tyf bfloTjsf] lg;u{sf] cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf
lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5
$)-!_ s'g} JolQmsf] s'g} ;DklQaf6 :jfldTj x6]df lghn] ;f] ;DklQsf]
lg;u{ u/]sf] dflgg]5 . ;DklQsf] lg;u{df ;f] ;DklQsf] :jfldTj ePsf]
JolQmjf6 ;f] ;DklQsf] ljt/0f ul/g' ;f] ;DklQ cGo ;DklQ jf bfloTjdf
ufleg', ls:tfaGbL ljqmLsf] dfWodaf6 ljqmL ug'{ jf ljQLo kf cGtu{t
s'g} csf]{ JolQmnfO{ kfdf lbOg', /4 ul/g', ljgf; x'g', x/fpg', Dofb ;lsg'
jf ;dk{0f ul/g' h:tf sfo{ ;d]t ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
s'g} JolQmsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] ;DklQ csf]{ JolQmnfO{ :jfldTj x:tfGt/0f u/]df
jf :jfldTj cfkm'jf6 x6]df To;nfO{ lg;u{ dflgG5 . lg;u{ eGg] zJb s]jn
:jfldTjsf] x:tfGt/0f dfq} geO{ o; zJbn] :jfldTjdf ePsf] JolQmn] ljt/0f
ug'{, cGo ;DklQ jf bfloTjdf ufleg' (Acquisition, Merger or Amalgamation) jf
ls:tfjGbLdf ljqmL (Installment Sale), ljlQo kfdf lbg' (Finance Lease),
;DklQ / (Cancellation), ljgfz x'g' (Extingishment), x/fpg', Dofb l;lg' jf
;dk{0f (Surrendered) h:tf :jfldTjaf6 x6\g] sfo{nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . Disposal sf]
cj:yf v'nfpg] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f @@=&=!M dfgf}+, d]l8sf] g]kfn k|f= ln= Pp6f cf}ifwL pTkfbg ug]{ sDkgL
/x]5 . pQm sDkgLnfO{ Global Lab Nepal Limited gfdsf] csf]{ cf}ifwL pTkfbg
ug]{ sDkgLn] @)^%.!).! sf] ldlt b]lv nfu' u/L Takeover (acquisition) u/]sf]]
/x]5 . o;/L Acquisition u/]sf] cj:yfdf d]l8sf] g]kfn k|f= ln=n] cfkm\gf] ;DklQ
/ bfloTj lg;u{ u/]sf] dflgG5 .
465

$)-@_ s'g} JolQm s'g} bfloTjsf] ef/af6 x6]df lghn] ;f] bfloTjsf] lg;u{
u/]sf] dflgg]5 . bfloTjsf] lg;u{df bfloTj km5of}{6, /4, d'Qm, ;dfkg x'g'
jf csf]{ bfloTj jf ;DklQdf ufleg' h:tf sfo{ ;d]t ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
pkbkmf -!_ df ;DklQsf] jf/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 eg] o; bkmfdf bfloTjsf]
lg;u{sf] jf/]df JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . s'g} klg JolQmsf] bfloTj lghjf6 x6]df
lghn] ;f] bfloTj lg;u{ u/]sf] dflgG5 . bfloTjsf] lg;u{df bfloTjsf] km5\of}6
(Settlement of Credit/Liabilities) bfloTj / (cancelled), d"Qm (forgive), ;dfkg
x'g' jf bfloTj jf ;DklQdf ufleg' (Acquisition, Merger or Amalgamation) h:tf
sfo{ kb{5g\ . sDkgL cGo sDkgLdf ufleO{ (Acquisition) jf s'g} b'O{ jf ;f] eGbf
a9L sDkgL Ps cfk;df ufleO (Merger) ;DklQ tyf bfloTjsf] lg;u{ x'g
;Sb5 .
$)-#_ pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} JolQmn]
s'g} ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] b]xfosf cj:yfx?df lg;u{ u/]sf] dflgg]5 M
-s_ k|fs[lts JolQmsf] ;DaGwdf ;f] JolQmsf] d[To'sf] tTsfn cl3,
s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] cfkm\gf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] ;DklQ lghsf] d[To" ePdf d[To"sf]
tTsfn cl3 lg;u{ ePsf] dflgg]5 . o; k|sf/sf] lg;u{sf] cfDbfgL (Incomings)
af6 x'g] nfenfO{ s/ u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] lgldQ dfq geO{ k|fkssf] nflu vr{
(Outgoings) olsg ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu cfaZos x'G5 . pQm cj:yf v'nfpg]
pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f @@=&=@M dfgf}+, dx]Gb| dNnsf] g]kfnu~hdf ldlt @)^$.#.!% df ?=!
s/f]8 d"Nodf vl/b u/]sf] 3/ hUuf /x]5 . @)^^.%.^ df lghsf] d[To" eP5 . ;f]
;dodf pQm 3/ hUufsf] d"No ?=! s/f]8 @) nfv /x]5 . dx]Gb| dNnsf] d[To"sf]
tTsfn cl3 cyf{t @)^^.%.^ df lghsf] ;DklQ ?= ! s/f]8 @) nfvdf lg;u{
ePsf] dflgg]5 .
-v_ s'g} ;DklQsf] ;DaGwdf ;f] ;DklQ afktsf cfDbfgLx?sf] of]u ;f]
;DklQ afktsf vr{x?sf] of]ueGbf a9L ePdf,
cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu x|f; of]Uo ;DklQ ;d'xsf] cfwf/df n]vfg ul/g] / ;f]
;d'xsf] s'g} ;DklQ lg;u{ ubf{ k|fKt x'g] /sd -cfDbfgL_ ;f] ;d'xsf] x|f; cfwf/
-cyf{t vr{_ eGbf a9L ePsf] cj:yfdf a9L eP hlt /sd P]gsf] bkmf & sf]
pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -3_ adf]lhd cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ k5{ / To:tf] ;DklQsf]
;d'xsf] afFsL d"No z'Go x'G5 / ;f] ;DklQ lg;u{ ePsf] dflgG5 . pQm cj:yf
v'nfpg] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

466

pbfx/0f @@=&=#M dfgf}+, ;u]{z P08 sDkgL k|f= ln=sf] cf=a= @)^%.^^ sf] ;'?df
;d'x v cGtu{tsf] lgDgfg';f/sf ;DklQ /x]5 .
lstfjL d"No
!= kmlg{r/
%),)))
@= sDKo"6/
!)),)))
hDdf x|f; cfwf/
!%),)))
pQm ;d'xsf] x|f; cfwf/ ?= !,%),))) g} /x]5 .
cf=a= @)^%.^^ df pQm sDkgLn] ;f] ;d'xdf yk s'g} ;DklQ vl/b u/]sf]
/x]g5 . t/ sDklgn] ;f] aif{ kmlg{r/ ?= @ nfvdf ljqmL u/]sf] /x]5 . o;
cj:yfdf ;f] ;d'xsf] x|f; cfwf/ cyf{t ?= ! nfv %) xhf/ lg;u{sf]
k|of]hgsf] lgldQ vr{ (Outgoings) x'g] x'G5 / k|fKt /sd cyf{t ?= @ nfv
cfDbfgL (Incomings) x'G5 . o; cj:yfdf pQm v ju{df kg]{ sDKo"6/ ljqmL
gePsf] ePtf klg ;f] ;d'xsf] vr{ -x|f; cfwf/_ eGbf lg;u{af6 k|fKt /sd
(Incomings) j9L ePsf] x'+bf a9L eP hlt /sd cyf{t ?= %) xhf/nfO{ P]gsf]
bkmf & sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -3_ adf]lhd cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ k5{ / To:tf]
;DklQsf] ;d'xsf] afFsL d"No z'Go x'G5 / ;f] ;DklQ -;d'x_ lg;u{ ePsf]
dflgG5 . olb pQm kmlg{r/ lalqm ubf{ ?= ! nfv %) xhf/ eGbf sd /sd
k|fKt u/]sf] eP afFsL /xg] d"Non] pQm ;d'x v sf] k|ltlglwTj ub{Yof] .
-u_ C0f bfaL ePsf] ;DklQsf] ;DaGwdf,
-!_ a}+s jf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f bfaLsf] ;DaGwdf tf]lsP adf]lhdsf
dfkb08 cg';f/ v/fa C0f x'g k'u]sf]df, /
cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod ( df 8'a]sf] jf v/fa C0fdf kl/0ft x'g]
dfkb08 lgDgfg';f/ tf]lsPsf] 5M P]gsf] bkmf @% sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -s_ /

bkmf $) sf] pkbkmf -#_ sf] v08 -u_ sf] pkv08 -!_ sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu a}+s
jf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f 8'a]sf] jf v/fa C0fdf kl/0ft x'g] ;DaGwdf g]kfn /fi6
a}+sn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dfkb08 cg';f/ x'g]5 .

j}s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf] xsdf C0f bfaL c;"n pk/ gx'g] cj:yf g]kfn /fi6
j}sjf6 lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dfkb08 cg';f/ /xg]5 eGg] Joj:yf cfos/ lgodfjnLsf]
lgod ( df Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o; ;DaGwL pbfx/0f ;lxt AofVof kl/R5]b !(
df ul/Psf] 5 .
-@_ cGo s'g} cj:yfdf ;f] JolQmn] C0f bfaL c;"npk/ gx'g] egL dgfl;a
?kdf ljZjf; u/]sf]df .
t/ ;f] C0f bfaL c;"npk/ ug{ ;f] JolQmn] ;a} pko'Qm pkfox? cjnDag
u/L ;s]sf] x'g kg]{5 .
cGo C0f bfjLsf xsdf c;'n pk/ gx'g] egL ljZj:t ePdf klg lg;u{ ePsf]
dflgG5 . t/ C0f c;'n pk/ gx'g] ;DjGwdf lghn] C0f c;'n ug{sf nflu
cfjZos pko"Qm pkfox? eg] cjnDjg u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 .
-3_ s'g} JolQmn] Joj;flos ;DklQ, u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ, x|f;
of]Uo ;DklQ jf Jofkf/ df}Hbftsf] lsl;d km]l/g] u/L To:tf] ;DklQ
467

lghn] k|of]u ug{ yfn]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] ;DklQsf] km]l/Psf] :j?k k|of]u
ug'{ eGbf tTsfn cl3,
s'g} JolQmn] Joj;flos ;DklQ, x|f; of]Uo ;DklQ, u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo
;DklQ, x|f; of]Uo ;DklQ jf Jofkf/ df}HbftnfO{ To;sf] ls;Ld km]/L k|of]u u/]df
klg k|of]u ug'{ eGbf tTsfn cl3 lg;u{ ePsf] dflgG5 .
olb s;}n] ;jf/L ;fwg ljlqmsf] sf/f]jf/ ul/ /x]sf] /x]5 eg] p;sxf+ ePsf
;jf/L ;fwgx? Jofkfl/s df}Hbft x'G5g\ t/ tL dWo] Ps ;jf/L cfkm}n] k|of]u
u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] ;jf/L ;fwg ;f] Joj;fosf nflu x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ x'G5 . o;
cj:yfdf pQm Jofkfl/s df}Hbft -;jf/L ;fwg_ lg;u{ ePsf] dflgG5 . cfkm}n]
pkof]u u/]sf] ePtf klg Ps k|sf/sf] ;DklQaf6 csf]{ k|sf/sf] ;DklQdf kl/0ft
ePsf] cj:yfdf ;DklQ lg;u{ ePsf] dflgG5M
lg;u{ cl3
Jofkfl/s df}Hbft
x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ
u}/
Joj;flos
s/of]Uo ;DklQ
Joj;flos;DklQ

lg;u{ kl5
x|f; of]Uo ;DklQ, u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ, Joj;flos ;DklQ
Jofkfl/s df}Hbft, u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ, Joj;flos ;DklQ
Jofkfl/s df}Hbft, x|f; of]Uo ;DklQ, Joj;flos ;DklQ
Jofkfl/s df}Hbft, x|f; of]Uo ;DklQ, u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ

pQm cj:yf v'nfpg] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

pbfx/0f @@=&=$M dfgf}+, ;'GtnL P08 sDkgL k|f= nL= Ps Real Estate sDkgL
/x]5 . pQm sDkgLn] 3/ ef8fdf lnO{ 3/ hUufsf] sf/f]jf/ ub}{ cfPsf] /x]5 .
lghsf] Aofkfl/s df}Hbft (Trading Stock) df /x]sf] Pp6f 3/nfO{ @)^^.^.& df
cfkm}n] k|of]u ug{ yfn]sf] /x]5 . o;/L Jofkfl/s df}Hbft (Trading Stock) sf]
?kdf /x]sf] ;f] ;DklQ lghsf] jf;nftdf l:y/ ;DklQ (Fixed Assets) df
kl/at{{g ePsf] sf/0f ;f]xL ldltdf pQm 3/ lg;u{ ePsf] dflgG5 .
-_ s'g} lgsfosf] ;DaGwdf bkmf %& adf]lhdsf cj:yfx?df, /
bkmf %& adf]lhd s'g} lgsfosf] laut tLg jif{ cl3;Ddsf] :jfldTjsf] t'ngfdf
krf; k|ltzt jf ;f]eGbf a9L :jfldTj kl/jt{g ePdf ;f] lgsfon] cfk\mgf]
:jfldTjsf] ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{ u/]sf] dflgG5 . o; ;DaGwdf pbfx/0f
;lxt la:t[t AofVof o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !# df ul/Psf] 5 .
-r_ g]kfndf cjl:yt hUuf hldg jf ejg afx]s, ;f] JolQm u}/afl;Gbf JolQm
x'g'eGbf tTsfn cl3 .
s'g} afl;Gbf (Resident) AolQmsf] g]kfndf cjl:yt hUuf hldg jf ejg afx]s
cGo ;DklQx? ;f] JolQm u}/afl;Gbf (Non-resident) JolQm x'g' eGbf tTsfn cl3
lg;u{ ePsf] dflgG5 . pQm cj:yf v'nfpg] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

468

pbfx/0f @@=&=%M dfgf}+, z}n]; @)^$.^% ;Dd g]kfnsf] jfl;Gbf JolQm /x]5g\ .
lghsf] sf7df8f}+df 3/ hUuf /x]5 . lghsf] gfddf ?= # nfvdf vl/b u/]sf]
s'g} ;"lrs[t sDkgLsf] z]o/ /x]5 . lgh @)^%.^^ df g]kfn 5f]8L ci6]lnofdf
uP/ :yfoL ?kn] j;f]jf; ul//x]sf] /x]5g\ / pQm cf=a=df lgh g]kfn kms]{sf
/x]g5g\ . o; cj:yfdf lghsf] gfddf /x]sf] pQm z]o/ @)^% cfiff9 d;fGtdf
g} lg;u{ ePsf] dflgG5 . t/ lghsf] gfddf /x]sf] 3/ hUuf eg] lg;u{ ePsf]
dflgb}g .

@@=*

$)-$_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd s'g} JolQmn] s'g} ljQLo kf cGtu{t s'g} ;DklQ
kfdf lbP/ ;f] ;DklQsf] lg;u{ u/]df lghn] h'g JolQmnfO{ ;f] ;DklQ
kfdf lbPsf] xf] To:tf] JolQmn] lg;u{sf] ;dodf ;f] ;DklQsf] :jfldTj
k|fKt u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
ljQLo k6\6f (Finance Lease) df lbPdf jf:tljs :jfldTj x:tfGt/0f gePklg
kfdf lng] JolQmnfO{ pQm kfsf] ;DklQ lg;u{ u/]sf] dflgG5 / pQm ;DklQ
k|fKt ug]{ AolQmn] ;f] ;DklQsf] :jfldTj ;d]t k|fKt u/]sf] dflgg]5 . ljQLo kf
cGtu{t ;DklQsf] sfg"gL ?kdf :jfldTj (Legal title) x:tfGt/0f gx'g] ePtf klg
Economic Ownership x:tfGt/0f x'g] / pQm ;DklQsf] hf]lvd (Substantial Risk)
;d]t ;DklQ k|fKt ug]{ AolQmsf] x'g] x'+bf o; cj:yfdf pQm ;DklQsf] Legal Title
x:tfGt/0f gePtf klg ;DklQsf] lg;u{ ePsf] dflgG5 . P]gsf] bkmf #@ cg';f/
o;/L ul/g] lg;u{df ;DklQsf] k"+lhsf] efu tyf Aofhsf] efu v'nfO{ ls:tf
lgwf{/0f ul/g' kg]{ Aoa:yf ;d]t u/]sf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf pbfx/0f ;lxt la:t[t
AofVof o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b & df ul/Psf] 5 .
$)-%_ ;DklQ tyf bfloTjx?sf] lg;u{af6 s'g} JolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf] nfe
u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ of] P]g k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt ;f] JolQmsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf s'g} ;DklQ
afktsf v"b vr{x?sf] /sd ;f] avt pQm ;DklQsf] k|rlnt ahf/
d"No a/fa/ dflgg]5,
-v_ of] P]g k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt s'g} JolQmsf] bfloTj afktsf v"b
cfDbfgLx? To; avt pQm bfloTjsf] k|rlnt ahf/ d"No cg';f/sf]
/sd a/fa/ dflgg]5 .
;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] ydf}tL -l/6]G;g_ ;lxtsf] lg;u{
P]gsf] bkmf $! df ;DklQ tyf bfloTjsf] lg;u{sf] cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf
lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5
$!
s'g} JolQmn] bkmf $) sf] pkbkmf -#_ sf] v08 -u_, -3_, -_ / -r_
df plNnlvt s'g} klg tl/sfn] s'g} ;DklQ jf bfloTj lg;u{ u/]df b]xfo
adf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ ;DklQsf] ;DaGwdf,
-!_ ;f] JolQmnfO{ lg;u{ afkt lg;u{sf] ;dodf ;f] ;DklQsf] ahf/
d"No a/fa/sf] /sd k|fKt ePsf] dflgg]5, /
-@_ ;f] ;DklQ k'gM lg;u{ x'Fbf of] bkmf adf]lhd lg;u{ ePsf]
469

avt;Dd ;f] ;DklQ jfkt ul/Psf v"b vr{x? -g]6 cfp6uf]O_

k|flKt /sd a/fa/sf] /sd eP ;/x dflgg] 5 .
-v_ bfloTjsf] ;DaGwdf,
-!_ ;f] JolQmnfO{ lg;u{sf] ;dodf ;f] bfloTjsf] ahf/ d"No
a/fa/sf] /sd ;f] lg;u{ afkt vr{ u/]sf] dflgg]5 , /
-@_ ;f] bfloTj k'gM lg;u{ x'Fbf of] bkmf adf]lhd lg;u{ ePsf]
;do;Dd pkv08 -!_ adf]lhd bfloTj jfkt ul/Psf v'b
cfDbfgLx? vr{ /sd a/fa/sf] eP ;/x dflgg] 5 .
;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] ydf}tL (Retention) eO{ lg;u{ dflgg] cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf
tn k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 .
;DklQsf ;DjGwdfM
;DklQsf] ydf}tL cfkm";+u /x]sf] AolQmnfO{ lg;u{ afkt lg;u{sf] ;dodf ;f]
;DklQsf] ahf/ d"No a/fa/sf] /sd k|fKt -cfDbfgL_ ePsf] dflgG5 . ;fy}, ;f]
;DklQ k'gM lg;u{ x'+bf vr{ sfod ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu klxn] ydf}tL ;lxtsf]
lg;u{ dflgPsf] ahf/ d"No -;f] ;do cfDbfgL dflgPsf] d"No_ ;f] ;DklQ afktsf
vr{ ePsf] dflgG5 . pQm cj:yf v'nfpg] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f @@=*=!M dfgf}+, z}n]; @)^#.^$ ;Dd g]kfnsf] jfl;Gbf JolQm /x]5g\ .
lghsf] gfddf ?= # nfvdf vl/b u/]sf] ;"lrs[t sDkgL z]o/ /x]5 . lgh @)^$
k'if !) ut] g]kfn 5f]8L ci6]lnofdf uP/ :yfoL ?kn] j;f]jf; ul//x]sf] /x]5g\ /
pQm cf=a=df lgh g]kfnsf] afl;Gbf ;d]t /x]g5g\ . ;f] ldltdf pQm sDkgLsf]
z]o/sf] ahf/ d"No ?= % nfv /x]5 . lghn] ;f] z]o/ @)^^.$.@) df ?= ^
nfvdf lalqm u/]sf /x]5g\ / ;f] afkt ?= !,@)) Broker commission lt/]sf
/x]5g\ . o; cj:yfdf lghsf] gfddf /x]sf] pQm z]o/ @)^$ k'if !) ut] g}
lg;u{ ePsf] dflgG5 / ;f] ldltsf] ahf/ d"No ?= % nfv ;f] lg;u{sf] cfDbfgL k|fKtL_ dflgG5 .
o; cj:yfdf pQm ;DklQ lg;u{ dflgPsf] cj:yfdf Pj+ af:tlas lg;u{ x'+bfsf
avtdf nfesf] u0fgf lgDgfg';f/ ul/G5 M
@)^$ cfiff9 d;fGtdf lg;u{ dflgPsf] ;dodf ul/g] nfesf] u0fgfM
lg;u{ dflgPsf] ;dodf z]o/sf] ahf/ d"No -cfDbfgL dflgg]_ ?= %,)),)))
z]o/sf] nfut d"No -vr{_
?= #,)),)))
lg;u{ dflgPsf] ;dodf ePsf] nfe ?= @,)),)))
@)^^.$.@) df k'gM lg;u{ -af:tlas lg;u{_ df ul/g] nfesf] u0fgfM
lg;u{sf] ;dodf z]o/sf] ahf/ d"No -cfDbfgL_
?= ^,)),)))
z]o/ afkt vr{M
?= %,)!,@))
lg;u{ dflgPsf] ;dodf /x]sf] ahf/ d"No
?= %,)),)))
Broker commission lt/]sf /sd
?= !,@))
z]o/afktsf] v'b vr{
?= %,)!,@))
z]o/sf] lg;u{sf] ;dodf ePsf] nfe
?= (*,*))
470

o;/L af:tlas lg;u{af6 ePsf] cfDbfgL (Incomings), cyf{t ?= ^ nfv af6

v'b vr{, cyf{t ?= %,)!,@)) sf u/L afFsL x'g cfpg] /sd ?= (*,*))
lg;u{sf] ldltdf nfe x'g] x'G5 eg] lg;u{ dflgPsf] ;do -@)^$ k'if !) ut]
_ df ?= @ nfv nfe ePsf] dflgG5 .
bfloTjsf] ;DaGwdfM
;f] JolQmnfO{ lg;u{ dflgPsf] ;dodf ;f] bfloTjsf] ahf/ d"No a/fa/sf] /sd ;f]
lg;u{ jfkt vr{ (Outgoings) u/]sf] dflgG5 Pj+ ;f] ;do;Dd bfloTjaf6
ul/Psf] k|fKtL (Receipts) nfO{ ;f]sf] cfDbfgL (incomings) dflgG5 . ;DklQsf]
lg;u{ ;/x bfloTjsf] lg;u{df klg ahf/ d"Noaf6 u0fgf ul/G5 . t/ ;DklQsf]
lg;u{df ahf/ d"Nosf cfwf/df cfDbfgL (Incomings) dflgG5 eg] bfloTjsf]
lg;u{df ahf/ d"No ;/x vr{ (Outgoing) dflgG5 . o;/L ahf/ d"Nodf ul/Psf]
d"Nofgaf6 x'g] vr{ /sd a/fa/ ;f]xL AolQmn] ydf}tL /x]sf] ;f] bfloTj k'gM
lg;u{ x'+bfsf avtsf nflu cfDbfgL u/]sf] dflgg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . pQm
cj:yf v'nfpg] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f @@=*=@M dfgf}+, sdfg lnld6]8n] !% k|ltzt l8j]Gr/ hf/L u/L ?= @
s/f]8 C0f p7fPsf] /x]5 . @)^%.*.!! sDkgLdf gof+ z]o/wgLx? kl/jt{g
ePsfn] bkmf %& sf] cj:yf kg{ uP5 . ;f] l8a]Gr/df ePsf] Jofhb/sf]
cfsif{0fn] l8j]Gr/sf] ahf/d"No ?= @ s/f]8 !) nfv /x]5 . @)^* cfiff9
d;fGtdf cjlw k'u]sf sf/0f l8a]Gr/sf] d"n wg lkmtf{ u/]sf] /x]5 .
o; cj:yfdf @)^%.*.!! df sDkgLn] cfkm\gf ;j} ;DklQ / bfloTj ahf/
d"Nodf lg;u{ u/]sf] dflgG5 . gof+ dflgg] sDkgLn] ;f] bfloTj ahf/ d"Nodf
v/Lb u/]sf] dflgG5 . o; cj:yfdf pQm bfloTj lg;u{ dflgPsf] cj:yfdf Pj+
k'gM lg;u{ -af:tlas lg;u{_ x'+bfsf avtdf nfesf] u0fgf lgDgfg';f/ ul/G5 M
k'/fgf] dflgPsf] sDkgLdf @)^%.*.!! df lg;u{ dflgPsf] cj:yfdf ul/g]
nfesf] u0fgfM
bfloTj afkt d"No -cfDbfgL dflgg]_
?= @)),)),)))
lg;u{ dflgPsf] ;dodf bfloTjsf] ahf/ d"No -vr{_ ?= @!),)),)))
bfloTj lg;u{ dflgPsf] ;dodf ePsf] gf]S;fgL
?= !),)),)))
gof dflgPsf] sDkgLn] @)^*.#.#@ df bfloTj km/kmf/s -k'gM lg;u{_ ubf{ ul/g]
nfesf] u0fgfM
@)^%.*.!! df bfloTjsf] afkt ahf/ d"No -cfDbfgL_ ?= @!),)),)))
lg;u{sf] ;dodf ltl/Psf] bfloTjsf] /sd -vr{_
?= @)),)),)))
bfloTj lg;u{sf] ;dodf ePsf] nfe
?= !),)),)))
o;/L af:tlas lg;u{sf] ;dodf gof sDkgLnfO{ ?= !) nfv nfe ePsf]
dflgG5 eg]] bkmf %& adf]lhd lg;u{ dflgPsf] ;do -@)^%.*.!!_ df k'/fgf]
sDkgLnfO{ ?= !) nfv gf]S;fg ePsf] dflgG5 .

471

@@=(

ls:tfaGbL laqmL jf ljQLo kfsf] dfWodaf6 lg;u{

P]gsf] bkmf $@ df ls:tfaGbL laqmL jf ljQLo kfsf] dfWodaf6 lg;u{sf]
cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5M
$@= s'g} JolQmn] s'g} ;DklQ s'g} csf]{ JolQmnfO{ ls:tfaGbL laqmLsf] dfWodaf6
jf ljQLo kf cGtu{t kfdf lbO{ lg;u{ u/]df b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ ;DklQ lg;u{ ug]{ JolQmnfO{ lg;u{sf] ;dodf ;f] ;DklQsf] ahf/
d"No a/fa/sf] /sd ;f] lg;u{af6 k|fKt ePsf] dflgg]5, /
-v_ lg;u{af6 ;DklQ k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf] pkv08 -s_ a/fa/sf] /sd
nfut k/]sf] dflgg]5 .
t/ bkmf $% sf] Joj:yf nfu' x'g] cj:yfdf of] Joj:yf nfu' x'g] 5}g .
s'g} AolQmn] s'g} ;DklQ s'g} csf]{ AolQmnfO{ ls:tfaGbLdf lalqmsf] (Installment
Sale) dfWod jf lalQo kf (Financial lease) cGt{ut kfdf lbO{ lg;u{ u/]df,
;DklQ lg;u{ ug]{ AolQmnfO{ lg;u{sf] ;dodf ;f] ;DklQsf] ahf/ d'No a/fa/sf]
/sd ;f] lg;u{af6 k|fKt ePsf] (Realised) dflgG5 . To;} u/L lg;u{af6 ;DklQ
k|fKt ug]{ AolQmsf] xsdf ;f]xL /sd a/fa/ nfut k/]sf] dflgG5 . t/ ;Da4
AolQmx? larsf] x:tfGt/0f / cGo u}/ ahf/ x:tfGt/0f dflgg] cGo cj:yfdf ;f]
cj:yf nfu' x'b}g . pQm cj:yf v'nfpg] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f @@=(=!M dfgf}+, Po/ u'/fF; ln= n] ?= !) s/f]8 nfut /x]sf] x]nLsK6/
PeL g]kfn k|f= ln=nfO{ @)^^.!).!% df lalQo kf (Financial Lease) sf]
k|aGwdf pknAw u/fP5 . pQm ;dodf ;f] x]lnsK6/sf] ahf/ d"No ?= ( s/f]8
/x]5 . lalQo kf (Financial Lease) sf] k|aGw cg';f/ PeL g]kfn k|f= ln=n] Po/
u'+/fF; ln= nfO{ aflif{s ?= @ s/f]8sf b/n] % jif{df e'QmfgL ug'{ kg]{ / ;f]
e'QmfgL k"0f{ ?kdf k|fKt eP kZrft dfq pQm x]lnsK6/sf] :jfldTj x:tfGt/0f
x'g] Aoa:yf /x]5 . sDkgLn] x]lnsK6/sf] ?=* s/f]8 &% nfvdf vl/b u/]sf]
/x]5 .
o; cj:yfdf @)^^.!).!% dfg} Po/ u'+/fF; ln= n] ;f] x]lnsK6/ lg;u{ u/]sf]
dflgG5 / ;f] lg;u{ afkt nfe jf gf]S;fgL lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ug'{ kb{5M
?= ( s/f]8
cfDbfgL (Incoming)
?= * s/f]8 &% nfv
;f] ;DklQsf] vr{ (Outgoing)
nfe
?= @% nfv
PeL g]kfn k|f= ln= lalQo kfaf6 x:tfGt/0f u/L lnPsf] ;f] x]lnsK6/sf nfuL
k/]s]f nfut cyf{t vr{ ?= ( s/f]8 x'G5 . t/ ;f+jf / Aofhsf] c+z ;d]t k|To]s
aif{ ?= @ s/f]8sf] ls:tf kfpg] u/L % aif{df :jfldTj x:tfGt/0f x'g] u/L
e'QmfgLnfO{ P]gsf] bkmf #@ adf]lhd ;fjfF lkmtf{ / Aofh cfDbfgLsf] ?kdf Po/
u'+/fF; ln= n] u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 . ;DklQsf] lg;u{df nfe jf gf]S;fgLsf] u0fgfsf]
k|of]hgsf nfuL ;DklQsf] lg;u{sf avtsf] ahf/ d"No x]g'{ kb{5 . lalQo kfsf]
;fjfF jf Aofh -rfn" cfo_ sf] of]u /x]sf] ls:tfsf] e'QmfgLsf] tflnsf xf]O{g .
@@=!) klt, kTgL jf k"j{ klt, k"j{ kTgLnfO{ ;DklQsf] x:tfGt/0f
P]gsf] bkmf $# df klt, kTgL jf k"j{ klt, k"j{ kTgLnfO{ ;DklQsf] x:tfGt/0fdf
472

lg;u{sf] cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5M

$#=
;DaGw laR5]b ePsf] jf c+z lnO{ leGg a;]sf] s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmn]
lghsf] klt, kTgL jf k"j{ klt, k"j{ kTgLnfO{ ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f u/L
;DklQsf] lg;u{ u/]df / ;f] klt, kTgL jf k"j{ klt, k"j{ kTgLn] of] bkmf
nfu" ul/kfpg lnlvt ?kdf 5gf}6 u/]df b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ ;f] JolQmn] lg;u{sf] tTsfn cl3 ;f] ;DklQ afkt ePsf v"b vr{x?
a/fa/sf] /sd ;f] lg;u{ afkt k|fKt u/]sf] dflgg]5 , /
-v_ v08 -s_ a/fa/sf] /sd x:tfGt/0faf6 ;DklQ k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf]
nfut k/]sf] dflgg]5 .
s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmn] lghsf] klt, kTgL jf ;DaGw laR5]b ePsf] jf c+z lnO{
leGg a;]sf] k"j{ klt, k"j{ kTgLnfO{ ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f u/L ;DklQsf] lg;u{ u/]df
/ ;f] klt, kTgL jf k"j{ klt, k"j{ kTgLn] of] Joj:yf 5gf}6 u/]df ;f] AolQmn]
lg;u{sf] tTsfn cl3 ;f] ;DklQ afkt ePsf v'b vr{x? a/fa/sf] /sd ;f]
lg;u{ afkt k|fKt u/]sf] dflgG5 . ;fy}, ;f]xL a/fa/sf] /sd x:tfGt/0faf6
;DklQ k|fKt ug]{ AolQmsf] nfut (Cost Base) k/]sf] dflgG5 . ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f
ug]{ AolQmsf] ;f] ;DklQ afktsf] vr{ / cfDbfgL a/fa/ ePsf]n] s/ ef/ (Tax
burden) k/]g . ;DklQ k|fKt ug]{ AolQmn] o:tf] ;DklQ kl5 lg;u{ u/]df cfkm"nfO{
;/]sf] k"j{ nfutnfO{ vr{ dflgG5 . o;/L ;DklQ k|fKt ug]{ of] bkmf cg';f/
k|fs[lts AolQm klt kTgL jf k"j{ klt, k"j{ kTgLn] k|fKt u/]sf] ;DklQsf] nfut v'b vr{_ nfO{ cfkm\gf] vr{ -nfut_ dfGg ;DalGwt sfof{nodf lnlvt ?kdf
5gf}6 u/]sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg' kb5{ . JolQmut ;DklQdf s/sf] ef/ gePsfn]
x:tfGt/0f ePsf] u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ / Psnf}6L kmd{sf] ;DklQ tyf
bfloTjdf dfq of] bkmf adf]lhd s/ cfwf/ u0fgf ug{ ldNb5 . pQm cj:yf
v'nfpg] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

473

pbfx/0f @@=!)=!M dfgf}+, /;]Gb|n] @)^#.!).! df ?=! s/f]8df Pp6f hUuf vl/b
u/]sf /x]5g\ . @)^^.%.^ df lghsL >LdtL ;/nf;+u kf/kfr's] eP5 . lghn]
;f] hUuf k"j{ kTgL ;/nfnfO{ @)^^.%.!) df s'g} d"No glnO{ x:tfGt/0f u/]sf
/x]5g\ . pQm hUufsf] x:tfGt/0fsf] ;dodf pQm hUufsf] ahf/ d"No ?=!
s/f]8 $) nfv /x]5 . o;/L x:tfGt/0f ubf{ lnvt tyf /lhi6]zg afkt
;/nfn] ?= !) xhf/ vr{ u/]sL /lxl5g\ . /;]Gb|n] pQm hUuf lagf s'g} d"No
cfkm\gf] k"j{ kTgLnfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] / of] P]gsf] bkmf $# nfu' x'g lnlvt
?kdf 5gf}6 u/]sf] Aoxf]/f ;DalGwt /fh:j sfof{nonfO{ hfgsf/L u/fPsf
/x]5g\ . @)^^.!).% df lghn] ;f] hUuf ?= ! s/f]8 %) nfvdf lalqm u/]sL
/lxl5g\ . o; cj:yfdf /;]Gb| / ;/nfsf] nflu ;f] ;DklQsf] lg;u{sf] nfe
lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ug'{ kb{5M
/;]Gb|sf] nfluM
?= ! s/f]8
cfDbfgL (Incoming)
;f] ;DklQ afktsf] vr{ (Outgoing)
?= ! s/f]8
nfe
gePsf]
;/nfsf] nfluM
lg;u{ af6 k|fKt /sd -cfDbfgL_
?= !,%),)),)))
;DklQ afktsf] vr{M
?= !,)),!),)))
x:tfGt/0faf6 k|fKt ;DklQsf] nfut dflgg]] /sd ?= !,)),)),)))
lnvt tyf /lhi6]zg afktsf vr{
?= !),)))
lg;u{sf] ;dodf ePsf] nfe
?= $(,(),)))
o; k|sf/ /;]Gb|nfO{ ;f] hUufsf] lg;u{df s'g} nfe x'+b}g eg] ;/nfnfO{ ?= $(
nfv () xhf/ nfe x'G5 .
cyf{t, klt, kTgL jf ;DaGw laR5]b ePsf] jf c+z lnO{ leGg a;]sf] k"j{ klt,
k"j{ kTgLnfO{ ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f u/]df vr{sf] cfwf/ (Cost Base) ;d]t
x:tfGt/0f x'g] x'G5 .
olb lgh /;]Gb|n] lnlvt ?kdf P]gsf] of] bkmf nfu' x'g 5gf}6 u/]sf] hfgsf/L
;DalGwt /fh:j sfof{nonfO{ glbPdf P]gsf] bkmf $% adf]lhd cfDbfgL /
vr{sf] u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 .
@@=!!

d[To' kZrft ;DklQsf] x:tfGt/0f

P]gsf] bkmf $$ df d[To' kZrft ;DklQsf] x:tfGt/0fdf lg;u{sf] cj:yfsf
;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5M
s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] d[To' eO{ s'g} ;DklQsf] :jfldTj csf]{ JolQmdf
x:tfGt/0faf6 lg;u{ ul/Psf]df b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ ;f] JolQmn] ;f] lg;u{sf ;dodf ;f] ;DklQsf] k|rlnt ahf/ d"No a/fa/sf]
/sd lg;u{ afkt k|fKt u/]sf] dflgg]5, /
-v_ x:tfGt/0faf6 ;DklQ k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf] v08 -s_ a/fa/sf] /sd nfut
k/]sf] dflgg]5 .
s'g} k|fs[lts AolQmsf] d[To' eO{ lghsf] s'g} ;DklQsf] :jfldTj csf]{ AolQmdf
474

x:tfGt/0f eO{ lg;u{ ePdf ;f] JolQmn] ;f] lg;u{sf ;dodf ;f] ;DklQsf]
k|rlnt ahf/ d"No a/fa/sf] /sd k|fKt u/]sf] / ;f] ;DklQ k|fKt ug]{ AolQmsf]
nfuL nfut k/]sf] dflgG5 . s'g} AolQmsf] d[To" x'+bfsf] avt ;DklQ lg;u{ u/]sf]
dflg ahf/ d"No cg';f/ ;f] ;DklQsf] d"No clea[l4 (Wealth creation) u0fgf ug{
/ ;f]lx a/fa/ nfut cfwf/ (Cost Base) ;DklQ kfpg] JolQmnfO{ ;fg{ of] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] xf] . JolQmut ;DklQsf s/sf] ef/ gePsfn] x:tfGt/0f ePsf] u}/
Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ / Psnf}6L kmd{sf] ;DklQ tyf bfloTjdf dfq of] bkmf
adf]lhd s/ cfwf/ u0fgf ug{ ldNb5 . u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQsf]
kl/efiff adf]lhd tLg k':tf leq o;/L ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f x'g] ;DklQ P]gsf] bkmf
@ sf] v08 -b_ adf]lhd u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ gdflgg] x'+bf To:tf]
cj:yfdf of] bkmf cfs[i6 x'+b}g . pQm cj:yf v'nfpg] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f @@=!!=!M dfgf}+, /;]Gb|n] @)^%.%.! df ?= ! s/f]8df Pp6f hUuf vl/b
u/]sf /x]5g\ . pQm hUuf vl/b ug{ pk]Gb|;+u shf{ lnPsf /x]5g\ / ;f] shf{sf]
;'/If0fsf] lgldQ ;f]xL hUuf lwtf] aGws kf; ul/lbPsf /x]5g\ . @)^^.!.^ df
lghsf] d[To" eP5 . ;f] ;dodf pQm hUufsf] ahf/ d'No ?= ! s/f]8 !) nfv
/x]5 .
o; cj:yfdf /;]Gb|n] lg;u{ u/]sf] dflgg] hUufdf nfesf] lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ug'{
kb{5M
?= !,!),)),)))
cfDbfgL (Incoming)
-lghsf] d[To"sf] avtsf] ;f] 3/hUufsf] ahf/ d"No_
;f] ;DklQ afktsf] vr{ (Outgoing)
?= !,)),)),)))
nfe
?=!),)),)))
o; k|sf/ ;f] hUufsf] lg;u{df ?= !) nfv nfe x'G5 / ;f] nfedf s/ ltg]{
bfloTj ;f] ;DklQsf] k|fks cyf{t pk]Gb|sf] x'g]5 .
pbfx/0f @@=!!=@M dfgf}+, /;]Gb|n] @)^%.%.! df ?=! s/f]8df Pp6f hUuf vl/b
u/]sf /x]5g\ . @)^^.!.^ df lghsf] d[To" eP5 / d[To" kZrft ;f] ;DklQ lghsf]
5f]/f /laGb|df x:tfGt/0f ePsf] /x]5 . ;f] ;dodf pQm hUufsf] ahf/ d'No ?=!
s/f]8 !) nfv /x]5 . o; cj:yfdf /;]Gb|n] lg;u{ u/]sf] dflgg] pQm hUuf tLg
k':tf leq ljlqm jfx]s cGo lsl;dn] x:tfGt/0f ePsf]n] u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo
;DklQ gdflgg] x'+bf To:tf] cj:yfdf of] bkmf cfs[i6 x'+b}g / nfesf] u0fgf klg
x'+b}g . t/, ;f]xL ;DklQ 5f]/f /ljGb|n] lg;u{ u/]df / lg;u{sf] ;dodf ;f]
;DklQ u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQsf] kl/efiffdf kg]{ ePdf /ljGb|n] nfut vr{_ bfjL ubf{ lghsf] a'jf /;]Gb|n] ldlt @)^^.!).^ df bfjL ug{ kfpg] xb;Dd
dfq bfjL ug{ kfpF5g\ .
@@=!@

;Da4 JolQmx?aLrsf] x:tfGt/0f / cGo u}/ ahf/ x:tfGt/0fx?

cfos/ P]g @)%* n] Ps csf{sf] dg;fo cg';f/ sfd ug]{ Ps jf PseGbf a9L
AolQm jf To:tf AolQmx?sf] ;d'x ;Da4 AolQm elg kl/eflift u/]s]f 5 . ;Da4
AolQm eGgfn] gft]bf/, ;fem]bf/, lab]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgdf :jfldTj ePsf] AolQm /
s'g} lgsfosf] cfo k"Flh jf dtflwsf/ (Voting rights) sf] %) k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf
475

a9L lx:;f lgoGq0f ug]{ jf ;f]af6 kmfO{bf k|fKt ug]{ lgsfo jf JolQmnfO{ klg
hgfp5 . t/ sd{rf/L jf cfGtl/s /fh:j laefun] ;DJf4 AolQm xf]O{g egL
tf]s]sf] AolQm ;Da4 JolQm x'Fb}g . P]gsf] bkmf $% df ;Da4 JolQmx? aLrsf]
x:tfGt/0f / cGo u}/ ahf/ x:tfGt/0fx?df lg;u{sf] cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf
lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5M
$%-!_
s'g} JolQmn] s'g} ;DklQ ;DaWb JolQmnfO{ jf s'g} cGo JolQmnfO{ s'g}
k|ltkmn glnO{ x:tfGt/0f u/L ;f] ;DklQ lg;u{ u/]df b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5M
-s_ ;f] JolQmn] ;f] ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 ;f] ;DklQsf] lg;u{ x'g' tTsfn
cl3 ;f] ;DklQsf] ahf/ d"No jf ;f] ;DklQ afkt ePsf] v"b vr{dWo]
h'g a9L x'G5 ;f] /sd k|fKt u/]sf] dflgg]5, /
-v_ v08 -s_ df pNn]v eP a/fa/sf] /sd x:tfGt/0faf6 ;DklQ k|fKt
ug]{ JolQmsf] nfut k/]sf] dflgg]5 .
t/ bkmf $# / $$ sf] Joj:yf nfu' x'g] cj:yfdf of] Joj:yf nfu'
x'g]5}g .
s'g} AolQmn] s'g} ;DklQ ;Da4 AolQmnfO{ jf cGo s'g} AolQmnfO{ s'g} k|ltkmn
glnO{ x:tfGt/0f -u}/ ahf/ x:tfGt/0f_ u/L ;f] ;DklQ lg;u{ u/]df, ;f] AolQmn]
;f] ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 ;f] ;DklQsf] lg;u{ x'g' tTsfn cl3 ;DklQsf] ahf/
d"No jf ;f] ;DklQ afkt ePsf] v'b vr{ dWo] h'g a9L x'G5 ;f] /sd k|fKt
(Derived) u/]s]f dflgG5 . t/ klt, klTg jf k"j{ klt, k"j{ kTgL lar bkmf $#
nfu" x'g] cj:yfsf] ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f Pj+ k|fs[lts AolQmsf] d[To' kZrft x'g]
lghsf] ;DklQ x:tfGt/0fsf] cj:yfdf of] cj:yf nfu' x'b}g .
$%-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} JolQmn]
Joj;flos ;DklQ, u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ jf Jofkfl/s df}Hbftsf
?kdf /x]sf] ;DklQsf] :jfldTj ;DaWb JolQmnfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/L lg;u{
u/]df / pkbkmf -^_ adf]lhdsf s'/fx? k"/f ePdf b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ ;f] lg;u{sf] tTsfn cl3 ;f] ;DklQ afkt ePsf] v"b vr{ a/fa/sf]
/sd ;f] lg;u{ afkt ;f] JolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf] dflgg]5, /
-v_ v08 -s_ df pNn]v eP a/fa/sf] /sd x:tfGt/0faf6 ;DklQ k|fKt
ug]{ JolQmsf] nfut k/]sf] dflgg]5 .
s'g} AolQmn] Joj;flos ;DklQ, u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ jf Aofkfl/s
df}Hbftsf ?kdf /x]sf] ;DklQsf] :jfldTj ;Da4 JolQmnfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/L lg;u{
u/]df / b]xfosf s'/fx? k'/f ePdf ;f] lg;u{sf] tTsfn cl3 ;f] ;DklQ afkt
ePsf] v'b vr{ a/fa/sf] /sd ;f] lg;u{ afkt ;f] JolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf] dflgG5 /
;fy} ;f]xL /sd a/fa/ x:tfGt/0f af6 ;DklQ k|fKt ug]{ AolQmsf] nfut k/]sf]
dflgG5 M
-s_ Joj;foaf6 Joj;fodf nu]sf] M lg;u{ ul/Psf] Joj;flos ;DklQ jf
Jofkf/ df}Hbftsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;DklQ lg;u{ ug]{ JolQmaf6 x:tfGt/0f
ul/Psf] ;Da4 JolQmsf] Aofa;flos ;DklQ jf Jofkf/ df}Hbft jf
Joj;fosf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ ePsf],
476

-v_ nufgLaf6 nufgL jf Joj;fodf nu]sf] M lg;u{ ul/Psf] u}/ Aofa;flos

s/of]Uo ;DklQ lg;u{ ug]{ AolQmaf6 x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf] ;Da4 AolQmsf]
Jofa;flos ;DklQ, u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ, x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ jf
Aofkf/ df}Hbft ePsf] .
-u_ k|fks s/sf] ;fdfGo bfo/fdf /x]sf] M x:tfGt/0fsf] avt ;f] ;DklQ
x:tfGt/0f ug]{ JolQm / ;Da4 JolQm jfl;Gbf ePsf] x'g'kg]{ / ;Da4 JolQm
s/5'6 kfpg] JolQm x'g gx'g],
-3_ lgoGq0ffTds lglxt :jfldTj /x]sf] M ;f] ;DklQdf lglxt :jfldTj sDtLdf
%) k|ltzt /xg'kg]{, /
-_ 5gf}6 M ;f] JolQm tyf ;Da4 JolQm b'a}n] of] cj:yf nfu' ug{ 5gf}6 u/]s]f
x'g'kg]{ .
$%-#_
pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg pkbkmf -^_
adf]lhdsf s'/fx? k"/f u/L s'g} JolQmn] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] :jfldTj
;DaWb JolQmnfO{ x:tfGt/0faf6 lg;u{ u/]df jf To:tf] ;DklQ ;f] x|f;
of]Uo ;DklQsf] s'g} ;d"xdf kg]{ ePdf b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ ;f] JolQmn] ;f] lg;u{ x'Fbfsf jvt cg';"rL@ sf] bkmf $ adf]lhd ;f]
;d"xsf] 36\bf] k|0ffnLsf] jfFsL d"No a/fa/sf] /sd ;f] lg;u{ afkt
k|fKt u/]sf] dflgg]5 , /
-v_ v08 -s_ df pNn]v eP a/fa/sf] /sd x:tfGt/0faf6 ;DklQ k|fKt
ug]{ JolQmsf] nfut k/]sf] dflgg]5 .
lgDg cj:yfx? k'/f u/L s'g} JolQmn] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] :jfldTj ;Da4
JolQmnfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/L lg;u{ u/]df jf To:tf] ;DklQ ;f] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf]
s'g} ;d'xdf kg]{ ePdf, ;f] JolQmn] ;f] lg;u{ x'+bfsf jvt ;f] ;d'xsf] 36\bf]
k|0ffnLsf] jfFsL d"No (Written Down value) j/fj/sf] /sd ;f] lg;u{ jfkt k|fKt
u/]sf] dflgG5, / ;f]lx /sd a/fa/ x:tfGt/0faf6 ;DklQ k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf]
nfut dflgG5 .
-s_ Joj;foaf6 Joj;fodf nu]sf] M Joj;fosf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ lg;u{ ug]{
JolQmaf6 x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf] ;Dj4 JolQmsf] Joj;flos ;DklQ, Joj;flos
x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ jf Jofkf/ df}Hbft /x]sf] .
-v_ nufgLaf6 nufgL jf Joj;fodf nu]sf] M x:tfGt/0fsf] jvtdf ;f] ;DklQ
x:tfGt/0f ug]{ JolQm / ;Da4 JolQm jfl;Gbf ePsf] x'g'kg]{ tyf ;Da4
JolQm s/5'6 kfpg] JolQm x'g gx'g] .
-u_ k|fks s/sf] ;fdfGo bfo/fdf /x]sf] M x:tfGt/0fsf] avt ;f] ;DklQ
x:tfGt/0f ug]{ JolQm / ;Da4 JolQm jfl;Gbf ePsf] x'g'kg]{ / ;Da4 JolQm
s/5'6 kfpg] JolQm x'g gx'g],
-3_ lgoGq0ffTds lglxt :jfldTj /x]sf] M ;f] ;DklQdf lglxt :jfldTj sDtLdf
%) k|ltzt /xg'kg]{, /
-_ 5gf}6 M ;f] JolQm tyf ;Da4 JolQm b'a}n] of] cj:yf nfu' ug{ 5gf}6 u/]s]f
x'g'kg]{ .
477

$%-$_ s'g} JolQmn] o; bkmf adf]lhd s'g} bfloTj ;DaWb JolQmnfO{

x:tfGt/0f u/L jf cGo s'g} JolQmnfO{ s'g} d"No glnO{ x:tfGt/0f u/L ;f]
bfloTjsf] lg;u{ u/]df b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ ;f] JolQmsf] ;f] lg;u{ afkt ahf/ d"No jf ;f] lg;u{ x'g'eGbf tTsfn
cl3sf] ;f] bfloTjafkt ePsf] v"b cfDbfgL dWo] h'g 36L x'G5 ;f]
/sd a/fa/ nfut k/]sf] dflgg]5, /
-v_ h'g JolQmnfO{ ;f] bfloTj x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf] xf] ;f] JolQmn] pQm
bfloTj a/fa/sf] /sd ;f] bfloTj lnFbfsf] ;DaGwdf k|fKt u/]sf]
dflgg]5 .
t/ bkmf $# / $$ sf] Joj:yf nfu' x'g] cj:yfdf of] Joj:yf nfu'
x'g] 5}g .
s'g} AolQmn] s'g} bfloTj ;Da4 JolQmnfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/L jf cGo s'g} JolQmnfO{
lagf d"No x:tfGt/0f u/L -u}/ ahf/ x:tfGt/0f_ ;f] bfloTjsf] lg;u{ u/]df, ;f]
JolQmsf] ;f] lg;u{ afkt ahf/ d"No jf ;f] lg;u{ x'g' eGbf tTsfn cl3sf] ;f]
bfloTj afkt ePsf] v'b cfDbfgL dWo] h'g 36L x'G5 ;f] /sd a/fa/sf] nfut
k/]sf] dflgG5 / ;f]lx /sd j/fj/sf] bfloTj x:tfGt/0f u/L lng] AolQmn] ;f]
bfloTj lnP jfkt k|fKt u/]sf] dflgG5 . t/ klt, klTg jf k"j{ klt, k"j{ kTgL
larsf] x:tfGt/0f Pj+ k|fs[lts AolQmsf] d[To' kZrft x'g] x:tfGt/0fsf] Joj:yf
nfu"x"g] cj:yfdf of] Joj:yf nfu' x+'b}g .
$%-%_ s'g} JolQmn] pkbkmf -^_ df plNnlvt s'/fx? k"/f u/L cfk\mgf] s'g}
Joj;foaf6 cfo cfh{g ubf{ lnPsf] s'g} bfloTj ;Da4 JolQmnfO{
x:tfGt/0f u/L lg;u{ u/]df b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ ;f] JolQmn] pQm lg;u{sf] tTsfn cl3 ;f] bfloTjafkt u/]sf] v"b
cfDbfgL a/fa/sf] /sd ;f] lg;u{sf] nflu ;f] JolQmsf] nfut k/]sf]
dflgg]5, /
-v_ ;f] ;DaWb JolQmn] ;f] bfloTj lng] ;DaGwdf pQm /sd a/fa/sf]
k|flKt u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
s'g} JolQmn] b]xfosf cj:yfx? k'/f u/]df cfkm\gf] s'g} Joj;foaf6 cfo cfh{g
ubf{ lnPsf] s'g} bfloTj ;Da4 JolQmnfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/L lg;u{ u/]df ;f] JolQmn]
pQm lg;u{sf] tTsfn cl3 ;f] bfloTj jfkt u/]sf] v'b cfDbfgL a/fa/sf] /sd
;f] lg;u{ ubf{ k/]sf] nfut dflgG5 / ;f]lx /sd a/fa/ ;f] ;Da4 JolQmn] ;f]
bfloTj ln+bf k|fKt u/]s]f dflgG5 .
-s_ ;Da4 JolQmsf] s'g} Joj;fo jf nufgL af6 cfo cfh{gsf nfuL ;f] ;Da4
AolQmnfO{ ;f] bfloTj x:tfGt/0f ePsf] .
-v_ x:tfGt/0fsf] jvt ;f] x:tfGt/0f ug]{ JolQm / ;Dj4 JolQm jfl;Gbf ePsf]
x'g'kg]{ Pj+ ;Da4 JolQm s/5'6 kfpg] JolQm x'g gx'g] .
-u_ ;f] bfloTjdf lglxt :jfldTj slDtdf %) k|ltzt /lx/xg'kg]{, /
-3_ ;f] JolQm tyf ;Dj4 JolQm b'j}n] of] cj:yf nfu' ug{ 5gf}6 u/]s]f x'g'kg]{ .
478

$%-^_ pkbkmf -@_, -#_ / -%_ sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu b]xfo adf]lhdsf s'/fx?
k"/f u/]sf] x'g' kg{]5M
-s_ lg;u{ ul/Psf] Joj;flos ;DklQ, Jofkf/ df}Hbft jf Joj;fosf]
x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ lg;u{ ug]{ JolQmjf6 x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf] tTsfn
kl5sf] ;DaWb JolQmsf] Joj;flos ;DklQ, Jofkf/ df}Hbft jf
Joj;fosf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ x'g]5 .
-v_ lg;u{ ul/Psf] u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ jf s'g} nufgLsf]
x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ lg;u{ ug]{ JolQmaf6 x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf] tTsfn
kl5sf] ;DaWb JolQmsf] Joj;flos ;DklQ, u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo
;DklQ x|f; of]Uo ;DklQ jf Jofkf/ df}Hbft x'g]5 .
-u_ s'g} bfloTjsf] xsdf ;DaWb JolQmsf] s'g} Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 cfo
cfh{gsf nflu ;f] ;Da4 JolQmnfO{ ;f] bfloTj x:tfGt/0f ug'{ kg]{5 .
-3_ x:tfGt/0fsf] avtdf ;f] x:tfGt/0f ug]{ JolQm / ;DaWb JolQm
jfl;Gbf ePsf] x'g' k5{ tyf ;DaWb JolQm s/ 5"6 kfpg] JolQm ePsf]
x'g' x'b}g .
-_ ;f] ;DklQdf lglxt :jfldTj jf ;f] bfloTjdf lglxt ef/ cj:yf
cg';f/ slDtdf krf; k|ltzt /lx/xg' kg]{5, /
-r_ cj:yf cg';f/ pkbkmf -@_, -#_ jf -%_ cg';f/sf] 5gf}6 nfu" ug{ ;f]
JolQm tyf ;DaWb JolQm b'j}af6 lnlvt ?kdf cg'/f]w ug'{ kg]{5 .
@@=!# ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] k|lt:yfkg ;lxtsf] c:j]lR5s lg;u{
s'g} AolQmn] ;DklQ jf bfloTj cfkm\gf] :j]R5fn] geO{, ;/sf/L cfb]z, sfg"gL
lg0f{o jf o:t} cGo afWofTds kl/l:yltaz lg;u{ u/]sf] eP o:tf] lg;u{nfO{
c:j]lR5s lg;u{ dflgG5 . bkmf $^ df ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] k|lt:yfkg ;lxtsf]
c:j]lR5s lg;u{sf] cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5M
$^-!_
s'g} JolQmn] bkmf $) sf] pkbkmf -!_ df plNnlvt tl/sfx? dWo] s'g}
klg tl/sfn] s'g} ;DklQ c:j]lR5s ?kdf lg;u{ u/]sf] Ps jif{ leq ;f]
;DklQsf] abnfdf ;f]xL lsl;dsf] csf]{ ;DklQsf] :jfldTj k|fKt u/L of]
bkmf nfu" x'g lnlvt ?kdf cg'/f]w u/]df b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ ;f] JolQmn] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] /sdx?sf] of]u a/fa/sf] /sd ;f] lg;u{
afkt k|fKt u/]sf] dflgg]5 M
-!_ lg;u{ x'g' eGbf tTsfn cl3 ;f] ;DklQ afktsf v"b vr{, /
-@_ ;f] k|lt:yflkt ;DklQ k|fKt ubf{ ul/Psf] vr{ eGbf ;f] lg;u{af6
k|fKt ul/Psf] /sd a9L eP o:tf] a9L eP hlt /sd, /
-v_ ;f] JolQmn] k|lt:yflkt ;DklQ k|fKt ubf{ b]xfo ad]flhdsf] /sdx?sf]
of]u a/fa/sf] /sd vr{ u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
-!_ lg;u{ x'g' eGbf tTsfn cl3 lg;u{ ul/Ps]f ;DklQ afktsf v"b
vr{x?, /
-@_ ;f] lg;u{af6 k|fKt ul/Psf] /sdeGbf ;f] k|lt:yflkt ;DklQ
479

k|fKt ubf{ ePsf] vr{ a9L eP o:tf] a9L eP hlt vr{ .

s'g} AolQmn] s'g} ;DklQ cfkm\gf] :j]R5fn] geO{ ;/sf/L cfb]z sfg"gL lg0f{o jf
o:t} cGo afWofTds kl/l:yltaz lg;u{ u/]sf] / o;/L c:j]lR5s (Involuntary)
lg;u{ u/]sf] Ps aif{ leq ;f] ;DklQsf] abnfdf ;f]xL lsl;dsf] cGo ;DklQsf]
:jfldTj k|fKt u/L of] bkmf nfu' x'g lnlvt ?kdf ;DalGwt cfGtl/s /fh:j
sfof{nodf cg'/f]w u/]df ;f] AolQmn] lg;u{ afkt ;f] ;DklQsf] nflu ePsf] v'b
vr{ / ;f] k|lt:yflkt ;DklQ k|fKt ubf{ ul/Psf] vr{ eGbf ;f] lg;u{af6 k|fKt
/sd a9L eP o:tf] a9L eP hltsf] /sdsf] hDdf /sd k|fKt u/]sf] dflgG5 .
klxnf] lg;u{sf] Ps jif{leq -cfo jif{leq xf]Og_ k|lt:yflkt ;DklQ vl/b ug{
kfpg] x'gfn] jf:tljs lg;u{ ePsf] jif{ ;f] ;DklQ cfkm\g} :jfldTjdf /x] ;/x
dflgG5 / o;sf nflu s/bftfn] cfo ljj/0f k]z ubf{ ;f] lg;u{df bkmf $^ sf]
;'ljwf dfu u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 . csf]{ cfo jif{df ha k|lt:yfkg ul/Psf] ;DklQ
k|fKt x'G5 ;f] avt bkmf $^ 5gf}6 u/L u0fgf u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 . klxnf] jif{sf]
cfo ljj/0f k]z ubf{ bkmf $^ sf] ;'ljwf 5gf}6 u/]sf] t/ bf]>f] jif{df klxnf]
lg;u{sf] Ps jif{leq} k|lt:yflkt ;DklQ k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf klxnf] jif{sf]
cfo ljj/0f bkmf !)! adf]lhd ;+zf]wg x'G5 . k|lt:yfkg ;lxtsf] ;DklQsf]
c:j]lR5s lg;u{ afkt k|fKt u/]sf] dflgg] /sd (Incomings) lgDgfg';f/ :ki6
kfl/Psf] 5 M
k|lt:yfkg ;lxtsf] c:j]lR5s lg;u{ afkt k|fKt u/]sf] /sd (Incomings):
lg;u{ x'g' tTsfn cl3 ;f] ;DklQ afkt v'b vr{

lg;u{ af6 k|fKt /sd k|lt:yflkt ;DklQ afktsf] vr{ -k|lt:yflkt

;DklQ vl/b ubf{ ul/Psf] vr{eGbf lg;u{af6 k|fKt /sd a9L
ePdfq_
k|lt:yflkt ;DklQ k|fKt ubf{sf] vr{ (Outgoings):
lg;u{ x'g' tTsfn cl3 ;f] ;DklQ afkt v'b vr{

k|lt:yflkt ;DklQ afktsf] vr{ lg;u{ af6 k|fKt /sd -lg;u{af6

k|fKt /sd eGbf ;f] k|lt:yflkt ;DklQ k|fKt ubf{ ul/Psf] vr{ a9L
ePdfq_
pbfx/0f @@=!#=!M dfgf}+, vu]Gb| uf]kdf{n] @)^@.%.! df ?= %) nfvdf Ps /f]kgL
hUuf eQmk'/df vl/b u/]sf /x]5g\ . eQmk'/df ;8s la:tf/sf] qmddf g]kfn
;/sf/n] pQm hUuf @)^^.%.& df clws/0f u/]sf] /x]5 . o;/L clws/0f ubf{
g]kfn ;/sf/n] pQm hUufsf] d'cfAhf afkt ?= *) nfv lghnfO{ pknAw
u/fPsf] /x]5 . lghn] @)^&.$.% -! aif{ leq_ df ;f] :yfgaf6 s/La b'O{
lsnf]ld6/ k/ Ps /f]kgL hUuf vl/b u/]sf] /x]5 . o;/L hUuf k|lt:yfkg ug]{
;Gbe{df lghn] P]gsf] of] bkmf nfu' x'g lnlvt cg'/f]w ;DalGwt /fh:j
sfof{nonfO{ u/]sf] /x]5g\ . vl/b u/]sf] hUUffsf] d"No lgDgfg';f/ /x]5M
s=
?= ^) nfv
v=
?= *) nfv
u=
?= *% nfv
480

o; cj:yfdf vu]Gb| uf]kdf{n] c:j]lR5s lg;u{ u/]sf] hUufdf nfesf] lgDgfg';f/

u0fgf ug'{ kb{5M
?= nfvdf cj:yf s cj:yf v
gofF hUufsf] d"No
lg;u{ jfkt cfDbfgL
lg;u{ ePsf] ;DklQsf] v'b vr{
c:j]lR5s lg;u{df k|fKt eGbf sd
vr{
;DklQsf] vr{
nfe

k|lt:yflkt gof ;DklQdf k/]sf] d"No

k'/fgf] ;DklQsf] v'b vr{
c:j]lR5s lg;u{df k|fKt eGbf a9L vr{

cj:yf u

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pbfx/0f @@=!#=@M dfgf}+, uf]kdf{ lnld6]8sf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] ejg hn]/ gi6
eP5 . ejgsf] jif{sf] z'?sf] x|f; cfwf/ ?=%) nfv /x]5 . sDkgLn] ejgsf]
ahf/ d"No ?=*) nfvsf] jLdf u/fPsfn] jLdf sDkgL;+u ?=*) nfv jLdf bfjL
u/]5 . jLdf sDkgLn] ?=*) nfv Ifltk"lt{ lbPsf] / sDkgLn] ;f]xL :yfgdf csf]{
gof+ ejg lgdf{0f u/]sf] /x]5 . ejg gof agfpg' k/]sfn] sDkgLn] bkmf $^ sf]
;'ljwf 5gf}6 u/]/ lgj]bg lbPsf] /x]5 . gof lgdf{0f Ps jif{leq g} ;DkGg eP5 .
gof+ ejgsf] nfut lgDgfg';f/ /x]5M
s=
?= ^) nfv
v=
?= *) nfv
u=
?= *% nfv
o; cj:yfdf uf]kdf{ sDkgLn] c:j]lR5s lg;u{ u/]sf] ejgdf lgDgfg';f/ s/
Jojxf/ x'G5M
?= nfvdf
gof ejgsf] d"No -x|f; ;d"x s_
klxnf] jif{
jif{sf] z'?sf] x|f; cfwf/
of] jif{ yk
lg;u{af6 k|fKt /sd -bkmf $^ 5gf}6_
x|f; cfwf/
x|f; vr{
bf]>f] jif{
jif{sf] z'?sf] x|f; cfwf/
of] jif{ yk -yk ePsf] ldlt cg';f/_

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lg;u{ jfkt k|fKt

lg;u{ ePsf] ;DklQsf] v'b vr{
c:j]lR5s lg;u{df k|fKt eGbf sd vr{
x|f; cfwf/

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sDkgLn] bkmf $^ sf] ;'ljwf 5gf}6 gu/]sf] cj:yfdf eg] Iflt ePsf] jif{df
P]gsf] cg';"lr @ adf]lhd x|f; u0fgf u/L aLdfsf] Ifltk"lt{ k|fKt ePsf jif{ bkmf
#! / bkmf ^@ adf]lhd ;f] Ifltk"lt{ /sd cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .
$^-@_
s'g} JolQmn] bkmf $) sf] pkbkmf -@_ df plNnlvt tl/sfx? dWo]
s'g} klg tl/sfaf6 s'g} bfloTj c:j}lR5s ?kdf lg;u{ u/]sf] Ps jif{leq
;f] bfloTjsf] ;fdf ;f]xL lsl;dsf] csf]{ bfloTj jxg u/L of] bkmf nfu"
x'g lnlvt ?kdf cg'/f]w u/]df b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ ;f] JolQmn] pkv08 -!_ df plNnlvt /sdaf6 pkv08 -@_ df
plNnlvt /sd 36fO{ x'g cfpg] /sd ;f] lg;u{ afkt vr{ u/]sf]
dflgg]5 .
-!_ lg;u{sf] tTsfn cl3 ;f] bfloTj afktsf] v"b cfDbfgLx?
afktsf] /sd,
-@_ ;f] k|lt:yflkt bfloTj lnFbf k|fKt ul/Psf] /sdeGbf ;f] lg;u{
ubf{ ePsf] vr{ a9L eP o:tf] a9L eP hltsf] vr{ /sd,
-v_ ;f] JolQmn] k|lt:yflkt bfloTj lnFbf b]xfo adf]lhdsf] /sdx?sf] of]u
a/fa/sf] /sd k|fKt u/]sf] dflgg]5 M
-!_ lg;u{ x'g' eGbf tTsfn cl3 lg;u{ ul/Psf] bfloTj afktsf v"b
cfDbfgLx?, /
-@_ lg;u{ ubf{ ePsf] vr{ eGbf k|lt:yflkt bfloTj lnFbf k|fKt
ul/Psf] /sd a9L eP o:tf] a9L eP hltsf] /sd .
s'g} AolQmn] cfkm\gf] :j]R5fn] geO{ ;/sf/L cfb]z, sfg"gL lg0f{o jf o:t} cGo
afWofTds kl/l:yltaz cfkm\gf] bfloTjsf] ef/ (Obligation) af6 x6L o;/L
c:j]lR5s (involuntary) lg;u{ u/]sf] Ps aif{ leq ;f] bfloTjsf] abnfdf ;f]xL
lsl;dsf] csf]{ bfloTj axg u/L of] bkmf nfu' x'g lnlvt ?kdf ;DalGwt
cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf cg'/f]w u/]df, ;f] AolQmn] bfloTj afktsf v'b
cfDbfgLx? (Net incomings) af6 ;f] k|lt:yflkt bfloTj lnFbf k|fKt u/]sf] /sd
eGbf ;f] lg;u{ ubf{ ePsf] vr{ a9L eP To:tf] a9L eP hltsf] vr{ /sd 36fO{
x'g cfpg] /sd ;f] lg;u{ afkt vr{ u/]sf] dflgG5 . k|lt:yfkg ;lxtsf]
bfloTjsf] c:j]lR5s lg;u{ afktsf] vr{ u/]sf] dflgg] /sd (Outgoings)
lgDgfg';f/ :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 M
k|lt:yfkg ;lxtsf] bfloTj c:j]lR5s lg;u{ afktsf] vr{ (Outgoings):
k|lt:yflkt bfloTj lnFbf k|fKt /sd bfloTj eGbf lg;u{ ubf{ ePsf]
vr{ a9L eP M
482

lg;u{ ul/Psf] bfloTj afkt v'b cfDbfgLx?

lg;u{ ubf{ ePsf] vr{ k|lt:yflkt bfloTj lnFbf k|fKt /sd

k|lt:yflkt bfloTj lnFbf k|fKt /sd, bfloTj lg;u{ ubf{ ePsf] vr{
eGbf a9L geP M
lg;u{ ul/Psf] bfloTj afkt v'b cfDbfgLx?
To:t}, ;f] AolQmn] k|lt:yflkt bfloTj lnFbf lg;u{ x'g' tTsfn cl3 lg;u{ ul/Psf]
bfloTj afktsf] v'b cfDbfgLx? / lg;u{ ubf{ ePsf] vr{ eGbf k|lt:yflkt bfloTj
lnFbf k|fKt ul/Psf /sd a9L eP o:tf] a9L eP hltsf] /sd bfloTj lnFbfsf]
cfDbfgL (Incomings) dflgG5 . c:j]lR5s lg;u{ af6 k|lt:yflkt bfloTj afktsf]
k|fKt u/]sf] dflgg] /sd (Incomings) lgDgfg';f/ :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 M
k|lt:yflkt bfloTj lnFbf k|fKt u/]sf] dflgg] /sd (Incomings):
lg;u{ ubf{ ePsf] vr{ eGbf k|lt:yflkt bfloTj lnFbf k|fKt /sd a9L
eP M
lg;u{ ul/Psf] bfloTj afkt v'b cfDbfgLx?

k|lt:yflkt bfloTj lnFbf k|fKt /sd lg;u{ ubf{ ePsf] vr{

lg;u{ ubf{ ePsf] vr{ eGbf k|lt:yflkt bfloTj lnFbf k|fKt /sd a9L
geP M
lg;u{ ul/Psf] bfloTj afkt v'b cfDbfgLx?
$^-#_
s'g} lgsfodf /x]sf] lxtsf] kl/jt{g jf lgsfosf] k'glg{df{0fsf]
kmn:j?k ;f] lgsfosf] Pp6f lxtsf] csf]{ lxt -;]So"l/6L_ af6 k|lt:yfkgf
eO{ c:j}lR5s lg;u{ l;h{gf x'g] cj:yfx? tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
s'g} lgsfodf /x]sf] lxtsf] kl/jt{g jf lgsfosf] k'glg{df{0fsf] kmn:j?k ;f] lgsfosf]]
Pp6f lxtsf] csf]{ lxt -;]So"l/6L_ af6 k|lt:yfkgf eO{ c:j}lR5s lg;u{ l;h{gf x'g]
;Gbe{df lgod !^ df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5M

lgod !^= k|lt:yfkg ;lxtsf] c:j]lR5s lg;u{ >[hgf x'g] cj:yf M

-!_ s'g} lgsfosf] PsLs/0f jf k'g;{+/rgf eO{ s'g} JolQmsf] ;f]
lgsfodf /x]sf] lxt ;f]xL lgsfosf] csf]{ lxtaf6 jf s'g} csf]{
lgsfosf] lxtaf6 k|lt:yfkg ePdf c:j]lR5s lg;u{ >[hgf
ePsf] dflgg] 5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd c:j]lR5s lg;u{ >[hgf ePdf ;f] lgsfo
jf ;f] JolQmn] ljefu ;dIf :jLs[ltsf] nfuL lgj]bg lbg' kg]{5 .
-#_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhd lbPsf] lgj]bgdf ljefun] :jLs[lt lbg
;Sg]5 .
o; ;DaGwL Aoa:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

483

pbfx/0f @@=!#=#M dfgf}+, Pg\= l8= Pn\= kmfO{gfG; ln= nfO{ g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn]
g]kfn wg nlId a}+s ln=df ufleg lgb]{zg lbPsf] /x]5 . ;f]xL lgb]{zg adf]lhd
pQm kmfO{gfG; sDkgL ;f] a}+sdf lano ePsf] /x]5 . o;/L lano x'g] ;Gbe{df
;f] kmfO{gfG; sDkgLsf z]o/xf]N8/n] g]kfn wg nlId a}+s ln=sf] z]o/ k|fKt
u/]sf /x]5g\ . o:tf] k|sf/af6 ;f] kmfO{gfG; sDkgLsf z]o/xf]N8/n] u/]sf]
z]o/sf] lg;u{ Pj+ z]o/ k|lt:yfkg ePdf c:j]lR5s lg;u{ >[hgf ePsf] dflgg]
5 . o;/L c:j]lR5s lg;u{ >[hgf ePsf] dflggsf] nflu laefuaf6 l:js[lt lng'
kg]{ x'G5 .
@@=!$ ;DklQ / bfloTj ufleO{ x'g] lg;u{

P]gsf] bkmf $& df ;DklQ / bfloTj ufleO{ x'g] lg;u{sf] cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf
lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5M
$&-!_
s'g} JolStn] s'g} ;DklQ k|fKt u/]sf] jf bfloTj jxg u/]sf]
kl/0ffd:j?k ;f] JolQmsf] :jfldTjdf ePsf] csf]{ s'g} ;DklQ jf jxg u/]sf]
csf]{ s'g} bfloTj ;dfKt eO{ jf ufleO{ lg;u{ ePdf b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ lg;u{ x'g' eGbf tTsfn cl3 ufleg] ;DklQ jf bfloTj afktsf v"b
vr{x? ePsf]df ;f] JolStn],
-!_ ufleg] ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{sf ;DaGwdf ;f] v"b vr{
a/fa/sf] /sd k|fKt u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
t/ o:tf] /sd pQm uflePsf] bfloTj afkt lghn] k|fKt u/]sf]
/sdeGbf a9L x'g] 5}g .
-@_ uflePsf] ;DklQsf] :jfldTj wf/0f jf bfloTjsf] ef/ jxg ubf{
pSt /sd a/fa/sf] /sd vr{ u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
-v_ ufleg] bfloTjsf] ;DaGwdf ;f] bfloTjsf] lg;u{sf] tTsfn cl3 ufleg]
bfloTjafkt v"b cfDbfgLx? ePsf]df ;f] JolStn] M
-!_ ufleg] bfloTjsf] lg;u{afkt ;f] v"b cfDbfgL a/fa/sf] /sd
vr{ u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
t/ uflePsf] ;DklQsf] xsdf ;f] ;DklQ k|fKt ubf{ lghn] vr{
u/]sf] /sd eGbf a9L x'g' x+'b}g .
-@_ uflePsf] ;DklQsf] :jfldTj wf/0f jf bfloTjsf] ef/ u|x0f ubf{
pQm /sd a/fa/sf] /sd k|fKt u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
$&-@_
pkbkmf -!_ df plNnlvt s'/fx?sf] k|lts"n gx'g] u/L ;f] pkbkmf
b]xfosf cj:yfx?df ;d]t nfu" x'g]5 M
-s_ ;f] JolQmn] s'g} ;DklQ k|fKt ug]{ jf ljqmL ug]{ sfo{ u/]df,
-v_ ;f] JolStaf6 kfdf lbOPsf] ;DklQsf] k|flKt u/]df, /
-u_ x:tfGt/0f ul/lng] JolStjf6 hdfgt lbOPsf] bfloTjsf] x:tfGt/0f
ePdf .
484

s'g} JolStn] s'g} ;DklQ k|fKt u/]sf] jf bfloTj jxg u/]sf] kl/0ffd:j?k ;f]
JolQmsf] :jfldTj /x]sf]] csf]{ s'g} ;DklQ jf jxg u/]sf] csf]{ s'g} bfloTj ;dfKt
eO{ jf ufleO{ lg;u{ ePdf, lg;u{ x'g' eGbf tTsfn cl3 ufleg] ;DklQ jf
bfloTj afktsf v"b vr{x? a/fa/sf] /sd ufleg] ;DklQ jf bfloTj lg;u{sf]
;DaGwdf k|fKt u/]sf] dflgG5 . uflePsf] ;DklQsf] :jfldTj wf/0f jf bfloTjsf]
ef/ axg ubf{ pQm /sd a/fa/sf] /sd vr{ u/]sf] dflgG5 .
ufleg] bfloTjsf] ;DaGwdf ;f] bfloTjsf] lg;u{sf] tTsfn cl3 ufleg] bfloTj
afktsf] /sd vr{ u/]sf] dflgG5 . t/, uflePsf] ;DklQsf] :jfldTjsf] xsdf ;f]
;DklQ k|fKt ubf{ lghn] vr{ u/]sf] /sd eGbf a9L x'g ;Sb}g . uflePsf]
;DklQsf] :jfldTj jf axg u/]sf] bfloTj ef/ u|x0f ubf{ pQm /sd a/fa/sf]
/sd k|fKt u/]sf] dflgG5 . o; ;DaGwL Aoa:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f @@=!$=!M dfgf}+, vf]k ln=n] g]k k|f=ln=sf gfddf ?=&) nfvsf]
ljlgdokq hf/L u/]sf] /x]5 . g]k k|f= ln= n] wgg]knf ln= sf] gfddf ?= ^)
nfv sf] ljlgdo kq hf/L u/]5 . wgg]knf ln= n] pQm ljlgdo kq vf]k ln= df
a'emfPsf] /x]5 . o;/L vf]k ln= n] ?= &) nfv ltg{ kg]{ / ?=^) nfv lng kg]{
ljlgdo kq afsL /x]5g\ . o:tf]df vf]k ln= n] ltg{ afsL bfloTj / lng afsL
;DklQ Ps cfk;df ufeL gof+ ljlgdo kq hf/L ug{ ldNb5 . t/ gof ljlgdo
kqdf ufleg] ;DklQeGbf a9L bfloTj uflePsf] dflgb}g .
ljlgdo kqx?sf] d"No Pj+ lg;u{sf cj:yfx? lgDgfg';f/ /x]5g\ .
ltg'{ kg]{ ljlgdo kq
?=&) nfv
lng'kg]{ ljlgdo kq
?=^) nfv
ufleO ePsf] ;DklQ
?=!) nfv
@@=!% Joj;fo uflePsf] sf/0fn] x'g] lg;u{ ;DaGwL ljif]z Joj:yf
P]gsf] bkmf $&s n] a}+ls+u tyf ljQLo Joj;fo jf aLdf Joj;fo ug]{ Ps}
k|s[ltsf lgsfox? cfk;df ufleP/ -dh{/ jf PSo'lhzg_ ePdf ljz]if Joj:yfx?
u/]sf] 5 .
$&s-!_ a}ls+u tyf ljQLo Joj;fo jf jLdf Joj;fo ug]{] Ps} k|s[ltsf] lgsfox?
cfk;df ufleP/ -dh{/ jf PSo'lhzg_ ePdf bkmf %& sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf]
v08 -s_, -v_, -3_, -_, -r_ / -5_ tyf pkbkmf -#_ sf] Joj:yf nfu" x'g]
5}g .
a}ls+u jf aLdf ;DalGw Ps} k|s[ltsf] Joj;fo ug]{ lgsfox? uflePsf avtdf of]
bkmfdf ul/Psf Joj:yfx? nfu' x'G5g\ . s'g} a}+ls+u Joj;fo ug]{ lgsfox? jf
aLdf Joj;fo ug]{ lgsfox? cfk;df uflePsf cj:yfdf bkmf %& adf]lhd
:jfldTj kl/jt{g ePsf] lgsfosf] :jfldTj kl/jt{g cl3 sfod /x]sf lhDd]jf/L
;fg{ kfpg] gf]S;fgL nufotsf ljleGg /sdx? (Tax Attributes) nfO{ :jfldTjdf
kl/jt{g kl5 ;dfof]hg ug{ gkfpg] u/L (No deferrals) bkmf %& sf] pkbkmf -@_
f/f nufOPsf] lgDg aGb]hx? nfu' x'g] 5}g M
%&-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd s'g} lgsfosf] :jfldTj kl/jt{g ePdf
485

To:tf] kl/jt{g kl5 ;f] lgsfonfO{ b]xfosf sfo{ ug{ cg'dlt lbOg] 5}g M
-s_ :jfldTjsf] kl/jt{g x'g'eGbf cl3 ;f] lgsfoaf6 vr{ ul/Psf bkmf !$
sf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd cufl8 ;fl/Psf] Jofh sf ug{,
-v_ :jldTjsf] kl/jt{g x'g'eGbf cl3 ;f] lgsfonfO{ x'g uPsf] gf]S;fgL
bkmf @) adf]lhd sf ug{,
-3_ :jfldTj kl/jt{g x'g'cl3 bkmf @$ sf] pkbkmf -$_ sf] v08 -s_
adf]lhd s'g} /sd jf vr{ afkt lx;fa u/]sf] / :jfldTjsf] kl/jt{g
kl5 ;f] /sd jf vr{sf] bkmf @$ sf] pkbkmf -$_ sf] v08 -v_
adf]lhd ;RrfPsf]df bkmf @$ sf] pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd ;dfof]hg
ug{,
-_ :jfldTjsf] kl/jt{g x'g'cl3 bkmf @% sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -v_
adf]lhd s'g} /sdsf] lx;fa u/]sf] / :jfldTjsf] kl/jt{gkl5 ;f] /sd
k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ Tofu u/]sf] jf ;f] /sd s'g} JolQmsf] C0f bfaL
ePsf]df To:tf] JolQmn] pQm C0fnfO{ 8'a]sf] C0f dfgL ckn]vg u/]df
bkmf @% sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ;dfof]hg ug{,
-r_ :jfldTjsf] kl/jt{g x'g'cl3 ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{ ubf{ x'g uPsf]
3f6f :jfldTjsf] kl/jt{gkl5 ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt
cfDbfgLdf bkmf #^ adf]lhd 36fpg,
-5_ :jfldTj kl/jt{g x'g'cl3 bkmf ^) sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -v_ sf]
pkv08 -!_ adf]lhd lk|ldodsf] lx;fa u/]sf]df / :jfldTjsf] kl/jt{g
kl5 To:tf] lk|ldod laldtnfO{ lkmtf{ lbPdf ;f] adf]lhd vr{ bfaL
ug{, jf
s'g} lgsfosf] bkmf %&-#_ jdf]lhd :jfldTj kl/jt{g ePdf To;/L :jfldTj
kl/jt{g x'g' cufl8 / k5f8Lsf efux?nfO{ a]Unfj]Un} cfo jif{ dflgg] Joj:yf
klg bkmf $&s sf] cj:yfdf nfu' x'b}g .
ljutsf gf]S;fgL sL ;DaGwdf lgDg k|ltjGwfTds Joj:yf nfu' /xG5M
t/, ufleP/ cl:tTjdf g/x]sf] lgsfosf] s'g} sL x'g g;s]sf] gf]S;fgL eP
To:tf] gf]S;fgL bfdf;fxLn] cfufdL ;ft jif{df sL ug'{ kg]{5 . o;/L ;dfg
ls:tfdf gf]S;fgL sL ug]{ lgsfo ;f] k'/} gf]S;fgL sL gub}{ k'gM ljefhg ePdf
sL ePsf] gf]S;fgL afkt sL ePsf] /sddf uflePsf] -dh{/ jf PSo'lhzg_
cfly{s ai{fdf sfod /x]sf] s/sf] b/n] s/ ltg'{ kg]{5 .

486

;f] ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ lgDg pbfx/0fdf :ki6 ul/Psf] 5M

pbfx/0f @@=!%=!M dfgf}, sfe]| a}s ln= n] sf:sL a}+s ln= sf ;j} z]o/wgLnfO{
k|To]s !)) lsQf z]o/ a/fa/ () z]o/ lbO{ sf:sL a}+s ln= uflePsf] /x]5 .
sf:sL a}+s ln= df ?=@ s/f]8 !) nfv sL x'g afsL gf]S;fg /x]5 . uflePsf]
jif{ ufleg] sf/f]jf/ kl5 sfe|] a}+ssf] gf]S;fgL sL cufl8sf] s/of]Uo cfo ?=#
s/f]8 /x]5 . ufleP/ cl:yTjdf g/x]sf] sf:sL a}+s ln= sf] o:tf] sL x'g afsL
gf]S;fgL ufleP kl5sf] sfe|] a}+sn] bfdf;fxLn] & jif{df sL ug{ kfpb5 . of]
jif{ ?=#) nfvdfq gf]S;fgL sL ug{ kfpb5 . ufleP/ cl:yTjdf g/x]sf]
sDkgLsf] ufleg' cuf8L & jif{ ggf3]sf] gf]S;fgLdfq o; Joj:yf adf]lhd
bfdf;fxLdf sL ug{ kfOG5 .
pbfx/0f @@=!%=@M dfgf}, sfe]| a}s ln= n] sf:sL a}+s ln= sf ;j} z]o/wgLnfO{
k|To]s !)) lsQf z]o/ a/fa/ () z]o/ lbO{ sf:sL a}+s ln= uflePsf] /x]5 .
sfe|] a}+s ln= df ?=@ s/f]8 !) nfv sL x'g afsL gf]S;fg /x]5 . uflePsf] jif{
ufleg] sf/f]jf/ kl5 sf:sL a}+ssf] sf/f]jf/ klg ;dflxt ePsfn] sfe|] a}+ssf]
gf]S;fgL sL cufl8sf] s/of]Uo cfo ?=# s/f]8 /x]5 . ufleP kl5 klg
cl:yTjdf /x]sf] sfe|] a}+s ln= sf] o:tf] sL x'g afsL gf]S;fgL ufleP kl5sf]
bkmf @) sf] Joj:yf adf]lhd gf]S;fgL l;h{gf ePsf] jif{af6 & jif{;Dd sL ug{
kfpb5, bfdf;fxL ul//xg' kb{}g .
pbfx/0f @@=!%=#M dfgf}, sfe]| a}s ln= n] sf:sL a}+s ln= sf ;j} z]o/wgLnfO{
k|To]s !)) lsQf z]o/ a/fa/ () z]o/ lbO{ sf:sL a}+s ln= uflePsf] /x]5 .
sf:sL a}+s ln= df ?=@ s/f]8 !) nfv sL x'g afsL gf]S;fg /x]5 . uflePsf]
$ jif{ kl5 sfe|] a}+saf6 k'/fgf sf:sL a}+ssf z]o/wgLx? ljefhg e} hfg]
lg0f{o u/]5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf sf:sL a}+s ln= cl:yTjdf x'bfsf] & jif{;Dd
k'/fgf] gf]S;fg ?=@ s/f]8 !) nfvsf] & efusf] $ efu sL e} ;s]sf] x'G5 .
ljefhgaf6 gof+ sDkgL ag]sf] jif{ ;f] sL e};s]sf] gf]S;fgL ?=! s/f]8 @)
nfvdf uflePsf] jif{sf] cfos/sf] b/ cg';f/ x'g] /sd s/ ltg'{ kb{5 . afsL
/x]sf] sL gePsf] gf]S;fgL ?=() nfv klg sL ug{ kfpb}g .
lgsfox? cfk;df ufleg] qmddf Pp6f lgsfodf ePsf ;a} ;DklQ tyf
bfloTjx? csf]{ lgsfodf x:tfGt/0f x'g hfG5g\ . o:tf] x:tfGt/0fsf ;DaGwdf
lgDg t/Lsfn] d"Nof+sg x'g] Joj:yf pkbkmf -@_ df ul/Psf] 5M
$&s-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lgsfox? ufleO{ ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] lg;u{ ePdf
b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5M
-s_ Jofkfl/s df}Hbft tyf Joj;flos ;DklQsf] lg;u{sf] xsdf
-!_ lg;u{sf] tTsfn cl3 ;f] ;DklQ jfkt ePsf] v"b vr{ a/fa/sf] /sd
;f] lg;u{ jfkt ;f] JolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf] dflgg]5, /
-@_ pkv08 -!_ df pNn]v eP a/fa/sf] /sd ;DklQ k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf]
nfut k/]sf] dflgg]5 .
-v_ x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{sf] xsdf
-!_ lg;u{ x'Fbfsf jvt cg';"rL@ sf] bkmf $ adf]lhd ;d"xsf] 36\bf]
k|0ffnLsf] afFsL d"No a/fa/sf] /sd ;f] lg;u{ jfkt k|fKt u/]sf]
487

dflgg]5, /
-@_ pkv08 -!_ df pNn]v eP a/fa/sf] /sd ;DklQ k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf]
nfut k/]sf] dflgg]5 .
-u_ bfloTjsf] lg;u{sf] xsdf
-!_ lg;u{sf] tTsfn cl3 ;f] bfloTjsf] ahf/ d"No / v'b cfDbfgL dWo]
h'g 36L x'G5 ;f] a/fa/sf] /sd lg;u{ jfkt ;f] JolQmsf] nfut
k/]sf] dflgg]5, /
-@_ pkv08 -!_ df pNn]v eP a/fa/sf] /sd bfloTj jxg ug]{ JolQmn]
;f] bfloTj jxg u/] jfkt k|fKt u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
-#_ Joj;fo ufEg] lgsfo jf ufleP/ sfod ePsf] lgsfon] uflePsf]
;DklQ / bfloTjsf] nfut u0fgf ubf{ ufleg] lgsfoaf6 ;f] uflePsf]
Joj;fo ;+rfng u/]sf avt -dh{/ jf PSo"hL;g cufl8_ sfod
/x]sf ;DklQ / bfloTj jfktsf nfut dfq v08 -s_, -v_ / -u_
adf]lhd u0fgf ug'{ kg]{5 .
;f] ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ lgDg pbfx/0fdf :ki6 ul/Psf] 5M
pbfx/0f @@=!%=$ M dfgf}, sfe]| a}s ln= n] sf:sL a}+s ln= sf ;j} z]o/wgLnfO{
k|To]s !) lsQf z]o/ a/fa/ ( z]o/ lbO{ sf:sL a}+s ln= uflePsf] /x]5 .
sf:sL a}+s ln= sf lgDg ;DklQ tyf bfloTjx? lgDgfg';f/ d"Nodf lg;u{ ePsf]
/ sfe|] a}+ssf] nfut k/]sf] dflgG5M
Joj;flos ;DklQ M ufleg'sf] tTsfn cl3sf] v'b vr{ -g]6 cfp6uf]O+u_
x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ M ufleg'sf] tTsfn cl3sf] cg';"lr @ sf] bkmf $ adf]lhdsf]
36\bf] k|0ffnLsf] afsL d"No
Joj;flos bfloTj M ufleg'sf] tTsfn cl3sf] v'b cfDbfgL -g]6 OGsld+u_ /
ahf/d"NodWo] h'g 36L x'G5 ;f] /sd
lgsfo ufleg] qmddf ufleg] sDkgL / ufEg] sDkgLsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;fd"lxs
cjsf;sf] cj:yf ePdf lgDgfg';f/ x'G5M
$&s-#_
pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ufleO{ lg;u{ ePsf] lgsfodf jf ufleP
kZrftsf] lgsfodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;fd'lxs ?kdf ;]jfaf6 casfz
lbg] k|of]hgsf] nflu ul/g] yk Psd'i6 e'StfgLdf -casfz sf]if dfkm{t ul/g]
e'StfgL jf sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{df pNn]v eP cg';f/ ug'{kg]{ e'StfgL afx]ssf_
casfz e'StfgLdf s/ sL ug'{kg]{ b/df krf; k|ltzt 5'6 lbO{ e'StfgLdf
s/ sL ug'{kg]{ 5 .
;f] ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ lgDg pbfx/0fdf :ki6 ul/Psf] 5M

488

pbfx/0f @@=!%=%M dfgf}, sfe]| a}s ln= n] sf:sL a}+s ln= sf ;j} z]o/wgLnfO{
k|To]s !) lsQf z]o/ a/fa/ ( z]o/ lbO{ sf:sL a}+s ln= uflePsf] /x]5 .
ufleg] zt{x?dWo] Pp6f b'j} a}+ssf ^) k|ltzt sd{rf/LnfO{ ;fd'lxs cjsf;
lbg] / ;f] jfkt ;DjlGwt sd{rf/L lgodfjnLdf ePsf] Joj:yf cg';f/sf]
;'ljwfsf cltl/Qm ?=!)),))) lbOg] /x]5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf b'j} lgsfosf
cjsf; kfpg] sd{rf/Lsf] ;f] e'QmfgLdf nfUg] s/df %) k|ltztn] 5'6 lbO{
clu|d s/ sL ug'{ kb{5 .
cjsf; kfpg] sd{rf/Lsf] yk ;'ljwf -b'j} sDkgLdf_ M
e'QmfgL ePsf] cjsf; /sd
?=!)),)))
s/ 5'6 kfpg] /sd -%) k|ltzt_
?=%),)))
afsL /sd
?=%),)))
e'QmfgLdf s/ sL -!% k|ltztn]_
?=&,%))
bkmf (@ df ePsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ of] /sd clGtd ljwLsf] s/ nfUg] cfo xf] .
lgsfo ufleg] qmddf ufleg] sDkgLsf z]o/wgLn] csf]{ sDkgL -ufEg] sDkgL_ sf]
z]o/ k|fKt u/]sf x'G5g\ . o:tf] z]o/ ljqmL ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/ x'G5M
$&s-$_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ufleO{ lg;u{ ePsf] lgsfodf sfod /x]sf
z]o/wgLx?n] cfkmgf] z]o/ uflePsf] b'O{ aif{ leq cfkmgf] z]o/ las|Lsf]
dfWodaf6 lg;u{ u/]df To;/L lg;u{ ePsf] z]o/df ePsf] nfedf k'lhut
nfes/ nfUg] 5}g .
;f] ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ lgDg pbfx/0fdf :ki6 ul/Psf] 5M
pbfx/0f @@=!%=^M dfgf}, sfe]| a}s ln= n] sf:sL a}+s ln= sf ;j} z]o/wgLnfO{
k|To]s !) lsQf z]o/ a/fa/ ( z]o/ lbO{ sf:sL a}+s ln= @)^*.@.@( df
uflePsf] /x]5 . /d]zhL zfxsf] sf:sL ln= df !))) lsQf z]o/ -r'Qmf d"No ?=
!)) nfut ?=@))_ /x]5 . uflePsf] sf/0f /d]zhLn] ()) lsQf z]o/ k|fKt
u/]sf /x]5g\ . /d]zhLn] sfe|] ln= sf] $)) lsQf z]o/ @)^(.#.@) df k|ltz]o/
?=#!) df ljlqm u/]5g\ . of] cj:yfdf z]o/ ljlqmdf ePsf] nfe ?=$$,))) !!)*$))_ df uflePsf] @ jif{ leq} ljlqm u/L nfe ePsfn] k'lhut nfes/
nfUb}g .
t/, /d]zhL zfx ufleg' cl3b]lv g} sfe|] a}+s ln=sf] z]o/wgL ePsf eP of]
nfedf !) k|ltzt s/ nfUbYof] . t/, cfo jif{ @)^*.^( df eg] s/sf] b/ %
k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
ufleg] k|lqmof k'/f eO ;s] kl5sf] sDkgLsf z]o/wgLn] ;f] sDkgL -ufEg]
sDkgL_ sf] nfef+z k|fKt ePdf lgDgfg';f/ x'G5M
$&s-%_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ufleO{ lg;u{ ePsf] lgsfon] uflePsf] ldltn] b'O{
aif{ leq uflePsf] ca:yfdf sfod /x]sf] z]o/wgLnfO{ lat/0f u/]sf]
nfefz+df s/ nfUg] 5}g .
489

;f] ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ lgDg pbfx/0fdf :ki6 ul/Psf] 5M

pbfx/0f @@=!%=&M dfgf}, sfe]| a}s ln= n] sf:sL a}+s ln= sf ;j} z]o/wgLnfO{
k|To]s !) lsQf z]o/ a/fa/ ( z]o/ lbO{ sf:sL a}+s ln= @)^&.@.@( df
uflePsf] /x]5 . ufleP kl5 sfe]| a}+s ln= n] @)^(.@.@) k|lt z]o/ ?=$)
nfef+z ljt/0f u/]sf] /x]5 . of] cj:yfdf sfe|] a}+s ln= sf s'g} klg
z]o/wgLnfO{ nfef+z s/ nfUb}g .
t/ pQm nfef+z @)^(.@.@( jf ;f] k5f8L ljt/0f u/]sf] eP of] ;'ljwf k|fKt x'g
;Qm}g / nfef+z s/ % k|ltzt nfUbYof] .
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf / aLdf Joj;fo ug]{ sDkgLx? ufleg] ;DaGwL cGo
Joj:yf lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
$&s-^_ pkbkmf -!_ cg';f/ ufleO{ lg;u{ x'g rfxg] lgsfon] @)^( ;fn sflQs
d;fGtleq ufleg] cfzo kq cfGtl/s /fh:j laefudf lbg' kg]{5 .
$&s-&_ pkbkmf-!_ adf]lhd uflegsf] nflu cfzo kq lbg] lgsfox?n] ufleO{g]
k|ls|of @)&) ;fn sflQs d;fGtleq k'/f ug'{kg]{5 .
$&s-*_ pkbkmf -^_ df tf]lsPsf] cjlw leq cfzo kq glbg] lgsfo tyf pkbkmf
-&_ df pNn]v ePsf] ldlt;Dd ufleg] k|ls|of k'/f gu/]sf] lgsfosf] xsdf of]
bkmfsf] Joj:yf nfu" ePsf] dflgg] 5}g .
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf / aLdf Joj;fo ug]{ sDkgLx? Ufleg rfxg] sDkgLx?n]
@)^( sflQ{s d;fGtleq ufleg] cfzokq cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefudf lbO{ ;f]
;DaGwL k|lqmofx? @)&) sflQ{s d;fGtleq k'/f u/L ;s]sf] x'g' kb{5 .
@@=!^

ljefhgaf6 x'g] ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] lg;u{

P]gsf] bkmf $* df ljefhgaf6 x'g] ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] lg;u{sf] cj:yfsf
;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5M
$*= s'g} JolStjf6 :jfldTj k|fKt ul/Psf] s'g} ;DklQ;+u ;DalGwt clwsf/
jf jxg ul/Psf] bfloTj;+u ;DalGwt ef/x? s'g} ;DklQ jf ;f]sf] s'g}
efusf] kfsf] dfWodaf6 ;d]t cGo s'g} JolQmdf l;h{gf ePdf b]xfo
adf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ clwsf/ jf ef/x? :yfoL ePsf]df ;f] klxnf] JolStn] ;f] ;DklQ jf
bfloTjsf] s'g} efu lg;u{ u/]sf] t/ s'g} gofF ;DklQ jf bfloTj k|fKt
gu/]sf] dflgg]5, /
-v_ clwsf/ jf ef/x? c:yfoL jf ;f+of]lus ePsf]df ;f] klxnf] JolStn]
;f] ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] s'g} efu lg;u{ u/]sf] dflgg] 5}g .
t/ cj:yf cg';f/ gofF ;DklQ k|fKt u/]sf] jf gofF bfloTj lnPsf]
dflgg]5 .
s'g} JolStjf6 :jfldTj k|fKt ul/Psf] s'g} ;DklQ;+u ;DalGwt clwsf/ jf jxg
ul/Psf] bfloTj;+u ;DalGwt ef/x? :yfoL ?kdf ;DklQ dflysf] clwsf/ jf
bfloTj dflysf] ef/x? csf]{ AolQmdf x:tfGt/0f ePdf o;/L x'g] x:tfGt/0fnfO{
490

@@=!&

;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{ dflgg] 5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu Ps 6'qmf hUufsf] s]xL

efu ljefhg u/L csf]{ JolQmnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f] x:tfGt/0faf6
hUufsf] clwsf/ :yfoL ?kn] csf]{ JolQmdf x:tfGt/0f x'g] ePsfn] ;f] hUuf
ljefhgaf6 lg;u{ ePsf] dflgG5 .
To:t}, s'g} JolStjf6 :jfldTj k|fKt ul/Psf] s'g} ;DklQ;+u ;DalGwt clwsf/ jf
jxg ul/Psf] bfloTj;+u ;DalGwt ef/x? :yfoL ?kdf ;DklQ dflysf] clwsf/
jf bfloTj dflysf] ef/x? csf]{ AolQmdf x:tfGt/0f geO{ c:yfO{ ?kdfdfq
x:tfGt/0f ePdf o;/L x'g] x:tfGt/0fnfO{ ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] lg;u{ dflgb}g,
h:t} axfndf lbO{Psf] ;DklQ (Operating lease) cGtu{t x'g] ;DklQsf]
x:tfGt/0f .
vr{ tyf cfDbfgLx?sf] jfF8kmfF8af6 x'g] lg;u{
P]gsf] bkmf $( df vr{ tyf cfDbfgLx?sf] jfF8kmfF8af6 x'g] lg;u{sf] cj:yfsf
;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5M
$(-!_
s'g} JolQmn] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] cj:yfdf s'g} ;DklQ jf bfloTj k|fKt
ubf{, jxg ubf{ jf lg;u{ ubf{ ul/Ps]f vr{ jf cfDbfgLx? cj:yfg';f/
k|flKt, jxg jf lg;u{sf] ;dodf ahf/ d"Nosf] cfwf/df ;DklQ / bfloTjx?
aLr jfF8kmfF8 ug'{ kg]{5 M
-s_ Ps} ;dodf Ps jf a9L ;DklQ k|fKt u/]df jf Ps jf a9L bfloTj
u|x0f u/]df, jf
-v_ Ps} ;dodf Ps jf a9L ;DklQ jf bfloTj lg;u{ u/]df .
s'g} JolQmn] Ps} ;dodf Ps jf a9L ;DklQ k|fKt u/]df jf Ps jf a9L bfloTj
u|x0f u/]df jf lg;u{ u/]df, jxg ubf{ jf lg;u{ ubf{ ul/Ps]f vr{ jf cfDbfgLx?
cj:yfg';f/ k|flKt, jxg jf lg;u{sf] ;dodf ahf/ d"Nosf] cfwf/df ;DklQ /
bfloTjx? aLr jfF8kmfF8 ug'{ kg]{5 . o; ;DaGwL Aoa:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f @@=!^=!M dfgf}+, nIdL laQLo ;+:yfn] ln= kf]v/fn] ?= ! s/f]8 tyf ?=
%) nfv kg]{ b'O{ hUuf vl/b u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm hUufx? vl/b ug]{ qmddf pQm
hUufx?sf] gfFk hfFr tyf cGo sfg"gL cj:yf x]g{nfO{ la=la= P;f]l;o6;\nfO{ ?=
# nfv e'Qmfg u/]sf] /x]5 . o;/L e'Qmfg ul/Psf] vr{nfO{ ;f] hUufsf] ahf/
d"No cg';f/ afF8kmfF8 ug'{ kb{5 . ;f] cg'?k afF8kmfF8 ubf{ qmdzM ?= @ nfv
tyf ?= ! nfvn] afF8kmfF8 ug'{ kb{5 .
$(-@_ s'g} ;DklQsf] :jfldTj wf/0f ug]{ jf bfloTj jxg ug]{ JolStn] ;f]
;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] s'g} efu lg;u{ u/]df ;f] lg;u{sf] tTsfn cl3sf] ;f]
;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] v"b vr{ jf v"b cfDbfgLx?nfO{ lg;u{ ul/Psf] ;DklQ
jf bfloTjsf] efu / jfFsL /x]sf] efudf cj:yf cg';f/ lg;u{sf]
tTsfnkl5sf] ;f]sf] ahf/ d"Nosf] cfwf/df jfF8kmfF8 ug'{ kg]{5 .
s'g} AolQmn] ;DklQsf] :jfldTj jf bfloTjsf] s'g} efu lg;u{ u/]df ;f] lg;u{sf]
tTsfn cl3sf] ;f] ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] v"b vr{ jf v"b cfDbfgLx?nfO{ lg;u{
ul/Psf] ;DklQ jf bfloTjsf] efu / jfFsL /x]sf] efudf cj:yf cg';f/ lg;u{sf]
491

tTsfn kl5sf] ;f]sf] ahf/ d"Nosf] cfwf/df jfF8kmfF8 ug'{kg]{5 . o; ;DaGwL

Aoa:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f @@=!^=@M dfgf}+, nIdL lalQo ;+:yfn] ln= kf]v/fdf ?= ! s/f]8df b'O{
/f]kgL hUuf ul/b u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm hUufsf] gfFk hfFr, ahf/ d"No cWoog Pj+
cGo sfg"gL cj:yf x]g{nfO{ la=la= P;f]l;o6;\nfO{ ?= % nfv e'Qmfg u/]sf] /x]5
. pQm hUufsf] xfnsf] ahf/ d"No ?= @ s/f]8 /x]5 . ;f] ;+:yfn] pQm b'O{ /f]kgL
hUuf dWo] Ps /f]kgL hUuf ?=! s/f]8 @) nfvdf laqmL u/]5 / afsL /x]sf]
csf]{ ! /f]kgLsf] d"No *) nfv kg]{ /x]5 . o; cj:yfdf pQm hUufsf] v'b vr{
lgDgfg';f/ afF8kmfF8 ul/G5M
!= hUufsf] nfut
?=!,)),)),)))
@= sG;N6]G;L vr{
?= %,)),)))
#= hUufsf] s'n nfut cfp6uf]O+u -!@_
?= !,)%,)),)))
$= ljefhgaf6 ljlqm ePsf] ;DklQsf] nfut
?=^#,)),)))
hDdf ahf/ d"No
?=@,)),)),)))
$=! afsL ;DklQsf] ahf/ d"No
?=*),)),))) -$) k|ltzt_
$=@ ljlqm ul/Psf] ;DklQsf] d"No
?=!,@),)),))) -^) k|ltzt_
%= afFsL hUufsf] nfut
?= $@,)),)))

492

kl/R%]b 23

s/sf] u)fgf
(Tax Computation)

@#=!

cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] cg';"rL ! df g]kfndf s/ ltg'{ kg]{ b/ Pj+ k|s[ofx?
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . s/sf] b/sf] ;Gbe{df pQm cg';"rLdf k|fs[lts AolQm
(Natural Person) tyf lgsfonfO{ 5'f5'} ?kdf Aoa:yf ul/Psf] 5 . pQm
cg';"rLsf] bkmf ! df k|fs[lts AolQmsf] nflu nfUg] s/sf] b/sf af/]df Aoa:yf
ul/Psf] 5 eg] bkmf @ df lgsfosf] nflu nfUg] s/sf] b/sf af/]df Aoa:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . k|fs[lts AolQmsf] nflu nfu" x'g] s/sf] b/ ;DaGwdf Aoa:yf ubf{
;f] cg';"rLsf] bkmf ! df k|fs[lts AolQmsf] s/of]Uo cfo u0fgf ubf{ b'u{d If]q
;'lawf, g]kfnsf ljb]z l:yt s'6g}lts lgof]udf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] j}b]lzs
eQfdf ;'lawf, lgj[lte/0f cfodf ;'lawf, ckf AolQmnfO{ ;'lawf, nufgL aLdf
;'lawf afkt s]xL /sdx? s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg kfpg] Aoa:yf ;d]t ul/Psf]
5 . lgsfosf] s/of]Uo cfodf nfUg] s/sf] b/ pNn]v ug]{ ;Gbe{df lgsfosf]
Joj;fosf] k|s[ltsf cfwf/df s/ nfUg] b/x? P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf @ df
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . k|fs[lts AolQmsf ;Gbe{df laz]if Aoa:yf o;} lgb]{lzsfsf]
kl/R5]bdf !! Pj+ lgsfosf] ;Gbe{df laz]if Aoa:yf o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !)
df ul/Psf] AofVof ;d]tnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL s/sf] b/ ;dfa]; u/L s/ tflnsfsf]
;Gbe{df AofVof ug'{ o; kl/R5]bsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .
@#=@= s/sf] b/
@#=@=! s/sf] b/ ;DaGwL Aoa:yf
P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf -!_, -@_, -#_ tyf -$_ df s/sf] b/
;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf ul/Psf] 5 M
c=!=!-!_
s'g} cfo jif{df afl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQmsf] s/of]Uo cfodf
o; cg';"rLsf] pkbkmf -@_ / -$_ sf cwLgdf /xL b]xfo adf]lhdsf] b/n]
s/ nfUg]5 M
-s_ Ps nfv ;f7L xhf/ ?k}+of;Dd /f]huf/Lsf] s/of]Uo cfo ePdf Ps
k|ltzt s/ nfUg] .
-v_ Ps nfv ;f7L xhf/ ?k}ofFeGbf a9L t/ b'O{ nfv ;f7L xhf/
?k}ofF;Dd s/of]Uo cfo ePdf pk/f]Qm -s_ adf]lhd Ps nfv ;f7L
xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd ?=!,^)). / Ps nfv ;f7L xhf/ ?k}ofFeGbf a9L
s/of]Uo cfodf kGw| k|ltzt
-u_ b'O{ nfv ;f7L xhf/ ?k}ofFeGbf a9L s/of]Uo cfo ePdf pk/f]Qm -v_
adf]lhd b'O{ nfv ;f7L xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd ?=!^,^)). / b'O{ nfv ;f7L
xhf/ ?k}ofFeGbf a9L ePsf] s/of]Uo cfodf kRrL; k|ltzt /
-3_ kRrL; nfv ?k}ofFeGbf a9L s/of]Uo cfo ePdf a9L ePhlt s/of]Uo
cfosf] v08 -u_ adf]lhd nfu]sf] s/sf] b/df yk rfnL; k|ltzt
cltl/Qm s/ nfUg]5 .
493

t/ Psnf}6L kmd{ btf{ ePsf s/bftfsf] xsdf v08 -s_ adf]lhdsf]

Ps k|ltzt s/ nfUg] 5}g .
c=!=!-@_ s'g} cfo jif{df bkmf %) adf]lhd 5gf}6 ug]{ s'g} bDklQsf] s/of]Uo
cfodf o; cg';"rLsf] pkbkmf -$_ sf] cwLgdf /xL b]xfo adf]lhdsf] b/df
s/ nfUg]5 M
-s_ b'O{ nfv ?k}ofF;Dd /f]huf/Lsf] s/of]Uo cfo ePdf Ps k|ltzt s/
nfUg] .
t/ Psnf}6L kmd{ btf{ ePsf s/bftfsf] xsdf pk/f]Qm adf]lhd Ps
k|ltzt s/ gnfUg],
-v_ b'O{ nfv ?k}ofFeGbf a9L t/ tLg nfv ?k}ofF;Ddsf] s/of]Uo cfo
ePdf pk/f]Qm -s_ adf]lhd b'O{ nfv ?k}ofF;Dd ?= @,))). / b'O{
nfv ?k}ofFeGbf a9L s/of]Uo cfodf kGw| k|ltzt /
-u_ tLg nfv ?k}ofFeGbf a9L s/of]Uo cfo ePdf pk/f]Qm -v_ adf]lhd
tLg nfv ?k}ofF;Dd ?=!&,))). / tLg nfv ?k}ofFeGbf j9L s/of]Uo
cfodf kRrL; k|ltzt /
-3_ kRrL; nfv ?k}ofFeGbf a9L s/of]Uo cfo ePdf a9L ePhlt s/of]Uo
cfosf] v08 -u_ adf]lhd nfu]sf] s/sf] b/df yk rfnL; k|ltzt
cltl/Qm s/ nfUg]5 .
t/ Psnf}6L kmd{ btf{ ePsf s/bftfsf] xsdf v08 -s_ adf]lhdsf]
Ps k|ltzt s/ nfUg] 5}g .
c=!=!-#_
o; cg';"rLsf] pkbkmf -$_ df plNnlvt Joj:Yff b]xfosf]
cj:yfdf nfu" x'g]5 M
-s_ afl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQmsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} cfo jif{df Ps nfv ;f7L
xhf/ ?k}ofFeGbf a9L cfo ePsf] jf bkmf %) adf]lhdsf] 5gf}6 u/]sf]
afl;Gbf bDktLsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} cfo jif{df b'O{ nfv ?k}ofFeGbf a9L
cfo ePsf], /
-v_ u}/Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt v"b nfe ;f]
k|fs[lts JolQm jf bDktLsf] cfo / tbcg'?k s/of]Uo cfosf]
u0fgfdf ;dfj]z ePsf] .
c=!=!-$_ o; cg';"rLsf] pkbkmf -#_ sf] cwLgdf /xL b]xfosf JolQmnfO{ b]xfo
adf]lhd s/ nfUg]5 M
-s_ b]xfosf /sd dWo] h'g a9L 5 ;f] /sddf ;f] k|fs[lts JolQm jf
bDktLsf] ;f] dfq s/of]Uo cfo eP ;/x dfgL o; cg';"rLsf] pkbkmf
-!_ jf -@_ adf]lhdsf] b/n] s/ nfUg]5 .
-!_ ;f] k|fs[lts JolQm jf bDktLsf] hDdf s/of]Uo cfoaf6 ;f]
nfesf] /sd 36fO{ af+sL x'g cfpg] /sd, jf
-@_ k|fs[lts JolQmsf] ;DaGwdf Ps nfv ;f7L xhf/ ?k}ofF jf
bDktLsf] ;DaGwdf b'O{ nfv ?k}ofF .
494

-v_ ;f] s/of]Uo cfosf] jfFsL /sddf bz k|ltztsf b/n] s/ nfUg]5 .

t/,
-!_ lg;u{ ePsf] u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ -hUuf tyf 3/hUuf_
sf] :jfldTj % jif{ eGbf a9L ePsf] 5 eg] b'O{ bzdnj kfFr
k|ltztsf b/n] s/ nfUg]5 .
-@_ lg;u{ ePsf] u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ -hUuf tyf
3/hUuf_ sf] :jfldTj % jif{eGbf sd /x]sf] 5 eg] kfFr
k|ltztsf b/n] s/ nfUg]5 .
-#_ g]kfn lwtf]kq jf]8{df ;"rLs/0f ePsf] lgsfodf /x]sf] lxtsf]
lg;u{af6 k|fKt nfesf] xsdf kfFr k|ltztsf] b/n] s/ nfUg]5 .
dfly pNn]lvt P]gsf Aoa:yfnfO{ tnsf] tflnsfaf6 :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 -cfo jif{
@)^&.^* sf] nflu_ M
Psn JolQm
/f]huf/Lsf] cfo dfqx'g]n]
?= !^),))) ;Dd
s/of]Uo cfo x'g]n]
?= !^),))) eGbf a9L
t/ ?= @,^),))) df
ggf3\g] s/of]Uo cfo
x'g]n]

bDklQ
?= @)),))) ;Dd
s/of]Uo cfo x'g]n]
?= @)),))) eGbf a9L
t/ ?= #,)),))) df
ggf3\g] s/of]Uo cfo
x'g]n]

s/sf] b/
s/of]Uo cfosf] ! sf b/n]

Psn AolQmn]M
?= !,^)) / ?= !^),))) eGbf
a9L /sddf !% sf b/n]
bDklQn]M
?= @,))) / ?= @)),)))
eGbf a9L /sddf !% sf
b/n]
?= @,^),))) eGbf a9L ?= #,)),))) eGbf a9L Psn AolQmn]M
?=@%,)),))) ;Dd
?=@%,)),))) ;Dd
?= !^,^)) / ?= @^),)))
s/of]Uo cfo x'g]n]
s/of]Uo cfo x'g]n]
eGbf a9L /sddf @% sf
b/n]
bDklQn]M
?= !&,))) / ?= #)),)))
eGbf a9L /sddf @% sf
b/n]
?= @%,)),))) eGbf
?= @%,)),))) eGbf
Psn AolQmn]M
a9L s/of]Uo cfo x'g]n] a9L s/of]Uo cfo x'g]n] ?= %&^,^)) / ?= @%,)),)))
eGbf a9L /sddf #%%
(25%*1.40) sf b/n]
bDklQn]M
?= %%@,))) / ?=
@%,)),))) eGbf a9L /sddf
#%% (25%*1.40) sf b/n]
Psnf}6L kmd{sf] ?kdf Joj;fodfq x'g]
?= !^),))) ;Dd
?= @)),))) ;Dd
s/ gnfUg]
s/of]Uo cfo x'g]n]
s/of]Uo cfo x'g]n]
495

?= !^),))) eGbf a9L

t/ ?= @,^),))) df
ggf3\g] s/of]Uo cfo
x'g]n]

?= @)),))) eGbf a9L Psn AolQmn]M

t/ ?= #,)),))) df
?= !^),))) eGbf a9L /sddf
ggf3\g] s/of]Uo cfo
!% sf b/n]
x'g]n]
bDklQn]M
?= @)),))) eGbf a9L
/sddf !% sf b/n]
?= @,^),))) eGbf a9L ?= #,)),))) eGbf a9L Psn AolQmn]M
?=@%,)),))) ;Dd
?=@%,)),))) ;Dd
?= !%,))) / ?= @^),)))
s/of]Uo cfo x'g]n]
s/of]Uo cfo x'g]n]
eGbf a9L /sddf @% sf
b/n]
bDklQn]M
?= !%,))) / ?= #)),)))
eGbf a9L /sddf @% sf
b/n]
?= @%,)),))) eGbf
?= @%,)),))) eGbf
Psn AolQmn]M
a9L s/of]Uo cfo x'g]n] a9L s/of]Uo cfo x'g]n] ?= %&%,))) / ?=
@%,)),))) eGbf a9L /sddf
#%% (25%*1.40) sf b/n]
bDklQn]M
?= %%),))) / ?=
@%,)),))) eGbf a9L /sddf
#%% (25%*1.40) sf b/n]
u}/Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt v"b nfe dfq cfo x'g]n]
?= !^),))) ;Dd v"b
?= @)),))) ;Dd v"b s/ gnfUg]
nfe x'g]n]
nfedf x'g]n]
?= !^),))) eGbf a9L ?= @)),))) eGbf a9L Psn AolQmn]M
v"b nfe x'g]n]
v"b nfe x'g]n]
?= !^),))) eGbf a9L /sddf
!) sf b/n]
bDklQn]M
?= @)),))) eGbf a9L
/sddf !) sf b/n]
t/,
lg;u{ ePsf] u}/ Joj;flos
s/of]Uo ;DklQ -hUuf tyf
3/hUuf_ sf] :jfldTj % jif{
leqsf] ePdf % k|ltzt / %
jif{ eGbf a9L ePsf] 5 eg]
@=% k|ltztsf b/n] s/ nfUg]5
. g]kfn lwtf]kq jf]8{df
;"rLs/0f ePsf] lgsfodf /x]sf]
lxtsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt nfesf]
xsdf kfFr k|ltztsf] b/n] s/
nfUg]5 .
gf]6M != s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg kfpg] aLdf lk|ldod, b'u{d eQf nufotsf 5'6 tyf
496

@=

;'ljwf 36fO{ afsL s/of]Uo cfoaf6 s/ u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 .

/f]huf/L, Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 ldl>t cfo x'g] k|fs[lts JolQmsf xsdf
/f]huf/Laf6 ePsf] cfosf] ;Ldf;Dd ! k|ltzt s/ nfUg] / /f]huf/L cfo
gePsf] cj:yfdf pQm ! k|ltzt s/ nfUb}g .

#= P]gsf] bkmf !! adf]lhd 5'6 x'g] cfodf nfUg] clwstd s/sf] b/ o;}
kl/R5]bsf] cGTodf lbO{Psf] 5 .
$= bDklQ eGgfn] Pp6} k|fs[lts AolQmsf] ?kdf dflgg] u/L bDklQsf] ?kdf
5gf}6 u/]sf] k|fs[lts AolQmnfO{ a'emfp+5 .
@#=@=@ Psd'i7 s/ nfUg] Aoa:yf
P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf ! pkbkmf -&_ df Psd'i7 -Presumptive_ s/ nfUg]
;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
c=!=!-&_ o; P]gsf] bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd s/sf] /sd b]xfo
adf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ dxfgu/kflnsf jf pkdxfgu/kflnsf If]qdf Aoj;fo ug]{
k|fs[lts AolQmsf xsdf tLg xhf/ kfFr ?k}ofF,
-v_ gu/kflnsf If]qdf Aoj;fo ug]{ k|fs[lts AolQmsf xsdf b'O{ xhf/
?k}ofF,
-u_ cGo s'g} :yfgdf Aoj;fo ug]{ k|fs[lts AolQmsf xsdf Ps xhf/
b'O{ ;o krf; ?k}ofF .
P]gsf] bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd s'g} cfo jif{df s/of]Uo cfo ePsf]
afl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQmn] cg';"rL! sf] bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf -&_ df pNn]lvt s/
bflvnf ug{ b]xfosf ;a} cj:yfx? k"/f u/]sf] x'g' kg]{5 .
-s_ ;f] cfo jif{df ;f] JolQmsf] g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] Joj;foaf6 k|fKt
cfo dfq ePsf],
-s!_ cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ jfkt bkmf %! adf]lhd tyf clu|d s/ sL
jfkt bkmf (# adf]lhd s/ ldnfg ug{ bfjL gu/]sf],
-v_ Joj;foaf6 k|fKt cfo b'O{ nfv / Joj;fosf] sf/f]af/ la; nfv
?k}ofF eGbf a9L gePsf], /,
-u_ ;f] JolStn] ;f] cfo jif{df of] Joj:yf nfu" x'g] u/L 5gf}6 u/]sf] .
P]gn] s'g} cfo aif{df s'g} afl;Gbf k|fs[lts AolQmsf] s'g} Joj;fosf] cfodfq
ePsf] / ;f] cfo jif{df To:tf] Joj;fosf] sf/f]jf/ aL; nfv ?k}ofF;Dd / cfo
b'O nfv ?k}ofF;Dd /x]sf] eP ;f] AolQmn] ;f] Joj;fosf] cfo jfkt ;f] aif{df ;f]
AolQmn] Joj;fo u/]sf] 7fpFsf] cfwf/df Ps xhf/ b'O{ ;o krf; ?k}ofb]lv tLg
xhf/ kfFr ;o ?k}ofF;Dd s/ lt/] k'Ug] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] AolQmsf] sf/f]jf/
:yn dxfgu/kflnsf jf pkdxfgu/kflnsf If]qdf eP tLg xhf/ kfFr ;o
?k}of, gu/kflnsf If]qdf eP b'O{ xhf/ ?k}ofF / ufpF lasf; ;ldlt If]qdf eP
Ps xhf/ b'O{ ;o krf; ?k}ofF aflif{s s/ lt/]df lghsf] s/ bfloTj k'/f x'G5 .
o; Aoa:yf cg';f/ s/ ltg]{ AolQmnfO{ tf]lsPsf] Psd'i7 s/ ltg]{ AolQm elgG5 .
497

s'g} AolQmsf gfddf btf{ ePsf] Psnf}6L kmd{sf xsdf ;d]t pk/f]Qm Aoa:yf
nfu" x'g ;S5 . t/ pk/f]Qm cg';f/sf] sf/f]jf/ / cfo ePsf] s'g} AolQmn]
cfkm'nfO{ o:tf] s/ ltg]{ AolQmsf] ?kdf 5gf}6 gu/]df lghsf xsdf of] Aoa:yf
nfu" x'+b}g / lghsf] s/ u0fgf s/of]Uo cfo ePsf cGo AolQm ;/x ug'{ kb{5 .
To:t} o:tf] s/ ltg]{ AolQmn] cf}iflw pkrf/df u/]sf] vr{ jfkt P]gsf] bkmf %!
adf]lhd cf}ifwf]krf/ s/ ldnfg ug{ kfp+b}g .
@#=@=# ef8fsf ;jf/L ;fwg wgLn] bflvnf u'g{kg]{ s/M
s'g} AolQmsf gfddf g]kfn leqsf] s'g} oftfoft Aoa:yf sfof{nodf s'g} ef8fsf]
;jf/L ;fwg btf{ /x]sf] eP To:tf] AolQmn] cfkm\gf] gfpFdf btf{ ePsf] ef8fsf]
;jf/L ;fwg jfkt bflvnf ug'{kg]{ s/sf] /sdsf ;DaGwdf P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf]
bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf -!#_ n] b]xfosf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
c=!=!-!#_ o; bkmfdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ef8fsf ;jf/L
;fwg wgLx?af6 b]xfo adf]lhdsf] jflif{s s/ c;'n ul/g] 5 . ;jf/L ;fwg
wgL k|fs[lts JolQm ePdf o;/L lt/]sf] s/ g} clGtd x'g] 5 .
;jf/Lsf] lsl;d

k|lt;jf/L ;fwgdf a'emfpg' kg]{

jflif{s s/
-s_ ldlga;, ldlg 6s, 6s / a;
?= !,%)).
-v_ sf/, lhk, Eofg, dfOqmf] a;
?= !,@)).
-u_ ly| lx\jn/, c6f] l/S;f, 6]Dkf]
?= *%).
-3_ 6]S6/ / kfj/ l6n/
?= &%).
pk/f]Qm Aoa:yf cg';f/ ;jf/L ;fwgsf] :jfldTj /x]sf] s'g} AolQmn] cfkm\gf]
:jfldTjdf /x]sf] ;jf/L ;fwg oftfoft Aoa:yf sfof{nodf ef8fsf] ;jf/L
;fwgsf] ?kdf btf{ u/fPsf] eP ;f] ;jf/L ;fwg ef8fdf nufO{ lghn] cfh{g
u/]sf] cfo jfkt aif]{gL dfly pNn]lvt lglZrt /sd s/ jfkt ltg'{ kb{5 .
pk/f]Qm adf]lhdsf] o:tf] ef8fsf ;jf/L ;fwgdf s'g} k|fs[lts AolQmsf] eP
lghn] ;f] cfo aif{sf nflu lt/]sf] pk/f]Qmfg';f/sf] s/ lghn] ;f] ;jf/L
;fwgaf6 u/]sf] cfo cfh{gsf nflu clGtd s/ x'g] Aoa:yf 5 . cGo AolQmsf]
xsdf eg] o:tf] s/ clu|d s/sf] ?kdf u0fgf ul/G5 . P]gsf] cg';"rL ! n]
k|fs[lts AolQmn] cfkm\gf] s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg kfpg] egL tf]s]sf] s'g} /sd
o:tf] AolQmn] tL ;jf/L ;fwg afktsf] cfoaf6 36fpg / P]gsf] bkmf %!
adf]lhd cf}ifwf]krf/ / bkmf &! adf]lhd a}b]lzs s/ jfktsf] s'g} /sd pk/f]Qm
cg';f/ ltg'{ kg]{ s/df ldnfpg kfp+b}g . o;sf] ;fy} o:tf k|fs[lts AolQmn]
a'emfpg' kg]{ s/ /sd clGtd ePsf] x'+bf lghnfO{ ul/g] ef8f e'QmfgLdf e'QmfgL
lbg] AolQmn] >f]tdf s/ ;d]t sf ug'{ kb}{g . s'g} AolQmn] lghnfO{ e'Qmfg ubf{
s/ sf u/L bflvnf u/]sf] eP lghn] ;f] s/ /sd laefu ;dIf lkmtf{ bfaL ug{
;Sb5 .
@#=@=$ u}/ afl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQmnfO{ nfUg] s/
P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf -*_ df u}/ afl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQmnfO{
nfUg] s/sf ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
498

c=!=!-*_ u}/ afl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQmsf] s'g} cfo jif{sf] s/of]Uo cfodf
klRr; k|ltztsf b/n] s/ nfUg]5 .
s'g} u}/ jfl;Gbf k|fs[lts AolQmn] g]kfndf >f]t /x]sf] cfodf g]kfndf s/ bflvnf
ubf{ h'g;'s} >f]taf6 ePsf] s/of]Uo cfodf @% k|ltztsf b/n] s/ bflvnf ug'{
kb{5 . s'g} u}/ jfl;Gbf k|fs[lts AolQmn] g]kfndf >f]t /x]sf] cfodf bflvnf ug'{
kg]{ s/sf] u0fgf ubf{ cg';"rL ! n] k|fs[lts AolQmsf] s/of]Uo cfodf 36fpg
kfpg] elg tf]lsPsf /sdx? 36fpg kfpb}g . ;f] AolQmn] cf}ifwf]krf/ s/
jfktsf] /sd ltg'{ kg]{ s/df ldnfg ug{ kfp+b}g .
@#=@=% /f]huf/Lsf] cfodfq x'g] dlxnfnfO{ nfUg] s/df 5'6
P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf -!!_ df kfl/>lds cfo dfq x'g]
dlxnfnfO{ s/df x'g] 5'6sf ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
c=!=!-!!_ o; bkmfdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg s'g} afl;Gbf
k|fs[lts JolQm kfl/>lds cfo dfq cfh{g ug]{ dlxnf /x]5 eg] To:tf]
k|fs[lts AolQmn] ltg'{kg]{ s/ /sddf bz k|ltzt 5'6 x'g]5 .
pQm Aoa:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f @#=@=!M dfgf}+, g]kfn a}+s lnld6]8 dgf zfvfdf >LdtL zzLsnf /fO{
eGg] sd{rf/L sfo{/t /x]5g\ . cf=a= @)^^.^& df lghsf] tna / eQf u/L
dfl;s ?= @%,))) x'bf]/x]5 . lghn] ;f] aif{ bz}+ vr{ afkt ?= @),))) k|fKt
u/]sf /x]5g\ . ;f] aif{ lghn] ?= $),))) af]g; k|fKt u/]sf /x]5g\ . a}+sn] ;f]
aif{ lghsf] cfodf s'n ?= @$,))) yk u/L lghsf] kfl/>ldsaf6 ;d]t Tolts}
/sd s6fO{ ;+rosf]if -:jLs[t casfz sf]if_ df hDdf ug]{ Aoa:yf u/]sf] /x]5 .
;f] aif{ lghsf] s/ of]Uo cfo Pa+ s/ /sd lgDgfg';f/ x'g cfp+5 .
tnj eQf

bz}+ eQf

af]g;

;+ro sf]ifdf yk

hDdf lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo

Go"gM

:jLs[t casfz sf]ifdf nufgL

s/of]Uo cfo

36fpg]

s ju{df kfpg] b'u{d If]q ;'ljwf

afFsL s/of]Uo cfo

s/ /sdsf] u0fgf
cfo jif{ @)^^.^&

160,000.00
1% n]
klxnf]
100,000.00 15% n]
bf]>f]
46,000.00 25% n]
afFsL
hDdf
Go"gM !) k|ltztn] 5'6

300,000.00
20,000.00
40,000.00
24,000.00
384,000.00
48,000.00
336,000.00
30,000.00
306,000.00
1,600.00
15,000.00
11,500.00
28,100.00
2,810.00

499

25,290.00
hDdf aflif{s s/ /sd

bDktLsf] ;'ljwf lnPsf dlxnfn] of] 5'6sf] ;'ljwf kfpb}gg\ .

@#=@=^ /f]huf/Lsf] cfo dfq x'g] AolQmn] bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ s/ ;DaGwL Aoa:yf
s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmsf]] /f]huf/L cfo dfq ePdf ;f] AolQmn] bflvnf ug'{kg]{ s/
;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf -#_ df b]xfosf] Aoa:yf 5 M
$-#_ pkbkmf -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg b]xfosf ;a} cj:yfx? k"/f
u/]sf bkmf # sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhdsf] afl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQmn] bflvnf
ug'{ kg]{ s/ To:tf afl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQmnfO{ ;f] cfo jif{df
/f]huf/bftfjf6 lbOPsf e'QmfgLjf6 bkmf *& adf]lhd sL ePsf] s/
/sdsf] hDdf /sd a/fa/ x'g]5 M
-s_ ;f] cfo jif{sf] cfodf g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] s'g} /f]huf/Lsf] cfodfq
;dfj]z ePsf],
-v_ ;f] cfo jif{df ;a} /f]huf/bftf afl;Gbf JolQm ePsf] / Ps k6sdf
Pp6fdfq /f]huf/bftf ePsf], /
-u_ /f]huf/bftfn] e'QmfgL u/]sf] cf}iflw pkrf/ vr{ jfktsf] s/ ldnfg /
/f]huf/bftfn] g} e'QmfgL ul/lbPsf] cjsfz of]ubfg dfq 36fpg bfjL
u/]sf] tyf bkmf !@ ad]flhd rGbf jfkt vr{ 36fpg bfjL gu/]sf] .
s/ ltg'{kg]{ st{Ao ePsf] AolQmdWo] s'g} AolQmsf] s'g} cfo aif{df /f]huf/Lsf]
cfodfq /x]sf], ;f] aif{df ;a} /f]huf/bftf afl;Gbf AolQm /x]sf], Ps} ;dodf Ps
eGbf a9L /f]huf/bftf g/x]sf], /f]huf/bftfn] e'QmfgL ul/lbPsf] cjsfz of]ubfg
afx]s cGo cjsfz of]ubfg 36fpg bfjL gu/]sf], /f]huf/bftfn] e'QmfgL u/]sf]
cf}iflw pkrf/ vr{ jfktsf] ldnfg ug{ kfpg] s/ afx]s cGo s/ ldnfg ug{
bfjL gu/]sf] tyf rGbf vr{ 36fpg bfjL gu/]sf] afl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQmn]
bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ s/ ;f] AolQmsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;f] cfo jif{df
/f]huf/bftfjf6 P]gsf] bkmf *& adf]lhd sL ePsf] s/ /sd a/fa/ x'G5 . cfo
jif{sf] ljrdf /f]huf/bftf kl/jt{g ePsf s/bftfn] o:tf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ klxnf]
/f]huf/bftfaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] e'QmfgL, ;f] e'QmfgLdf sL ePsf] s/ ;d]t v'n]sf]
s/ sLsf] k|df0fkq bf]>f] /f]huf/bftf ;dIf k]z u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 . bf]>f]
/f]huf/bftfn] klg klxnf] /f]huf/bftfn] u/]sf] e'QmfgL / ;f] e'QmfgLdf u/]sf] s/
sL ;dfof]hg u/L cfkm"n] u/]sf] e'QmfgLdf s/ u0fgf u/L bkmf *& adf]lhd
e'QmfgLdf s/ sL u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 . o:tf] AolQmsf] /f]huf/L cfodf /f]huf/bftfn]
sL u/]sf] /sd afx]s lghn] cGo s'g} /sd ltg'{ klg kb}{g . t/ o:tf] AolQmnfO{
ug]{ e'QmfgLdf /f]huf/bftfn] s/sL ubf{ lgodfjnLsf] lgod #! adf]lhd u/]sf]
x'g' kb{5 / sL u/]sf] /sd bflvnf ePsf] x'g' kb{5 . obL lghnfO{ e'Qmfg ubf{
s/ sf u/L bflvnf u/]sf] /sd lghsf] s/ bfloTj eGbf a9L ePdf lghn] ;f]
s/ /sd laefu ;dIf lkmtf{ bfaL ug{ ;Sb5 . /f]huf/L cfodf s/ sL Pj+
e'QmfgL ;DaGwL la:t[t laa/0f o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !^ df pNn]v ul/Psf]
5.
@#=@=& laz]if pBf]uaf6 x'g] cfodf s/ 5'6
P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf -!$_ df k|fs[lts AolQm -k|f]k|fO{6/l;k

500

kmd{ ;d]t_ n] aif{ e/L ;+rfng u/]sf] laz]if pBf]uaf6 ePsf] cfodf s/ 5'6sf
;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
c=!=!-!$_ o; bkmfdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} k|fs[lts
JolQmn] s'g} jif{ e/L k"0f{ ?kn] o; P]gsf] bkmf !! df pNn]lvt ljz]if
pBf]u ;~rfngdf ;+nUg /x]df, o; bkmf adf]lhd s/sf] u0fgf ubf{
kRrL; k|ltzt s/ nfUg] s/of]Uo cfodf aL; k|ltztsf b/n] s/ nfUg]5 .
s'g} k|fs[lts AolQm jf bDkQLn] s'g} cfo aif{df aif{ e/L g} laz]if pBf]u
;~rfngdf ;+nUg /xL cfo cfh{g u/]sf] eP ;f] cfo dWo] s/ u0fgf ug]{
k|of]hgsf nflu sfod x'g cfpg] ;f] AolQmsf] s/of]Uo cfodf cGo cfodf nfUg]
s/sf] b/ eGbf 36L b/n] s/ nfUg] Aoa:yf P]gn] u/]sf] 5 . h; cg';f/ To:tf]
cfodf bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ s/sf] u0fgf ubf{ Psn k|fs[lts AolQmsf] xsdf ?=
@,^),))) eGbf a9L / Pp6} k|fs[lts AolQmsf] ?kdf dflgg] u/L 5gf}6 u/]sf]
bDkQLsf] xsdf ?= #,)),))) eGbf a9Lsf] s/of]Uo cfodf kRrL; k|ltztsf]
;f aL; k|ltztsf b/n] s/ u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 . pQm Aoa:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
pbfx/0f @#=@=@M dfgf}+, ;'>L zzLsnf /fO{n] c5fddf kmnkm'n k|;f]wg pBf]u
;+rfng ug]{ u/]sL /lxl5g\ . cf=a= @)^&.^* df ;f] pBf]usf] sf/f]af/ ?=
@%,)),))) /x]5 / sL bfaL of]Uo /sd ?=@),)),))) /x]5 . ;f] aif{ lghsf]
s/ of]Uo cfo Pj+ s/ /sd lgDgfg';f/ x'g cfp+5 .
25,00,000.00
sf/f]af/

20,00,000.00
Go"gM sL x'g] /sd

500,000.00
hDdf lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo

Go"gM

500,000.00
s/of]Uo cfo

36fpg]

u ju{df kfpmg] b'u{d If]q ;'ljwf

afFsL s/of]Uo cfo

s/ /sdsf] u0fgf

30,000.00

160,000.00 ;Dd
klxnf]
100,000.00
15% n]
bf]>f]
210,000.00
20% n]
afFsL
hDdf aflif{s s/ /sd

pQm nfUg] s/df bkmf !!-#_ -v_ cg';f/ !)

k|ltzt dfq s/ nfUg]

470,000.00

cfo jif{ @)^&.^*

gnfUg]
15,000.00
42,000.00
57,000.00
5,700.00

@#=@=* lgof{taf6 x'g] cfodf s/ 5'6

P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf -!%_ df k|fs[lts AolQm -k|f]k|fO{6/l;k
kmd{ ;d]t_ sf] lgof{t af6 ePsf] cfodf s/ 5'6sf ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf]
Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
501

c=!=!-!%_ s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] s'g} cfo jif{df lgsf;Ljf6 ePsf] s/of]Uo
cfodf s/sf] u0fgf ubf{ kRrL; k|ltzt s/ nfUg] s/of]Uo cfodf kGw|
k|ltztsf b/n] s/ nfUg] 5 .
s'g} k|fs[lts AolQmn] s'g} cfo aif{df s'g} a:t' jf ;]jf lgsf;L u/L ;f]
lgsf;Laf6 cfo cfh{g u/]sf] eP ;f] cfo dWo] s/ u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu
sfod x'g cfpg] ;f] AolQmsf] s/of]Uo cfodf cGo cfodf nfUg] s/sf] b/ eGbf
36L b/n] s/ nfUg] Aoa:yf P]gn] u/]sf] 5 . h; cg';f/ To:tf] cfodf bflvnf
ug'{ kg]{ s/sf] u0fgf ubf{ Psn k|fs[lts AolQmsf] xsdf ?=@,^),))) eGbf a9L
/ Pp6} k|fs[lts AolQmsf] ?kdf dflgg] u/L 5gf}6 u/]sf] bDkQLsf] xsdf ?=
#,)),))) eGbf a9Lsf] s/of]Uo cfodf kRrL; k|ltztsf] ;f kGw| k|ltztsf
b/n] s/ u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 . o;sf cltl/Qm bkmf !!-#8)_ adf]lhd cfkm\g}
pTkfbgsf] lgsf;L u/]sf pBf]un] ;f] s/of]Uo cfodf nfUg] s/sf] b/sf] @%
k|ltztn] yk 5'6 kfpb5g\ . pQm Aoa:yf v'Ng] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
pbfx/0f @#=@=#M dfgf}+, /f]x0f zdf{ laaflxt AolQm /x]5g\ / lrof pTkfbg u/L
lalqm ubf{/x]5g\ . pgn] cf=a= @)^&.^* df ?= Ps s/f]8sf] lrof lgsf;L
u/]5g\ . lghn] ;f] cfo jif{df ;f] sf/f]jf/af6 ?= &,)),))) s/of]Uo cfo
cfh{g u/] . pgL :jo+ ckf+u /x]5g\ / pgL / pgsL kTgLn] Pp6} k|fs[lts
AolQmsf] ?kdf dflgg] u/L bDkQL x'g 5gf}6 u/]sf /x]5g\ . lghsf] s/ bfloTj
lgDgfg';f/ x'g] x'G5 M
laa/0f
lgsf;Lsf] s/of]Uo cfo
ckf+u ePsf] sf/0fn] 36fpg kfpg] /sd
s/sf] u0fgf k|of]hgsf nflu s/of]Uo cfo
?= @,)),))) ;Dd s/ gnfUg]
af+sL $,)),))) df !!=% k|ltztn] -cfkm}+n]
pTkfbg u/]sf] lrof lgsf;L u/]sfn]_
ltg'{kg]{ hDdf s/ /sd
@#=#

lgsf;Lsf] s/
u0fgf
700,000
100,000
6,00,000
00
46,000
46,000

lgsfoM
P]gsf] bkmf @-e_ df lgsfonfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 M
@-e_
lgsfo -OlG66L_ eGgfn] b]xfosf ;+:yf jf ;+u7g ;Demg' k5{ M
-!_ ;fem]bf/L, 6i6 jf sDkgL,
-@_ ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf jf lhNnf lasf; ;ldlt,
-#_ g]kfn ;/sf/,
-$_ s'g} ljb]zL ;/sf/ jf ;f] ;/sf/ cGtu{tsf k|fGtLo jf :yfgLo
;/sf/ jf s'g} ;GwLf/f :yfkgf ePsf] ;fj{hlgs cGt/f{li6o ;+u7g,
jf
502

-%_ cfkm" afl;Gbf ePsf] d'n'sdf cjl:yt g/x]sf] pkv08 -!_, -@_, -#_ /
-$_ df pNn]v ePsf] ;+:yf jf ;+u7gsf] :yfoL ;+:yfkg .
;fdfGotofM lgsfo (Entity) eGgfn] k|fs[lts AolQm afx]s cGo AolQm cyf{t
s[lqd (Artificial) jf sfg"gL JolQm (Legal Person) nfO{ a'emfp+5 . ;fem]bf/L kmd{,
6i6 jf sDkgL, ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf jf lhNnf lasf; ;ldlt, g]kfn
;/sf/, s'g} ljb]zL ;/sf/ jf ;f] ;/sf/ cGtu{tsf k|fGtLo jf :yfgLo ;/sf/
jf s'g} ;GwLf/f :yfkgf ePsf] ;fj{hlgs cGt/f{li6o ;+u7g, jf cfkm" afl;Gbf
ePsf] d'n'sdf cjl:yt g/x]sf] ;+:yf jf ;+u7gsf] :yfoL ;+:yfkg nfO{ lgsfosf]
?kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 .
@#=$ lgsfosf] nflu s/sf] b/ ;DaGwL Aoa:yfM
k|fs[lts AolQmn] s/ u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu s/of]Uo cfoaf6 ;f] AolQmsf]
cj:yf / cfosf] k|s[lt cg';f/ cjsfz of]ubfg, hLjg jLdf lk|ldod, a}b]lzs
eQf, b'u{d eQf, ckf+u AolQmnfO{ 5'6 ;'lawf, k]G;g cfo x'g]nfO{ 5'6 ;'lawfsf
nflu lglZrt /sdx? cfkm\gf] s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg kfp5g\ . o;sf] cnfjf
k|fs[lts AolQmn] ug]{ s]xL Aoa;flos cfodf tf]lsPsf] Ps d'i7 s/ ltg{ ;Sg]
tyf s/sf laleGg b/ nfUg] Aoa:yf ;d]t /x]sf] 5 . t/ lgsfosf] s/of]Uo cfo
/ s/ u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu s/of]Uo cfo ;dfg x'G5 . cyf{t, cg';"rL ! df
lgsfosf] s/ u0fgf ubf{ cfkm\gf] s/of]Uo cfoaf6 s'g} k|sf/sf] /sd yk 36fpg
kfpg] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5}g . To:t} lgsfosf] s/of]Uo cfo hlt;'s} ePklg lglZrt
Psn b/df s/ ltg'{ kb{5 . t/ lgsfosf] k|s[lt / cfosf] k|sf/ cg';f/ lgsfosf]
cfodf nfUg] s/sf] b/ km/s km/s ul/Psf] 5 . lgsfosf] cfodf nfUg] s/sf]
b/sf] laa/0f tyf bkmf !! adf]lhd 5'6 x'g] cfodf nfUg] s/sf] b/ o;}
kl/R5]bsf] cGTosf] lbO{Psf] 5 .
@#=$=!= ;fdfGo cj:yfdf lgsfonfO{ nfUg] s/
;fdfGo cj:yfdf s'g} lgsfon] bflvnf ug'{kg]{ s/sf] u0fgf ug]{ ;DaGwdf P]gsf]
cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf @ n] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
c=!=@=-!_ o; bkmf sf] pkbkmf -@_, -#_, -$_, -%_ / -&_ sf] cwLgdf /xL s'g}
cfo jif{df s'g} lgsfosf] s/of]Uo cfodf kRrL; k|ltztsf b/n] s/
nfUg]5 .
pk/f]Qm Aoa:yf cg';f/ s'g} cfo aif{df g]kfndf >f]t /x]sf] Joj;fo jf
nufgLsf] cfo /x]sf] lgsfonfO{ ;fdfGotofM ;f] Joj;fo jf nufgLsf] s/of]Uo
cfosf] @% k|ltztn] x'g] /sd s/ nfUb5 . ;"lt{hGo jf dlb/fhGo pBf]u, ljo/
pBf]u, a}+s, ljQLo ;+:yf, ;fdfGo jLdf Joj;fo, k]6f]lnod sfo{ ;+rfng ug]{
lgsfo, s'g} ;8s, k'n, 6g]n, /f]kj] jf cfsfz] k'n lgdf{0f u/L ;~rfng ug]{ jf
s'g} 6nL a; jf 6fd ;~rfng ug]{ lgsfo, ;xsf/L ;+:yf, lgsf;L cfo /x]sf]
lgsfo, laz]if pBf]u, ;fj{hlgs k'jf{wf/ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf ;+rfng u/L
g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug]{ cfof]hgf / hn ofqf, xjfO{ oftfoft jf b"/
;+rf/ ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ u}/jfl;Gbf lgsfo afx]s cGo ;a} lgsfosf] Joj;fo /
nufgLsf] s/of]Uo cfodf @% k|ltztsf b/n] s/ nfUb5 . o; ;DaGwL pbfx/0f
tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .M
503

pbfx/0f @#=$=!M dfgf}+, cf=a= @)^^.^& df tn pNn]lvt AolQmx?sf] s/of]Uo

cfosf] ca:yf lgDgfg';f/ /x]5 M
!= Pe/]i6 ;]N; k|f=ln= ;fa'gsf] lat/s /x]5 / ;f] Joj;foaf6 cf=a= @)^^.^&
df ?= !,%),))) s/of]Uo cfo cfh{g u/]sf] /x]5 .
@= Pe/]i6 s'l/o/ b'O{ hgf ;fem]bf/ /x]sf] Pp6f ;fem]bf/L kmd{ /x]5 . o;n]
cf=a= @)^^.^& df ;f] Joj;foaf6 ?= @,&),))) s/of]Uo cfo cfh{g u/]sf]
/x]5 . o;sf ;fem]bf/ k|To]sn] ;f] aif{ ?= ^),))) gful/s nufgL sf]ifdf
cjsfz of]ubfg u/]sf 5g\ . Pp6f ;fem]bf/n] o; aif{ cfkm\gf] hLjg jLdf
lk|ldod jfkt ?= !),))) lt/]sf /x]5g\ . b'a} ;fem]bf/ :jo+ ckf+u /x]5g\ .
#= /f]lxd vfg Psn z]o/xf]N8/ /x]sf] g]kfn un}+rf k|f=ln= n] un}+rfsf] vl/b
lalqmaf6 cf=a=@)^^.^& df ?= %,)),))) s/of]Uo cfo cfh{g u/]sf] /x]5 .
o; aif{ pgn] cfkm\gf] cf}ifwf]krf/df ?= @),))) vr{ u/]sf /x]5g\
pk/f]Qmfg';f/sf s/of]Uo cfo cfh{g ug]{ ;a} AolQm cfos/ k|of]hgsf nflu
lgsfo x'g\ . lgsfon] cfkm\gf] s/of]Uo cfodf s/ ltg'{ kb{5 . s'g}klg lgsfon]
cfkm\gf] ;+rfns jf ;fe]mbf/sf] cjsfz of]ubfg, hLjg jLdf lk|ldod,
cf}ifwf]krf/ vr{ nufotsf AolQmut vr{x? jfktsf] s'g}klg /sd s/of]Uo
cfoaf6 36fpg jf To:tf] vr{ /sd jfkt s'g} /sd s/df ldnfg ug{ kfpb}g .
To:t} s'g} lgsfon] cfkmgf] ;+rfns jf ;fe]mbf/ ckf+u ePsf] jf dlxnf ePsf]
nufotsf cGo s'g}klg sf/0fn] ltg'{kg]{ s/df s'g} lsl;dsf] ;x'lnot ;d]t
kfpb}g . o;}u/L s'g} k|fs[lts AolQmnfO{ h:tf] Progressive b/df s/ ltg{
kfpg] ;'lawf ;d]t lgsfonfO{ pknAw 5}g .
o; cj:yfdf dfly pNn]lvt lgsfox?n] ltg'{ kg]{ s/ lgDg cg';f/ x'G5 M
laa/0f
Pe/]i6 ;]N; Pe/]i6 s'/Lo/ g]kfn un}+rf
Joj;fosf] s/of]Uo cfo
!,%),))) @,&),))) %,)),)))
36fpg kfpg] /sd

s/sf] u0fgf k|of]hgsf !,%),))) @,&),))) %,)),)))

nflu s/of]Uo cfo
s/sf] u0fgf
#&,%))
^&,%))
!,@%,)))
lgsfosf] s/of]Uo cfodf
@% k|ltztn] s/ nfUg]
@#=$=@ ;"lt{hGo / dlb/fhGo pBf]u, a}+s, laQLo ;+:yf, jLdf Joj;fo / k]6f]lnod sfo{
ug]{ lgsfonfO{ nfUg] s/M
;"lt{hGo / dlb/fhGo pBf]u ;+rfng ug]{ lgsfo, a}+s, laQLo ;+:yf, ;fdfGo
jLdf Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ lgsfo / k]6f]lnod sfo{ ug]{ lgsfosf] s/ u0fgf
;DaGwdf P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf @ sf] pkbkmf -@_ df lgDg Aoa:yf 5 M
c=!=@-@_ s'g} cfo jif{df s'g} r'/f]6, lj8L, l;uf/, vfg];"lt{, v}gL, dlb/f,
ljo/, a}+s, ljQLo ;+:yf, ;fdfGo jLdf Joj;fo ug]{ jf g]kfn k]6f]lnod
P]g, @)$) adf]lhd k]6f]lnod sfo{ ug]{ lgsfosf] s/of]Uo cfodf tL;
k|ltztsf b/n] s/ nfUg]5 .
504

:ki6Lsf/0f M k]6f]lnod sfo{sf] xsdf s/of]Uo cfo eGgfn] k]6f]lnod

;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt sfo{ljlw tyf of] P]g / o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf]
lgodadf]lhd lgwf{/0f ePsf] s/of]Uo cfo ;Demg' k5{ .
s'g} lgsfon] s'g} cfo aif{df ;"lt{hGo kbfy{ jf a:t' cyf{t r'/f]6, l;uf/, la8L
nufotsf w'd|kfg k|of]hgsf s'g} a:t' jf vfg];"lt{, tof/L jf cw{ tof/L v}gL
pTkfbg jf lalqmlat/0f ug]{, dlb/f cyf{t l:k|6df cfwfl/t jf l:k|6af6 aGg] k]o
kbfy{sf] pTkfbg jf lat/0f ug]{, a}+s, laQLo ;+:yf / ;fdfGo jLdf Joj;fo
;+rfng ug]{ / k]6f]lnod sfo{ cyf{t k]6f]lnod kbfy{sf] ljlqm ljt/0f, pTvgg\ jf
pTkfbg ug]{ sfo{ u/L k|fKt u/]sf] s/of]Uo cfodf tL; k|ltztsf b/n] s/
nfUb5 .
@#=$=# ljz]if pBf]u ;+rfng ug]{, ;8s, k'n, 6g]n, /f]kj] jf cfsfz] k'n lgdf{0f u/L
;~rfng ug]{, 6nL a; jf 6fd ;~rfng ug]{ / ;xsf/L ;+:yf ;+rfng ug]{
lgsfonfO{ nfUg] s/
pk/f]Qm k|sf/sf] sfo{ ug]{ lgsfosf] s/ u0fgf ;DaGwdf P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf]
bkmf @ sf] pkbkmf -#_ df lgDg Aoa:yf /x]sf]5 .
c=!=@-#_ s'g} lgsfosf] g]kfnsf] ;|f]tjf6 b]xfo adf]lhd s'g} cfo jif{df
ePsf] s/of]Uo cfodf aL; k|ltztsf b/n] s/ nfUg]5 .
-s_ ;f] lgsfo s'g} jif{el/ k"0f{?kn] o; P]gsf] bkmf !! df plNnlvt
ljz]if pBf]u ;+rfngdf ;+nUg /x]df,
-v_ ;f] lgsfon],
-!_ s'g} ;8s, k'n, 6g]n, /f]kj] jf cfsfz] k'n lgdf{0f u/L
;~rfng u/]df,
:kli6s/0fM /f]kj] eGgfn] ;fdfg 9'jfgL ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu
lgdf{0f ul/Psf] jf dflg; cf];f/ k;f/ ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu
lgdf{0f ul/Psf] s]jnsf/ ;d]tnfO{ hgfp5 .
-@_ s'g} 6nL a; jf 6fd ;~rfng u/]df, jf
-#_ ;xsf/L P]g, @)$* adf]lhd btf{ eO{ s/ 5'6 sf/f]jf/ ug]{
jfx]ssf] sf/f]af/ ug]{ ;xsf/L ;+:yf .
P]gsf] bkmf !! sf] :kli6s/0fsf] v08 -u_ df ljz]if pBf]u lgDgfg';f/ :ki6
kfl/Psf]5 M
ljz]if pBf]u eGgfn] r'/f]6, la+8L, l;uf/, vfg];"lt{, v}gL, d'Vo sRrf
kbfy{ ;"lt{ ePsf] ;f]xL k|s[ltsf cGo pTkfbgx?, dlb/f, ljo/ tyf o:t}
k|sf/sf j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]uafx]s cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf # df juL{s/0f ul/Psf pTkfbgd"ns pBf]u ;Demg' k5{ .
cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf # df plNnlvt pTkfbgd"ns pBf]u
nufot cGo au{sf pBf]usf] ;"rL o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] cg';"rL @#=% df ;dfa];
ulPsf] 5 .
505

s'g} lgsfon] s'g} cfo aif{df ljz]if pBf]u ;+rfng u/]df, ;8s, k'n, 6g]n, /f]k
j] jf cfsfz] k'n lgdf{0f u/L ;~rfng u/]df, 6nL a; jf 6fd ;~rfng u/]df,
;xsf/L ;+:yf ;+rfng u/]df ;f] lgsfosf] s/of]Uo cfodf aL; k|ltztsf b/n]
s/ nfUb5 .
@#=$=$ lgsf;Lsf] cfodf nfUg] s/M
g]kfnsf] ;|f]taf6 lgsf;L u/L cfo cfh{g ug]{ lgsfosf] s/ u0fgf ;DaGwdf
P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf @ sf] pkbkmf -#s_ df lgDg Aoa:yf /x]sf]5 .
c=!=@-#s_ s'g} lgsfosf] g]kfnsf] ;|f]tjf6 s'g} cfo jif{df lgsf;Ljf6 ePsf]
s/of]Uo cfodf aL; k|ltztsf b/n] s/ nfUg]5 .
@#=$=% ;fj{hlgs k'jf{wf/ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf ;+rfng u/L g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{
x:tfGt/0f ug]{ h:tf cfof]hgfx? / laB't u[x lgdf{0f, pTkfbg / k|;f/0f u/]df
To:tf] lgsfonfO{ nfUg] s/M
;fj{hlgs k'jf{wf/ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf ;+rfng u/L g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{
x:tfGt/0f ug]{ h:tf cfof]hgfx? / laB't u[x lgdf{0f, pTkfbg / k|;f/0f u/]df
To:tf] lgsfonfO{ nfUg] s/ u0fgfsf] ;DaGwdf P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf @ sf]
pkbkmf -$_ df lgDg Aoa:yf /x]sf]5 M
c=!=@-$_ s'g} cfo jif{df s'g} lgsfon] ;fj{hlgs k'jf{wf/ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f
tyf ;+rfng u/L g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug]{ h:tf cfof]hgfx? /
laB't u[x lgdf{0f, pTkfbg / k|;f/0f u/]df To:tf] lgsfonfO{ ;f] lgsfosf]
s/of]Uo cfodf jL; k|ltztsf b/n] s/ nfUg]5 .
@#=$=^ d[t afl;Gbf JolQmsf] ;DklQ k|fKt ug]{ jf /]vb]v ug]{ jf czQm afl;Gbf k|fs[lts
JolQmsf] 6i6sf] s/of]Uo cfodf nfUg] s/M
d[t afl;Gbf JolQmsf] ;DklQ k|fKt ug]{ jf /]vb]v ug]{ jf czQm afl;Gbf k|fs[lts
JolQmsf] 6i6sf] s/of]Uo cfodf nfUg] s/ u0fgfsf] ;DaGwdf P]gsf] cg';"rL !
sf] bkmf @ sf] pkbkmf -%_ df lgDg Aoa:yf /x]sf]5 M
c=!=@-%_ s'g} cfo jif{df s'g} d[t afl;Gbf JolQmsf] ;DklQ k|fKt ug]{ jf
/]vb]v ug]{ jf czQm afl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQmsf] 6i6sf] s/of]Uo cfodf ;f]
;DklQ k|fKt ug]{ jf /]vb]v ug]{ jf ;f] 6i6nfO{ afl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQm ;/x
dfgL o; cg';"rLsf] bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf -!_ / pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd s/
nfUg] 5 .
6i6 Ps lgsfo ePtfklg pkbkmf -%_ df pNn]v ePsf] 6i6sf] p2]Zo k|fs[lts
AolQm -d[t jf czQm afl;Gbf k|fs[lts AolQm_ sf] ;DklQ /]vb]v ug]{ ePsf]n]
To:tf] 6i6sf] cfodf k|fs[lts AolQmnfO{ nfUg] s/sf] b/ nfUg] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 .
o:tf] 6i6nfO{ Psn AolQm dfgL bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf -!_ / pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd
cf=a= @)^^.^& sf] nflu lgDgfg';f/ s/ nfUg]5 M
s/of]Uo cfo
s/sf] b/
Joj;foJoj;fo tyf nufgLsf] s/of]Uo cfodf -bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf -!__
506

?= !^),))) ;Dd s/of]Uo

cfo x'g]n]

s/ gnfUg] -k|fs[lts JolQm_

?= !^),))) eGbf a9L t/ ?= !^),))) eGbf a9L /sddf !%% sf b/n]

?= @,^),))) df ggf3\g]
s/of]Uo cfo x'g]n]
?= @,^),))) eGbf a9L
?= !%,))) / ?= @^),))) eGbf a9L /sddf
?=@%,)),))) ;Dd s/of]Uo @%% sf b/n]
cfo x'g]n]
?=@%,)),))) eGbf a9L
?= %&%,))) / ?= @%)),))) eGbf a9L /sddf
s/of]Uo cfo x'g]n]
#%% sf b/n]
u}/Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt v"b nfedf -bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf
-$__
?= !^),))) ;Dd s/of]Uo cfo
s/ gnfUg] -k|fs[lts JolQm_
x'g]n]
?= !^),))) eGbf a9L s/of]Uo
?= !^),))) eGbf a9L /sddf !)% sf
cfo x'g]n]
b/n]
t/ lg;u{ ePsf] u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo

;DklQ -hUuf tyf 3/hUuf_ sf] :jfldTj % jif{

leqsf] ePdf % k|ltzt / % jif{ eGbf a9L
ePsf] 5 eg] @=% k|ltztsf b/n] s/ nfUg]5 .
g]kfn lwtf]kq jf]8{df ;"rLs/0f ePsf]
lgsfodf /x]sf] lxtsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt nfesf]
xsdf kfFr k|ltztsf] b/n] s/ nfUg]5 .

@#=$=& lab]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgn] a'emfpg' kg]{ s/sf] u0fgf

c=!=@-^_ s'g} cfo jif{df s'g} u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmsf] g]kfnl:yt ljb]zL :yfoL
;+:yfkgn] ljb]z k7fPsf] cfodf kfFr k|ltztsf b/n] s/ nfUg]5 .
s'g} cfo aif{df u}/ afl;Gbf AolQmsf] g]kfndf /x]sf] lab]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgsf]
x}l;otn] s'g} cfo lab]z k7fpg] AolQm cyf{t P]gsf] bkmf # sf] v08 -v_
adf]lhdsf] AolQmn] a'emfpg'kg]{ s/ u0fgf lalwsf ;DaGwdf bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf %_ / cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf @ sf] pkbkmf -^_ df b]xfosf] Aoa:yf 5 M
@#=$=* hn oftfoft, xjfO{ oftfoft jf b"/;+rf/ ;]jf pknJw u/fpg] u}/ jfl;Gbf
JolQmsf] s/of]Uo cfodf nfUg] s/M
g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] hn oftfoft, xjfO{ oftfoft jf b"/;+rf/ ;]jf pknJw
u/fpg] u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] s/of]Uo cfodf nfUg] s/sf ;DaGwdf P]gsf]
cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf @ sf] pkbkmf -&_ df lgDg Aoa:yf /x]sf]5 M
c=!=@-&_ s'g} cfo jif{df bkmf &) df plNnlvt cfosf] ;DaGwdf s'g} u}/
jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] s/of]Uo cfodf kfFr k|ltztsf b/n] s/ nfUg]5 .
t/ g]kfn clw/fHoaf6 csf]{ ljb]zL d'n'sdf k'Ug] u/L k|:yfg gx'g] hn
507

oftfoft, xjfO{ oftfoft jf b"/;+rf/ ;]jf pknJw u/fpg] u}/ jfl;Gbf

JolQmsf] xsdf b'O{ k|ltztsf b/n] s/ nfUg]5 .
P]gsf] bkmf &) df g]kfndf hn ofqf, xjfO{ oftfoft jf b"/ ;+rf/ ;]jf pknAw
u/fpg] u}/ afl;GbfnfO{ nfUg] s/sf ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] ca:yfx? pNn]v
ePsf] 5 M
&)-!_
hn ofqf ;+rfng, rf6{/ ;]jf ;+rfng jf xjfO{ oftfoft ;+rfng
ug]{ u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmsf] s'g} cfo jif{sf] s/of]Uo cfodf ;f] jif{df cGt/
rnfg -6fG;l;kd]G6_ af6 k|fKt /sd afx]s b]xfosf sfo{x?af6 k|fKt
/sdx? ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{5 M
-s_ g]kfnaf6 k|:yfg x'g] ofq'x?sf] cf];f/ k;f/, jf
-v_ g]kfnaf6 rnfg ul/Psf] 8fFs, kz'k+IfL jf dfn;fdfgsf] cf];f/ k;f/ .
&)-@_
tf/, /]l8of], clK6sn kmfOj/ jf e"pku|x ;+rf/sf] Joj;fo ;+rfng
ug]{ u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmsf] s'g} cfo jif{sf] s/of]Uo cfodf g]kfndf :yflkt
;+oGqjf6 ul/Psf] g]kfndf pTklQ ePsf] jf gePsf] vj/ jf ;"rgfsf]
;+k|]if0faf6 k|fKt /sdx? ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
&)-#_
pkbkmf -!_ jf -@_ adf]lhd s'g} u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmsf] s/of]Uo
cfodf ;dfj]z ul/g] /sdx?df cg';"rL! sf] bkmf @ sf] pkbkmf -&_ df
tf]lsPsf] b/n] s/ nfUg]5 . t/,
-s_ ;f] JolQmsf] s'g} jfFsL s/of]Uo cfosf ;DaGwdf bflvnf ug'{ kg]{
s/ u0fgf ubf{ tL /sdx?nfO{ u0fgf ug'{ kg]{ 5}g,
-v_ tL /sdx?sf] u0fgf;+u ;DalGwt vr{x? ;f] jfFsL s/of]Uo cfo
u0fgf ubf{ sL ug{ kfOg] 5}g, /
-u_ tL /sdx?sf ;DaGwdf o; bkmf adf]lhd ;f] JolQmaf6 bflvnf
ug'{ kg]{ s/ /sdaf6 ;f] JolQmn] s'g} klg s/ ldnfg ug]{ ;'ljwf
kfpg] 5}g .
:ki6Ls/0f M o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu u}/ afl;Gbf JolQm eGgfn]
g]kfn jflx/ d'Vo sfof{no /x]sf] ;Da4 lgsfox?sf] ;d"xleq /x]sf]
afl;Gbf lgsfo ;Demg' k5{ .
pQm Aoa:yf v'nfpg] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

508

pbfx/0f @#=$=@M dfgf}+, Unf]a Po/nfO{G; 8]gdfs{df btf{ ePsf] jfo';]jf ;+rfng
ug]{ sDkgL /x]5 . pQm sDkgLn] g]kfndf ;Dks{ sfof{no vf]nL g]kfndf ;d]t
jfo';]jf ;~rfng ug]{ u/]sf] /x]5 . cf=a= @)^^.^& ;f] sDkgLn] g]kfndf
lgDgfg';f/sf] l6s6 laqmL u/]sf] /x]5M
!= g]kfn af6 k|:yfg x'g] ofq'nfO{ lalqm u/]sf] l6s6 afkt ?= %) s/f]8 .
@= cGo b]zaf6 k|:yfg x'g] t/ g]kfndf laqmL ePsf] l6s6 afkt ?= !) s/f]8 .
P]gsf] bkmf &) sf] :kli6s/0fdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd g]kfndf ;Dks{ sfof{no
ePtfklg dfly pbfx/0fdf pNn]lvt cfosf] nflu Unf]a Po/nfO{G;nfO{ u}/
afl;Gbf dflgG5 . o; ca:yfdf pQm sDkgLsf] s'n cfonfO{ g} s/of]Uo cfo
dflgG5 . o;/L g]kfnaf6 k|:yfg x'g] ofq'nfO{ l6s6 laqmL u/L k|fKt cfo ?= %)
s/f]8 tyf cGo b]zaf6 k|:yfg x'g] t/ g]kfndf laqmL ePsf] l6s6 afkt k|fKt
cfo ?= !) s/f]8 g} ;f] sDkgLsf] nflu o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf]nflu s/of]Uo
cfo dflgG5 / qmdzM % k|ltzt tyf @ k|ltztsf b/n] ;f] cfodf s/ e'Qmfg
ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
o; l;nl;nfdf pQm sDkgLsf] To:tf] cfo / ;f];+u ;DaGwL vr{ cfos/
k|of]hgsf] lgldQ vr{ dflgb}g .
pbfx/0f @#=$=#M dfgf}+, Unf]a 6]lnsDo"lgs];g ln= l;+ufk'/sf] afl;Gbf sDkgL
/x]5 . pQm sDkgLn] b'/ ;+rf/ Pj+ ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ / Data Store ug]{
p4]Zon] g]kfndf Communication Hub :yfkgf u/]sf] /x]5 t/ cfkm\gf] s'g}
sfof{no :yfkgf u/]sf] /x]g5 . pQm k|0ffnL dfkm{t cd]l/sf tyf o"/f]ksf
sDkgLn] cfkm\gf] Data Store ug]{ / ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ ug]{ u/]sf
/x]5g\ . l;+ufk'/sf] pQm sDkgLnfO{ ;f] afkt bz nfv cd]l/sL 8n/ k|fKt
ePsf] /x]5 . P]gsf] bkmf &) sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd g]kfndf :yflkt
;+oGqjf6 k|fKt ul/Psf] pQm /sdsf] >f]t g]kfn ePsf] / pQm cfo g} s/of]Uo
cfo dflgG5 . ;f]xL adf]lhd P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf @ sf] pkbkmf -&_
adf]lhd % k|ltztsf b/n] ;f] cfodf s/ e'Qmfg ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
o; l;nl;nfdf pQm sDkgLsf] To:tf] cfo / ;f];+u ;DaGwL vr{ cfos/
k|of]hgsf] lgldQ vr{ dflgb}g .

509

lgsfosf] cfodf nfUg] s/sf] b/ -cf=a= @)^*.^( sf] nflu_

l;=g= bkmf
lgsfosf] laa/0fcfosf] ca:yf
s/sf] b/
!
c=!=@-!_ ;fdfGo Joj;fo ug]{ lgsfo
@%
@
c=!=@-@_ ;"lt{hGo / dlb/fhGo pBf]u, a}+s, lalQo ;+:yf, jLdf
#)
Joj;fo / k]6f]lnod sfo{ ug]{ lgsfo
#
c=!=@-#_ aif{ e/L ljz]if pBf]u ;+rfng ug]{ lgsfo, ;8s, k'n,
@)
6g]n, /f]kj] jf cfsfz] k'n lgdf{0f u/L ;~rfng ug]{
lgsfo, 6nL a; jf 6fd ;~rfng ug]{ lgsfo /
;xsf/L ;+:yf ;+rfng ug]{ lgsfo
$ c=!=@-#s_ g]kfnsf] ;|f]taf6 lgsf;L u/L cfo k|fKt ug]{ lgsfo
@)
%
c=!=@-$_ ;fj{hlgs k'jf{wf/ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf ;+rfng u/L
@)
g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug]{ h:tf cfof]hgfx? /
laB't u[x lgdf{0f, pTkfbg / k|;f/0f u/]df To:tf]
lgsfo
cfos/ P]g @)%* sf] bkmf !! adf]lhd Joj;fosf] cfodf 5'6 (Concession) kl5 nfUg]
s/sf] b/ -cfo jif{ @)^*.^( sf] nflu_
l;=g= bkmf

Joj;focfosf] ca:yf

s'g} kmd{, sDkgL, ;fem]bf/L tyf ;+ul7t

;+:yfsf] ?kdf btf{ u/L s[lif Joj;fo u/L k|fKt
u/]sf] cfodf / e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf
!@ sf] v08 -3_ / -_ df pNn]v eP
adf]lhdsf] hUufdf s[lif Joj;fojf6 k|fKt
ePsf] afx]s cGo s[lif cfDbfgLdf

!!-!_

s/sf] b/
@)^*.^(
s/ gnfUg]

510

l;=g= bkmf

Joj;focfosf] ca:yf

&

;xsf/L P]g, @)$* adf]lhd btf{ eO{ ;+rfng

ePsf] s[lif jf jg k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t /]zd
v]tL tyf /]zd pTkfbg, kmnkm"n v]tL pTkfbg
tyf kmnkm"n k|zf]wg, kz'kfng, 8]/L pBf]u,
s'v'/fkfng, dT:okfng, lrof v]tL tyf k|zf]wg,
skmL v]tL tyf k|zf]wg, hl8j'6L v]tL tyf
k|zf]wg, t/sf/Lsf jLp ljhg pTkfbg,
df}/Lkfng, dx pTkfbg, /a/ v]tL, sj'lnolt
jg, Pu|f]km/]i6L cflb Joj;flos jg ;DaGwL
Joj;fox? h:tf s[lif tyf jghGo pBf]ux?,
t/sf/L e08f/sf nflu :yflkt zLt e08f/,
s[lif;DaGwL jLp ljhg, kz' cfxf/f, bfgf,
sL6gfzs cf}iflw, dn tyf s[lif cf}hf/ -oflGqs
zlQmaf6 rNg]afx]s_ sf] sf/f]jf/ ug]{ ;xsf/L
;+:yf tyf u|fdL0f ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t art tyf
C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf jf ;+3sf] cfo

!!-#_-s_

s= jif{ el/ #)) jf ;f] eGbf j9L k|ToIf

/f]huf/L lbg]
laz]if pBf]u
;'rgf k|lawL pBf]u

!*
@@=%

v= jif{ el/ !@)) jf ;f] eGbf j9L k|ToIf

/f]huf/L lbg]
laz]if pBf]u
;'rgf k|lawL pBf]u

!^
@)

u= jif{ el/ !)) jf ;f] eGbf j9L k|ToIf

/f]huf/L lbO{ ;f] dWo] sDtLdf ## dlxnf,
blnt / ckfnfO{ /f]huf/L lbg]
laz]if pBf]u
;'rgf k|lawL pBf]u
(

!!-#_-v_

s= clt cljslzt If]qdf ;+rfng x'g] ljz]if

pBf]u
v= cljsl;t If]qdf ;+rfng x'g] ljz]if pBf]u
u= cNkljsl;t If]qdf ;+rfng x'g] ljz]if pBf]u

!)

s/sf] b/
@)^*.^(
s/ gnfUg]

!!-#s_-s_ lxdfnL lhNnf / g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] kxf8L

lhNnfsf laz]if cfly{s If]qdf :yflkt pBf]u cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf # df
pNn]lvt pBf]u_

!^
@)
bz aif{sf]
nflu @
bz aif{sf]
nflu $
bz aif{sf]
nflu ^
klxnf] !)
jif{ ;Dd s/
gnfUg], To;
kl5 !)

511

l;=g= bkmf
!!

!@

!#

!$

Joj;focfosf] ca:yf

s/sf] b/
@)^*.^(

!!-#s_-v_ cGo If]qsf laz]if cfly{s If]qdf :yflkt pBf]u klxnf] % jif{
-cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf # df ;Dd s/
pNn]lvt pBf]u_
gnfUg],
To; kl5
!)
!!-#v_

b'u{d If]qdf :yflkt pBf]usf] cfodf -cf}Bf]lus

Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf # df pNn]lvt
pBf]u_
!!-#v_
k]6f]lnod tyf k|fs[lts Uof; cGj]z0f tyf klxnf] & jif{
pTvgg ug]{ JolQmn] @)&% r}q;Dd Jofkfl/s s/ gnfUg]
sf/f]jf/ ;+rfng u/]df
To;kl5sf] #
jif{ %)
k|ltzt 5'6
!!-#u_
g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg
u/L tf]s]sf] ;"rgf k|ljlw kfs{ leq :yflkt
;"rgf k|ljlw d"ns pBf]usf] cfodf
!!-#u_
g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg !@=%
u/L tf]s]sf] 6]Sgf]nf]hL kfs{, afof]6]s kfs{ /
;"rgf k|ljlw kfs{ leq ;km\6j]o/ ljsf;,
tYof+s k|zf]wg, ;fOj/ Sofkm], l8lh6n Doflk+u
;DalGw pBf]usf] cfodf
!!-#3_
ljB'tsf] pTkfbg, k|;f/0f, ljt/0f ug]{ cg'dlt klxnf] & jif{
k|fKt JolQmn] ;Dat\ @)&% r}q dlxgf ;Dd s/ gnfUg] /
Jofkfl/s ?kdf hnljB'tsf] pTkfbg, pTkfbg / To;kl5sf]
k|;f/0f, pTkfbg / ljt/0f jf pTkfbg, k|;f/0f tLg jif{ %)
/ ljt/0f z'? u/]df -;f}o{, jfo' tyf h}ljs k|ltzt s/
kbfy{af6 pTkfbg x'g] ljB't ;d]t_
5'6
;Dat\ @)&! ;fn efb| & ut] leq lgdf{0f klxnf] !)
k|f/De ug]{ hnljB't cfof]hgfn] ;Dat\ @)&% jif{
s/
;fn r}q dlxgf;Dd Jofkfl/s ?kdf gnfUg]
/
hnljB'tsf] pTkfbg ;'? u/]df
To;kl5sf]
kfFr jif{ %)
k|ltzt s/
5'6
@)%*!@!( cl3 cg'dltkq k|fKt ePsf]
ljB't P]g
tyf @)^^ cfiff9 d;fGt leq pTkfbg sfo{ ;'? @)$( n]
ePsf]
lbPsf] ;'ljwf
-COD sf]
klxnf] !%
jif{ ;Dd
cfos/
gnfUg_]

512

l;=g= bkmf

!%

!!-#_

!^

!!-#r_

!&

!!-#5_

!*

!!-#h_

!(

!!-#em_

@)

!!-#`_

Joj;focfosf] ca:yf

s/sf] b/
@)^*.^(

cg'dltkq hlxn] kfP klg, @)^^ cfiff9 d;fGt COD sf]

klxnf] & jif{
kl5 t/ @)&% r}q d;fGt cl3 pTkfbg sfo{
!)) 5'6 /
;'? ePsf]
To; kl5sf]
# jif{ %)
5'6
COD z'?
@)%*!@!( kl5 cg'dltkq k|fKt ePsf],
@)^^ cfiff9 d;fGt kl5 t/ @)&% r}q d;fGt ePsf] klxnf]
& jif{ ;Dd
cl3 pTkfbg sfo{ ;'? ePsf]
!)) 5'6 /
To; kl5sf]
# jif{ %)
5'6
@)%*!@!( kl5 cg'dltkq k|fKt ePsf],
5'6 k|fKt
@)^^ cfiff9 d;fGt leq pTkfbg sfo{ ;'?
gx'g]
ePsf]
pTkfbgd'ns pBf]un] pTkfbg u/]sf] j:t'
nfUg] s/sf]
lgof{t u/]df k|fKt cfodf
b/df kRrL;
k|ltztn] 5'6
;8s, k'n, jLdfg:yn, ;'?+u dfu{ lgdf{0f /
nfUg] s/sf]
;+rfng u/]df jf 6fd, 6nLj;df nufgL u/L
b/df rfnL;
;+rfng u/]df ;f]af6 k|fKt cfodf
k|ltztn] 5'6
lwtf]kq ahf/df ;"lrs[t ePsf pTkfbgd'ns,
nfUg] s/df
ko{6g ;]jf, hnljB't pTkfbg, ljt/0f tyf
bz k|ltztn]
5'6
6fG;ld;g ug]{ / bkmf !! sf] -#u_ df pNn]v
ePsf lgsfox?nfO{
clt cljsl;t If]qdf :yflkt kmnk"mndf
sf/f]jf/ ;'?
cfwfl/t a|f08L, ;fO8/ Pjd\ jfOg pTkfbg ug]{ ldltn] !)
jif{;Dd $)
pBf]u
k|ltzt 5'6
s'g} JolQmn] af}l4s ;DklQ lgof{t jfkt k|fKt
!*=&%
/f]oN6L cfo
k|ltzt
s'g} JolQmn] jf}l4s ;DklQsf] x:tfGt/0ff/f
!@=%)
ljqmL u/L k|fKt u/]sf] cfo
k|ltzt

513

kl/R5]b @$
ls:tfaGbL / clu|d s/
(Installment and Advance Tax)

@$=!

@$=@

cfos/ P]g, @)%* n] hlxn] cfo k|fKt x'G5 ;f]xL jvt / hlt cfo k|fKt x'G5
Tolt cfosf] s/ ltg'{ kg]{ l;4fGt -Pay As you Earn_ nfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 .
o; Joj:yfn] ubf{ s/ ltg'{ kg]{ JolQmn] cfo k|fKt ubf{ s} jvt ;f] jfkt s/
e'QmfgL x'+bf kl5 s/ jfktsf] bfloTj /x+b}g eg] ;/sf/nfO{ klg h'g jif{sf] cfo
xf] ;f]xL jif{ /fh:j k|fKt x'g] x'+bf o:tf] l;4fGt lgs} k|rngdf /x]sf] 5 . o;}
l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df cfos/ P]g, @)%* n] cg'dflgt s/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
Joj;fo jf nufgL ug]{ s'g} AolQmn] s'g} cfo aif{df ltg'kg]{ hDdf s/sf] cg'dfg
u/L ;f] cg'dflgt s/ ;f]xL aif{leq tLg ls:tfdf bflvnf ug'{kg]{ Aoa:yf P]gn]
u/]sf] 5 . P]gsf] o; Aoa:yfsf] kfngf ug]{ ;Gbe{df s'g} cfo aif{df Joj;fo jf
nufgL u/L laleGg zLif{saf6 lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfo ePsf s/ ltg'{ kg]{ s'g} AolQm,
s'g} u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQmsf] g]kfndf cjl:yt lab]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkg / s'g} u}/
jfl;Gbf AolQmsf] g]kfndf cjl:yt s'g} cfo aif{sf] cfo lab]z k7fpg] lab]zL
:yfoL ;+:yfkgn] To:tf] ls:tfdf ltg'{kg]{ s/ / ls:tfaGbL laa/0f a'emfpg'
kb{5 . cfos/ lgb]{lzsfsf] o; kl/R5]bdf cg'dflgt s/sf] laa/0f, cg'dflgt
s/sf] u0fgf / cg'dflgt s/sf] ls:tf a'emfpg] ;DaGwdf P]gsf] kl/R5]b !* n]
u/]sf Aoa:yfx? pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
ls:tfaGbLdf s/ ltg'{ kg]{ AolQm / cg'dflgt s/sf] laa/0f M
P]g adf]lhd s'g} cfo aif{df cg'dflgt s/ cyf{t ls:tfaGbLdf s/ a'emfpg'kg]{
AolQmn] cfk"mn] a'emfpg'kg]{ cg'dflgt s/sf] laa/0f klg a'emfpg' kb{5 . P]gsf]
bkmf (% sf] pkbkmf -!_ n] cg'dflgt s/sf] laa/0fsf ;DaGwdf b]xfosf] Aoa:yf
u/]sf] 5M
(%-!_ s'g} cfo jif{df ls:tf bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ k|To]s JolStn] bkmf ($
adf]lhd ;f] jif{df klxnf] s/ ls:tf /sd a'emfpg' kg]{ ldltleq ;f]
jif{sf nflu ;f] JolStsf] b]xfosf /sdsf] cg'dfg pNn]v u/L ;f]sf]
ljj/0f ljefuaf6 tf]lsPsf] 9fFrf / tl/sfdf ljefudf k]z ug'{ kg]{5 M
-s_ /f]huf/L, Joj;fo / nufgLsf] k|To]s ;|f]taf6 pQm JolStn] ;f]
jif{df k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfo tyf To:tf] cfosf] ;|f]t,
-v_ ;f] jif{df k|fKt x'g;Sg] ;f] JolQmsf] s/of]Uo cfo /
cf}iflwpkrf/ vr{ jfkt s/ ldnfgsf] /sd g36fO{ bkmf $
adf]lhd u0fgf u/L bkmf # sf] v08 -s_ df plNnlvt JolQmn]
bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ s/ /sd,
-u_ u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmsf] g]kfnl:yt ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgsf]
;DaGwdf To:tf] ljb]zL ;+:yfkgn] ;f] jif{df ljb]z k7fPsf] cfo
/sd / ;f] cfodf bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf -%_ adf]lhd u0fgf
514

ul/Psf] bkmf # sf] v08 -v_ df plNnlvt JolQmn] bflvnf ug'{

kg]{ s/ /sd, /
-3_ ljefun] tf]s]sf] cGo s'g} ljj/0f .
cg'dflgt s/sf] ljj/0f bflvnf ug]{ ;DaGwdf lgod #$ df lgDgfg';f/sf]
Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M

s'g} cfojif{df ls:tf bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ JolQmn] cg';"rL@ adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf
P]gsf] bkmf (% adf]lhd cg'dflgt s/sf] ljj/0f ljefudf k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .

@$=#

ls:tf bflvnf ug'{kg]{ x/]s AolQmn] ls:tf bflvnf ug'{kg]{ cfo aif{sf] kf}if d;fGt
cyf{t s/sf] klxnf] ls:tf a'emfpg'kg]{ Dofbleq cg'dflgt s/sf] laa/0f
;DalGwt sfof{nodf k]z ug'{kb{5 . To:tf] laa/0f lgodfjnLsf] cg';"rL @
adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf k]z ug'{kb{5 . s/bftfsf] ;'ljwfnfO{ Wofg lbO{ o:tf]
cg'dflgt s/sf] ljj/0f cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf] j]e;fO6 dfkm{t klg a'emfpg
ldNg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . cg'dflgt s/sf] laa/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ AolQmn] k]z ug]{
laa/0fdf lghsf] ;f] aif{sf] s/of]Uo cfosf] x/]s >f]taf6 k|fKt x'g;Sg]
cg'dflgt lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfo, ;f] aif{df k|fKt x'g;Sg] cg'dflgt s/of]Uo cfo, ;f]
cfodf nfUg] cg'dflgt s/ / u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmsf] g]kfnl:yt ljb]zL :yfoL
;+:yfkgsf] ;DaGwdf To:tf] ljb]zL ;+:yfkgn] ;f] jif{df ljb]z k7fpg ;Sg]
cg'dflgt cfo / ;f] cfodf bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ cg'dflgt s/sf] /sd pNn]v
ug'{kb{5 .
cg'dflgt s/ ljj/0f bflvnf ug'{kg]{ Dofb cfo jif{sf] k'ifdlxgfleq tf]lsPtf klg
;f] eGbf k5fl8 r}q;Dd btf{ ePsf Joj;fosf xsdf o:tf] ljj/0f r}qleq / ;f]
k5fl8 sf/f]jf/ z'? ePsf Joj;fosf] xsdf c;f/leq k]z ug'{ kb{5 .
ls:tfjGbL s/ bflvnf ug'{ gkg]{ AolQm
P]gn] s/ ltg'kg]{ AolQmsf] ?kdf kl/eflift u/]sf AolQmx? dWo] b]xfosf AolQmn]
s/sf] ls:tf bflvnf ug'{kb}{g .
-s_ ;du| ls:tf jfkt kf+r xhf/ ?k}ofFeGbf sd a'emfpg'kg]{ AolQm
o; ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf ($ sf] pkbkmf -@_ df lgDgfg';f/ Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
($-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;f] pkbkmf adf]lhd
a'emfpg' kg]{ ;du| ls:tfsf] hDdf /sd kfFr xhf/ ?k}ofFeGbf sd ePdf
To:tf] ls:tfsf] /sd a'emfpg' kg]{ 5}g .
s'g} AolQmn] ltgj6} ls:tf jfkt a'emfpg'kg]{ s/sf] hDdf /sd kf+r xhf/
?k}ofFeGbf sd ePdf To:tf] AolQmn] s/sf] ls:tf a'emfO/xg' kb}{g . o:tf]
ca:yfsf] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M
pbfx/0f @$=#=!M dfgf}, /fdx/L cu|jfnsf] sf7df8f}+df kfg k;n /x]5 . lghsf]
cf=a= @)^$.^% df ePsf] @)^$ k'if @% ut] ;Ddsf] sf/f]af/af6 bflvnf ug'{
kg]{ jflif{s cg'dflgt s/ /sd ?= $,))) dfq x'g] /x]5 eg] To:tf] AolQmn]
@)^$ k'if d;fGt, @)^$ r}q d;fGt tyf @)^% cfiff9 d;fGt ;Dddf
a'emfpg' kg]{ ls:tf /sd a'emfpg' kb}{g .
515

-v_ k"jf{g'dflgt s/ ltg]{ AolQm

s'g} cfo aif{df P]gsf] bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf -$_ df pNn]lvt cj:yf k"/f u/]sf]
jfl;Gbf k|fs[lts AolQm cyf{t k"jf{g'dflgt s/ ltg]{ AolQmn] s/sf] ls:tf / ;f]sf]
laa/0f a'emfO/xg' kb}{g . P]gsf] bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd b]xfosf ;a}
cj:yfx? k"/f u/]sf afl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQmn] s/sf] ls:tf / ;f]sf] laa/0f
a'emfO/xg' kb}{g .
-s_ ;f] cfo jif{df ;f] JolQmsf] g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] Joj;foaf6 k|fKt cfo
dfq ePsf],
-s!_ cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ jfkt bkmf %! adf]lhd tyf clu|d s/ sL jfkt
bkmf (# adf]lhd s/ ldnfg ug{ bfjL gu/]sf],
-v_ Joj;foaf6 k|fKt cfo b'O{ nfv ?k}ofF / Joj;fosf] sf/f]af/ la; nfv
?k}ofF eGbf a9L gePsf], /
-u_
;f] JolStn] ;f] cfo jif{df of] Joj:yf nfu" x'g] u/L 5gf}6 u/]sf] .
o:tf] ca:yfsf] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M
pbfx/0f @$=#=@M dfgf}, /d]z >]i7n] nlntk'/ pk dxfgu/kflnsfdf ls/fgf
k;n ;+rfng u/L cfPsf /x]5g\ . cf=a= @)^%.^^ df lghsf] sf/f]af/ ?= !$
nfv /x]5 . ;f] aif{ lghnfO{ ;f] Joj;foaf6 ?= !,$),))) cfo -d'gfkmf_
ePsf] /x]5 . pk/f]Qm Aoazfosf] lznl;nfdf lghn] Pp6f sDkgLdf ?=
^),))) a/fa/sf]] ;fdfg cfk"lt{ u/]sf /x]5g\ / ;f] sDkgLn] lghnfO{ e'QmfgL
ubf{ ;f] /sdsf] !=% k|ltztn] x'g] ?= ()) clu|d s/ ;d]t sL u/L ;f]sf]
k|df0f kq ;d]t pknAw u/fPsf] /x]5 . ;f] aif{ lghn] :jLs[t cf}ifwf]krf/df ?=
@,))) vr{ u/]sf /x]5g\ . o; ca:yfdf lghn] cg';"lr ! sf] bkmf ! sf]
pkbkmf -&_ sf] v08 -s_ df pNn]v ePsf] k"jf{g'dflgt s/ ltg{ 5gf}6 u/]sf]
ca:yfdf lghn] s/sf] ls:tf / ;f]sf] laa/0f a'emfO/xg' kb}{g . t/ lghn]
Medical Tax Credit afkt x'g cfpg] ?= #)) -?= @,))) sf] !% k|ltzt_
ldnfg bfaL ug{ kfpg] 5}gg\ / clu|d s/ s6\6L u/]sf] /sd ;d]t ldnfg ug{
kfpg] 5}gg\ .
-u_ clGtd ?kdf s/sL eO e"QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ AolQm
bkmf (% sf] pkbkmf -!_ n] clGtd ?kdf s/sL eO{ e"QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ s'g}
AolQmn] cg'dflgt s/sf] laa/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ Aoa:yf gu/]sf] x'+bf s'g} cfo aif{df
clGtd ?kdf s/sL eO k|fKt x'g] e"QmfgL dfq cyf{t clu|d s/ sL u/L
jfl;Gbf sDkgLaf6 k|fKt nfef+z, k|fs[lts AolQmsf] axfn cfo, hLjg jLdf jfkt
k|fKt /sd, cjsfz e"QmfgL jfkt k|fKt /sd, a}+s jf lalQo ;+:yfaf6 k|fKt
Aofh, u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf] e"QmfgL / a}7s eQf jfktsf] /sddfq
cfosf] ?kdf k|fKt ug]{ AolQmn] s/sf] ls:tf / ;f]sf] laa/0f a'emfpg' kb}{g .
P]gsf] bkmf (@ n] lgDg cfox?nfO{ clGtd ljwLn] s/ nfUg] cfox? dfg]sf] 5M
(@-!_
b]xfosf e'QmfgLnfO{ clGtd ?kdf s/ sL x'g] e'QmfgL dflgg]5 M
-s_ afl;Gbf sDkgLn] e'StfgL u/]sf] nfef+z,
516

-v_ Joj;fo ;+rfng ul//x]sf] afx]s cGo k|fs[lts JolQmnfO{ g]kfndf

;|f]t ePsf] hUuf jf 3/ / ;f];+u ufl;Psf h8fgx? / pks/0fx?
afkt e'QmfgL u/]sf] ef8f,
-u_ afl;Gbf JolQmn] nufgL jLdf afkt e'QmfgL u/]sf] nfe,
-3_ afl;Gbf JolQmn] lt/]sf] :jLs[lt glnPsf] cjsfz sf]ifsf] lxt
afkt e'QmfgL u/]sf] nfe,
-_ bkmf ** sf] pkbkmf -#_ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd a}+s, ljQLo
;+:yf jf C0f kq hf/L ug]{ cGo s'g} lgsfo jf k|rlnt sfg"g
adf]lhd ;"lrs[t ePsf sDkgLn] e'QmfgL lbPsf] b]xfo adf]lhdsf]
Aofh M
-!_ g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] / Joj;fo ;+rfng;+u ;DalGwt
gePsf] k|fs[lts JolQmnfO{ e'QmfgL u/]sf],
-@_ bkmf @ sf] v08 -w_ adf]lhdsf] s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfnfO{
e'QmfgL u/]sf] .
-r_ bkmf *&, ** jf *( adf]lhd u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmnfO{ lbOPsf] s/
sL x'g'kg]{ e'QmfgL,
-5_ g]kfn ;/sf/ jf :jLs[t cjsfz sf]if jf :jLs[lt glnPsf]
cjsfz sf]ifaf6 e'QmfgL ul/Psf] cjsfz e'QmfgLx? ;d]t ;a}
k|sf/sf cjsfz e'QmfgLx? -lgoldt ?kdf e'QmfgL x'g] lga[lQe/0f
afx]s_, /
-h_ a}7s eQf, k6s] ?kdf cWofkg u/fP jfktsf] e'QmfgL .
-em_ cfsl:ds nfesf] e'QmfgL .
o:tf] ca:yfsf] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M
pbfx/0f @$=#=#M dfgf}, uf]kfn v8\uLn]] sf7df8f}+sf] k'tnL;8s l:yt cfkm\gf]
3/ la=la= P08 O{Dkf]6{;\ k|f=ln=nfO{ k|lt dlxgf ?= %),))) sf b/df ef8fdf
lbO{ cfPsf /x]5g\ . lghnfO{ pQm k|f=ln=n] ef8f e'Qmfg ubf{ P]g adf]lhd !)
k|ltztn] x'g] ?= %,))) >f]tdf s/sL u/L e'Qmfg ug]{ u/]sf /x]5g\ / ;f]sf]
k|df0f kq ;d]t pknAw u/fPsf] /x]5 . lghsf] pQm ef8f cfDbfgL
Aoazfo;+u ;DalGwt gePsf] ca:yfdf To:tf] axfn /sd clGtd s/sL
x'g] e'QmfgL ePsf]n] lghn] s/sf] ls:tf / ;f]sf] laa/0f a'emfO/xg' kb}{g .
-3_ /f]huf/Lsf] cfo dfq ePsf] AolQm
P]gsf] bkmf ($ sf] pkbkmf -!_ df Joj;fo / nufgLsf] cfo x'g] JolQmn] dfq
ls:tfaGbLdf s/ ltg'{ kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . /f]huf/Lsf] dfq cfo ePsf
JolQmn] ls:tfaGbLdf s/ ltg'{ kb}{g, t/ afl;Gbf /f]huf/bftfsf /f]huf/stf{n]
k|fKt ug]{ /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf nfUg] jflif{s s/ ;dfg'kflts ?kn] dfl;s ?kdf
sL x'G5 .
s'g} cfo aif{df P]gsf] bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf -#_ df pNn]lvt cj:yf k"/f u/]sf]
517

jfl;Gbf k|fs[lts AolQmsf] hDdf s/ /sd lghsf] /f]huf/bftfn] P]gsf] bkmf *&
adf]lhd sL u/]sf] s/ /sd a/fa/ x'G5 . ;f] AolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf] To:tf]
cfonfO{ clGtd ?kdf s/sL eO{ k|fKt ePsf] e"QmfgL ;/x dflgg] x'+bf To:tf]
AolQmn] s/sf] ls:tf / ;f]sf] laa/0f a'emfO/xg' kb}{g . P]gsf] bkmf $ sf]
pkbkmfdf -#_ df pNn]lvt ca:yf tn v'nfO{Psf] 5 M
-s_ ;f] cfo jif{sf] cfodf g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] s'g} /f]huf/Lsf] cfodfq
;dfj]z ePsf],
-v_ ;f] cfo jif{df ;a} /f]huf/bftf afl;Gbf JolQm ePsf] / Ps k6sdf
Pp6fdfq /f]huf/bftf ePsf], /
-u_ /f]huf/bftfn] e'QmfgL u/]sf] cf}iflw pkrf/ vr{ jfktsf] s/ ldnfg
/ /f]huf/bftfn] g} e'QmfgL ul/lbPsf] cjsfz of]ubfg dfq 36fpg
bfjL u/]sf] tyf bkmf !@ ad]flhd rGbf jfkt vr{ 36fpg bfjL
gu/]sf] .
o:tf] ca:yfsf] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M
pbfx/0f @$=#=$M dfgf}, sdn k|;fb l;+x -Psn AolQm_, g]kfn sdl;{oN; k|f=
ln= df sfo{/t Ps sd{rf/L /x]5g\ . cf=a= @)^%.^^ df lghn] pQm k|f= ln=
af6 ?= #,%),))) kfl/>lds k|fKt u/]sf /x]5g\ . ;f] aif{ lghn] s/ 5'6 x'g]
;+:yfnfO{ ?= !),))) rGbf lbPsf /x]5g\ . ;f] aif{ ;f] k|f=ln=n] lghsf]
kfl/>ldsaf6 sL u/L ?= &),))) :jLs[t casfz sf]ifdf hDdf ul/lbPsf]
/x]5 . ;f] afx]s lghn] cGo :jLs[t casfz sf]ifdf of]ubfg u/]sf /x]g5g\ .
pQm k|f=ln=n] ;f] aif{ lghsf] cfodf ;dfa]; u/L ?= !,))) Medical Insurance
afkt e'QmfgL u/]sf] /x]5g\ . o;sf] cnfjf ;f] aif{ lghn] 5'} ?= @,)))
cf}ifwf]krf/df vr{ u/]sf /x]5g\ . pQm k|f=ln=n] cfkm'n] e'Qmfg u/]sf]
kfl/>ldsdf nfUg] s/ /sd P]gsf] bkmf *& adf]lhd s/ sL u/L bflvnf
u/]sf] /x]5 . o; ca:yfdf lghn] vr{ u/]sf] rGbf afkt 5'6 bfaL ug{ /
cf}ifwf]krf/df vr{ ePsf] ?= @,))) sf] Medical Tax Credit afkt x'g cfpg]
?= #)) -?= @,))) sf] !% k|ltzt_ ldnfg bfaL ug{sf] nflu cfo laa/0f k];
ug'{ kb{5 . olb lghn] vr{ u/]sf] rGbf afkt 5'6 bfaL gu/]sf] / yk ?=#))
Medical Tax Credit ldnfg bfaL gu/]sf] ca:yfdf lghn] s/sf] ls:tf / ;f]sf]
laa/0f a'emfO/xg' kb}{g .
-_ cfsl:ds nfe jfktsf] cfo dfq ePsf] AolQm
P]gsf] bkmf (@ sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd cfsl:ds nfe jfktsf] e"QmfgL clGtd
?kdf s/sL eO{ k|fKt x'g] e"QmfgL ePsf] x'+bf / bkmf (% sf] pkbkmf -!_ n]
cfsl:ds nfe jfktsf] cfo ePsf] AolQmn] cg'dflgt s/sf] laa/0f k]z ug'{kg]{
Aoa:yf gu/]sf] x'+bf cfsl:ds nfe jfktsf] cfo dfq ePsf] AolQmn] s/sf]
ls:tf / ;f]sf] laa/0f a'emfpg' kb}{g . o:tf] ca:yfsf] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5M

518

pbfx/0f @$=#=%M dfgf}, g]kfn nf]6]/L sDkgLn] ?= @) nfv d"No kg]{ sf/
k'/:sf/ /flv lr7\7f ;+rfng u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm lr7\7f ul/a bf; eGg]
AolQmnfO{ k/]sf] /x]5 . pQm k'/:sf/ afktsf] sf/sf] ahf/ d"No ?= @)
nfvdf pQm sDkgLn] @% k|ltztn] x'g] /sd ?= % nfv lgh ul/a bf;af6
c;'n u/L k'/:sf/ lbPsf] /x]5 . o;/L cfsl:ds nfe afkt k|fKt u/]sf] cfo
P]gsf] bkmf (@ sf] pkbkmf -!_ cg';f/ clGtd s/sL eO k|fKt x'g] e"QmfgL
dflgg] x'+bf lghn] s/sf] ls:tf tyf laa/0f a'emfO{/xg' kb}{g .
pbfx/0f @$=#=^M dfgf}, ef/tLo gful/s hf]xg l;+xn] Sofl;gf] ljg ln=df
k|j]z u/L ?= @) nfvsf] Sofl;gf] l;Ssf vl/b u/]5g\ . lghn] ;f] Sofl;gf]
l;Ssfx? ljleGg v]nsf vfnx?df v]nL lg:sg] a]nfdf ?=#) nfvsf] l;Ssf
;f6\g NofPsf /x]5g\ . Sofl;gf] ;+rfnsn] ;f] l;Ssf ;f6\bf ljleGg v]nx?df
sdfPsf] cfsl:ds nfe ?=!) nfvdf @% k|ltzt n] x'g] ?=@ nfv %) xhf/
sf u/L afsL ?=@& nfv %) xhf/ -cGo s'g} /sd s6fpg' kg]{ eP ;f]
;d]t s6fO{_ lgh hf]xg l;+xnfO{ e'QmfgL lbg' kb{5 . o; cj:yfdf lgh
hf]xgsf] cfsl:ds nfedf nfu]sf] s/ g} clGtd x'G5 .
pbfx/0f @$=#=&M dfgf}, g]kfnsf jfl;Gbf aag l;+x dNnn] dsfp ofqfsf
qmddf Toxfsf] Sofl;gf] e]lg;df ljleGg v]n v]nL tL v]nx?df sdfPsf]
cfsl:ds nfe ?= !) nfvdf dsfpsf] sfg"g adf]lhd ?= !%),))) s/
lt/L afsL ?= *%),))) g]kfn NofP5g\ . afl;Gbf JolQmn] ljb]zL >f]tdf
cfo cfh{g u/]sfn] cflh{t cfo ?= !) nfv lghsf] dsfp >f]tsf] cfo
dflgG5 . lghn] ;f] cfDbfgLnfO{ cfkm\gf] cg'dflgt cfo ljj/0f tyf jflif{s
cfo ljj/0fdf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . t/ Toxf lt/]sf] s/ eg] bkmf &! adf]lhd
j}b]lzs s/ ldnfg bfjL ug{ kfOG5 .
@$=$

lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfo / s/of]Uo cfosf] u0fgf

cg'dflgt cfo laa/0fdf To:tf] laa/0f k]z ug]{ AolQmsf] s'g} cfo aif{sf]
Joj;fo / nufgLsf] cg'dflgt lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfo / cg'dflgt s/of]Uo cfo
pNn]v ug'{kg]{ x'+bf ;f] AolQmn] ;j{k|yd cfkm\gf] ;f] aif{el/sf] lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfo /
s/of]Uo cfosf] cg'dfg ug'{kb{5 . P]gsf] bkmf ^ df lgDgfg';f/sf] cfonfO{
lgwf{/0fof]Uo dflgPsf] 5 M
o; P]gsf] cwLgdf /xL s'g} JolStsf] s'g} cfo jif{df s'g} /f]huf/L, Joj;fo,
nufgL jf cfsl:ds nfeaf6 ePsf] b]xfosf cfox?nfO{ lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfo
dflgg]5 M
-s_ afl;Gbf JolStsf] cfosf] ;|f]t hxfF;'s} ePklg ;f] jif{df ;f] JolStsf]
/f]huf/L, Joj;fo, nufgL jf cfsl:ds nfeaf6 ePsf] cfo, /
-v_ u}/afl;Gbf JolStsf] ;f] jif{df cfosf] ;|f]t g]kfndf ePsf] /f]huf/L,
Joj;fo, nufgL jf cfsl:ds nfeaf6 ePsf] cfo .
t/ lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfodf bkmf !! jf ^$ jf b'a} bkmf adf]lhd s/ 5"6 lbOPsf]
s'g} klg cfo ;dfj]z x'g] 5}g .
lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfo eGgfn] s'g} cfo aif{df s'g} AolQmsf] P]gsf] bkmf & adf]lhd
u0fgf ul/Psf] Joj;fosf] cfo, P]gsf] bkmf * adf]lhd u0fgf ul/Psf] /f]huf/Lsf]
cfo tyf bkmf ( adf]lhd u0fgf ul/Psf] nufgLsf] cfoaf6 tt\ tt\ lzif{ssf
519

cfo u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu 36fpg kfpg] s/5'6 x'g] cfo, sL lng kfpg]
rGbf vr{ / :jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifdf u/]sf] of]ubfg afx]s cGo /sd 36fpbf jf
sL ubf{ x'g cfpg] /sdnfO{ hgfp5 . To:t} s/of]Uo cfo eGgfn] Joj;fo,
/f]huf/L / nufgLsf] lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfoaf6 s'g} AolQmn] s/5'6 k|fKt ;+:yfnfO
rGbf lbPsf] vr{dWo] tf]lsPsf] /sd / k|fs[lts AolQmsf] xsdf ;f] AolQmn]
:jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifdf of]ubfg u/]sf] eP tf]lsPsf] xb;Ddsf] /sd 36fpbf x'g
cfpg] /sdnfO hgfp5 . lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfo Pa+ s/of]Uo cfosf] u0fgfsf
;DaGwdf lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b % df la:t[t ?kdf AofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
@$=%

cg'dflgt s/sf] u0fgf

dfly a'+bf @$=$ df pNn]lvt cfosf x/]s lzif{ssf] aif{el/sf] cg'dflgt s/of]Uo
cfosf] u0fgf u/]kZrft x/]s cfo lzif{ssf] To:tf] cg'dflgt s/of]Uo cfodf
nfUg] s/ cyf{t cg'dflgt s/sf] u0fgf ug'{kb{5 . cg'dflgt s/sf] u0fgf ubf{
P]gsf] bkmf $ adf]lhd ug'{kb{5 . cyf{t s'g} cfodf nfUg] s/sf] u0fgf ug]{
tl/sf / ls:tfsf] ?kdf a'emfpg'kg]{ s/sf] u0fgf ug]{ tl/sf ;dfg /x]sf] 5 .
cg'dflgt s/ eGgfn] cg'dflgt s/of]Uo cfonfO{ P]gsf] cg';"rL ! n] ;f] cfodf
nfUg] egL tf]s]sf] s/sf] b/n] u'0fg ubf{ cfpg] /sd xf] . s/ u0fgfsf ;DaGwdf
lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b @# df la:t[t ?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

@$=^

lab]z k7fPsf] cfo / ;f] cfodf nfUg] s/sf] u0fgf

s'g} u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQmsf] g]kfnl:yt :yfoL ;+:yfkgsf x}l;otn] s'g} cfo ljb]z
k7fpg] AolQmn] klg cg'dflgt s/ / ;f]sf] laa/0f k]z ug'{kb{5 . lab]z k7fPsf]
cfo eg]sf] u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQmsf] g]kfnl:yt :yfoL ;+:yfkgsf x}l;otn] sfd ug]{
s'g} AolQmn] g]kfnsf] >f]t dflgg] s'g} cfo cfh{g u/]sf] eP ;f] cfodf P]g
adf]lhd nfUg] s/ lt/L ;s]kl5 af+ls ePsf] cfo pQm u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQmnfO{
k7fpg] /sd xf] . To:tf] AolQmn] lab]z k7fPsf] cfodf kf+r k|ltztsf b/n] s/
nfUg] x'+bf To:tf] AolQmsf] s'g} cfo aif{sf] cg'dflgt s/ ;f] AolQmn] ;f] aif{
lab]z k7fpg] cg'dflgt /sdsf] kf+r k|ltztn] x'g cfpg] /sd a/fa/ x'G5 .
o:tf] ca:yfsf] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M
pbfx/0f @$=^=!M dfgf}+, American Life Insurance Company (ALICO) sf]
zfvf sfof{non] g]kfnsf] ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 O{hfht lnO{ g]kfndf
Aoazfo ;+rfng ul/ /x]sf] u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmsf] g]kfn l:yt :yfoL
;+:yfkg xf] . pQm lgsfon] g]kfndf nufgL jLdf u/L cfh]{sf] d'gfkmf ;f]
sDkgL cfkm}n] lat/0f ug{ gldn]sf] sf/0f To:tf] /sd cfkm\gf] Parent
Company nfO{ k7fPsf] v08df To:tf] /sd lab]zdf k7fPsf] cfo
dflgg]5 . To:tf] AolQmn] lab]z k7fPsf] cfodf kf+r k|ltztsf b/n] s/
nfUg] x'+bf To:tf] AolQmsf] s'g} cfo aif{sf] cg'dflgt s/ ;f] AolQmn] ;f] aif{
lab]z k7fpg] cg'dflgt /sdsf] kf+r k|ltztn] x'g cfpg] /sd a/fa/ x'G5.
bflvnf ug'{kg]{ cg'dflgt s/sf] u0fgf
ls:tf bflvnf ug'{kg]{ s'g} AolQmsf] s'g} aif{sf] cfosf x/]s lzif{ssf] cg'dflgt
s/of]Uo cfo / s/sf] u0fgf u/]kZrft ;f] AolQmsf] ;f] aif{sf] hDdf cg'dflgt
s/sf] u0fgf ug'{kb{5 . P]gsf] bkmf (% sf] pkbkmf -@_ n] cg'dflgt s/sf] hDdf

@$=&

520

/sdsf ;DaGwdf b]xfosf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .

(%-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df plNnlvt JolQmsf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -v_ / -u_ df
plNnlvt s/ /sds]f of]u ;f] cfo jif{df bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ cg'dflgt s/ x'g]5 .
P]gsf] pk/f]Qm Aoa:yf cg';f/ s'g} cfo aif{df s/sf] ls:tf bflvnf ug'{kg]{
AolQmn] ls:tf bflvnf ug'{kg]{ cfo aif{df bflvnf ug'{kg]{ cg'dflgt s/ eg]sf] ;f]
AolQmn] ;f] aif{df s'g} Joj;fo jf nufgLsf] cg'dflgt s/of]Uo cfodf bflvnf
ug'{kg]{ cg'dflgt s/ / ;f] AolQmn] s'g} u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQmsf] g]kfnl:yt :yfoL
;+:yfkgsf x}l;otn] s'g} cfo ljb]z k7fPsf] jf k7fpg] eP lab]z k7fpg]
cg'dflgt /sddf bflvnf ug'{kg]{ cg'dflgt s/ hf]8\bf x'g cfpg] /sd xf] .
o:tf] ca:yfsf] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M
pbfx/0f @$=&=!M dfgf}=, ;u/dfyf k|f=ln= n] h'; pTkfbg ul/ lalqm ubf]{ /x]5 .
cf=a= )^%.^^ df ;f] sDkgLn] cfkm\gf] ;f] Joj;foaf6 ?= Ps s/f]8 s/of]Uo
cfo cfh{g x'g] cg'dfg u/]sf] /x]5 . o; sDkgLn] g]kfnsf] s'g} sDkgLsf]
C0fkqdf ?= kf+r s/f]8 nufgL u/]sf] 5 / ;f] afkt x/]s aif{ ?= krf; nfv
Aofh k|fKt ug]{ u/]sf] /x]5 . cf=a=)^%.^^ df o; sDkgLn] bflvnf ug'{kg]{
hDdf cg'dflgt s/ lgDgfg';f/ x'g cfp+5 .
cg'dflgt s/of]Uo cfo ?= s/sf] b/ cg'dflgt s/ ?=
cfosf] lzif{s
Joj;fo
!,)),)),)))
@) k|ltzt
@),)),)))
nufgL
%),)),)))
@% k|ltzt
!@,%),)))
hDdf cg'dflgt s/
#@,%),)))
@$=*

a}b]lzs s/ ldnfg
s'g} AolQmn] s'g} cfo aif{df bflvnf ug'{kg]{ cg'dflgt s/sf] u0fgf ubf{ a}b]lzs
>f]tsf] cfodf ;d]t s/ u0fgf ug'{kb{5 . t/ To:tf] a}b]lzs cfodf lab]zdf s'g}
s/ lt/]sf] jf ltg'{kg]{ eP ;f] /sd cg'dflgt s/sf] /sd u0fgf ubf{ 36fpg
kfp5 . o; ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf (% sf] pkbkmf -#_ df b]xfosf] Aoa:yf 5 .
(%-#_ pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd s'g} cfo jif{df bflvnf ug'{ kg]{
s/sf] cg'dfg ug{ bkmf &! adf]lhd bfaL ul/g] j}b]lzs s/ ldnfg /sdsf]
u0fgf ubf{ s'g} JolQmn] ;f] jif{df bflvnf u/]sf] s'g} j}b]lzs s/ jf ;f] jif{df
bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ egL lghn] cg'dfg u/]sf] ljb]zL cfos/ dfq u0fgf ug'{ kg]{5 .
s'g} Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 s'g} cfo aif{df s/of]Uo cfo ePsf] / s/sf] ls:tf
bflvnf ug'{kg]{ AolQmsf] ;f] cfo aif{df a}b]lzs >f]tsf] s'g} s/ nfUg] cfo k|fKt
ePsf] jf k|fKt x'g] cj:yf /x]sf] eP ;f] aif{sf] cg'dflgt s/ u0fgf ug]{
k|of]hgsf nflu To:tf] cfosf] ;d]t cg'dfg ug'{kb{5 . a}b]lzs >f]taf6 k|fKt
ePsf] jf k|fKt x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] /sddf P]gsf] cg';"rL ! n] tf]s]sf] b/
cg';f/ nfUg] s/sf] u0fgf ul/ hDdf cg'dflgt s/sf] lx;fj ug'{kb{5 . t/ s/
u0fgf ubf{ ;dfa]z ul/Psf] a}b]lzs >f]tsf] cfodf lab]zdf s'g} s/ lt/]sf] eP
jf ltg'kg]{ eP cg'dflgt s/sf] lx;fj ubf{ ;f] lt/]sf] jf ltg'{kg]{ cg'dfg ul/Psf]
521

s/ /sd 36fpg jf ltg'{kg]{ cg'dflgt s/df ldnfg ug{ kfOG5 . o:tf] ca:yfsf]
pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M
pbfx/0f @$=*=!M pbfx/0f @$=&=!= df pNn]lvt ;u/dfyf k|f=ln=sf]
cf=a=)^%.^^ df ;f] pbfx/0fdf pNn]lvt cfo afx]s ef/tsf] s'g} sDkgLsf]
C0fkqdf ?=Ps s/f]8 nufgL u/]jfkt ?= bz nfv cfo x'g] / ;f] cfodf
ef/tdf ?=Ps nfv s/ ltg'{kg]{ eP cf=a=)^%.^^ df o; sDkgLn] bflvnf
ug'{kg]{ hDdf cg'dflgt s/ lgDgfg'zf/ x'G5M
cfosf] lzif{s cg'dflgt s/of]Uo cfo ?= s/sf] b/ cg'dflgt s/ ?=
Joj;fo
!,)),)),))) @) k|ltzt @),)),)))
nufgL
%),)),)))
@% k|ltzt
!@,%),)))
a}b]lzs >f]tsf] nufgL cfo !),)),)))
@% k|ltzt
@,%),)))
hDdf cg'dflgt s/
#%,)),)))
36fpg]
a}b]lzs >f]tsf] cfodf lab]zdf ltg'{kg]{ s/
!,)),)))
bflvnf ug'{kg]{ hDdf cg'dflgt s/
#$,)),)))
@$=(

cg'dflgt s/sf] laa/0fdf ;+zf]wg

cg'dflgt s/sf] laa/0f k]z u/]sf] AolQmn] ;f] laa/0fdf b]vfPsf] s/of]Uo cfo /
s/ cg'dfgdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . lghn] cfo / s/sf] cg'dfg ubf{ lnPsf
cfwf/x?df kl/jt{g ePdf cg'dfg u/]sf] cfo 36a9 x'g;S5 / ;f]lx cg'?k s/
bfloTjdf klg 36a9 x'ghfG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf s'g} AolQmn] cfk"mn] k]z u/]sf]
cg'dflgt s/sf] laa/0fdf ;+zf]wg ug{;Qm5 . o; ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf (% sf]
pkbkmf -$_ / -%_ df b]xfosf] Aoa:yf 5 .
(%-$_ s/sf] ls:tf bflvnf ug]{ s'g} JolQmn] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf
cfjZos hfgsf/L pNn]v u/L ;+zf]wgsf sf/0fx? v'nfO{ ;+zf]lwt cg'dfg
ljefudf k]z gu/];Dd lghn] ;f] pkbkmf adf]lhd u/]sf] cg'dfg ;f] cfo jif{
e/sf] nflu sfod /xg]5 .
(%-%_
pkbkmf -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} JolQmn] pkbkmf
-$_ adf]lhd k]z u/]sf] ;+zf]lwt cg'dfg ljefu ;dIf k]z u/]sf] ldltkl5 ;f]
cfo jif{df bkmf ($ adf]lhd a'emfpg' kg]{ s/sf] ls:tfsf] lx;fa ubf{ dfq nfu"
x'g]5 .
s'g} AolQmn] k]z u/]sf] cg'dflgt s/sf] laa/0fdf pNn]lvt s/of]Uo cfo /
ltg'{kg]{ s/sf] cg'dflgt /sddf s'g} sf/0fn] 36La9L ePdf jf 36La9L x'g;Sg]
cj:yf ePdf ;f] AolQmn] cfkm\gf] cg'dflgt s/sf] laa/0fdf ;+zf]wg ug{ rfx]df
csf]{ cg'dflgt s/sf] laa/0f e/L k]z ug'{kb{5 . To;/L s'g} AolQmn] csf]{
cg'dflgt s/sf] laa/0f k]z u/]df ;f] AolQmn] k]z u/]sf] cl3Nnf] cg'dflgt
s/sf] laa/0f vf/]h jf ;+zf]wg ePsf] dflgG5 / kl5Nnf] laa/0f ;f] AolQmsf]
cg'dflgt s/sf] laa/0fsf] ?kdf /xG5 . To;/L k]z ug]{ laa/0fdf ;flassf]
laa/0fdf ;+zf]wg ug'{kgf{sf sf/0fx? :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v ug'{kb{5 . t/ s'g}
AolQmn] k]z u/]sf] cg'dflgt s/sf] ;+zf]lwt laa/0f lghn] ;f] ;+zf]wg k]z
u/]kZrft a'emfpg'kg]{ cg'dflgt s/sf] ls:tfsf] u0fgf ug{dfq nfu' x'G5 . P]gsf]
522

o; Aoa:yf adf]lhd ;+zf]lwt cg'dfg k]z gug]{ AolQmn] k]z u/]sf] cg'dflgt
s/sf] laa/0fsf] cfwf/df g} ;f] AolQmn] ;f] aif{ bflvnf ug'{kg]{ ls:tfsf] u0fgf
ug{'kb{5 .
@$=!) ljefu4f/f cg'dflgt s/sf] cg'dfg / cg'dflgt s/sf] laa/0fdf ;+zf]wg
cg'dflgt s/sf] laa/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ s'g} AolQmn] To:tf] laa/0f k]z gu/]df jf
s'g} AolQmn] k]z u/]sf] laa/0f ;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf laefunfO{ k|fKt x'g]
clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf (% sf] pkbkmf -&_ / pkbkmf -*_ df lgDg
Aoa:yf 5 .
(%-&_
pkbkmf -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s/sf] ls:tf bflvnf
ug'{ kg]{ s'g} JolQmn] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd s'g} cfo jif{df cg'dfg k]z gu/]df jf
k]z ul/Psf] cg'dfg jf ;+zf]lwt cg'dfgdf ljefu ;Gt'i6 gePdf ljefun] b]xfo
adf]lhd ug{ ;Sg]5 M
-s_ ;f] JolQmsf] ;f] jif{df bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ cg'dflgt s/sf]
cg'dfg bkmf # sf] v08 -s_ jf -v_ df plNnlvt JolQmn] ut
cfo jif{df bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ s/sf] cfwf/df ug{ ;Sg]5, /
-v_ ljefun] v08 -s_ adf]lhd tof/ u/]sf] cg'dfg ;f] cg'dfg
tof/ ug{ k|of]u u/]sf] tl/sf / JolQmn] k]z u/]sf] cg'dfgdf
ljefu ;Gt'i6 x'g g;s]sf] eP ;f]sf] sf/0f ;d]t pNn]v
ul/Psf] lnlvt ;"rgf ljefun] ls:tf bflvnf ug'{ kg]{
JolQmnfO{ lbg]5 .
(%-*_ ljefun] ls:tf bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ JolQmnfO{ pkbkmf -&_ adf]lhd ;"rgf
lbPdf ;f] jif{df ;f] JolQmn] bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ cg'dflgt s/ /sd ljefun] cg'dfg
u/]sf] /sd x'g]5 .
cg'dflgt s/sf] laa/0f / ls:tfaGbLdf s/ bflvnf ug'{kg]{ st{Ao ePsf] s'g}
AolQmn] s'g} cfo aif{sf] kf}if d;fGtleq ;f] aif{sf] cg'dflgt s/of]Uo cfo /
cg'dflgt s/ pNn]v ul/ cg'dflgt s/sf] laa/0f ;DalGwt sfof{nodf k]z
gu/]df ;DalGwt sfof{no jf s/ clws[tn] ;f] AolQmn] o; cfo aif{df bflvnf
ug'{kg]{ s/sf] cg'dfg ug{ ;Qm5 . sfof{non] To:tf] cg'dfg tof/ ubf{ ;f]
AolQmn] cl3Nnf] cfo aif{df bflvnf u/]sf] jf ug'{kg]{ s/nfO{ ;d]t cfwf/sf]
?kdf lng ;Sb5 . sfof{no jf s/ clws[tn] tof/ u/]sf] To:tf] cg'dfgsf]
hfgsf/L ;DalGwt AolQmnfO{ lnlvt ?kdf lbg'kb{5 . ;f] hfgsf/Ldf sfof{non]
To:tf] cg'dfg tof/ ubf{ lnPsf] cfwf/ :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v ug'{kb{5 . o;/L s'g}
AolQmn] s'g} aif{df bflvnf ug'{kg]{ s/sf] cg'dfg u/L ;f]sf] lnlvt hfgsf/L ;f]
AolQmnfO{ lbOPsf] cj:yfdf sfof{non] cg'dfg u/]sf] s/ /sd g} ;f] AolQmn] ;f]
aif{df bflvnf ug'{kg]{ cg'dflgt s/sf] /sd x'G5 .
s'g} AolQmn] k]z u/]sf] cg'dflgt s/sf] laa/0f jf cg'dflgt s/sf] ;+zf]lwt
laa/0fdf sfof{no ;Gt'i6 x'g g;s]df sfof{non] ;f] AolQmn] k]z u/]sf]
cg'dflgt s/sf] laa/0f jf cg'dflgt s/sf] ;+zf]lwt laa/0fdf pNn]lvt
s/of]Uo cfo / cg'dflgt s/sf] /sddf ;+zf]wg ug{;Qm5 . s'g} AolQmn] k]z
u/]sf] cg'dflgt s/sf] laa/0f jf cg'dflgt s/sf] ;+zf]lwt laa/0fdf sfof{non]
523

;+zf]wg ug'{k/]df ;f] AolQmn] cl3Nnf] cfo aif{df bflvnf u/]sf] jf ug'{kg]{ s/nfO{
;d]t cfwf/ dfgL lghn] o; aif{ bflvnf ug'{kg]{ s/sf] cg'dfg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
sfof{no jf s/ clws[tn] tof/ u/]sf] To:tf] cg'dfgsf] hfgsf/L ;DalGwt
AolQmnfO{ lnlvt ?kdf lbg'kb{5 . ;f] hfgsf/Ldf sfof{non] To:tf] cg'dfg tof/
ubf{ lnPsf] cfwf/ :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v ug'{kb{5 . o;/L s'g} AolQmn] k]z u/]sf]
cg'dflgt s/sf] laa/0f jf cg'dflgt s/sf] ;+zf]lwt laa/0fdf sfof{non]
;+zf]wg u/L ;f] AolQmn] ;f] aif{ bflvnf ug'{kg]{ s/sf] ;+zf]lwt cg'dfg tof/
u/]df / ;f] cg'dfgsf] lnlvt hfgsf/L ;f] AolQmnfO{ lbOPsf] cj:yfdf
sfof{non] cg'dfg u/]sf] s/ /sdg} ;f] AolQmn] ;f] aif{df bflvnf ug'{kg]{
cg'dflgt s/sf] /sd x'G5 .
@$=!! ls:tfaGbLdf bflvnf ug'{kg]{ s/
P]g adf]lhd ltg'{kg]{ s/ ls:tfaGbLsf] ?kdf ltg]{ ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf ($ sf]
pkbkmf -!_ df lgDg Aoa:yf 5 .
s'g} Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 s'g} cfo jif{df lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfo ePsf] jf x'g]
JolQmn] b]xfo adf]lhd tLg ls:tfdf s/ bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ 5 M
bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ ldlt
bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ /sd
kf}if dlxgfsf] cGTo;Dd
cg'dflgt s/sf] $) /sd dWo] ltg{ afFsL
s/ /sd
r}q dlxgfsf] cGTo;Dd
cg'dflgt s/sf] &) /sd dWo] ltg{ afFsL
s/ /sd
cfiff9 dlxgfsf] cGTo;Dd
cg'dflgt s/sf] !)) /sd dWo] ltg{ afFsL
s/ /sd
:ki6Ls/0f M o; pkbkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu,
-s_ cg'dflgt s/ eGgfn] ls:tfaGbLdf s/ bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ s'g} JolQmn]
s'g} jif{sf] ls:tfaGbL s/ bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ ;dodf bkmf (% adf]lhd
u0fgf u/]sf] ls:tfaGbLsf] cg'dflgt s/ ;Dg' k5{ .
-v_ ltg{ afFsL s/ /sd eGgfn] cg'dflgt s/sf] o; pkbkmfdf ls:tfdf
bflvnf ug{ tf]lsPsf] k|ltztn] x'g] /sdaf6 b]xfosf] s'n hDdf /sd
36fpFbf gk'u x'g] /sd ;Dg' k5{ M
-!_ ;DalGwt ls:tf bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ ldlt cufl8 o; bkmf adf]lhd
k"j{ ls:tff/f ;f] cfo jif{df bflvnf u/]sf] s/ /sd,

524

o:tf] ca:yfsf] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M

pbfx/0f @$=!!=!M dfgf}+, ABC Enterprises n] k'if d;fGtdf cf=a= @)^$.^%
sf] nflu k"j{ cg'dflgt ul/Psf] s/ /sd ?= ! nfvsf] $) k|ltztn] x'g]
/sd ?= $) xhf/ tf]lsPsf] ;do leq laa/0f ;lxt ;DalGwt /fh:j
sfof{nodf a'emfPsf /x]5g\ . @)^$ r}q d;fGtdf lghn] csf]{ ls:tf s'n
&) k|ltztn] x'g] ?= &) xhf/ a'emfpg' kg]{df k'if d;fGtdf a'emfPsf] ?= $)
xhf/ s6fO{ afFsL x'g cfpg] ?= #) xhf/ a'emfpg' kb{5 . t;y{ o;
pbfx/0fdf ltg{ afFsL s/ /sd eGgfn] ?= #) xhf/nfO{ hgfp+b5 .
-@_

;f] cfo jif{df ;DalGwt ls:tf bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ ldlt cufl8 s'g} JolQmsf]
kl/R5]b !& adf]lhd ;f] jif{df ;f] JolQmsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z x'g]
e'QmfgLx?af6 sL ePsf] s/ /sd,
o:tf] ca:yfsf] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M
pbfx/0f @$=!!=@M dfgf}+, lazfn O{G6/k|fO{h]hn] cfkm\gf] eagsf] klxnf] tnf
C0f tyf art ;xsf/L ;+:yfnfO{ dfl;s ?= %) xhf/df ef8fdf lbPsf] /x]5
. pQm ;+:yfn] ;f] O{G6/k|fO{h]hnfO{ e'QmfgL lb+bf clu|d s/ afkt !)
k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] ?= % xhf/ sf u/L afFls x'g cfpg] /sd ?= $% xhf/
e'QmfgL lbg] u/]sf] /x]5 . o:tf] ef8f cfo pQm O{G6/k|fO{h]hsf] cfodf
;dfa]; x'g] /sd ePsf] x'+bf ltg'{ kg]{ s/ /sd u0fgf ubf{ >f]tdf sL
ePsf] s/ /sd s6fO{ afFsL s/ /sd dfq bflvnf ug'{ kb{5 .
-#_
ls:tf a'fpg' kg]{ ldlt eGbf cufl8 ;f] jif{df s/ sL ug]{ Ph]06 jf
s/ sL x'g] JolQmn] pkv08 -@_ df plNnlvt e'QmfgL af6 bkmf ()
sf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd s/ sL ePsf] dflgg] /sd ljefudf bflvnf
u/]sf] eP To:tf] s/ /sd, /
o:tf] ca:yfsf] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M
pbfx/0f @$=!!=#M dfgf}+, /fd]Zj/ kGyL P08 sDkgL d'=c=s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu
btf{ gePsf] Ps sfg"gL k/fdz{ lbg] sDkgL /x]5 . pQm sDkgLaf6 g]=a}=ln=
nfO{ sfg"gL ;Nnfx k|bfg u/] afkt ?= %) xhf/ e'QmfgLdf clu|d s/ sf
gu/L @)^%.^.@& df k|fKt u/]sf /x]5 . o; ca:yfdf e'Qmfg ul/Psf] ldlt
@)^%.^.@& df clu|d s/ sf gu/]sf] eP klg clu|d s/ sf u/]sf] dflgG5
. pQm sDkgLn] e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf] dlxgf ;dfKt ePsf] @% lbg leqg}
clu|d s/ /sd afkt !% k|ltztsf b/n] x'g cfpg] /sd ?=&,%))
;DalGwt /fh:j sfof{nodf a'emfPsf] /x]5 eg] pQm sDkgLn] k'if d;fGtdf
ltg'{ kg]{ cg'dflgt s/sf] /sdaf6 ?=&,%)) sf u/L afFsL /sd cyf{t ltg'{
kg]{ /sd bflvnf ug'{kb{5 .
-$_

ls:tf a'fpg' kg]{ ldlt eGbf cufl8 ;f] JolQmn] u/]sf] :jLs[t cf}iflw
pkrf/ vr{sf] ;DaGwdf ;f] JolQmn] bkmf %! adf]lhd bfaL ug{ ;Sg]
cf}iflw pkrf/ vr{sf] s/ ldnfg /sd .
525

o:tf] ca:yfsf] pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M

pbfx/0f @$=!!=$M dfgf}+, clwsf/L P08 s+= Ps n]vf kl/Ifs kmd{ /x]5 . pQm
kmd{sf k|f]k|fO{6/ >L sdn];n] @)^%.*.@( ut] ;Dd ?= !% xhf/ cf}ifwL pkrf/
afkt vr{ u/]sf /x]5g\ . cf=a= @)^%.^^ sf] cg'dflgt laa/0f cg';f/ k'if
d;fGtdf lghn] ltg'{ kg]{ ls:tf ?= $) xhf/ /x]5 . pQm ls:tf /sdaf6
lghn] P]gsf] bkmf %! adf]lhd cf}ifwf]krf/ vr{ afktsf] s/ ldnfg /sd ?=
&%) 36fO{ afFsL x'g cfpg] /sd ?= #(,@%) a'emfPdf k'if d;fGtsf] ls:tf
s/ /sd a'emfpg' kg]{ bfloTj lgjf{x u/]sf] dflgG5 .
ls:tf /sd 36fpg k|df0f k]z ug'{ kg]{ / o:tf] k|df0fsf ;DaGwdf lgod #@ df
lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M

b]xfosf k|df0fx? ljefudf k]z u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] k|df0faf6 k|dfl0ft x'g]
/sd;Dd P]gsf] bkmf ($ sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd u0fgf ul/Psf] ls:tf
/sdaf6 36fO{ bflvnf ug{ ;lsg]5M
-s_ P]gsf] kl/R5]b !& adf]lhd clu|d s/ sL ul/Psf]df bkmf (! sf]
pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd hf/L ul/Psf] s/ sL k|df0fkq,
-v_ cf}ifwL pkrf/ afkt s/ ldnfg bfjL u/]sf]df cf}ifwL pkrf/ afkt
ePsf] :jLs[t cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{sf] ljn, ekf{O{ .
s'g} cfo aif{df Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 s/of]Uo cfo ePsf] jf x'g] ;Defjgf
ePsf] AolQmn] cfkm"n] To:tf] cfo jfkt ltg'{kg]{ s/ ;f]xL cfo aif{df
ls:tfaGbLdf bflvnf ug'{kb{5 . ls:tfdf a'emfpg'kg]{ o:tf] s/ a9Ldf ltg
ls:tfdf a'emfO;Sg' kb{5 . s/sf] klxnf] ls:tf rfn' cf=a=sf] kf}if d;fGtleq,
bf]>f] ls:tf rfn' cf=a=sf] r}q d;fGtleq / t]>f] ls:tf rfn' cf=a=sf] cfiff9
d;fGtleq a'emfpg' kb{5 . s/sf] ls:tf eGgfn] s'g} AolQmsf] s'g} aif{sf] hDdf
cg'dflgt s/dWo] klxnf], bf]>f] / t]>f] ls:tf :j?k a'emfpg'kg]{ s/sf] /sdnfO
a'emfpF5 . s'g} AolQmn] s'g} aif{sf] ls:tf jfktsf] s/ e"QmfgL ubf{ klxnf]
ls:tfdf hDdf cg'dflgt s/sf] rfln; k|ltztn] x'g cfpg] /sddWo] ltg{ af+ls
/sd, bf]>f] ls:tfdf hDdf cg'dflgt s/sf] ;Q/L k|ltztn] x'g cfpg] /sddWo]
ltg{ af+ls /sd / t]>f] ls:tfdf hDdf cg'dflgt s/sf] ;Dk"0f{ /sddWo] ltg{
af+ls /sd a'emfpg' kb{5 . ls:tf bflvnf ug]{ JolStn] pk/f]Qm cg';f/ s'g} cfo
jif{df ls:tfjGbLsf dfWodaf6 bflvnf u/]sf] s/ /sd ;f] jif{df nfUg] s/df
s6[L ug{ jf ldnfg ug{ kfpF5 . s/sf] ls:tf a'emfpg] k|of]hgsf nflu cg'dflgt
s/ eGgfn] P]gsf] bkmf (% adf]lhd u0fgf ul/Psf] s'g} AolQmsf] s'g} cfo aif{sf]
cg'dflgt s/of]Uo cfodf bflvnf ug'{kg]{ cg'dflgt s/ /sd xf] . cg'dflgt
s/sf] u0fgfsf ;DaGwdf lgb]{lzsfsf] o;} kl/R5]bsf] @$=% b]lv @$=& df pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 .
s'g} AolQmn] s'g} ls:tf jfkt bflvnf ug'{kg]{ /sdsf] u0fgf ubf{ ;f] cfo aif{sf]
nflu cfk'mn] a'emfpg' kg]{ ls:tf s/ /sddf a'emfPsf] s/ /sd 36fO{ u0fgf
ug'{kb{5 .
526

pbfx/0f @$=!!=%M pbfx/0f @$=&=! df pNn]lvt sDkgLn] cf=a= @)^%.^^ df

a'emfpg'kg]{ hDdf cg'dflgt s/ ?= #@,%),))) dWo] ;f] cf=a=sf] bf]>f] ls:tf
;Dddf ?= @%,)),))) a'emfO;s]sf] 5 . ca ;f] sDklgn] t]>f] ls:tf a'emfpg
af+ls 5 . ;f] sDkgLn] cfkm"n] a'emfpg af+ls t]>f] ls:tf jfkt a'emfpg'kg]{ s/
/sdsf] u0fgf ubf{ jf ls:tf bflvnf ubf{ a'emfpg'kg]{ hDdf cg'dflgt s/ ?=
#@,%),))) df bf]>f] ls:tf;Dddf a'emfO;s]sf] s/ /sd ?= @%,)),))) 36fO
?= &,%),))) dfq a'emfpg' kb{5 . t]>f] ls:tf jfkt cg'dflgt s/sf] tL;
k|ltzt /sd cyf{t ?= (,&%,))) a'emfpg'kg]{ ePtfklg lghn] bf]>f]
ls:tf;Dddf a'emfpg'kg]{ /sdeGbf a9Lg} /sd a'emfPsf] / ls:tf jfkt
cg'dflgt s/sf] hDdf /sd eGbf a9L s/ a'emfpg' gkg]{ x'+bf ;f] sDkgLn] t]>f]
ls:tfsf] s/ jfkt ?= &,%),))) eGbf a9L /sd a'emfpg' kb}{g .
@$=!@ aflif{s nfUg] s/df ls:tfaGbL s/ sL ldnfg ug{ kfpg]
P]gsf] bkmf ($ sf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd clu|d s/sL ePsf] /sd ls:tf
/sddf ;dfof]hg ug]{ ;Gbe{df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
($-#_ ls:tf bflvnf ug]{ JolStn] o; bkmf adf]lhd s'g} cfo jif{df
ls:tfjGbLsf dfWodaf6 bflvnf u/]sf] s/ /sd ;f] jif{df nfUg] s/ afkt
sL ug{ kfpg]5 .
s'g} AolQmn] s'g} cfo aif{sf] ls:tf a'emfpg' kg]{ ldlteGbf cl3 ;f]xL cfo jif{df
;f] JolQmsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z x'g] /sdx? k|fKt ubf{ lt /sddf e"QmfgL
lbg] AolQmn] s/sL u/]sf] eP e'QmfgLstf{n] sL u/]sf] s/sf] /sd cfkm"n]
a'emfpg'kg]{ ls:tfsf] /sddf 36fpg kfp5 . To:t} ls:tf a'fpg' kg]{ ldlt
eGbf cufl8 ;f] jif{df s/ sL ug]{ jf s/ sL x'g] JolQmn] e"QmfgLdf s/sL
ug'{kg]{ t/ s/sL gu/]sf] s/ /sd :jo+ jf laefusf] cfb]z adf]lhd bflvnf
u/]sf] eP bflvnf /sddWo] z'Ns jf Aofhsf] /sd afx]ssf] s/ /sd s/sL x'g]
AolQmn] cfkm"n] a'emfpg'kg]{ ls:tfsf] /sddf 36fpg kfp5 .
pbfx/0f @$=!@=!M dfyL pbfx/0f @$=!!=% df pNn]lvt sDkgLn] cf=a=
@)^%.^^ df a'emfpg'kg]{ hDdf cg'dflgt s/ ?=#@,%),))) dWo] ;f] cf=a=sf]
bf]>f] ls:tf ;Dddf ?=@%,)),))) a'emfO;s]sf] 5 . ca ;f] sDklgn] t]>f]
ls:tf a'emfpg af+ls 5 . ;f] sDkgLn] o; cf=a=df k|fKt ug'{kg]{ Aofh @)^^
cfiff9 @) ut] k|fKt ul/;s]sf] 5 / ;f] Aofh e"QmfgL lbbf e"QmfgLstf{n] ?=
!,%),))) s/ sL u/]sf] 5 . ;f] sDkgLn] cfkm"n] a'emfpg af+ls t]>f] ls:tf
jfkt a'emfpg'kg]{ s/ /sdsf] u0fgf ubf{ jf ls:tf bflvnf ubf{ a'emfpg'kg]{
hDdf cg'dflgt s/ ?= #@,%),))) df bf]>f] ls:tf;Dddf a'emfO;s]sf] s/
/sd ?=@%,)),))) / Aofh e"QmfgL ubf{ e"QmfgL stf{n] s/sL u/]sf] /sd ?=
!,%),))) ;d]t hDdf ?= @^,%),))) 36fO{ ?= ^,)),))) dfq a'emfP k'U5 .
@$=!# ls:tfaGbLdf s/ bflvnf ug'{ gkg]{
ljefun] tf]s]sf] AolQmn] ls:tfaGbL Pa+ cg'dfg k]z ug'{ kb}{g . o; ;DaGwdf
P]gsf] bkmf (% sf] pkbkmf -^_ df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
(% -^_ pkbkmf -!_ / -%_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s/sf] ls:tf
bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ s'g} JolQm jf s/sf] ls:tf bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ s'g} ju{n] pkbkmf -

527

!_ adf]lhd cg'dfg k]z ug'{ gkg]{ u/L ljefun] tf]Sg ;Sg]5 .

laefun] cg'dflgt s/sf] ljj/0f cfjZos gkg{] s/bftf tf]Sg] k|s[ofsf]
;DaGwdf lgod ## df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M

P]gsf] bkmf (% sf] pkbkmf -^_ sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ljefun] b]xfosf
JolQmx?nfO{ P]gsf] bkmf (% sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] cg'dflgt s/sf] ljj/0f
k]z ug{' gkg{] u/L tf]Sg ;Sg]5 M
-s_ P]gsf] bkmf (^ adf]lhd ljj/0f bflvnf ug{' gkg{] JolQm,
-v_ /f]huf/Laf6 dfq g]kfndf >f]t ePsf] lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo x'g] JolQm, /
-u_ P]gsf] bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf -$_ df plNnlvt JolQm .
pk/f]Qm adf]lhd b]xfosf AolQmn] cfkm"n] ltg'kg]{ s'g} s/ /sd ls:tfaGbLsf]
?kdf bflvnf ug'{kb}{g .
!= k"jf{g'dflgt s/ ltg]{ AolQm ;d]t s'g} cfo aif{df a'emfpg'kg]{ hDdf s/
kf+r xhf/ ?k}ofFeGbf sd ePsf] AolQm,
@= s'g} cfo aif{df k|fKt cfo clGtd ?kdf s/sL eO{ x'g] e"QmfgLdfq ePsf]
AolQm,
#= /f]huf/Lsf] cfo dfq ePsf] AolQm, /
$= cfsl:ds nfe jfktsf] cfo dfq ePsf] AolQm .
@$=!$ ls:tfaGbLdf s/ bflvnf ug]{n] cg'dflgt s/ sd x'g] u/L a'emfPdf nfUg] Jofh
ls:tfaGbLdf s/ bflvnf ;f] cfojif{df x'g] cg'dflgt cfo / ;f]df nfUg] s/sf]
cfwf/df ug'{kb{5 . ls:tfaGbL s/ bflvnf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu ;f] jif{ ltg'{kg]{
cg'dflgt s/ u0fgf ug{ cg'dflgt ljj/0f bflvnf ug'{kb{5 . JolQmn] k]z u/]sf]
cg'dflgt s/sf] ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df g} ;f] jif{ ls:tfaGbLdf ltg'{kg]{ s/sf] olsg
x'G5 . ls:tfaGbLdf s/ bflvnf ubf{ cg'dflgt ljj/0f ;To / oyfy{k/s xf]; /
s'g} klg JolQmn] xr'jfdf cg'dflgt ljj/0f k]z gu/f]; eGg] p2]Zon] jf:tljs
s/ bfloTj eGbf 36L ls:tf jfkt /sd e'QmfgL ug]{ JolQmnfO{ Jofh nfUg]
Joj:yf P]gsf] bkmf !!* n] u/sf] 5 .
P]gsf] bkmf # v08 s / v cg';f/ s/ ltg'{ kg]{ bfloTj ePsf] JolQmn] cg'dflgt
s/sf] ljj/0f k]z u/L ;f]xL cfwf/df ls:tfaGbLsf] ?kdf s/ ltg'{kb{5 .
cg'dflgt ljj/0f kf}if d;fGt leq bflvnf ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ePsf]n] ;f] ;dodf
JolQmn] cg'dfg u/]sf] sf/f]af/ Pj+ cfo k"0f{ ?kn] oyfy{ x'g g;Sg] cj:yfnfO{
ljrf/ u/L sd ls:tf bflvnf u/] jfkt Jofh u0fgf ubf{ ls:tfaGbL jfkt
bflvnf u/]sf] s/ /sd jf:tljs s/ bfloTjsf] () k|ltzt;Dd bflvnf ePsf] 5
eg] Jofh gnfUg] Joj:yf ;d]t P]gdf /x]sf] 5 . s'g} JolQmn] cg'dflgt s/ sd
b]vfO{ ls:tfaGbL s/ bflvnf u/]sf] cj:yf / P]gsf] bkmf !!* cg';f/ nfUg]
Jofhsf] u0fgf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 .

528

pbfx/0f @$=!$=!M g]kfn ljsf; sDkgL eGg] sDkgLn] cf=j= @)^%.^^ sf]
nflu @)^% kf}if d;fGtdf cg'dflgt s/ ? %),)),))) x'g] u/L ljj/0f
bflvnf u/]sf] /x]5 . ;f] cg'dflgt ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df sDkgLn] kf}if d;fGtdf
@),)),))), r}q d;fGtdf !%,)),))) tyf cfiff9 d;fGtdf ?= !%,)),)))
ls:tfaGbLsf] ?kdf s/ bflvnf u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm sDkgLn] cfo jif{sf] cGTosf]
cfk\mgf] cfo cg';f/ bflvnf ug'{kg]{ s/ bfloTj ?= ^),)),))) eP5 . o;
cj:yfdf cg'dflgt s/ tyf jf:tljs e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ s/ bfloTjdf
?=!),)),))) n] km/s kg{ ePsf] 5 . cfos/ P]g @)%* sf] bkmf !!*-@_ n]
jf:tljs s/ bfloTjsf] () k|ltzt e'Qmfg u/]sf] cj:yfdf Jofh gnfUg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] tyf g]kfn ljsf; sDkgLn] e'QmfgL u/]sf] ls:tfaGbL ()
k|ltzt eGbf a9L ePsf]n] pQm sDkgLn] P]gsf] bkmf !!* sf] Aofh e'QmfgL ug'{
kb}{g .
pbfx/0f @$=!$=@M pbfx/0f @$=!$=! df pNn]lvt g]kfn ljsf; sDkgLsf]
cfo jif{sf] cGTodf ltg'{ kg]{ s/ bfloTj ?= *),)),))) eP5 . pQm sDkgLn]
cg'dflgt s/ ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df lj:tfaGbL jfkt lt/]sf] s/ ?= %),)),)))
jf:tljs s/ bfloTj ?= *),)),))) sf] () k|ltzt eGbf sd ePsf]n] o;
cj:yfdf g]kfn ljsf; sDkgLn] P]gsf] bkmf !!* cg';f/ Jofh bflvnf
ug'{kb{5 .
@$=!% clu|d s/ c;'n ug'{kg]{
@$=!%=! P]gsf] bkmf (%s n] sdf]l86L km\o'r/ dfs]{6df ePsf] d'gfkmf / nfe, z]o/
ljlqmdf ePsf] nfe tyf k|fs[lts JolQmsf] 3/ hUuf ljlqmdf ePsf]
nfedf ;f] nfe k|fKt ePsf] ljGb'df g} clu|d s/ c;'n ug]{ u/fpg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
@$=!%=@ sdf]l86L km\o"r/ dfs]{6
(%s-!_ sdf]l86L km\o"r/ dfs]{6 cGtu{t Jofkf/ ug]{ JolQmaf6 ;f] JolQmn] ;f]
Joj;foaf6 k|fKt ug]{ d'gfkmf / nfedf bz k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] /sd
sdf]l86L km\o'r/ dfs]{6 ;+rfng ug]{ lgsfon] clu|d s/ c;'n ug'{
kg]{5 .
sdf]l86L km\o"r/ dfs]{6 eljiodf x'g] d"No j[l jf d"Nodf cfpg] lu/fj6jf6
x'g;Sg] kmfO{bf / 3f6fnfO{ ljZn]if0f u/L Future Contact u/L lglZrt zt{sf
cfwf/df ul/g] Jofkf/nfO{ sdf]l86L km\o"r/ dfs]{6 jf sdf]l86L PS;]~h klg
elgG5 . o; Jofkf/sf rf/ kIf x'G5g . sdf]l86L km\o"r/ dfs]{6 ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{
sDkgL, To; sDkgLdf Jofkf/ jf ;]jf k|jw{g ug]{ a|f]s/ sDkgLx?, hf]lvd jxg
ug]{ Clearing Agent jf Clearing Member Company / Jofkf/ ug]{ JolQmx? . of]
Jofkf/sf] lgoGq0f Joj:yfkg jhf/ ;]jf pknJw u/fpg] sDkgLn] ub{5 . Jofkf/
ug]{ JolQm jf Client n] a|f]s/ -bnfn_ dfkm{t Jofkf/ ug]{ ;Demf}tf ub{5 / lglZrt
j:t'sf] /fli6o tyf cGt/fli6o d"Nosf] cfwf/df lglZrt cjlw kZrft ljqmL ug]{
zt{df vl/b ;Demf}tf ul/G5 . ;Demf}tf ubf{ lglZrt k|ltzt w/f}6L /fVg' kb{5 .
lalqm ug]{ ldltdf Tof] j:t'sf] jhf/ d"No a[4L ePdf kmfO{bf / 36]df 3f6f x'G5 .
bnfnn] vl/b stf{ / ljqm]tf ljr ;Demf}tf u/fpg] sfo{ ub{5 . pgLx? ljrdf
529

;Demf}tf gePdf Clearing Agent n] vl/b ub{5g . ;dfGotofM o;df j:t'sf]

x:tfGt/0f ul/b}g t/ j:t' g} lng rfx]df cfjZos k|s[of k'/f u/L j:t' 8]lne/L
ug]{ ul/G5 . o:tf] km\o"r/ dfs]{6 ;]jf pknJw u/fP dfkm{t Client cyf{t Jofkf/
ug]{ JolQmjf6 ;]jf z'Ns ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ sDkgL / bnfnx?n] lng] ub{5g eg]
Jofkf/ ug]{nfO{ j:t'sf] d"No 36j9sf] cfwf/df d'gfkmf jf 3f6f x'G5 . ;]jf k|bfos
-sdf]l86L km\o"r/ dfs]{6 ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ sDkgL, To; sDkgLdf Jofkf/ ;]jf
k|j4{g ug]{ a|f]s/ sDkgLx?_ nfO{ e'Qmfg u/]sf] ;]jf z'Nsdf ;f] ;]jf k|bfos
d"=c=s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu btf{ ePdf P]gsf] bkmf **-!_-$_ adf]lhd !=% sf b/n]
Pa+ d"=c=s/df btf{ geP P]gsf] **-!_ cg';f/ !% sf b/n] clu|d s/ sl ug'{
k5{ . hf]lvd jxg ug]{ Clearing Agent jf Clearing Member Company n] P]gsf]
bkmf #&-!_ adf]lhd u0fgf u/]sf] d'gfkmf / nfedf bkmf **-!_-^_ cg';f/ !) n]
clu|d s/ c;'n ug'{ kb{5 . jhf/sf] lgoGq0f tyf Joj:yfkg jhf/ ;]jf pknJw
u/fpg] sDkgL (Commodity Exchange) sf] x'g] x'+bf hf]lvd jxg ug]{ Clearing
Agent jf Clearing Member Company n]] k|fKt ug]]{ d'gfkmf / nfedf clu|d s/
c;'n u/L bflvnf ug]{ bfloTj klg ;f]xL sDkgLsf] /xG5 . ;f] Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf
tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5M
pbfx/0f @$=!%=!M dfgf}+, Nepal Commodity Exchange Limited (NCEL) sdf]l86L
km\o"r/ dfs]{6 ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ sDkgL xf] . o; sDkgLdf @) eGbf j9L a|f]s/x?
cfj /x]5g . h;df Himal Broker Company P. Ltd. klg Pp6f /x]5 . o; a|f]s/
sDkgLdf s[i0f k|;fb eGg] JolQmn] @)^^$!% df ! lsnf] ;'g vl/b ug]{
;Demf}tf u/]sf /x]5g\ . ;f] lbg ! lsnf] ;'gsf] cGt/fli6o jhf/ d"No ? @% nfv
/x]5 . ;Demf}tf cg';f/ @ dlxgf kZrft cyf{t @)^^^!% s[i0f k|;fbn] ljqmL
ug]{ k|fjwfg /x]5 . s[i0f k|;fbn]] ;+emf}tf ldltdf pQm ;'gsf] jhf/ d'Nosf] !)
k|ltztn] x'g] /sd ?= @%),))) a|f]s/ dfkm{t NCEL df hDdf u/]sf /x]5g\ .
vl/b ;Demf}tf ubf{ ;]jf z'Ns ?= !),))) e'QmfgL u/]sf /x]5g\ . pQm ;]jf
z'Nsdf d"=c=s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu btf{ ePdf P]gsf] bkmf **-!_-$_ adf]lhd !=%
sf b/n] / d"=c=s/df btf{ gePsf] eP P]gsf] bkmf **-!_ cg';f/ !% sf b/n]
clu|d s/ sl ug'{ k5{ . ;Demf}tfsf] cGTo -ldlt @)^^^!%_ df dfgf}+, ! lsnf]
;'gsf] ahf/ d"No @& nfv /x]5 . o; sf/f]af/df s[i0f k|;fbnfO{ ePsf] nfe ?= !
nfv () xhf/ -?= @& nfv ?=@% nfv ?= !) xhf/_ df !) k|ltztn] x'g] ?=
!( xhf/ clu|d s/ c;'n u/L NCEL n] ;DalGwt cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf
bflvnf ug'{ kb{5 .
@$=!%=@ lwtf]kq ljqmLsf] nfe
(%s-@_
k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd btf{ eO{ lwtf]kqsf] v/Lb lalqmsf] sf/f]af/
ug]{ afl;Gbf lgsfo afx]s cGo s'g} JolQmnfO{ s'g} afl;Gbf lgsfodf /x]sf]
lxtsf] lg;u{af6 nfe x'g uPdf bkmf #& adf]lhd u0fgf ul/Psf] To:tf]
nfedf b]xfo adf]lhd clu|d s/ c;'n ug'{ kg]{5 M
-s_ lwtf]kq jf]8{df ;"lrs/0f ePsf] lgsfosf] lxtsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt
nfesf] xsdf lwtf]kq ljlgdo ahf/sf] sfo{ ug]{ lgsfon] jfl;Gbf k|fs[lts
JolQmsf] xsdf nfe /sdsf] kfFr k|ltzt / cGosf] xsdf nfe /sdsf] bz
530

k|ltzt,
;f] Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5M
pbfx/0f @$=!%=@M dfgf}+, clgn;+u Nepal Stock Exchange Ltd. df ;"rLs[t
Standard Chartered Bank Nepal Ltd. sf] ?= !)). b/ c+lst %)) yfg ;fwf/0f
z]o/ /x]5 . pQm z]o/ ljqmL ug{ :6s a|f]s/ -z]o/ bnfn_ nfO{ cg'/f]w u/]sf
/x]5g\ . pQm z]o/ lgh clgnn] k|lt z]o/ !,))). df vl/b u/]sf /x]5g\ . z]o/
vl/b ubf{ ?= $,))). a|f]s/ sldzg ;d]t clgnn] lt/]sf /x]5g\ . z]o/ bnfnn]
pQm z]o/ k|lt z]o/ ?= &,))). df ljqmL u/L lbPsf] /x]5 . z]o/ ljqmL ubf{
a|f]s/nfO{ sldzg jfkt ?= !&,%)). lt/]sf /x]5g\ . o; cj:yfdf lghsf] nfe
lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf u/L clu|d s/ c;'n u/L afsL /sd e'QmfgL lbg' kb{5 .
pQm z]o/ lalqmdf nfesf] u0fgf lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5 M
35,00,000/ljqmL d"No M 500 x ? 7,000 =
nfut (outgoings) M
z]o/ d"No 500 x ?= 1,000 =
5,00,000/hf]8 M z]o/ bnfn sldzg
vl/bdf
4,000/17,500/lalqmdf
s'n nfut (outgoings) M
5,21,500/z]o/ ljqmL jfkt nfe M
?= 29,78,500/z]o/ ljqmL jfkt Nepal Stock Exchange Ltd. n] ;DalGwt bnfn dfkm{t %
k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] ?= !,$*,(@%. clu|d s/ c;'n u/L afFls /sd ?=
##,##,%&%. lgh clgnnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ e'QmfgL lbg' kb{5 .
35,00,000/lalqmM d"No
Go"gM
17,500/lalqmdf z]o/ bnfn sldzg
1,48,925/>f]tdf s/ sL x'g] /sd
33,33,575/hDdf e'QmfgL
t/, obL pQm z]o/ lalqm afl;Gbf k|fs[lts AolQmn] gu/L s'g} lgsfo jf u}/
afl;Gbf AolQmn] u/]sf] eP !) k|ltztsf b/n] clu|d s/ c;'n ug'{ kb{5 .
-v_ lwtf]kq jf]8{df ;"lrs/0f gePsf] lgsfosf] lxtsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt nfesf]
xsdf h'g lgsfosf] lxt lg;u{ ePsf] xf] ;f]xL lgsfon] jfl;Gbf k|fs[lts
JolQmsf] xsdf nfe /sdsf] bz k|ltzt / cGosf] xsdf nfe /sdsf] kGw|
k|ltzt .
;f] Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5M

531

pbfx/0f @$=!%=#M dfgf}+, g]kfn a}+s ln=n] k"jf{~rn u|fdL0f ljsf; a}+sdf /x]sf]
z]o/ lzgf; sDkgLnfO{ ?= !!$. sf b/n] @,)),))) lsQf ljqmL u/]sf] /x]5 .
pQm z]o/sf] nfut d"No ?= !)) /x]5 . o; cj:yfdf g]kfn a}+s lnld6]8af6
z]o/ gfd;f/L ug]{ lgsfon] clu|d s/ lgDgfg';f/ c;'n ug'{ kb{5 .
2,28,00,000/ljqmL d"No M 114 x 2,00,000 =
Go"g nfut d"No 100 x 2,00,000 = 2,00,00,000/nfe M
28,00,000/o;/L bkmf #& cg';f/ u0fgf ul/Psf] nfe /sd @*,)),))). df !% k|ltztsf
b/n] clu|d s/ c;'n ul/g' kb{5 . o;/L nfedf s/ sf ug'{ kg]{ bfloTj
k"jf{~rn u|fdL0f ljsf; a}+ssf] x'g]5 .
@$=!%=# k|fs[lts JolQmsf] 3/ hUUff lg;u{df k"lhut nfe
P]gsf] bkmf (%s sf] pkbkmf -#_ df k'+hLut nfedf clu|d s/ c;'nLsf] k|fjwfg
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o; bkmfdf hUuf tyf 3/hUuf -u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo
;DklQ_ sf] lg;u{df s/ nfUg] Aoa:yfnfO{ yk k|i6 kfl/Psf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf @ sf]
v08 -b_ df u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 M
u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ eGgfn] b]xfosf ;DklQ afx]ssf hUuf, ejg tyf
s'g} lgsfodf /x]sf] lxt jf ;'/If0f ;Demg' k5{ M
-!_ Joj;flos ;DklQ, x|f; of]Uo ;DklQ jf Jofkfl/s df}Hbft,
-@_ s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] lgDg cj:yfsf] lghL ejg
-s_ cljlR5Gg bz jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L cjlw :jfldTjdf /x]sf], /
-v_ ;f] JolQmn] cljlR5Gg jf k6s k6s u/L s'n bz jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L
a;f]af; u/]sf],
:kli6s/0fM o; pkv08sf] k|of]hgsf nflu lghL ejg eGgfn] ejg /
ejgn] rr]{sf] If]qkmn a/fa/sf] hUuf jf Ps /f]kgL hUuf dWo] h'g 36L
x'G5 ;f] nfO{ a'emfpF5 .
-#_
-$_

s'g} lxtflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz sf]ifdf /x]sf] lxt,

s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] tL; nfv ?k}ofFeGbf sd d"Nodf lg;u{ u/]sf] hUuf
tyf lghL ejg, jf
-%_ tLg k':tfleq ePsf] vl/b ljqmL afx]s cGo lsl;dn] x:tfGt/0f u/L lg;u{
u/]sf] ;DklQ .
u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{sf] nfe cyf{t k"+hLut nfe -hUuf tyf
3/hUuf_ df s/ sLsf] k|fjwfgsf ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf (%s-#_ df lgDgfg';f/
Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
(%s-#_
s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] 3/ tyf 3/hUuf lg;u{ jfkt ePsf] k"+hLut
nfedf dfnkf]t sfof{non] /lh:6]zgsf jvt b]xfo adf]lhd clu|d s/ c;'n ug'{
kg]{5 .
532

-s_ lg;u{ ePsf] u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ -hUuf tyf 3/hUuf_ sf]
:jfldTj % jif{ eGbf a9L ePsf] 5 eg] @=% k|ltztsf b/n] .
;f] Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5M
pbfx/0f @$=!%=$M dfgf}+, /d]z jufn] @)^!.&.$ df ?= #) nfv kg]{ 3/ hUuf
vl/b u/]sf /x]5g\ . lghn] pQm 3/hUuf @)^&.*.!% df ?= %@ nfvdf lalqm
u/]sf /x]5g\ . lghn] laqmL u/]sf] pQm 3/hUufsf] k"+hLut nfe lgDgfg';f/ x'G5M
52,00,000/OGsld+u -ljqmL d"No_
30,00,000/cfp6 uf]O+u -vr{_
nfe M
22,00,000/o;/L u0fgf ul/Psf] nfe /sd @@,)),))). df @=% k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] s/ ?=
%%,))) lgh /d]z jufn]nfO{ vl/b stf{n] e'QmfgL ubf{ dfnkf]t sfof{non]
/lh:6]zgsf jvt clu|d s/ c;'n u/fpg' kb{5 . o;/L sf ePsf] clu|d s/
lgh /d]z jufn]n] cfo laa/0f k]; u/L cfkm\gf] s'n s/ bfloTj;+u ;dfof]hg ug{
;Sb5 .
pbfx/0f @$=!%=%M dfgf}+, dfyL pbfx/0f @$=!%=$ df pNn]v ePsf] 3/ hUuf /d]z
jufn]n] @)%^.$.!% df -cyf{t lalqm ldltsf] !) aif{ cuf8L_ vl/b u/]sf /x]5g\ /
clal5Gg ?kdf a;f]af; ;d]t u/L cfPsf /x]5g\ eg] To:tf] 3/ hUufnfO{ P]gsf]
bkmf @ sf] v08 -b_ pkv08 -@_ adf]lhd u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ gdflgg]
x'+bf To:tf] 3/ hUuf lalqmdf k"+lhut nfe s/ nfUb}g .
pbfx/0f @$=!%=^M dfgf}+, dfyL pbfx/0f @$=!%=$ df pNn]v ePsf] 3/ hUuf /d]z
jufn]n] @)^$.$.!% df vl/b u/]sf /x]5g\ / ;f] 3/ hUuf ?= @% nfvdf lalqm
u/]sf /x]5g\ eg] To:tf] 3/ hUufnfO{ P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -b_ pkv08 -#_
adf]lhd u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ gdflgg] x'+bf To:tf] 3/ hUuf lalqmdf
k"+lhut nfe s/ nfUb}g .
-v_ lg;u{ ePsf] u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ -hUuf tyf ejg_ sf]
:jfldTj % jif{ eGbf sd /x]sf] 5 eg] % k|ltztsf b/n] s/ nfUg]5 .
;f] Aoa:yfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ul/Psf]5M

533

pbfx/0f @$=!%=&M dfgf}+, s'g} 3/ hUuf /d]z jufn]n] @)^$.$.!% -cyf{t laqmL
ldltsf] % aif{ eGbf sd_ df ?= $) nfvdf vl/b u/]sf /x]5g\ . lghn] pQm
3/hUuf @)^&.!).!% df ?= %@ nfvdf lalqm u/]sf /x]5g\ eg] lghn] laqmL
u/]sf] pQm 3/hUufsf] k"+hLut nfe lgDgfg';f/ x'G5
52,00,000/OGsld+u -ljqmL d"No_
40,00,000/cfp6 uf]O+u -vr{_
nfe M
12,00,000/o;/L u0fgf ul/Psf] nfe /sd !@,)),))). df % k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] s/ ?=
^),))) lgh /d]z jufn]nfO{ vl/b stf{n] e'QmfgL ubf{ dfnkf]t sfof{non]
/lh:6]zgsf jvt clu|d s/ c;'n ug{' kb{5 . o;/L c;'n ePsf] clu|d s/
lgh /d]z jufn]n] cfo laa/0f k]; u/L cfkm\gf] s'n s/ bfloTj;+u ;dfof]hg
ug{ ;Sb5 .
@$=!%=# clu|d s/ c;'nL / Joj:yfkg
clu|d s/ c;'nL ug]{ JolQm jf clu|d s/ ltg]{ JolQmn] kfngf ug'{ kg]{ cGo
Joj:yfx? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
(%s-$_ pkbkmf -!_, -@_ / -#_ adf]lhd clu|d s/ c;'n ug'{ kg]{ JolQmn]
clu|d s/ c;'n gu/]sf] eP klg c;'n x'g' kg]{ ;dodf ;f] s/
c;'n u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
(%s-%_ clu|d s/ c;'n ug'{ kg]{ JolQmn] k|To]s dlxgf ;dfKt ePsf]
kRrL; lbg leq ljefun] tf]s]sf] tl/sf / 9f+rfdf ljefudf
ljj/0f bflvnf ug'{ kg]{5 .
(%s-^_ pkbkmf -%_ df plNnlvt ljj/0f;+u clu|d s/ c;'n ul/Psf]
/sd jf pkbkmf -#_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd c;'n u/]sf] dflgPsf]
/sd ;f]xL pkbkmf adf]lhdsf] Dofb leq ljefudf bflvnf ug'{
kg]{5 .
(%s-&_ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] cj:yfdf clu|d s/ bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ / c;'n ug'{
kg]{ JolQm b'j} hgf ;+o'Qm ?kdf / 5'f5'} ?kdf ;f] s/ /sd
ljefudf bflvnf ug{ lhDd]jf/ x'g5
] g\M
-s_ clu|d s/ c;'n ug'{ kg]{ JolQmn] clu|d s/ c;'n gu/]df, /
-v_ clu|d s/ c;'n ug'{kg]{ JolQmn] pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd c;'n
u/]sf] dflgg] /sd pkbkmf -^_ adf]lhd ljefudf bflvnf
gu/]df .
(%s-*_ pkbkmf -&_ adf]lhd clu|d s/ bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ JolQmn] pkbkmf %_ df plNnlvt Dofb ;dfKt ePsf] kRrL; lbg leq ;f] s/
bflvnf ug'{ kg]{5 .
(%s-(_ clu|d s/ c;'n ug'{ kg]{ JolQmn] c;'n gu/]sf] clu|d s/ pkbkmf
-^_ adf]lhd ljefudf bflvnf u/]sf] eP ;f] bflvnf ePsf] s/
534

/sd j/fj/sf] /sd ;f] s/ bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ JolQmaf6 c;'n pk/
ug{ kfpg]5 .
(%s-!)_ o; bkmf adf]lhd bflvnf ul/Psf] clu|d s/ bflvnf ug'{ kg]{
JolQmn] ltg'{kg]{ aflif{ss/ bfloTjdf 36fpg kfpg]5 .
=

535

kl/R5]b @%
cfo laa/)f
(Income Tax Return)

@%=!

cfos/ P]g, @)%* adf]lhd s/ ltg'{kg]{ AolQm cyf{t s/bftfn] s/ ltg]{

k|of]hgsf nflu ;DalGwt cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, s/bftf ;]jf sfof{no jf
7"nf s/bftf sfof{nodf k]z ug'{kg]{ ;"rgf jf hfgsf/L jf laa/0fdWo] cfo
laa/0f klg Ps xf] . cfos/ :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t s/ ePsf] x'+bf
P]g adf]lhd s/ ltg'{kg]{ st{Ao ePsf] AolQmn] cfkm"n] ltg'{kg]{ s/sf] lgwf{/0f jf
u0fgf :jo+ ug'{kb{5 . s'g} AolQmn] cfkm"n] ltg'{kg]{ s/ lgwf{/0f u/L ;DalGwt
sfof{nonfO{ cfkm\gf] s/ bfloTjsf af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg] dfWod eg]sf] cfo
laa/0f g} xf] . cfos/ lgb]{lzsfsf] o; kl/R5]bn] cfo laa/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ AolQm,
cfo laa/0f k]z ug'{gkg]{ AolQm, cfo laa/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ ;do, cfo laa/0fsf
9f+rf, cfo laa/0f;fy ;+nUg ug'{kg]{ sfuhft jf ;"rgf, cfo laa/0f eg]{ tl/sf
cflbsf ;DaGwdf P]gsf] kl/R5]b !( n] u/]sf Aoa:yfx?nfO{ yk :ki6 kfg]{ p2]Zo
/fv]sf] 5 .
@%=@ cfo laa/0f
@%=@=! cfo laa/0f k]z ug'{ kg]{ AolQm
P]g adf]lhd s'g} cfo aif{df /f]huf/L, Joj;fo / nufgLaf6 s'g} cfo ePsf]
AolQmn] cfo laa/0f a'emfpg'kb5{ . P]gsf] bkmf (^ sf] pkbkmf -!_ n] cfo
laa/0fsf ;DaGwdf b]xfosf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
(^-!_ k|To]s JolQmn] cfo jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] tLg dlxgfleqdf bkmf (&, (* /
!)) sf] cwLgdf /xL ;f] jif{sf] cfo ljj/0f ljefun] tf]s]sf] :yfgdf
bflvnf ug{' kg{]5 .
P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -em_ df cfojif{nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 M
cfo jif{ eGgfn] s'g} ;fnsf] >fj0f Ps ut] b]lv csf]{ ;fnsf] cfiff9
d;fGt ;Ddsf] cjlw ;Demg' k5{ .
P]gsf] pk/f]Qm Aoa:yfsf] laZn]if0f ubf{ P]gsf] bkmf (& df cfo laa/0f a'emfpg'
gkg]{ egL tf]lsPsf afx]s cGo ;a} AolQmn] cfo jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] tLg dlxgf
leqdf ;f] cfo aif{sf] cfo laa/0f a'emfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . g]kfn leq cfo cfh{g x'g]
s'g} cfly{s s[ofsnfkdf ;+nUg h'g;'s} AolQm / ;+;f/e/ hxf+;'s} cfo cfh{g
x'g] s'g} cfly{s s[ofsnfkdf ;+nUg jfl;Gbf AolQmn] cfo laa/0f k]z ug'{ kb{5 .
;fdfGotofM g]kfndf s'g} /f]huf/L, Joj;fo, nufgL ;+rfng ug]{ / u}/
Aofa;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 nfe k|fKt ug]{ jfl;Gbf jf u}/ jfl;Gbf
jf u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] :yfoL ;+:yfkgn] g]kfndf >f]t ePsf] cfosf] cfo
laa/0f k]z ug'{kb{5 . s/of]Uo cfo cfh{g x'g] s'g} cfly{s ultlalwdf ;+nUg
ePsf] AolQmdWo] s'g} cfo aif{df s/of]Uo cfo gePsf] cyf{t To:tf] ultlalwaf6
536

gf]S;fg ePsf] jf s/ ltg'{gkg]{ xb;Ddsf] /sddfq cfo ePsf] AolQmn] s/ ltg'{

gkg]{ ePklg To:tf AolQm s/ ltg'{ gkg]{ AolQmsf] kl/efiff leq kg{ ;Qm}gg\ /
To:tf] AolQmn] s'g} aif{ s/of]Uo cfo geP klg cfo laa/0f eg] k]z ug'{kb{5 .
To:t} :yfoL n]vf gDa/ glnPsf] sf/0fn] dfq s'g} AolQm cfkm\gf] s/ bfloTjaf6
d'Qm gx'g] x'+bf s/of]Uo cfo cfh{g x'g] s'g} cfly{s ultlalwdf ;+nUg ePsf] t/
:yfoL n]vf gDa/ glnPsf] AolQmn] klg cfo laa/0f k]z ug'{ kb{5 .
t;y{ cfo laa/0f a'emfpg' kg]{ bfloTj ePsf] AolQmn] ;fdfGotofM s'g} cfo
aif{sf] cfo laa/0f ;f] cfly{s aif{ ;dfKt ePsf] nuQ}sf] # dlxgf leq bflvnf
ug'{ kb{5 . h:t}, cf=a= @)^%.^^ sf] cfo laa/0f @)^^ c;f]h d;fGt leq
bflvnf ug'{ kb{5 . ;f] lbg ;fa{hlgs labf k/]sf] v08df sfof{no v'n]sf] klxnf]
lbg o:tf] laa/0f bflvnf ug]{ clGtd Dofb dflgg] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf (* df pNn]v
eP adf]lhd cfo ljj/0f bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ s'g} JolQmn] To:tf] ljj/0f bflvnf ug]{
Dofbleq ljefu ;dIf yk Dofbsf] nflu dgfl;j dflkmssf] sf/0f ;lxt lnlvt
lgj]bg lbPdf ljefun] cfo ljj/0f bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ Dofb Ps} k6s jf k6s
k6s u/L a9Ldf tLg dlxgf;Dd yk ug{ ;Sg]5 .
@%=@=@ cfo laa/0f bflvnf ug'{kg]{ AolQmsf] bfloTj
P]g adf]lhd cfo laa/0f k]z ug]{ s'g} AolQmsf] bfloTj jf ;f] AolQmn] cfo
laa/0f tof/ ubf{ jf k]z ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/f jf k'/f ug'{ kg]{ l/tsf
;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf (^ sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -s_ tyf -v_ b]xfosf] Aoa:yf
/x]sf] 5 M
(^-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] cfo ljj/0f b]xfo adf]lhd x'g' kg]{5 M
(^-@_-s_ b]xfosf s'/f v'nfO{ ljefuaf6 tf]lsPsf] tl/sf / 9fFrfdf tof/ ug'{
kg]{5 M
-!_ k|To]s /f]huf/L, Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 ;f] JolQmsf] ;f] jif{df
ePsf] lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfo / To:tf] cfosf] ;|f]t,
-@_ ;f] jif{df ;f] JolQmsf] s/of]Uo cfo / ;f] cfodf bkmf # sf]
v08 -s_ df plNnlvt JolQmnfO{ nfUg] s/,
-#_ u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmsf] g]kfndf /x]sf] ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgn]
;f] cfo jif{df ljb]z k7fPsf] cfo / ;f] cfodf nfUg] s/,
-$_ =================================
-%_ =================================
-^_ ljefun] tf]s]sf] cGo s'g} ;"rgf tyf hfgsf/L .
(^-@_-v_ cfo ljj/0f l7s ;fFrf] / k"0f{ ePsf] eGg] 3f]if0ff u/L ;f] JolQm jf
Joj:yfksaf6 ;lx5fk ul/Psf] x'g'kg]{5, /
pk/f]Qm Aoa:yf adf]lhd cfo laa/0f k]z ug]{ AolQmn] cfo laa/0f tof/ jf k]z
ubf{ lgDg cg';f/ ug'{kb{5 .
537

!=

cfo laa/0f k]z ug]{ AolQmn] cfkm"nfO{ pko'Qm x'g] 9f+rfsf] cfo laa/0f e/L
sfof{nodf k]z ug'{kb{5 .
@= cfo laa/0f laefun] tf]s]sf] tl/sf cg';f/ tof/ ug'{kb{5 .
#= cfo laa/0fdf cfo laa/0f k]z ug]{ AolQmsf] s'g} cfo aif{sf] /f]huf/L,
Joj;fo / nufgLaf6 ePsf] lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfo :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v ug'{kb{5 .
$= cfo laa/0fdf cfo laa/0f k]z ug]{ AolQmsf] s'g} cfo aif{sf] /f]huf/L,
Joj;fo / nufgLaf6 ePsf] s/of]Uo cfo eP ;f] s/of]Uo cfo / ;f]
cfodf P]gsf] cg';"rL ! adf]lhd nfUg] s/ /sd :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v
ug'{kb{5 .
%= pk/f]Qm a'+bf g+= $ adf]lhd nfUg] jf ltg'{kg]{ s/dWo] cfkm"n] lt/L;s]sf] s/
/ ltg{ af+ls s/ pNn]v ug'{kb{5 .
^= cfo laa/0f k]z ug]{ AolQm u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQmsf] g]kfnl:yt :yfoL ;+:yfkg
eP / ;f] cfo aif{df ;f] x}l;otn] s'g} cfo lab]z k7fPsf] eP To;/L lab]z
k7fPsf] cfo, ;f] /sddf P]gsf] cg';"rL ! adf]lhd nfUg] s/ /sd, ;f]
s/dWo] lt/L;s]sf] s/ /sd / ltg{ af+ls s/ /sd :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v
ug'{kb{5 .
&= cfo laa/0f k]z ug]{ st{Ao ePsf] AolQm jf lghsf] Aoa:yfks jf cfo
laa/0f k]z ug{ clVtof/ k|fKt u/]sf] AolQmn] k]z u/]sf] cfo laa/0f l7s
;f+rf] / k"0f{ePsf] k|dfl0ft u/L ;lx5fk ug'{kb{5 . s/bftfn] ;lx5fk u/L
k|dfl0fs/0f gu/]sf] cfo laa/0f o; P]gsf] k|of]hgsf nflu dfGo x'+b}g .
*= k"jf{g'dflgt s/ ltg]{ AolQm jf /f]huf/L / Joj;foaf6 ?=@) nfveGbf sd
sf/f]jf/ ePsf] k]zfsdL{ k|fs[lts AolQm jf Joj;fo / /f]huf/Laf6 ?=%)
nfveGbf sd aflif{s sf/f]jf/ ePsf] AolQm afx]s cGo AolQmn] k]z ug]{
cfo laa/0f g]kfn rf6{8{ PsfpG6]G6 ;+:yfaf6 n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ cg'dlt
k|fKt n]vfk/LIfsaf6 k|dfl0ft ePsf] x'g'kb{5 .
pbfx/0f @%=@=!M dfgf} e}/j l;+ u'Ktfsf] Psnf}6L kmd{sf] jflif{s sf/f]jf/ ?=!(
nfv / jflif{s d'gfkmf ?=!&*,))) /x]5 . lghn] k"jf{g'dflgt s/ ltg]{ JolQmsf]
?kdf cfo ljj/0f bflvnf u/]sf /x]5g\ . lghsf] cfo ljj/0f n]vfk/LIfsaf6
k|fdfl0fs/0f u/fO /xg' kb}{g .
pbfx/0f @%=@=@M dfgf} 8f= e}/jnfn hf]zL lghfdtL c:ktfndf Ps lrlsT;s
/x]5g\ / ;f] /f]huf/Laf6 of] jif{ ?= ^ nfv k|fKt u/]sf /x]5g\ . lghsf] Pp6f
k|fOe]6 lSnlgs klg /x]5 . ;f] lSnlgsaf6 of] jif{sf] sf/f]jf/ ?= !#,%),)))
/x]5 . To;sf/0f /f]huf/L / Joj;fosf] u/L lghsf] sf/f]jf/ ?= !(,%),)))
eof] . k]zfsdL{ k|fs[lts JolQmsf] jflif{s /f]huf/L / Joj;fosf] cfo ?= @) nfv
ggf3]sfn] lghn] k]z ug]{ cfo ljj/0f n]vfk/LIfsaf6 k|fdfl0fs/0f u/fO /xg'
kb}{g .
hDdf sf/f]jf/ /sd ?= @) nfveGbf a9L ePsf] eP ;f] sf/f]jf/sf] cfo ljj/0f
/ ;+nUg sfuhftx? n]vfk/LIfsaf6 k|fdfl0fs/0f u/fpg' kb{Yof] .
538

pbfx/0f @%=@=#M dfgf} dfg axfb'/ lnDa' eGg] JolQmn] hUuf vl/b ljlqm
sf/f]jf/ ubf{ /x]5g\ . of] jif{ pgsf] sf/f]jf/ ?= $#,%),))) /x]5 . sf/f]jf/ ?=
%) nfv ggf3]sfn] pgn] k]z ug]{ cfo ljj/0f n]vfk/LIfsaf6 k|fdfl0fs/0f
u/fO /xg' kb}{g . hDdf sf/f]jf/ /sd ?= %) nfveGbf a9L ePsf] eP ;f]
sf/f]jf/sf] cfo ljj/0f / ;+nUg sfuhftx? n]vfk/LIfsaf6 k|fdfl0fs/0f u/fpg'
kb{Yof] .
t/ sDkgLdf btf{ ePsf] eP ljQLo ljj/0f eg] sDkgL P]g, @)^# adf]lhd
n]vfk/LIf0f ePsf] x'g' kb{5 .
@%=@=# cfo laa/0f ;fy k]; ug'{ kg]{ sfuhft
P]gsf] bkmf (^ sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -u_ adf]lhd cfo laa/0f ;fy k]z
ug'{kg]{ laa/0f, ;"rgf jf hfgsf/Lsf ;DaGwdf b]xfosf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
(^-@_-u_ cfo ljj/0f;fy b]xfosf s'/fx? ;+nUg x'g' kg]{5 M
-!_ =================================
-@_ pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd ;f] JolQmnfO{ pknAw u/fOPsf] s'g}
ljj/0f,
-#_ bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd s'g} 5gf}6 ul/Psf] eP ;f]sf]
k|df0f, /
-$_ ljefun] tf]s]sf] cGo s'g} ;"rgf tyf hfgsf/L .
s'g} AolQmn] k]z u/]sf] cfo laa/0fdf pNn]lvt cfo, vr{, s/of]Uo cfo jf
gf]S;fg, ltg'{kg]{ s/ / lt/]sf] s/nfO{ k|dfl0ft ug]{ bfloTj ;f]xL AolQmsf] xf] .
t;y{ cfo laa/0f k]z ug]{ AolQmn] cfkm\gf] cfo laa/0fnfO{ k'li6 ug]{ oy]i7
sfuhft / laa/0f cfo laa/0f;fy k]z ug'{ s/ k|zf;gsf] k|of]hgsf nflu eGbf
klg s/bftf :jo+sf nflu cfjZos 5 . P]gsf] pk/f]Qm k|fjwfg cg';f/ s'g}
AolQmn] cfo laa/0f k]z ubf{ laa/0fsf] ;fydf clgjfo{ ?kdf k]z ug'{kg]{ laa/0f,
sfuhft, ;"rgf jf hfgsf/L lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
s_ cfo laa/0f k]z ug]{ AolQmsf] s/ n]vf k/LIfsn] cfo laa/0f k|dfl0ft
gu/]sf] ePdf ;f] n]vfk/LIfsn] laa/0f k|dfl0ft gug'{sf sf/0fx? pNn]v
u/L ;f] s/bftfnfO{ u/fPsf] hfgsf/Lsf] laa/0f,
v_ cfo laa/0f k]z ug]{ AolQm -k|fs[lts AolQm_ n] k'jf{g'dflgt s/ ltg]{ eP ;f]
cg';f/ ug{ 5gf}6 u/]sf] k|df0f . To:tf AolQmn] eg'{kg]{ cfo laa/0f cyf{t
8] ! laa/0fsf] s/bftfsf] 3f]if0ff v08df ;f] AolQmn] ;lx5fk u/]df ;f]
AolQmn] k'jf{g'dflgt s/ ltg]{ AolQmsf] ?kdf cfkm"nfO{ 5gf}6 u/]sf] dflgG5 .
u_ cGo ;"rgf, laa/0f jf hfgsf/L
pk/f]Qm afx]s b]xfosf AolQmn] cfo laa/0f;fy b]xfo adf]lhdsf laa/0f,
sfuhft, ;"rgf jf hfgsf/L k]z ug'{kb{5 .
!= k"jf{g'dflgt s/ ltg]{ AolQm
539

@=

#=

Joj;foaf6 k|fKt cfo b'O{ nfv ?k}ofF / Joj;fosf] sf/f]af/ aL; nfv
?k}ofF eGbf a9L gePsf cyf{t k"jf{g'dflgt s/ ltg]{ AolQmn] cfo
laa/0f;fy s'g} yk laa/0f jf sfuhft k]z ug'{kb}{g . t/ cfkm"n] k]z u/]sf]
cfo laa/0fdf pNn]lvt sf/f]jf/ / vr{nfO{ k'li6 ug]{ k|df0f tyf
sfuhftx? cfkm";+u ;'/lIft /fVg'kb{5 .
Joj;fo / /f]huf/Laf6 cfo ePsf] AolQm
Joj;fo / /f]huf/Lsf] jflif{s sf/f]jf/ -s'n cfo_ aL; nfv ?k}ofeGbf sd
ePsf] O{lGhlgol/+u, d]l8sn, sfg"gL, n]vfk/LIf0f jf cGo k/fdz{ ;]jf lbg]
d'Vo Joj;fo ;+rfng u/]sf] AolQm jf lgsfo tyf aflif{s sf/f]jf/ -s'n
cfo_ krf; nfv ?k}ofeGbf sd ePsf] pNn]lvt afx]s Joj;fo /
/f]huf/Lsf] cfo /x]sf] cGo AolQm jf lgsfon] k]z ug'{kg]{ cfo laa/0fsf]
;fydf b]xfosf laa/0f / ;"rgfx? k]z ug'{kb{5 .
!= ljQLo n]vfk/LIf0f ul/Psf jf;nft, gfkmfgf]S;fg lx;fa / ;f];+u
;DjlGwt cg';"rLx? ,
@= /f]huf/Lsf] cfo / Joj;fosf] cfo u0fgf kmf/d,
#= s/ u0fgf kmf/d,
$= s/ ldnfg bfjL kmf/d,
%= s/ sL u/]sf] / bflvnf u/]sf] laa/0f
aL; nfv ?k}of+ eGbf a9L cfo ePsf] k]zfsdL{ tyf krf; nfv ?k}of+ eGbf
a9L sf/f]jf/ ePsf] k]zfsdL{ afx]ssf] cGo ;a} AolQm
aflif{s sf/f]jf/ -s'n cfo_ aL; nfv ?k}of+ eGbf a9L ePsf] OlGhlgol/+u,
d]l8sn, sfg"gL, n]vfk/LIf0f jf cGo k/fdz{ ;]jf lbg] d'Vo Joj;fo
;+rfng u/]sf] AolQm tyf aflif{s sf/f]jf/ -s'n cfo_ krf; nfv ?k}ofeGbf
a9L cfo ePsf] k]zfsdL{ afx]s cGo ;a} AolQm jf lgsfon] cfo
laa/0f;fy ;+nUg ug'{kg]{ sfuhft tyf ljj/0f M
!= g]kfn rf6{8{ Psfp06]06 ;+:yfjf6 k]zfut k|df0fkq k|fKt u/]sf]
JolQmn] laQLo n]vfk/LIf0f u/L k|df0fLs/0f u/]sf jf;nft,
gfkmfgf]S;fg lx;fa, d'gfkmfsf] lat/0fsf] lx;fj, gub k|jfx laa/0f /
jf;nft tyf gfkmfgf]S;fg lx;fa;+u ;DjlGwt cg';"rLx? .
@= sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/sf] nflu casfz sf]ifdf cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 of]ubfg
u/]sf] /sd ;d]t /f]huf/L jfktsf] e"QmfgLsf] laa/0f .
#= vl/b, k"FhLs/0f jf lg;u{ ul/Psf] x|f;of]Uo ;DklQsf] ;d"x, d"No tyf
ldlt v'Ng] ljj/0f,
$= ;DklQ ;d"x cg';f/sf] ;f] aif{sf] x|f; cfwf/, x|f; vr{ / dd{t tyf
;'wf/ vr{sf] /sdsf] laa/0f,
%= Aofh, cg';Gwfg tyf lasf; / k|b'if0f lgoGq0f jfkt ePsf] vr{ /
;f]dWo] vr{ sL kfpg] / k'+lhs/0f jf lhDd]jf/L ;fg'{kg]{ /sdsf] cnu
cnu laa/0f,
540

^=

clu|d s/ sL ug'{ kg]{ e'QmfgLdf s/ sL u/]sf] / ;f] /sd bflvnf

u/]sf]] laa/0f,
&= Aofkf/ df}Hbft x'g]sf] xsdf z'? tyf clGtd df}Hbftsf] kl/df0f /
d"No v'Ng] laa/0f tyf d"Nof+sg ljlw,
*= lalqm nfutsf] u0fgf ul/Psf] laa/0f,
(= jLdf vr{ tyf k|fKt ePsf] / k|fKt x'g jfFsL jLdf bfjLsf] ljj/0f,
!)= ltg'{gkg]{ jf k|fKt gx'g] 7x/L ckn]vg ul/Psf] /sd, ;+efAo bfloTj
(Contingent Liability), lxtflwsf/L jf ;]o/ k"+lhsf] ;+/rgfdf ePsf]
kl/jt{gsf] laa/0f,
!!= gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fjdf vr{ bfjL ul/Psf jf cfDbfgL hgfOPsf
/sddWo] s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu vr{ sL glnPsf jf cfodf ;dfa]z
gul/Psf /sdx? eP ;f]sf] sf/0f ;lxtsf] laa/0f,
!@= s/5'6 x'g] s'g} cfo /x]sf] eP ;f] cfo / To:tf] cfo cfh{g ug{
ePsf] vr{sf] laa/0f ,
!#= cj:yfg';f/ /f]huf/L, Joj;fo / nufgLsf] cfo, lab]z k7fPsf] cfo /
k|fs[lts AolQmsf] xsdf u}/ Aofa;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6
k|fKt nfesf] u0fgf kmf/d,
!$= ;f] cfo aif{df cj:yfg';f/ /f]huf/L, Joj;fo / nufgLsf] cfo, lab]z
k7fPsf] cfo / k|fs[lts AolQmsf] xsdf u}/ Aofa;flos s/of]Uo
;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 k|fKt nfedf ltg'{kg]{ s/ lx;fj ul/Psf] s/ u0fgf
kmf/d ,
!%= cfo laa/0f k]z u/]sf] aif{sf] nflu bflvnf u/]sf] ls:tfsf] s/ /sd
/ ;f] aif{df k|fKt ePsf] / cfodf ;dfa]z ePsf] s'g} e"QmfgLdf cGo
s'g} AolQmn] s/ sL u/]sf] eP ;f]sf] laa/0f pNn]v ePsf] s/ ldnfg
bfjL kmf/d,
!^= a}b]lzs s/ ldnfg jfktsf] s'g} /sd eP a}b]lzs s/ ldnfg kmf/d,
!&= k|fs[lts AolQmsf] xsdf cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ jfkt s'g} s/ ldnfg x'g]
eP cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ jfktsf] s/ ldnfg bfjL kmf/d ,
$= kfFr s/f]8 ?k}ofF eGbf a9L aflif{s sf/f]jf/ -s'n cfo_ x'g] ;a} JolQm M
aflif{s sf/f]jf/ -s'n cfo_ kf+r s/f]8 ?k}of+ eGbf a9L ePsf] ;a} AolQm jf
lgsfo cfo laa/0f;fy pk/f]Qm -#_ df pNn]lvt sfuhft tyf ljj/0f
afx]s b]xfosf sfuhft tyf ljj/0f ;+nUg ug'{kb{5 M
!= Pp6} JolQmnfO{ krf; xhf/ ?k}ofF eGbf a9L Jofh e'QmfgL u/]sf] eP
e'QmfgL kfpg]sf] gfd, 7]ufgf / /sd v'Ng] ljj/0f,
@= ;f] cfoaif{df s'g} Ps JolQm, kmd{ jf sDkgLnfO{ vl/b jf cGo
sf/0fn] kfFr nfv ?k}of eGbf j9L /sd e'QmfgL u/]sf] jf ;f] cfo
aif{df s'g} Ps JolQm, kmd{ jf sDkgLaf6 lalqm jf cGo sf/0fn] %
nfv ?k}of eGbf j9L e'QmfgL kfPsf] eP To:tf] e"QmfgL kfpg] jf
541

%=

^=

&=

e"QmfgL lbg] JolQm, kmd{ jf sDkgLsf] gfd, 7]ufgf, :yfoL n]vf gDj/,
e'QmfgLsf] sf/0f / /sd ;d]t v'Ng] laa/0f,
#= ljb]zL d'b|fsf] ljlgdob/df ePsf] kl/jt{gaf6 ePsf] gfkmf jf
gf]S;fgL / ;f]sf] u0fgfsf] tl/sf ;lxtsf] ljj/0f,
$= s'g} cfoaif{df cfoft jf lgof{t k|of]hgsf] nflu vf]lnPsf] k|lttkq
vf]Ng] a}+s, k|lttkqsf] /sd, k|lttkqaf6 ePsf] jf k|fKt e"QmfgL /
afFsL /sd v'Ng] laa/0f,
%= ;f] cfoaif{df k|lttkq jf e"QmfgLsf cGo s'g} dfWodaf6 k}7f/L ePsf
x/]s a:t'sf] gfd, kl/df0f, d"No, k}7f/L dx;'n tyf cGo ;/sf/L
b:t'/x?, 9'jfgL ef8f tyf cGo vr{x?sf] laa/0f .
pTkfbg d"ns pBf]u ;+rfng ug]{ AolQm M
pTkfbgd"ns pBf]u ;+rfng ug]{ AolQmn] cfo laa/0f;fy pk/f]Qm -#_ / $_ df pNn]lvt sfuhft tyf ljj/0f afx]s b]xfosf sfuhft tyf ljj/0f
;+nUg ug'{kb{5 M
!= d'Vo pTkfbg / ;f]sf] pkh (By-Product) sf] pTkfbg laa/0f,
@= d'Vo pTkfbg / ;f]sf] pkh (By-Product), sRrf kbfy{, ;xfos
sRrf kbfy{ tyf Kofls ;fdu|Lsf] z'? df}Hbft, k}7f/L jf vl/b jf
pTkfbg, lalqm jf pkef]u, 6'6km'6 jf xfgL gf]S;fgL tyf clGtd
df}Hbftsf] kl/df0f tyf d"No v'Ng] laa/0f,
#= pTkflbt j:t'sf] ;fj{hlgs ?kdf ljqmL d"No k|sflzt ul/Psf] eP ;f]
sf] k|df0f,
7]SsfJoj;fo ug]{ AolQm M
!= 7]Ssf, s/f/, ;xfos s/f/, kf (Lease) sf] ;+emf}tfkq,
@= k|To]s 7]Ssf sfo{sf] nfutsf] ljj/0f,
#= k|To]s 7]Ssf / s"n 7]Ssfsf] cfDbfgL tyf vr{ b]lvg] ljj/0f,
$= 7]Ssf e'QmfgL lbg] AolQmjf6 hf/L e'QmfgL k|df0f,
%= d"No kl/jt{g (Price Variation) ePsf] cj:yfdf d"No kl/jt{gsf]
laa/0f,
^= ;xfos 7]s]bf/ -;asG6fS6/_ lgo'Qm u/]sf] eP lghnfO{ lbPsf]
e"QmfgL / s/ sLsf] laa/0f .
sld;gsf] cfwf/df sf/f]jf/ ug]{ AolQm M
!= sldzg b/ / ug'{ kg]{ sfo{ v'Ng] ;+emf}tf jf zt{gfdfsf] k|ltlnlk,
@= sld;g /sd a}+s vftfdf bflvnf ePsf] jf cGo tj/n] k|fKt ePsf]
laa/0f jf k|df0f,
#= k|To]s cfk"lt{af6 k|fKt ePsf] sld;g /sd j]Unfj]Un} b]lvg] laa/0f,
$= Ph]G;L cfDbfgL afx]s cGo cfDbfgL eP To:tf] cfDbfgLsf] ljj/0f .
542

*= xf]6]nJoj;fo ug]{AolQm M
!= sf]7f, /]i6'/]06, n08|L ;d]t x/]s k|sf/sf] 5'f 5'} cfDbfgL / vr{sf]
ljj/0f,
@= sld;g vr{sf] ljj/0f,
(= 6fen , 6]ls tyf of6L Joj;fo ug]{ AolQm M
!= ofq' l6s6, sfuf]{, xf]6]n cf/If0f, b[Zofjnf]sg, hnls|8f, kbofqf tyf
cGo ko{6lso ;]jf k|bfg u/] jfkt k|fKt /sdsf] 5'f 5'} / Psd'i6
cfo tyf vr{ v'Ng] ljj/0f,
@= s'g} xjfO{ sDkgLsf] cflwsfl/s laq]mtf (GSA) eP ;f]sf] ;Demf}tf /
;f] sfo{af6 k|fKt cfosf] laa/0f,
$= ljb]zL sDkgLnfO{ k7fPsf] jf ljb]zL sDkgLx?jf6 k|fKt u/]sf] e'QmfgL
/ s/ sL u/]sf] jf ePsf] ljj/0f,
%= ljb]zL d'b|f cfDbfgLsf] laa/0f,
!)= a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf M
!= v/fj C0fsf] ckn]vg jf ;f] jfktsf] Aoa:yf (Provision) cGtu{t
vr{sL lnPsf] /sd u0fgfsf] laj/0f,
@= ljb]zdf u/]sf] nufgL jf /x]sf] lgIf]kaf6 k|fKt Aofh cfosf] laj/0f,
#= Aofhd'Qm lgIf]ksf] laj/0f,
$= ljb]zL ;fe]mbf/Ldf ;+rfng ePsf a}+sx?sf] xsdf b'j} b]zsf a}+sx?
jLr ePsf] ;+emf}tf,
%= Aofh cfo / vr{sf] shf{ / lgIf]k jlu{s/0f cg';f/sf] laa/0f,
^= Aofh afx]s cGo cfosf] laa/0f,
&= jf;nft aflx/ u/]sf] sf/f]jf/sf] laa/0f .
!!= ;fdfGo jLdf Joj;foL M
!= ;fdfGo cyf{t lglh{jg jLdf Joj;fosf] If]qut cfDbfgL tyf vr{sf]
ljj/0f,
@= k"gjL{df jfkt ljb]z k7fPsf] tyf lab]zaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] /sdsf]
ljj/0f,
#= jLdfsf] k"gjL{df jfkt u}/jfl;GbfnfO{ lk|ldod lt/]sf] ljj/0f .
@%=@=$ cfo laa/0fsf] 9fFrf
P]gsf] bkmf (^ sf] pkbkmf -@_ n] cfo laa/0f tf]lsPsf] 9f+rfdf tof/ ug'{kg]{
Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 . s/bftfn] ljefu jf sfof{nodf k]z ug'{kg]{ sfuhft jf
laa/0fsf] 9f+rf tf]Sg] clwsf/ P]gsf] bkmf && adf]lhd ljefusf] dxflgb]{zsnfO{
k|fKt 5 . cfo ljj/0f k]; ug]{ ;DaGwdf laefun] tf]lslbPsf] 9fFrfsf] laa/0f
543

lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M
l;=g+= kmf/d g+=
!
!=! 8] !
!=@ 8] #
!=#

8] $

!=$

8] %

@
@=!
@=@
@=#
@=$
@=%
@=^

8]
8]
8]
8]
8]
8]

@=&

8] !(

!)
!!
!%
!^
!&
!*

@=*
#
#=!
#=@
#=#

qm] )!
qm] )@
qm] )^

sfuhft jf laa/0fsf] gfd

cfo laa/0f
k"jf{g'dflgt s/ ltg]{ k|fs[lts AolQmn] eg'{ kg]{ cfo laa/0f
Joj;fo, /f]huf/L tyf nufgLaf6 cfo x'g] AolQmn] eg'{kg]{ cfo
laa/0f
u}/ Aofa;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 nfe ePsf] / cGo
s/nfUg] cfo g/x]sf] tyf :yfoL n]vf gDa/ k|fKt gu/]sf]
AolQmn] eg'{kg]{ cfo laa/0f
hnofqf, xjfO oftfoft jf b'/;+rf/ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] u}/
jfl;Gbf AolQmn] eg'{kg]{ cfo laa/0f
cfo laa/0f;fy ;+nUg x'g'kg]{ laa/0f jf kmf/dx?
s/sf] u0fgf kmf/d -k|fs[lts AolQmsf] nflu_ cg';"lr !
s/sf] u0fgf kmf/d -lgsfosf] nflu_ cg';"lr @
Joj;foaf6 ePsf] cfosf] u0fgf kmf/d cg';"lr %
/f]huf/Laf6 ePsf] cfosf] u0fgf kmf/d cg';"lr ^
nufgLaf6 ePsf] cfosf] u0fgf kmf/d cg';"lr &
k|fs[lts AolQmsf] u}/ Aofa;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6
ePsf] nfe jf gf]S;fgLsf] u0fgf kmf/d cg';"rL *
u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQmsf] g]kfnl:yt ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgn] lab]z
k7fPsf] cfosf ;DaGwdf eg'{kg]{ laa/0f cg';"rL (
Joj;fo;+u ;DaGw gePsf] 3/axfn cfo x'g] k|fs[lts AolQmn]
eg'{kg]{ cfo laa/0f
cfo laa/0f;fy ;+nUg x'g'kg]{ s/ ldnfg bfla kmf/dx?
s/ ldnfg bfaL kmf/d cg';"rL !)
cf}ifwf]krf/ s/ ldnfg bfaL kmf/d cg';"rL !!
ljb]zdf lt/]sf] s/ ldnfg bfaL kmf/d cg';"rL !@

sfuhftsf] 9fFrfsf ;DaGwdf la:t[t AofVof o;} lgb{]lzssf] kl/R5b #! df

ul/Psf] 5 .
@%=@=% cfo laa/0f k|dfl0ft ug]{ AolQmsf] bfloTj
cfo laa/0f k|dfl0ft ug]{ AolQm -;fdfGotofM s/ n]vf kl/Ifs_ sf] bfloTjsf
;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf (^ sf] pkbkmf -#_ / pkbkmf -$_ df b]xfosf] Aoa:yf
/x]sf] 5 M
(^-#_ s'g} JolQmn] sd{rf/Lsf] x}l;otn] afx]s s'g} e'QmfgL lnP/ s'g} csf]{
JolQmsf] cfo ljj/0f jf cfo ljj/0f;fy ;+nUg x'g' kg]{ sfuhft jf ljj/0f
tof/ kf/]df jf tof/ kfg{ ;xof]u u/]df To:tf] JolQmn] b]xfosf] s'/f
k|dfl0ft ug'{ kg]{5 M
544

@%=#

-s_ csf]{ JolQmn] bkmf *! adf]lhd /fv]sf] sfuhftx? hfFr u/]sf], /

-v_ ljj/0f jf hfgsf/Ln] ;DalGwt kl/l:yltnfO{ jf:tljs ?kdf
k|ltlalDat u/]sf] .
(^-$_ pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd ljj/0f k|dfl0ft ug'{ kg]{ JolQmn] ljj/0f k|dfl0ft
ug{ O{Gsf/ u/]df To;/L O{Gsf/ ug{'sf sf/0fx? lnlvt ?kdf pNn]v u/L
h;sf] cfo ljj/0f k|dfl0ft u/L lbg' kg]{ xf] ;f] JolQmnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'
kg]{5 .
cfo laa/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ AolQmsf] sd{rf/L afx]s cGo s'g} AolQmn] s'g} k|ltkmn
jf ;]jf z'Ns lnO{ cfo laa/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ AolQmsf] cfo laa/0f jf ;f];fy
;+nUg x'g'kg]{ s'g} laa/0f jf sfuhft tof/ kfg]{ jf tof/ kfg{ ;xof]u ug]{ tyf
To:tf] cfo laa/0fdf pNn]lvt ;"rgfnfO{ k|dfl0ft ug]{ AolQmnfO{ s/ n]vf
k/LIfs elgG5 . o; ;Gbe{df P]gsf] k|of]hgsf nflu g]kfn rf6{8{ PsfpG6]G6
;+:yfaf6 n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ cg'dlt k|fKt n]vf Joj;foLnfO{ s/ n]vf k/LIfs
dflgPsf] 5 . s'g} AolQmn] k]z ug]{ cfo laa/0f s/ n]vfk/LIfsaf6 k|dfl0ft
ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . t/ k"jf{g'dflgt s/ ltg]{ AolQm, ?= aL; nfv;Ddsf] /f]huf/L
tyf Joj;fosf] cfo -d'gfkmf / nfe_ ePsf] 8fS6/, jlsn, OlGhlgo/, n]vf
Joj;foL h:tf k]zfsdL{ tyf Joj;fo jf /f]huf/Laf6 aflif{s sf/f]jf/ -hDdf
cfo_ ?= krf; nfv ;Dd ePsf] AolQmn] eg] cfkm\gf] cfo laa/0fsf] s/ n]vf
k/LIf0f u/fO/xg' kb}{g cyf{t cfkm\gf] cfo laa/0f s/ n]vf k/LIfsaf6 k|dfl0ft
u/fpg' kb}{g . s/ n]vf k/LIfssf] ?kdf s;}nfO{ cfo laa/0f tof/ kfg{ ;xof]u
ug]{ / cfo laa/0f k|dfl0fs/0f ug]{ n]vfk/LIfsn] lgDgfg';f/sf] bfloTj k'/f
ug'{kb{5 .
!= cfo laa/0f tf]lsPsf] 9f+rfdf tof/ u/L cfo laa/0f;fy ;+nUg x'g'kg]{
laa/0f tyf sfuhftx? ;+nUg /fVg' kb{5 . laa/0fn] s/bftfsf] ;DklQ,
bfloTj, cfo, vr{ / s/of]Uo cfonfO{ olsg u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 .
@= s/bftfn] P]gsf] k|of]hgsf nflu /fv]sf vftf axL tyf sfuhftx?sf]
k/LIf0f ug'{kb{5 .
#= cfkm\gf] s/ n]vf k/LIf0f k|lta]bgdf s/bftfsf sfuhft k/LIf0f u/]sf] /
cfo laa/0fn] s/bftfsf] cfo, vr{ / gfkmf jf gf]S;fgnfO{ k|ltlalDat
u/]sf] k|dfl0ft ug'{kb{5 .
$= cfkm"n] tof/ u/]sf] jf tof/ ug{ ;xof]u u/]sf] cfo laa/0fdf ;lx5fk u/L
k|dfl0ft ug'{kb{5 .
%= s'g} s/ n]vf k/LIfsn] pk/f]Qm # jf $ adf]lhd k|dfl0ft ug{ g;Sg] ePdf
;f] n]vfk/LIfsn] laa/0f k|dfl0ft gug'{sf sf/0fx? pNn]v u/L ;DalGwt
s/bftfnfO{ lnlvt ?kdf hfgsf/L u/fpg' kb{5 .
cfo laa/0f bflvnf ug'{ gkg]{ AolQm
cfo laa/0f a'emfpg' kg]{ st{Ao ePsf AolQm cyf{t g]kfn leq s/of]Uo cfo
cfh{g x'g] s'g} cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg h'g;'s} AolQm / ;+;f/ e/ hxf+;'s}
s/of]Uo cfo cfh{g x'g] s'g} cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg jfl;Gbf AolQmdWo]
g]kfnsf] >f]tsf] /f]huf/L cfodfq ePsf] / Ps k6sdf Pp6fdfq /f]huf/bftf
545

ePsf] AolQm, clGtd ?kdf s/ sL x'g] e"QmfgLdfq k|fKt ug]{ AolQm / ef8fsf
;jf/L ;fwgsf] wgL k|fs[lts AolQmn] cfo laa/0f a'emfpg'kb}{g . cfo laa/0f
bflvnf ug{ gkg]{ ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf (& df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
(&=
ljefun] lnlvt ?kdf cfb]z lbPdf jf ;fj{hlgs ?kdf ;"rgf k|sflzt
u/L cfb]z lbPdf afx]s b]xfosf s'g} klg JolQmn] bkmf (^ adf]lhd s'g}
cfo jif{sf] cfo ljj/0f k]z ug'{ kg]{ 5}g M
(&-s_ ;f] cfo jif{df bkmf # sf] v08 -s_ df plNnlvt JolQm dWo] s/ ltg'{
gkg]{ s'g} JolQm,
;fdfGotofM s/ ltg'{ gkg]{ AolQm eGgfn] s'g} cfo aif{df s/of]Uo cfo g/x]sf]
AolQmnfO{ hgfp5 . cem :ki6 ?kdf eGg] xf] eg] s'g} cfo aif{df s/of]Uo cfo
cfh{g x'g] s'g} cfly{s ultlalwdf ;+nUg gePsf] AolQmnfO{ g} s/ ltg'{ gkg]{
AolQm dfGg' kb{5 . t/ s/of]Uo cfo cfh{g x'g] s'g} cfly{s ultlalwdf ;+nUg
ePsf] AolQm dWo] To:tf] ultlalwaf6 gf]S;fg ePsf] jf s/ ltg'{ gkg]{ xb
;Ddsf] /sd dfq cfo ePsf] AolQmn] klg ;f] aif{ s/ ltg'{ gkg]{ ePklg To:tf
AolQm s/ ltg'{ gkg]{ AolQmsf] kl/efiff leq kg{ ;Qm}gg\ . To;}n] To:tf] AolQmn]
eg] cfo laa/0f k]z ug'{ kb{5 .
(&-v_ ;f] cfo jif{df bkmf # sf] v08 -u_ df pNn]lvt JolQm,
P]gsf] bkmf %$, *&, **, **s, / *( n] /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf /f]huf/bftf,
nufgLsf] k|ltkmn / ;]jf z'Ns, 7]Ssf jf s/f/ jfktsf] e"QmfgL / u}/ jfl;Gbf
AolQmnfO{ e"QmfgL u/]sf] jLdf lk|ldodf e"QmfgLstf{n] s/ sL ug'{kg]{ Aoa:yf
u/]sf] 5 . pk/f]Qm cg';f/ s/ sL ul/Psf /sddWo] jfl;Gbf sDkgLaf6 k|fKt
nfef+z, k|fs[lts AolQmsf] axfn cfo, hLjg jLdf jfkt k|fKt /sd, cjsfz
e"QmfgL jfkt k|fKt /sd, a}+s jf laQLo ;+:yfaf6 k|fs[lts AolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf]
Aofh, u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf] e"QmfgL, a}7s eQf / k6s] cWofkg u/]
jfkt k|fKt /sd / cfsl:ds nfenfO{ clGtd ?kdf s/ sL x'g] e"QmfgL
dflgPsf] 5 . s'g} cfo aif{df s'g} AolQmn] cfh{g u/]sf] cfo clGtd ?kdf s/
sL x'g] e"QmfgL dfq /x]sf] eP To:tf] AolQmn] cfo laa/0f k]z ul//xg' kb}{g .
(&-u_ ;f] cfo jif{df bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf -#_ cfslif{t x'g] s'g} afl;Gbf
k|fs[lts JolQm, jf
s'g} cfo aif{df P]gsf] bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf -#_ df pNn]lvt cj:yf k"/f u/]sf]
jfl;Gbf k|fs[lts AolQm cyf{t ;f] aif{df g]kfndf >f]t ePsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfodfq
ePsf], Ps k6sdf Pp6f dfq /f]huf/bftf ePsf], ;a} /f]huf/bftf jfl;Gbf AolQm
ePsf] / ;f] aif{df /f]huf/bftfn] e"Qmfg ul/lbPsf] cjsfz of]ubfg afx]s cGo
vr{ 36fpg jf /f]huf/bftfn] e'Qmfg u/]sf] cf}iflw pkrf/ vr{ jfktsf] s/
ldnfg afx]s cGo s/ ldnfg ug{ bfjL gu/]sf] AolQmn] cfo laa/0f a'emfO/xg'
kb}{g . lsgls To:tf] AolQmn] a'emfpg'kg]{ hDdf s/ lghsf] /f]huf/bftfn] P]gsf]
bkmf *& adf]lhd sL u/]sf] s/ /sd a/fa/ x'g] x'+bf ;f] AolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf]
To:tf] cfonfO{ clGtd ?kdf s/ sL eO{ k|fKt ePsf] e"QmfgL ;/x dfGg' kb{5 .
o;k|sf/sf] /f]huf/L cfo x'g] s'g} AolQmsf] s'g} cfo aif{df Joj;fo jf nufgLsf]
cfo ;d]t ePdf eg] cfo laa/0f k]z ug'{ kb{5 .
546

(&-3_ cg';"rL! sf] bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf -!#_ adf]lhd s/ bflvnf ug]{
;jf/L;fwg wgL k|fs[lts JolQm ePdf To:tf] k|fs[lts JolQm .
ef8fsf ;jf/L ;fwgsf] wgL k|fs[lts AolQmn] cg';"rL! sf] bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf !#_ adf]lhd lgDgfg';f/ s/ bflvnf ug'{ kb{5 .
k|lt;jf/L ;fwgdf a'emfpg' kg]{
;jf/Lsf] lsl;d
jflif{s s/
-s_ ldlga;, ldlg 6s, 6s / a;
?= !,%)).
-v_ sf/, lhk, Eofg, dfOqmf] a;
?= !,@)).
-u_ ly| lx\jn/, c6f] l/S;f, 6]Dkf]
?= *%).
-3_ 6]S6/ / kfj/ l6n/
?= &%).
;jf/L ;fwgsf] wgL k|fs[lts AolQmn] cfkm\gf] gfddf /x]sf] ef8fsf] ;jf/L ;fwg
jfkt oftfoft Aoa:yf sfof{nodf lt/]sf] aflif{s s/ ;f] ;jf/L ;fwgaf6 ;f]
AolQmn] cfh{g u/]sf] cfosf] nflu clGtd s/ x'g] x'+bf To:tf] cfodfq x'g]
k|fs[lts AolQmn] cfo laa/0f k]z ul//xg' kb}{g .
@%=$ cfo laa/0f bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ ;do
@%=$=! cfo laa/0f bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ Dofb yk
P]gsf] bkmf (^ sf] pkbkmf -!_ cg';f/ cfo laa/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ k|To]s AolQmn]
cfo aif{ ;dfKt ePsf] tLg dlxgfleq cyf{t h'g cfo aif{sf] cfo laa/0f k]z
ug'{kg]{ xf] ;f] cfo aif{ eGbf k5fl8sf] cfo aif{sf] # dlxgfleq cfo laa/0f k]z
ug'{kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu cfo aif{ @)^%.^^ sf] cfo laa/0f @)^^ cflZjg
d;fGtleq k]z ul/;Sg'kb{5 . pk/f]Qm ;dodf s'g} sf/0fn] cfo laa/0f k]z ug{
g;Sg] ePdf ;f] AolQmn] ;DalGwt sfof{no;+u cfo laa/0f k]z ug]{ Dofb yk
dfu ug{ ;Sg] ;Gbe{df P]gsf] bkmf (* n] lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
(*-!_ bkmf (^ adf]lhd cfo ljj/0f bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ s'g} JolQmn] To:tf]
ljj/0f bflvnf ug]{ Dofbleq ljefu ;dIf yk Dofbsf] nflu lnlvt lgj]bg
lbPdf dgfl;j dflkmssf] sf/0f ePdf ljefun] cfo ljj/0f bflvnf ug'{
kg]{ Dofb yk ul/lbg ;Sg]5 . o;/L Dofb yksf nflu lbPsf] lgj]bg
;DaGwdf ljefun] u/]sf] lg0f{osf] hfgsf/L lgj]bsnfO{ lnlvt ?kdf lbg'
kg]{5 .
(*-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd cfo ljj/0f k]z ug{ ljefun] Ps} k6s jf k6s
k6s u/L al9df tLg dxLgf;Dd Dofb yk ug{ ;Sg]5 .
cfo laa/0f bflvnf ug'{kg]{ x/]s AolQmn] ;fdfGotofM cfo aif{ ;dfKt ePsf] tLg
dlxgfleq cfo laa/0f ;DalGwt sfof{nodf k]z ug'{kb{5 . t/ s'g} sf/0fn] cfo
laa/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ AolQmn] pQm ;doleq cfo laa/0f k]z ug{ g;s]df / cfo
laa/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ pk/f]Qm ;doleq cfo laa/0f k]z ug]{ Dofb yk ul/lbg
sfof{no ;dIf lnlvt lgj]bg lbPdf ;DalGwt sfof{non] Ps} k6s jf k6s
k6s u/L al9df tLg dxLgf;Dd cyf{t h'g cfo aif{sf] cfo laa/0f k]z ug'{kg]{
xf] ;f] cfo aif{eGbf k5fl8sf] cfo aif{sf] kf}if d;fGt;Dddf cfo laa/0f k]z
547

ug{;Sg] u/L cfo laa/0f k]z ug]{ Dofb yk ug{ ;Sg]5 . o;/L sfof{non] s'g}
AolQmsf] cfo laa/0f k]z ug]{ Dofb yk ul/lbPdf ;f]sf] lnlvt hfgsf/L
;DalGwt AolQmnfO{ lbg'kb{5 .
@%=$=@ laefun] ;"rgf lbO{ cfo laa/0f bflvnf u/fpg]
cfo laa/0f a'emfpg'kg]{ AolQmdWo] s/ hf]lvd /x]sf] cyf{t a'emfpg'kg]{ s/
ga'emfpg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] AolQm;+u eg] sfof{non] pko'Qm ;Dem]sf] cjlwsf]
cfo laa/0f lglZrt Dofbleq bflvnf u/fpg ;Qm5 . o; ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf
(^ sf] pkbkmf -%_ df lgDg Aoa:yf 5 M
(^-%_ b]xfosf cj:yfdf pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd s'g} cfo jif{sf] cfo ljj/0f
bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ DofbeGbf cufj} bkmf !)) sf] cwLgdf /xL ljefun] s'g}
JolQmnfO{ lbPsf] lnlvt ;"rgfdf plNnlvt Dofbleq ;f] cfo jif{ jf cfo
jif{sf] s'g} efusf] cfo ljj/0f bflvnf u/fpg ;Sg]5 M
-s_ ;f] JolQm 6f6 klN6Pdf, C0fdf 8'a]df jf la36g ePdf,
-v_ ;f] JolQmn] clglZrt ;dosf nflu g]kfn 5f]8\g] ePdf,
-u_ ;f] JolQmn] s'g} sf/0fn] g]kfndf ul//x]sf] sfo{ 5f]8\g nfu]df, jf
-3_ ljefun] cGoyf pko'St ;Dem]df .
x/]s AolQmn] ;fdfGotofM cfo aif{ ;dfKt ePsf] tLg dlxgfleq cfo laa/0f k]z
ug'{kg]{ ePtfklg s'g} AolQm 6f6 klN6Pdf jf bfdf;fxLdf k/]df jf C0fdf 8'a]df
jf la36g ePdf, clglZrt ;dosf nflu jf :yfoL ?kdf g]kfn 5fl8 lab]z
knfog x'g] ePdf / g]kfndf ;+rfng ul//x]sf] s'g} Joj;fo jf cfly{s sf/f]jf/
ug{ 5f8\g] ePdf To:tf] AolQmnfO{ sfof{non] s'g} cfo aif{sf] cfo laa/0f bflvnf
ug'{kg]{ ldlt cufj} ;f] cfo jif{ jf ;f] cfo jif{sf] s'g} efu jf cjlwsf] cfo
ljj/0f bflvnf ug{ lnlvt cfb]z jf ;"rgf lbg ;Qm5 . o:tf] ;"rgf kfPsf]
AolQmn] ;f] ;"rgfdf pNn]lvt cfo aif{ jf cjlwsf] cfo laa/0f ;f]xL ;"rgfdf
pNn]v ePsf] ;doleq bflvnf ug'{kb{5 . o:tf] cfb]z kfPsf] AolQmn] sfof{nosf]
cfb]zdf pNn]lvt cfo aif{ jf cjlwsf] cfo laa/0f ;f]xL ;"rgfdf pNn]v ePsf]
;doleq bflvnf gu/]df sfof{non] ;f] AolQmsf] ;"rgfdf pNn]lvt cjlwsf]
ltg'{kg]{ s/ olsg ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu P]gsf] bkmf !)) adf]lhd ;+zo s/
lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Qm5 .
@%=$=# lgsfosf] :jfldTj kl/at{g ePsf] ca:yfdf laa/0f bflvnf ug]{ Dofb
P]gsf] bkmf %& jdf]lhd s'g} lgsfosf] :jfldTj kl/jt{g ePdf :jfldTj kl/jt{g
ePsf] cfoaif{sf] cl3 / kl5sf] efux?nfO{ a]Unf a]Un} cfo aif{sf] ?kdf dfGg'
k5{ . a]Unf a]Un} cfoaif{ dfGg' kg]{ cj:yfn] ubf{ h'g ldltdf :jfldTj kl/jt{g
x'G5 ;f] ldlt eGbf cuf8Lsf] cjlwsf] nflu / ;f] ldlt kl5sf] cjlwsf] nflu
a]Unf a]Un} :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f u/L a]Unf a]Un} cfo ljj/0f lbg' k5{ . :jfldTj
kl/jt{g ePsf] cfo aif{sf] :jfldTj kl/jt{g x'g' cl3 / kl5sf] efux?nfO{ a]Unf
a]Un} cfo aif{sf] ?kdf dfGg' kg]{ x'+bf cfo ljj/0f bflvnf ug]{ Dofb klg km/s
kg{ hfG5 . h'g ldltdf :jfldTj kl/jt{g x'G5, ;f] ldltn] tLg dlxgf leq cfo
ljj/0f bflvnf u/L ;Sg' kb{5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu, obL s'g} lgsfosf] @)^).!.% ut] :jfldTj kl/jt{g ePsf] 5
548

eg]] bkmf %& sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu To:tf] lgsfosf] :jfldTj kl/jt{g cl3sf] efu
cyf{t\ @)%(.$.! b]lv @)^).!.% Pp6f cfo aif{ x'G5 / ;f] cfo aif{sf] cfo
laa/0f Dofb yk glnPsf] ca:yfdf @)^).$.% leq a'emfpg' kb{5 . Pj+ :jfldTj
kl/jt{g kl5sf] efu cyf{t\ @)^).!.^ b]lv @)^).#.#@ ;Ddsf] cawL csf]{ cfo
aif{ x'G5 / ;f] kl5Nnf] cfo aif{sf] cfo laa/0f @)^) c;f]h d;fGt leq
a'emfpg' kb{5 .

549

kl/R5]b @^
s/ lgwf{/)f
(Tax Assessment)

@^=!

cfos/ P]g, @)%* adf]lhd s/ ltg'{kg]{ AolQmn] s'g} cfo aif{df ltg'{kg]{ s/
olsg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ s/ lgwf{/0f elgG5 . s/ eGgfn] P]g adf]lhd nfUg] s/, z'Ns
/ Aofh nufotsf /sdnfO{ ;Demg'kb{5 . s'g} AolQmsf] s'g} cfo aif{sf] ltg'{kg]{
s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf laleGg Aoa:yfx? ul/Psf 5g\ . cfos/nfO{ :jo+ s/
lgwf{/0f k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t s/sf] ?kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] x'+bf cfos/ P]g adf]lhd
s/ ltg'{kg]{ st{Ao ePsf] AolQmn] cfkm"n] ltg'{kg]{ s/sf] lgwf{/0f jf u0fgf cfk}m
ug'{kb{5 . cfkm"n] ltg'{kg]{ s/ lgwf{/0f u/L ;DalGwt sfof{nonfO{ cfkm\gf] s/
bfloTjsf af/]df cfo laa/0fsf] dfWodaf6 ;dod} hfgsf/L u/fpg' s/ ltg'{kg]{
st{Ao ePsf ;a} AolQm cyf{t s/bftfsf] k|d'v st{Ao xf] . s'g} AolQmn] cfkm"n]
ltg'{kg]{ s/ lgwf{/0f u/L ;DalGwt sfof{nonfO{ cfkm\gf] s/ bfloTjsf af/]df
;dod} hfgsf/L gu/fPdf To:tf] AolQmsf] s/ bfloTj lgwf{/0f ug]{ clwsf/
ljefunfO{ k|fKt x'G5 . To:t} s'g} AolQmn] e"na; jf hfgfhfg cfk\mgf] jf:tljs
s/ bfloTj eGbf 36L s/ lgwf{/0f u/]df ljefun] ;f] AolQmsf] s/ bfloTjdf
;+zf]wg ug{ ;Sg] Aoa:yf ;d]t P]gn] u/]sf] 5 . cfos/ lgb]{lzsfsf] o;
kl/R5]bdf s/bftfn] ug]{ :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f / ljefun] ug]{ ;+zf]lwt jf ;+;o s/
lgwf{/0fsf ;DaGwdf P]gsf] kl/R5]b !( n] u/]sf Aoa:yfx?nfO{ yk JofVof ug]{
ul/Psf] 5 .
@^=@ s/ lgwf{/0f
@^=@=! cfo laa/0f
s'g} cfo aif{df /f]huf/L, Joj;fo / nufgLaf6 cfo ePsf] s'g} AolQm, s'g} cfo
aif{sf] cfo lab]z k7fpg] u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmsf] g]kfndf /x]sf] ljb]zL :yfoL
;+:yfkg, cfsl:ds nfe ePsf] AolQm, P]gsf] bkmf *&, **, **s, *( / (%s
adf]lhd e'QmfgLdf s/ sL ePsf] jf clu|d s/ c;'n ePsf] AolQm, P]gsf] bkmf
(@ adf]lhd clGtd ?kdf s/ sL x'g] e"QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ AolQm / ef8fsf ;jf/L
;fwgsf] wgL k|fs[lts AolQm s/ ltg'{kg]{ st{Ao ePsf AolQm x'g\ .
pk/f]Qm AolQm dWo] s'g} cfo aif{sf] cfo laa/0f a'emfpg' kg]{ st{Ao ePsf
AolQmn] ;f] aif{df cfkm"n] ltg'{ kg]{ s/sf] /sd :jo+ lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 . cfkm"n]
ltg'{kg]{ s/ lgwf{/0f cfkm}+ ug'{kb{5 . s/bftfn] a'emfpg] cfo laa/0fsf ;DaGwdf
o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b @% df la:t[t AofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
@^=@=@ cfo laa/0f a'emfpg] AolQmsf] s/ lgwf{/0f
P]gsf] bkmf (( sf] pkbkmf -!_ n] cfo laa/0f a'emfpg] AolQmsf] s/ lgwf{/0fsf
;DaGwdf b]xfosf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
((-!_ s'g} JolQmn] b]xfosf /sdx? v'nfO{ cfo ljj/0f bflvnf ug'{ kg]{
ldltdf s'g}] cfo jif{sf] cfo ljj/0f bflvnf u/]sf] /x]5 eg] ;f] cfo
ljj/0fsf] s/ lgwf{/0f u/] ;/x dflgg]5 M
-s_ bkmf # sf] v08 -s_ / -v_ df plNnlvt JolQmn] ;f] cfo jif{df ltg'{
550

kg]{ cfo ljj/0fdf pNn]v u/]sf] s/sf] /sd, /

-v_ cfo ljj/0fdf pNn]v u/]sf] pQm jif{sf] ltg{ jfFsL s/ /sd .
s'g} cfo aif{sf] cfo laa/0f a'emfpg' kg]{ s'g} AolQmn] cfo laa/0f a'emfPsf]
cj:yfdf ;f] AolQmsf] s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] dflgg] Aoa:yf P]gn] u/]sf] 5 . t/,
cfo laa/0f a'emfpg] AolQmn] cfo laa/0f a'emfpg'kg]{ ldlt cyf{t h'g cfo
aif{sf] cfo laa/0f a'emfpg] xf] ;f]eGbf kl5Nnf] cfo aif{sf] c;f]h dlxgf leq /
cfo laa/0f a'emfpg] Dofb yk kfPsf] AolQmn] To;/L yk kfPsf] ldlt leq cfo
laa/0f a'emfPdf dfq cfo laa/0fdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
dflgG5 . cfo laa/0f a'emfpg] Dofb yk kfPsf] AolQmn] To;/L yk kfPsf]
ldltleq cfo laa/0f ga'emfPdf lghn] cfo laa/0f a'emfpg'kg]{ Dofb eGgfn] h'g
cfo aif{sf] cfo laa/0f a'emfpg] xf] ;f] cfo jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] ltg dlxgf jf
c;f]h d;fGt sfod x'G5 . cfo laa/0f a'emfpg'kg]{ Dofb jf Dofb yk leq cfo
laa/0f ga'emfPsf] JolQmsf] xsdf To:tf] AolQmn] cfo laa/0f ga'emfP ;Ddsf
nflu P]gsf] bkmf (( sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dfGg'kb{5 .
s'g} AolQmn] s'g} cfo aif{sf] cfo laa/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ ldltdf ;f] cfo aif{sf] nflu
cfkm"n] ltg'{kg]{ s/sf] hDdf /sd / ;f]dWo] ltg{ af+ls /x]sf] s/sf] /sd pNn]v
u/L cfo laa/0f k]z u/]df ;f] AolQmn] ;f] aif{sf] nflu cfkm\gf] s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
dflgG5 . o; k|of]hgsf nflu ltg'{kg]{ hDdf s/ eGgfn] ;f] AolQmsf] ;f] cfo
aif{df cfosf laleGg lzif{saf6 k|fKt ePsf] s/of]Uo cfodf P]gsf] cg';"rL ! n]
tf]s]sf] s/sf] b/n] nfUg] hDdf s/ / lghnfO{ s'g} Aofh jf z'Ns nfUg] eP ;f]
/sd ;d]tsf] hDdf /sdnfO{ hgfp5 . To:t} ltg{ af+ls s/ eGgfn] ;f] cfo
aif{df nfUg] hDdf s/ /sddf ls:tfaGbLdf bflvnf u/]sf] s/, s/ sL eO{ k|fKt
x'g'kg]{ s'g} e"QmfgL s/of]Uo cfodf ;dfa]z ePsf]df s/ sL ug]{ AolQm jf
cfkm}+n] clu|d s/ jfkt bflvnf u/]sf] /sd, s/of]Uo cfodf s'g} a}b]lzs >f]tsf]
cfo ;dfa]z ePsf] / To:tf] cfodf lab]zdf lt/]sf] s/dWo] ldnfg ug{ kfpg]
/sd / k|fs[lts AolQmsf] l:js[t cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ eP ;f] jfkt ldnfg ug{
kfpg] s/ ;d]tsf] hDdf /sd 36fpbf af+ls x'g cfpg] bflvnf ug{ af+ls s/
/sdnfO{ hgfp5 .
pbfx/0f @^=@=!M dfgf}+, /fd k|;fbn] rfdnsf] yf]s Aofkf/ ub{5g\ .
cf=a=@)^%.^^ df lghsf] sf/f]jf/ @ s/f]8 ?k}of+ /x]5 . o; aif{sf] sf/f]jf/
/sddWo] g]kfn vfB ;+:yfgnfO{ %) nfv ?k}of+sf] rfdn laqmL u/]sf] / ;f]
/sddf ;f] ;+:yfgn] @)^% df3 dlxgfdf &% xhf/ ?k}of+ clu|d s/ sL u/]sf]
/x]5 . ;f] aif{ pkrf/ vr{ jfkt lghn] aL/ c:ktfndf ?= !) xhf/ e'QmfgL
u/]sf /x]5g\ . lghn] u/]sf] u0fgf cg';f/ ;f] aif{ pgsf] s/ of]Uo cfo cfh{g
ug{ ePsf] sL kfpg] vr{ ! s/f]8 () nfv ?k}of+ /x]5 . pgn] pQm aif{sf]
s/sf] ls:tf jfkt @)^% kf}if dlxgfdf ! nfv ?k}of lt/]sf /x]5g\ . pgn]
@)^^ efb| dlxgfdf cfo laa/0f a'emfPsf /x]5g\ . o; cj:yfdf pgn] ltg'{kg]{

551

hDdf s/ / ltg{ af+ls s/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'G5 . o; jif{ lgh / lghsf] kTgLn]
bDkQL 5gf}6 u/]sf /x]5g\ .
s/ of]Uo cfo
?= !),)),)))
36fpg] M
bDklQsf] 5'6
?= !,$),)))
s/ of]Uo
?= *,^),)))
klxnf] ?=*%,))) df !% k|ltztn] nfUg] s/
?= !@,&%)
To;kl5sf] af+ls cfo ?= &,&%,))) df @% k|ltztn] nfUg] s/ ?=!,(#,&%)
hDdf nfUg] s/
?=@,)^,%))
36fpg] M l:js[t cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{sf] s/ ldnfg
?=&%)
ls:tfaGbLdf bflvnf u/]sf] s/\
?= !,)),)))
clu|d s/ sL ePsf] s/
?= &%,)))
hDdf bflvnf
?= !,&%,&%)
ltg{ af+ls s/
?=#),&%)
/fd k|;fbn] cfo laa/0f a'emfpbf ltg'kg]{ s/ ?= @,)^,%)) x'G5 . pk/f]Qm
cg';f/ ltg{ afFls s/ ?= #),&%) / ;f]df nfUg] s'g} Aofh jf z'Ns eP ;f]
/sd ;d]t hf]8L x'g cfpg] /sd pNn]v ug'{kb{5 .
laa/0f k]; ug]{ Dofb km/s kg]{ ca:yf
JolQmn] cfo aif{ ;dfKt ePsf] tLg dlxgf leq cfo laa/0f k]z ug'{kg]{
ePtfklg P]gsf] bkmf (^ sf] pkbkmf -%_ sf] cj:yf /x]sf] AolQm cyf{t 6f6
klN6Psf] jf s+ufn ePsf] jf C0fdf 8'a]sf] jf la36g ePsf] jf clglZrt
;dosf nflu jf :yfoL ?kdf g]kfn 5fl8 lab]z knfog x'g nfu]sf] jf g]kfndf
;+rfng ul//x]sf] s'g} Joj;fo jf cfly{s sf/f]jf/ ug{ 5f8\g nfu]sf] AolQmnfO{
ljefun] s'g} cfo aif{sf] cfo laa/0f bflvnf ug'{kg]{ ldlt cufj} ;f] cfo jif{ jf
;f] cfo jif{sf] s'g} efu jf cjlwsf] cfo ljj/0f bflvnf ug{ lnlvt cfb]z jf
;"rgf lbg ;Qm5 . o:tf] ;"rgf kfPsf] AolQmn] ;f] ;"rgfdf pNn]lvt cfo aif{
jf cjlwsf] cfo laa/0f ;f]lx ;"rgfdf pNn]v ePsf] ;doleq bflvnf ug'{kb{5 .
o:tf] cfb]z kfPsf] AolQmn] sfof{nosf] cfb]zdf pNn]lvt cfo aif{ jf cjlwsf]
cfo laa/0f ;f]lx ;"rgfdf pNn]v ePsf] ;doleq bflvnf u/]df ;f] AolQmn] klg
cfo laa/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ ;dodf ;"rgfdf pNn]lvt cjlwsf] s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
dflgG5 . o:tf] s/ lgwf{/0fnfO{ s/bftfn] ug]{ ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0f elgG5 . o;/L
cfo laa/0f k]z u/]sf] AolQmn] k'/f cfo aif{sf] cfo laa/0f k]z u/]sf] eP ;f]
aif{sf nflu k'g: cfo laa/0f k]z ul//xg' kb}{g .
@^=@=# cfo laa/0f ga'emfpg] AolQmsf] s/ lgwf{/0f
:jo+s/ lgwf{/0f k2tLnfO{ cfos/ P]gn] c+lusf/ u/]sf] 5 . s'g} klg AolQmn]
cfkm'n] u/]sf] sf/f]af/sf] oyfy{ lrq0f lgh :jo+nfO{ hlt hfgsf/L x'G5 TotL
hfgsf/L cGo s'g} klg AolQmnfO{ x'+b}g eGg] oyfy{tfnfO{ o; P]gn] dgg u/L
cfkm\gf] sf/f]af/af6 ePsf] d'gfkmfdf k|rlnt cfos/sf b/ cg';f/ s/ lgwf{/0f
ug]{ k|s[ofnfO{ :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f k2tL elgG5 .
552

Ps cfo aif{ e/L ePsf sf/f]af/x?sf] n]vf+sg u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] laQLo
laa/0fx?nfO{ s/ n]vf k/LIfsf/f k/LIf0f tyf k|dfl0ft u/fO{ tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf
cfo ljj/0f / olsg ul/Psf] s/ ;DalGwt /fh:j sfof{nodf tf]lsPsf] ;do
leq a'emfpg' kb{5 . s/bftfn] k]; u/]sf] s/ lgwf{/0fnfO{ g} clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f
dflgG5 . s/bftfn] Dofb leq cfo laa/0f k]; gu/]klg tf]lsPsf] Dofb leqg}
laa/0f k]; u/]sf] dflgg] x'+bf s/ clws[tn] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f u/L ;f]xL
cg';f/sf] Jofh, z'Ns nufpg ;Sb5 . P]gsf] bkmf (( sf] pkbkmf -@_ df o;
;DaGwdf b]xfosf] Aoa:yf 5 M
((-@_ s'g} JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{sf] cfo ljj/0f k]z gu/]df cfo ljj/0f
bflvnf geP;Ddsf] nflu cfo ljj/0f k]z ug'{ kg]{ ldltdf b]xfo adf]lhd
s/ lgwf{/0f u/] ;/x dflgg]5 M
-s_ kl/R5]b!& adf]lhd k|fKt u/]sf] /sdaf6 sL ePsf] s'g} s/sf] /sd
tyf lghn] kl/R5]b!* adf]lhd ;f] jif{sf] nflu ls:tfaGbLdf bflvnf
u/]sf] s'g} /sdsf] of]u a/fj/ lghsf] ;f] jif{sf] s/sf] /sd ePsf]
dflgg]5, /
-v_ s/ lgwf{/0f adf]lhd s/ ltg{ jfFsL g/x]sf] dflgg]5 .
s'g} cfo aif{df cfo laa/0f a'emfpg' kg]{ AolQmn] ;f] cfo jif{sf] cfo laa/0f
a'emfpg'kg]{ Dofbleq ga'emfPdf ;f] AolQmn] cfo laa/0f a'emfpg'kg]{ ldltdf g}
s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dflgG5 . cfo laa/0f k]z gug]{ AolQmn] cfo laa/0f
ga'emfPsf] aif{sf nflu P]gsf] bkmf ($ adf]lhd s/sf] ls:tf bflvnf u/]sf] eP
;f] s/sf] ls:tfsf] /sd / ;f] aif{df ;f] AolQmn] clGtd s/ sL eO{ k|fKt x'g]
e"QmfgL afx]s ;f] AolQmsf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ ;dfa]z x'g] cGo s'g} e"QmfgL k|fKt
ubf{ e"QmfgLstf{n] s/ sL u/]sf] s/ eP ;f] /sd ;d]t hf]8L x'g cfpg] /sd
g} ;f] AolQmn] ;f] cfo aif{sf nflu ltg'{kg]{ s/ x'G5 . To;/L cfo laa/0f k]z
gug]{ AolQmsf xsdf lghsf gfddf ls:tf jf clu|d s/sf] s'g} /sd bflvnf
ePsf] eP ;f]lx /sd g} lghsf] ;f] aif{sf] s/ bfloTj dflgg] x'+bf To:tf] AolQmn]
;f] s/ lgwf{/0f adf]lhd ;f] aif{sf nflu s'g} s/ bflvnf ug{ af+ls /x]sf]
dflgb}g . cfo laa/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ t/ k]z gu/]sf] AolQmsf] s'g} aif{df ls:tf jf
clu|d s/ jfkt s'g} s/ bflvnf gePsf] cj:yfdf klg ;f] AolQmn] s/ lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] dflgG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;f] AolQmsf] s/ lgwf{/0fsf] /sd jf s/ bfloTj
z"Go x'g'sf] ;fy} ;f] s/ lgwf{/0f cg';f/ lghn] s'g} s/ /sd a'emfpg af+ls
/x]sf] dflgb}g . s/ clws[tn] bkmf !)! adf]lhdsf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f / bkmf
!)) adf]lhdsf] ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0f dfq ug{ kfpg] x'+bf olb s/bftfn] s/
lgwf{/0f ul/ cfo laa/0f bflvnf gu/]df To:tf s/bftfsf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f
ug{ of] pkbkmfn] afwf km'sfPsf] 5 . cfo laa/0f glbg] s/bftfnfO{ s/ clws[tn]
bkmf (( sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf] dflgg] o:tf] s/ lgwf{/0fdf ;+zf]wg ug{
;Sb5 . s'g} cfo aif{sf] cfo laa/0f a'emfpg'kg]{ ;doeGbf kl5 cyf{t s/
lgwf{/0f ePsf] dflgg] ;do kl5 ;f] aif{sf] cfo laa/0f k]z u/]df pk/f]Qm
cg';f/ ePsf] dflgPsf] s/ lgwf{/0f :jtM lgis[o x'G5 . t/ ;f] s/ lgwf{/0f
dflgPsf] cj:yfdf ljefu jf sfof{non] ;+zf]wg u/]sf] eP To:tf] ;+zf]lwt s/
lgwf{/0f g} s/bftfsf] s/ lgwf{/0f x'G5 a? s/bftfn] k]z u/]sf] ljj/0f cg';f/
s/ lgwf{/0fdf Gofof]lrt ;dfof]hg ug'{kg]{ b]lvPdf k]z ePsf] ljj/0fnfO{

553

;'rgfsf] ?kdf lnO{ ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

pbfx/0f @^=@=@M dfgf}+, x/L ld>n] rfprfpsf] Ph]lG;sf] ?kdf rfprfpsf] yf]s
Aofkf/ ub{5g\ . cf=a=@)^$.^% df lghsf] sf/f]jf/ @ s/f]8 ?k}of+ /x]sf] 5 .
o; aif{sf] sf/f]jf/ pNn]Vo ?kdf u/] jfkt pTkfbsn] pgnfO{ ?= @ nfv lalqm
af]g; lbPsf] / ;f] /sddf #) xhf/ ?k}of+ clu|d s/ sL ul/ bflvnf u/]sf]
/x]5 . pgn] pQm aif{sf] s/sf] ls:tf jfkt @)^$ kf}if dlxgfdf ! nfv ?k}of
lt/]sf /x]5g\ . pgn] @)^% c;f]h dlxgf;Dddf klg ;f] aif{sf] cfo laa/0f
a'emfPsf /x]g5g\ / cfo laa/0f a'emfpg] yk Dofbklg lnPsf /x]g5g\ . o;
cj:yfdf pgsf] @)^% c;f]h d;fGtdf cfkm\gf] cf=a=@)^$.^% sf] s/ lgwf{/0f
ePsf] dflgG5 / pgn] ltg'{kg]{ hDdf s/ / ltg{ af+ls s/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'G5 .
lghn] bflvnf u/]sf] hDdf s/
ls:tfaGbLdf bflvnf u/]sf] s/
?=!,)),)))
clu|d s/ sL ePsf] s/
?= #),)))
hDdf
?=!,#),)))
lghn] ltg'{kg]{ s/
?=!,#),)))
lghn] ltg{ af+ls s/
?= ))
lgh x/L ld>n] cfo laa/0f ga'emfPsf] x'bf lghn] cfo laa/0f a'emfpg'kg]{
ldltdf )^$.^% sf] nflu lghn] jf lghsf tkm{af6 cGon] bflvnf ul/lbPsf]
s/ a/fa/sf] /sd ?= !,#),))) s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dflgG5 / ;f] s/ lgwf{/0f
cg';f/ pgn] )^$.^% sf] nflu ltg'kg]{ s/ af+ls /xb}g .
pbfx/0f @^=@=#M dfgf}+, x/L ld>sf] sf/f]jf/ / cfo pbfx/0f @^=@=@ df pNn]v
eP cg';f/g} /x]5 . pgn] cf=a=)^$.^% sf] cfo laa/0f k]z ug{ @)^% d+l;/
d;fGt ;Ddsf] Dofb yk kfPsf /x]5g\ . t/ pgn] @)^% d+l;/ d;fGt ;Dddf
klg cfo laa/0f bflvnf u/]sf /x]g5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf klg x/L ld>n] lghn]
cfo laa/0f a'emfpg'kg]{ ldlt cyf{t @)^% c;f]h d;fGtdf )^$.^% sf] nflu
lghn] jf lghsf tkm{af6 cGon] bflvnf ul/lbPsf] s/ a/fa/sf] /sd
?=!,#),))) s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dflgG5 / ;f] s/ lgwf{/0f cg';f/ pgn] )^$.^%
sf] nflu ltg'kg]{ s/ af+ls /xb}g .
To:t} x/L ld>n] cfo ljj/0f a'emfpg Dofb yk]s} ePtf klg ;f] ljj/0f ga'emfP
;Dd jf ljefun] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f gu/];Dd @)^% c;f]h d;fGtdf dflys}
/sd s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] dflgG5 .

554

pbfx/0f @^=@=$M dfgf}+, x/L ld>sf] sf/f]jf/ )^$.^% df pbfx/0f @^=@=# df

pNn]v eP cg';f/g} ePklg lalqm af]g; jfktsf] cfo / clu|d s/ sL u/]sf]
s/ /sd /x]g5 . To:t} pgn] ;f] aif{ ls:tf jfkt s'g} /sd bflvnf u/]sf klg
/x]g5g\ . cf=a=)^$.^% sf] cfo laa/0f pgn] @)^% c;f]h d;fGt;Dddf
bflvnf u/]sf 5}gg\ / Dofb yk lnPsf klg 5}gg\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf klg x/L
ld>n] cfo laa/0f a'emfpg'kg]{ ldlt cyf{t @)^% c;f]h d;fGtdf )^$.^% sf]
nflu s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dflgG5 . o; cf=a=df lghn] jf lghsf tkm{af6 cGo
s;}n] bflvnf ul/lbPsf] s/ g/x]sf] x'+bf lghn] o; cfo aif{sf] nflu ltg'{kg]{ s/
g/x]sf] egL s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] cyf{t z"Go /sd a/fa/sf] s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
dflgG5 . To:t} ;f] s/ lgwf{/0f cg';f/ pgn] )^$.^% sf] nflu ltg{ af+ls s/
/x]sf] klg dflgb}g .

@^=#

P]gsf] bkmf (^ sf] pkbkmf -%_ sf] cj:yf /x]sf] AolQm cyf{t 6f6 klN6Psf] jf
bfdf;fxLdf k/]sf] jf C0fdf 8'a]sf] jf la36g ePsf] jf clglZrt ;dosf nflu
jf :yfoL ?kdf g]kfn 5fl8 lab]z knfog x'g nfu]sf] jf g]kfndf ;+rfng
ul//x]sf] s'g} Joj;fo jf cfly{s sf/f]jf/ ug{ 5f8\g nfu]sf] AolQmnfO{ sfof{non]
s'g} cfo aif{sf] cfo laa/0f bflvnf ug'{kg]{ ldlt cufj} ;f] cfo jif{ jf ;f] cfo
jif{sf] s'g} efu jf cjlwsf] cfo ljj/0f bflvnf ug{ lnlvt cfb]z jf ;"rgf
lbPsf]df ;f] ;"rgfdf pNn]lvt ;do jf Dofbleq To:tf] AolQmn]] ;f] ;"rgfdf
pNn]lvt cfo aif{ jf cjlwsf] cfo laa/0f bflvnf gu/]sf] cj:yfdf eg] pk/f]Qm
Aoa:yf nfu' x'+b}g . cyf{t To:tf] cfb]z kfPsf] AolQmn] sfof{nosf] cfb]zdf
pNn]lvt cfo aif{ jf cjlwsf] cfo laa/0f ;f]lx ;"rgfdf pNn]v ePsf] ;doleq
bflvnf gu/]df ;f] AolQmn] ;f] ;"rgfdf pNn]lvt cjlwsf] s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
dflgb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf sfof{non] ;f] AolQmsf] ;"rgfdf pNn]lvt cjlwsf]
ltg'{kg]{ s/ olsg ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu P]gsf] bkmf !)) adf]lhd ;+zo s/
lgwf{/0f ug{' kb{5 .
;+zo s/ lgwf{/0f
;+zo s/ lgwf{/0f (Jeopardy Assessment) sf ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !)) df
b]xfosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 M
!))-!_ bkmf (^ sf] pkbkmf -%_ adf]lhd s'g} cfo jif{ jf s'g} cfojif{sf] s'g}
c+zsf] cfo ljj/0f bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ ePdf bkmf (( adf]lhd ug'{ kg]{5 .
bkmf (^-%_ sf] cj:yf k/L k'/f cfo jif{sf] s/ glt/]sf s/bftfn] cfo jif{sf]
s'g} c+zsf] cfo ljj/0f ljefun] lbPsf] lnlvt cfb]zdf tf]lsPsf] cjlwsfnflu
k]z ug{ ;Qm5g\ . s/bftfn] o;/L cfo jif{sf] c+zsfnflu k]z u/]sf] cfo ljj/0f
klg bkmf (( adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] dflgG5 .
!))-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg bkmf (^ sf] pkbkmf %_ df plNnlvt cj:yfdf ljefun] s'g} cfo jif{ jf ;f] jif{sf] c+zsf] nflu
bkmf (^ sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -s_ sf] pkv08 -!_, -@_, / -#_ df
plNnlvt /sdsf] cfwf/df Gofof]lrt ?kn] ;f] JolQmsf] s/ lgwf{/0f ug{
;Sg]5 .
P]gsf] bkmf (^ sf] pkbkmf -%_ sf] cj:yf /x]sf] s'g} AolQm cyf{t 6f6 klN6Psf]
555

jf bfdf;fxLdf k/]sf] jf C0fdf 8'a]sf] jf la36g ePsf] jf clglZrt ;dosf

nflu jf :yfoL ?kdf g]kfn 5fl8 lab]z knfog x'g nfu]sf] jf g]kfndf ;+rfng
ul//x]sf] s'g} Joj;fo jf cfly{s sf/f]jf/ ug{ 5f8\g nfu]sf] AolQmn] To:tf] s/
lgwf{/0f u/L ga'emfPsf] cj:yfdf ljefun] s'g} cfo aif{sf] cfo laa/0f bflvnf
ug'{kg]{ ;do jf ldlt cufj} ;f] cfo jif{ jf ;f] cfo jif{sf] s'g} efu jf cjlwsf]
s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Qm5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu s'g} JolQm efb| d;fGtdf bfdf;fxLdf
k/]sf cj:yfdf cl3Nnf] cfo jif{ k'/}sf] tyf rfn' cfo jif{sf] b'O{ dlxgfsf] s/
lgwf{/0f ljefun] ug{ kfpb5 . o;sf nflu ljefun] To:tf] JolQmnfO{ s/ lgwf{/0f
ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ;"rgf tyf ljj/0f bflvnf ug{ bkmf *# adf]lhd lnlvt cfb]z
jf ;"rgf lbg ;Sb5 . s'g} AolQmnfO{ ljefun] To:tf] ;"rgf lbPsf]df ;f]
;"rgfdf pNn]lvt ;do jf Dofbleq To:tf] AolQmn]] ;f] ;"rgfdf pNn]lvt cfo
aif{ jf cjlwsf] dfu eP adf]lhdsf laa/0f bflvnf ug'{ kb{5 . ;f] ;"rgf jf
cfkm";+u ePsf cGo ;"rgfx?sf cfwf/df ljefun] ;f] cfo jif{ jf cfo jif{sf]
c+zsf] ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sb5 . t/ ;DalGwt cfo jif{sf] :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f
ug'{ kg]{ cjlw -;fdfGotM c;f]h d;fGt_ ;dfKt eP kl5 ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0f ug{
;Qm}g, t/ ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ eg] ;Qm5 . o; ;DaGwL Aoa:yf tn
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
pbfx/0f @^=#=!M sdn]zhL zfxn] ?= # s/f]8 kg]{ hUuf @)^*.@.! Dff ?= !
s/f]8df ljlqm u/]sf] sfuh v8f u/]sf] eGg] Joxf]/f @)^*.#.! df ljefusf]
hfgsf/Ldf cfof] . lghn] ;f] ?= ! s/f]8df klg k"lhut nfe s/ lt/]sf
/x]g5g\ . ljefun] lghsf af/]df a'em\bf lgh g]kfn 5f]8L k/b]z hfb} /x]5g\ eGg]
;"rgf k|fKt eof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf ljefun] lgDgfg';f/ tLg t/Lsfaf6 s/
lgwf{/0f u/fpg ;Qm5M
bkmf !))-!_ adf]lhd lghaf6} cfo ljj/0f bflvnf ug{ nufO{ bkmf ((
adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ / ;f] cfo ljj/0fsf] bkmf !)! adf]lhd ;+zf]lwt
s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Qm5 .
bkmf !))-@_ cGtu{t ;+;o s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{, o:tf]df ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{
;kmfO{sf] ;j't k|df0f k]z ug{ ;ft lbgsf] Dofb lbg' kb{5 .
bkmf (%-&_ adf]lhd cg'dflgt cfo ljj/0f k]z gu/]sf JolQmsf]
cg'dflgt cfo lgwf{/0f u/L ls:tfsf] /sd dfu ug{ ;Qm5 .
!))-#_ pkbkmf -!_ jf -@_ adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]df b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5M
-s_ k"/f cfo jif{sf] s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] JolQmn] ;f] cfojif{sf] nflu bkmf
(^ sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] cfo ljj/0f bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ 5}g, jf
-v_ s'g} cfo jif{sf] c+zsf] s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] JolQmn] bkmf (^ sf]
pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ;f] cfo jif{sf] cfo ljj/0f bflvnf ug'{ kg]{5 .
!))-$_ s'g} cfo jif{sf] s'g} c+zsf] s/ lgwf{/0f cg';f/ bflvnf u/]sf] s/ /sd
k"/f jif{sf] s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ nfUg] s/df ldnfg ug{ kfOg]5 .
!))-%_ o; bkmf adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0fubf{ ljefun] ;kmfO{sf] ;j"t k|df0f k]z
556

ug{ ;ft lbgsf] Dofb lbg' kg]{5 .

;+zo s/ lgwf{/0f eGgfn] 6f6 klN6Psf] jf s+ufn ePsf] jf C0fdf 8'a]sf] jf
la36g ePsf] jf clglZrt ;dosf nflu jf :yfoL ?kdf g]kfn 5fl8 lab]z
knfog x'g nfu]sf] jf g]kfndf ;+rfng ul//x]sf] s'g} Joj;fo jf cfly{s
sf/f]jf/ ug{ 5f8\g nfu]sf] sf/0fn] ltg'{kg]{ s/ gltg]{ ;Defjgf /x]sf] jf ljefun]
cGoyf pko'Qm ;Dem]df / ljefun] lbPsf] ;"rgf adf]lhd cfo laa/0f klg k]z
gu/]sf] cyf{t :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f gu/]sf] AolQmn] ltg'{kg]{ s/ olsg ug]{ k|of]hgsf
nflu ljefuaf6 ul/g] s/ lgwf{/0f xf] .
k'/f cfo jif{sf] ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] JolQmn] ;f] cfo jif{sf] cfo ljj/0f
bflvnf ug'{ kb}{g . pbfx/0fsf nflu @)^& efb| d;fGtdf cfo jif{ @)^^.^& sf]
;+zo s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] /x]5 eg] ;f] JolQmn] :jo+s/ ljj/0f @)^& c;f]hdf
bflvnf ug{' kb}{g . t/, cfo jif{sf] cf+lzs cjlwsf] ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf
cj:yfdf eg] k'/} cfo jif{sf] cfo ljj/0f bflvnf ug'{ kb{5 . To:tf] jflif{s cfo
ljj/0f cg';f/ nfUg] s/df ;f] ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0f adf]lhd ltl/Psf] s/ ldnfg
ug{ kfpb5 . dflys} pbfx/0fdf @)^& efb| d;fGt;Ddsf] s/ lgwf{/0f ePsfn]
;f] JolQmn] cfo jif{ @)^&.^* sf] cfo ljj/0f bkmf (( adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f
u/L @)^* c;f]h d;fGt;Dd bflvnf ug'{ kb{5 . @)^& efb| d;fGtdf ;+zo s/
lgwf{/0f x'bf ltl/Psf] s/ cfo jif{ @)^&.^* sf] cfo ljj/0fdf ldnfg ug{
kfpb5 .
;+zo s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ ljefun] u/]sf] lgwf{/0f pk/ ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ ;kmfO{
jf ;a't k]z ug{ ;ft lbgsf] Dofb lbg' kb{5 .
@^=$

;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f
s'g} AolQmn] P]gsf] bkmf (^ sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd k]z ug'{kg]{ cfo laa/0f k]z
ul/ jf gul/ P]gsf] bkmf (( sf] pkbkmf -!_ jf -@_ adf]lhd u/]sf] s'g} cfo
aif{sf] s/ lgwf{/0f jf s'g} AolQmn] ljefun] ;f]lx bkmfsf] pkbkmf -%_ adf]lhd
lbPsf] cfb]z adf]lhd cfo laa/0f k]z ul/ u/]sf] s/ lgwf{/0f jf ljefun]
pk/f]Qm adf]lhd lbPsf] cfb]z adf]lhd cfo laa/0f k]z gu/]sf] AolQmsf] xsdf
ljefun] u/]sf] s/ lgwf{/0fnfO{ ljefun] ;+zf]wg ug{;Sg] ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf
!)! sf] pkbkmf -!_ df b]xfosf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
!)!-!_ bkmf (( jf !)) adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] JolQmsf] s/sf] bfloTj
o; P]gsf] p2]Zo adf]lhd Gofof]lrt cfwf/df ;dfof]hg ug{ ljefun]
;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg]5 .
P]gsf] bkmf (( adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf jf s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] dflgPsf /
bkmf !)) adf]lhd ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf AolQmdWo] s/ lgwf{/0f ;Gtf]ifhgs
gePsf] nfu]sf jf 36La9L s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] k|dfl0ft ePsf AolQmsf] s/
lgwf{/0fdf ljefun] ;+zf]wg ug{ ;Qm5 .
P]gn] s'g} JolQmsf] s/sf] bfloTj Gofof]lrt cfwf/df ;dfof]hg ug]{ cyf{t ;f]
AolQmsf] s/ bfloTj ;lx ?kdf lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|of]hgsf nfludfq ;+zf]lwt s/
lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ / P]gsf] dg;fo lakl/t s;}nfO{ s/ bfloTj af]sfpg gx'g]
557

dfGotfnfO{ :yflkt ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5 . s'g} AolQmn] ;Gtf]ifhgs ?kdf s/

lgwf{/0f gu/]sf] jf 36L s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] k'i6L x'g] k|df0f jf cfwf/ a]u/
ljefusf] s'g} clws[tn] s'g} AolQmsf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Qm}g . cyf{t
;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ s'g} AolQmsf] s/ bfloTjdf ;+zf]wg ug'{kg]{ k|df0f jf
cfwf/ s/ bfloTjdf ;+zf]wg ug]{ s/ clws[tn] h'6fpg' kb{5 .
;fdfGotofM s'g} AolQmn] cfodf ;dfa]z ug'{kg]{ s'g} cfo ;dfa]z gu/]sf] jf
sL gkfpg] jf sL kfpg]eGbf a9L vr{ sL lnPsf] jf unt ?kdf s/,z'Ns jf
Aofhsf] u0fgf u/]sf] jf ldnfg ug{ gkfpg] s/ ldnfg u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]
AolQmn] u/]sf] s/ lgwf{/0f q'6Lk"0f{ x'g] / lghn] 36L s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dflgG5 .
s/ k/LIf0faf6 jf cGo s'g} tj/n] s'g} AolQmn] pk/f]Qm dWo] s'g} Ps jf a9L
sf/0fn] 36L s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] k|df0f jf hfgsf/L jf ;"rgf k|fKt ePdf To:tf]
AolQmsf] s/ bfloTjdf ;+zf]wg ug'{kb{5 . pk/f]Qm Aoa:yf cfo laa/0f k]z ul/
s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] jf cfo laa/0f k]z gu/]sf] jf ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] ;a}
AolQmsf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;Gbe{df nfu' x'G5 .
@^=$=! ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0fdf k'gM ;+zf]wg
ljefu jf sfof{non] u/]sf] s'g} AolQmsf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0fdf k'gM ;+zf]wg ug]{
;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !)! sf] pkbkmf -@_ / -%_ df b]xfosf] Aoa:yf 5 .
!)!-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ul/Psf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0fdf k'gM ;+zf]wg ug{
ljefun] pko'Qm 7fg]df Gofof]lrt cfwf/df hltk6s klg ;+zf]wg ug{
;Sg]5 .
ljefun] s'g} AolQmsf] s'g} cfo aif{sf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Qm5 . cfo
laa/0f k]z u/]sf] jf gu/]sf] sf/0fn] s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] jf P]gsf] bkmf !)) sf]
pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] AolQmsf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f
x'g;Qm5 . ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;dodf ;"rgf jf k|df0fsf] cefj jf
ckof{Kttfsf] sf/0fn] s'g} ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0fdf q'6L ePdf s/sf] bfloTj
Gofof]lrt cfwf/df ;dfof]hg ug]{ cyf{t ;f] AolQmsf] s/ bfloTj ;lx ?kdf
lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|of]hgsf nfludfq ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0fdf ;+zf]wg ug'{ k5{ . s'g}
AolQmsf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ q'6L ePsf] jf 36L s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] k'i6L
x'g] k|df0f jf cfwf/ a]u/ ljefun] s'g} AolQmsf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0fdf ;+zf]wg
ug'{ x'b}g . cyf{t ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0fdf ;+zf]wg ubf{ s'g} AolQmsf] ;+zf]lwt s/
bfloTjdf ;+zf]wg ug'{kg]{ k|df0f jf cfwf/ ;+zf]lwt s/ bfloTjdf ;+zf]wg ug]{ s/
clws[tn] h'6fpg' kb{5 .
!)!-%_ pkbkmf -#_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg /fh:j Gofoflws/0f jf
cGo clwsf/k|fKt cbfntx?jf6 s/ lgwf{/0f ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] jf lgwf{l/t
s/ 36fOPsf] cj:yfdf ;f] xb;Dd ljefun] To:tf] s/ lgwf{/0fdf ;+zf]wg
ug{ ;Sg]5}g .
t/ k'gM 5fgljg ug]{ cfb]z lbPdf ;+zf]wg ug{ afwf k'u]sf] dflgg] 5}g .
/fh:j Gofoflws/0f jf clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L jf cbfntn] To:tf] ;+zf]lwt s/
lgwf{/0fdf k'gM ;+zf]wg ug{ cfb]z lbPdf To:tf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0fdf k'gM
;+zf]wg ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . o:tf] cfb]zdf ls6fgL ;fy s] s] ;+zf]wg ug]{ eGg]
558

cfb]z ePsf] eP ;f] xb;Dd ;f]xL adf]lhd ug'{ k5{ . t/, k'gM 5fgljg ug]{ eGg]
dfq cfb]z ePsf]df k'gM 5fgljg u/L k|fKt tYosf cfwf/df k'gM ;+zf]wg
ug'{k5{ .
@^=% s/ lgwf{/0fsf] ;'rgf
P]gn] s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;Gbe{df s/ lgwf{/0f ug'{ cl3 / s/ lgwf{/0f ePkl5 s/
lgwf{/0f x'g] jf s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] AolQmnfO{ ;"lrt ug'{kg]{ Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
@^=%=! s/ lgwf{/0f ug'{ cl3 lbg'kg]{ ;"rgf
P]g adf]lhd s'g} AolQmsf] ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0f ;d]t ;a} k|sf/sf s/ lgwf{/0fdf
;+zf]wg ug'{kbf{ To:tf] AolQmnfO{ ;"lrt ug'{kg]{ ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !)! sf]
pkbkmf -^_ df b]xfosf] Aoa:yf 5 .
!)!-^_ o; bkmf adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0fdf ;+zf]wg ubf{ ljefun] To;/L ;+zf]wg
ug'{ k/]sf] cfwf/ :ki6 v'nfO{ ;f] JolQmnfO{ lnlvt ;"rgf lbO{ To:tf] s/
lgwf{/0f ;DaGwdf ;kmfO{sf] ;j"t k|df0f k]z ug{ kGw| lbgsf] Dofb lbg' kg]{ .
P]gsf] bkmf !)! sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd s'g} AolQmsf] ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0f jf s/
lgwf{/0f jf ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0fdf cyf{t ;f] AolQmsf] xfn sfod /x]sf] s/
bfloTjdf ;+zf]wg ubf{ ljefun] To;/L ;+zf]wg ug'{kgf{sf] cfwf/ tyf sf/0f
pNn]v ul/ ;f] AolQmnfO{ lnlvt ;"rgf lbg'kb{5 . To:t} ljefusf] dxflgb]{zs jf
/fh:j Gofoflws/0f jf cGo s'g} cbfntsf] cfb]z jf lg0f{o adf]lhd s'g}
AolQmsf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0fdf k'gM ;+zf]wg ug'{k/]df klg pk/f]Qm cg';f/sf]
;"rgf lbg'kb{5 . To;/L lbOg] ;"rgfdf s'g} AolQmsf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f jf
;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0fdf k'gM ;+zf]wg ug'{kgf{sf] sf/0f cyf{t ;f] AolQmsf] s/
lgwf{/0f jf ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0faf6 sfod ePsf] s/ bfloTjdf kl/jt{g
ug'{kgf{sf] :ki6 cfwf/ / sf/0f, To:tf] ;+zf]wgaf6 sfod x'g cfpg] s/of]Uo
cfo, ;f] s/of]Uo cfodf ltg'{kg]{ s/, z'Ns / Aofhsf] hDdf /sd tyf ;f] dWo]
ltg{ af+ls s/ /sd :ki6 pNn]v ug'{ kb{5 . To:tf] ;"rgf lbOPsf] AolQmnfO{
;"rgfdf pNn]lvt s/of]Uo cfo sfod x'g' gkg]{ jf ltg'{kg]{ s/ dWo] s'g} /sd
ltg'{ gkg]{ jf ltg{ af+ls /sddWo] s'g} /sd ltg'{gkg]{ s'g} ;a't, k|df0f jf egfO
eP ;f] ;a't k|df0f jf egfO k]z ug{ ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0fsf ;DaGwdf & lbg /
;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0fsf ;DaGwdf !% lbgsf] Dofb lbg' kb{5 . To:tf] Dofb ;f]
AolQmn] ;"rgf a'lemlnPsf] ldltaf6 u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 .
@^=%=@ s/ lgwf{/0fsf] ;"rgf
ljefun] s'g} AolQmsf] ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ lg0f{o u/]df ;f] AolQmsf] s/
lgwf{/0f ePsf] / lghsf] s/ bfloTo sfod ePsf] dflgG5 . To:t} ljefun] s'g}
AolQmsf] ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0f jf s/ lgwf{/0f jf ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0fdf cyf{t ;f]
AolQmsf] xfnsf] s/ bfloTjdf ;+zf]wg ug]{ lg0f{o u/]df ;f] AolQmsf] s/
lgwf{/0fdf ;+zf]wg jf ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0fdf ;+zf]wg ePsf] jf ;f] AolQmsf]
xfnsf] s/ bfloTjdf ;+zf]wg ePsf] dflgG5 . ljefun] To;/L s'g} AolQmsf] ;+zo
s/ lgwf{/0f u/]df jf s/ lgwf{/0fdf ;+zf]wg jf ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0fdf ;+zf]wg
u/]df ;f] AolQmnfO{ ;f] ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L u/fpg' kb{5 . o; ;DaGwdf P]gsf]
bkmf !)@ df b]xfosf] Aoa:yf 5 .
559

!)@

@^=^

ljefun] b]xfosf s'/fx? v'nfO{ bkmf !)) sf] pkbkmf -@_ cyjf !)!
adf]lhd u/]sf] s/ lgwf{/0fsf] lnlvt ;"rgf s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{
lbg' kg]{5 .
-s_ s/ lgwf{/0f;+u ;DalGwt cfo jif{ jf cjlwsf] nflu bkmf # sf] v08
-s_ / -v_ df plNnlvt JolQmn] bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ / bflvnf ug{ jfFsL
lgwf{l/t s/,
-v_ v08 -s_ df plNnlvt s/ lgwf{/0fdf s/ u0fgf ul/Psf] tl/sf,
-u_ ljefun] s/ lgwf{/0f ug'{ k/]sf] sf/0f,
-3_ bflvnf ug{ jfFsL lgwf{l/t s/ bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ ;do, /
-_ s/ lgwf{/0f pk/ lrQ ga'em]df ph"/L ug]{ ;do, :yfg / tl/sf .
;+zo s/ lgwf{/0f u/L s/ bfloTj sfod ul/Psf] jf ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f jf
;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0fdf k'gM ;+zf]wg u/L To;/L ;+zf]wg ug'{ cl3sf]] s/
bfloTjdf kl/jt{g ul/Psf] AolQmnfO{ ljefun] To:tf] ;+zf]wg jf kl/jt{gsf]
af/]df lnlvt ;"rgf lbg'kb{5 . ljefun] ;f] AolQmnfO{ lbg] jf lbg'kg]{ ;+zo s/
lgwf{/0f jf ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f jf k'gM ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0fsf] ;"rgfdf pk/f]Qm
adf]lhdsf] s'g} s/ lgwf{/0f cg';f/ ;f] JolQmn] bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ / bflvnf ug{
jfFsL s/, s/ u0fgf ul/Psf] tl/sf, s/ lgwf{/0f ug'{ k/]sf] sf/0f, bflvnf ug{
jfFsL s/ bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ ;do / pQm s/ lgwf{/0f pk/ lrQ ga'em]df ph"/L ug]{
;do, :yfg / tl/sf :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 . s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]
AolQmn] s/ lgwf{/0fsf] ;"rgf k|fKt gu/];Dd To:tf] s/ lgwf{/0fn] sfg"gL dfGotf
gkfpg'sf] ;fy} To:tf] s/ lgwf{/0faf6 >[hgf ePsf] s/ bfloTj ltg{ a'emfpg s/
lgwf{/0f ePsf] AolQm afWo x'+b}g .
s/ lgwf{/0fdf ;+zf]wg ug]{ jf ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0fdf k'gM ;+zf]wg ug'{kg]{ ;do
jf Dofb
ljefu jf sfof{non] s'g} AolQmsf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ jf k'gM ;+zf]lwt s/
lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;do;Ldfsf ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !)! sf] pkbkmf -#_ / -$_ n]
b]xfosf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
!)!-#_ ljefun] pkbkmf -!_ jf -@_ adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ b]xfosf] ldltn]
rf/ jif{leq ul/;Sg' kg]{5 M
-s_ bkmf (( adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf]df cfo ljj/0f k]z ug'{ kg]{
ldlt,
-v_ bkmf !)) sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]df s/
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ bkmf !)@ adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0fsf] ;"rgf
lbPsf] ldlt,
-u_ pkbkmf -!_ jf -@_ adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]df pkbkmf -!_
adf]lhd ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] ;flassf] s/ lgwf{/0f;+u ;DalGwt v08 s_ jf -v_ df plNnlvt ldlt .
!)!-$_ pkbkmf -#_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg hfn;fhLn] ubf{ s'g}
560

JolQmsf] s/ lgwf{/0f unt 9+ujf6 ePsf] /x]5 eg] h'g;'s} jvt ljefun]
To:tf] s/ lgwf{/0fdf ;+zf]wg ug{ ;Sg]5 . o;/L ;+zf]wg ubf{ hfn;fhL
u/L ljj/0f /fv]sf] jf s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf] Ps jif{leq
;+zf]wg ul/;Sg' kg]{5 .
P]gn] s'g} AolQmsf] cfjZostf cg';f/ ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f jf k'gM ;+zf]lwt s/
lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;Gbe{df ljefu jf sfof{nonfO{ oy]i7 clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . t/
ljefu jf sfof{non] s'g} AolQmsf] s'g} cfo aif{sf] cl;ldt ;do;Dd jf dg
nfu]sf] h'g;'s} ;dodf ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f jf k'gM ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ug{
P]gn] aGb]h nufPsf] 5 . P]gsf] pk/f]Qm k|fjwfg cg';f/ ;fdfGo cj:yfdf s'g}
AolQmsf] s'g} cfo aif{sf] s/ lgwf{/0f jf ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0fdf ;+zf]wg jf
;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0fdf k'gM ;+zf]wg ubf{ ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] jf ;f] AolQmn]
;f] cfo aif{sf] cfo laa/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ ldltn] rf/ aif{leq ul/;Sg' kb{5 . ;f]
cjlw leq ljefu jf sfof{non] s'g} AolQmsf] s'g} cfo aif{sf] ;+zf]lwt s/
lgwf{/0fdf cfjZoQmfg';f/ hltk6s klg k'gM ;+zf]wg ug{ ;Qm5 . hfn;fhL u/L
unt s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ AolQmsf xsdf pQm aGb]hnfO{ lgs} v's'nf] kfl/Psf] 5 .
@^=^=! cfo laa/0f k]z u/]sf] jf gu/]sf] AolQmsf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f jf k'gM ;+zf]lwt
s/ lgwf{/0f
P]gsf] bkmf (^ adf]lhd s'g} cfo aif{sf] cfo laa/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ ldltdf cfo
laa/0f k]z ul/ bkmf (( sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ;f] aif{sf] s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ jf
s'g} cfo aif{sf] cfo laa/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ ldltdf cfo laa/0f k]z gu/]sf] ePklg
bkmf (( sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd ;f] aif{sf] s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] dflgg] s'g}
AolQmsf] To:tf] s/ lgwf{/0fdf ljefun] ;+zf]wg ug'{kbf{ s'g} AolQmn] s'g} cfo
aif{sf] cfo laa/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ ldlt -cyf{t h'g cfo aif{sf] cfo laa/0f k]z
ug'{kg]{ xf] ;f] cfo aif{ eGbf k5fl8sf] cfo aif{sf] c;f]h d;fGt_ n] rf/ aif{ leq
ul/;Sg' kb{5 . o; k|of]hgsf] nflu laa/0f k]z ug{ Dofb yk lnPsf] AolQmsf]
xsdf klg rf/ aif{sf] Dofb u0fgf ubf{ Dofb yk lnPsf] cjlwnfO{ u0fgf ug{
ldNb}g .

561

pbfx/0f @^=^=!M dfgf}+, tn pNn]lvt AolQmx?n] cf=a= @)^$.^% sf] cfo

laa/0f lgDgfg';f/ a'emfPsf /x]5g\ .
x/L k|;fbn] cf=a= @)^$.^% sf] cfo laa/0f @)^% c;f]h d;fGtdf
a'emfPsf /x]5g\ .
lbg]z ld>n] @)^$.^% sf] cfo laa/0f a'emfpg @)^% d+l;/ #) ;Ddsf]
Dofb yk kfPsf /x]5g\ / ;f]lx ldltdf cfo laa/0f a'emfPdf /x]5g\ .
uf]laGb kl08tn] cf=a= @)^$.^% sf] cfo laa/0f @)^% kf}if @) ut]
a'emfPsf /x]5g\ t/ laa/0f a'emfpg] Dofb yk lnPsf /x]g5g\ .
x]dGt uf]vf{nLn] cf=a=@)^$.^% sf] laa/0f @)^^ sflt{s @ ut] a'emfPsf
/x]5g\ . pgn] ;f] laa/0f a'emfpg @)^% kf}if d;fGt ;Ddsf] Dofb yk
kfPsf /x]5g\ .
dgf]h zdf{n] cf=a= @)^$.^% sf] cfo laa/0f a'emfPsf /x]g5g\ .
pk/f]Qm AolQmx?n] cfkm\gf] cf=a= @)^$.^% sf] cfo laa/0f ;dod} a'emfPklg,
yk Dofbleq a'emfPklg, ;dod} ga'emfPklg jf yk Dofbleq ga'emfPklg jf
a'emfpb} ga'emfPklg tL ;a} AolQmn] cf=a=@)^$.^% sf] cfo laa/0f a'emfpg'kg]{
jf k]z ug'{kg]{ ldlt eg]sf] @)^% c;f]h d;fGtg} xf] . laefu jf sfof{non]
;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f jf k'gM ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ @)^( c;f]h d;fGt
leq u/L ;Sg' kb{5 .
pbfx/0f @^=^=@M dfgf}+, g]Kr"g O{G6/g]zgn k|f=ln= sf] %) k|ltzt :jfldTj
@)^$.!!.!) df kl/at{g ePsf] /x]5 . ;f] lgsfon]] P]gsf] bkmf %& adf]lhd
:jfldTj kl/at{g cl3sf] laa/0f k]z u/]sf] /x]g5 / cf=a= @)^$.^% sf]
Psd'i7 cfo laa/0f @)^% efb| % ut] a'emfPsf] /x]5
pQm lgsfosf] @)^$.!!.!) ut] :jfldTj kl/jt{g ePsf]n] P]gsf] bkmf %& sf]
k|of]hgsf] nflu To:tf] lgsfosf] :jfldTj kl/jt{g cl3sf] efu cyf{t\ @)^$.$.!
b]lv @)^$.!!.!) ;Ddsf] cawL Pp6f cfo aif{ x'G5 / ;f] cfo aif{sf] cfo
laa/0f Dofb yk glnPsf] ca:yfdf @)^$.@.!) leq a'emfpg' kb{5 . Pa+
:jfldTj kl/jt{g kl5sf] efu cyf{t\ @)^$.!!.!! b]lv @)^$ cfiff9 d;fGt
;Dd csf]{ cfo aif{ x'G5 / ;f] kl5Nnf] cfo aif{sf] cfo laa/0f @)^% c;f]h
d;fGt leq a'emfpg' kb{5 . o; ca:yfdf laefun] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f jf k'gM
;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ :jfldTj kl/at{g cl3sf] cfo aif{sf] @)^*.@.!) leq
tyf :jfldTj kl/at{g kl5sf] cfo aif{sf] @)^( c;f]h d;fGt leq u/L ;Sg'
kb{5 .
@^=^=@ ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] AolQmsf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f jf k'gM ;+zf]lwt s/
lgwf{/0f
ljefun] s'g} AolQmsf] P]gsf] bkmf !)) sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd u/]sf] ;+zo s/
lgwf{/0fdf klg ;+zf]wg jf k'gM ;+zf]wg ug{ ;Qm5 . ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf]
AolQmsf] ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0fdf ;+zf]wg jf k'gM ;+zf]wg ubf{ ;f] JolQmnfO{ bkmf
!)@ adf]lhd ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0fsf] ;"rgf lbPsf] ldltn] rf/ aif{ leq ul/;Sg'
kb{5 .
562

pbfx/0f @^=^=#M dfgf}+, ldu HofS;g a]nfotL gful/s x'g\ / plg laut bz
aif{b]lv g]kfndf Joj;fo ;+rfng ul//x]sf /x]5g\ . 3/fo;L sf/0fn] plg
a]nfot kms{g'kg]{ ePsf]n] pgn] @)^^ kf}if dlxgfdf g]kfnsf] cfkm\gf] Joj;fo
aGb u/] . s'g} ;'qaf6 ljefun] ;f] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L kfof] / pgnfO{ @)^^ >fj0f
dlxgf b]lv @)^^ kf}if dlxgf ;Ddsf] cfo laa/0f @)^^ df3 d;fGtleq k]z
ug{ @)^^ df3 @ ut] lghnfO{ ;"rgf hf/L ul/of] . t/ pgn] ;f] ;"rgfsf]
a]jf:tf ub}{ cfo laa/0f bflvnf u/]gg\ . sfof{noaf6 tTsfn pknAw k|df0f /
;"rgfsf] cfwf/df @)^^ kmfNu'0f !% ut] lghsf] cf=a= @)^^.^& sf] >fj0f b]lv
kf}if ;Ddsf nflu ? b'O{ nfv s/ bfloTj sfod ub}{ ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0f ul/of] /
@)^^ kmfNu'0f @) ut] lghnfO{ P]gsf] bkmf !)@ adf]lhd ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0fsf]
;"rgf a'emfOof] . o; cj:yfdf ldu HofS;gsf] sfof{non] u/]sf] pQm ;+zo s/
lgwf{/0fdf ;+zf]wg jf k'gM ;+zf]wg ug'{k/]df @)^^ kmfNu'0f @) ut]sf] ldltn]
rf/ aif{leq cyf{t @)&) kmfNu'0f @) leq ul/;Sg' kb{5 .
@^=^=# hfn;fhLaf6 s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] AolQmsf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f jf k'gM ;+zf]lwt
s/ lgwf{/0f
s'g} AolQmn] hfn;fhL u/L s/ lgwf{/0f u/]df s/ clws[tn] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f
ug{ rf/ aif{sf] ;do l;df nfu' gx'g] / hfn;fhLsf] ;"rgf hlxn] k|fKt u/]sf]
ePtfklg ;f] ;"rgf kfPsf] ldltn] Ps aif{ leq s/ lgwf{/0f ug'{ kb{5 .
;fdfGotofM s'g} AolQmn] P]gsf] k|of]hgsf nflu tof/ u/]sf] jf clen]v /fv]sf]
jf ljefu jf sfof{nodf k]z u/]sf] s'g} laa/0f jf sfuhft jf ;"rgf jf askq
jf lgj]bgdf hfgLhfgL jf unt dg;fon] s'g} unt tYo pNn]v u/]df jf
hfgLhfgL pNn]v ug'{kg]{ s'g} tYo pNn]v gu/]df jf hfgLhfgL lst]{ sfuhft
v8f u/]df jf k]z u/]df ;f] AolQmn] hfn;fhL u/]sf] dflgG5 . s'g} AolQmn]
hfgLhfgL pNn]lvtdWo] s'g} Ps jf a9L tl/sf jf hfn;fhL dflgg] cGo s'g}
tl/sfaf6 s'g} cfo aif{sf] s/ bfloTjdf sld x'g] u/L s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] k|dfl0ft
x'g] s'g} hfgsf/L jf ;"rgf jf sfuhft jf k|df0f km]nf k/]df ljefun] To:tf]
hfgsf/L k|fKt u/]sf] Ps aif{leq ;f] AolQmsf] ;f] aif{sf] s/ lgwf{/0fdf ;+zf]wg
jf ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0fdf k'gM ;+zf]wg ug'{kb{5 .
@^=& dxflgb]{zs jf /fh:j Gofoflws/0f jf cGo s'g} cbfntsf] cfb]z adf]lhd s/
lgwf{/0fdf k'gM ;+zf]wg
P]g adf]lhd ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0f jf ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f jf ;+zf]lwt s/
lgwf{/0fdf k'gM ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] s'g} AolQmnfO{ ljefun] u/]sf] lg0f{o jf s/
lgwf{/0f pk/ lrQ ga'em]df ;f] AolQmn] P]g adf]lhd ljefusf] dxflgb]{zs ;dIf
;f] lg0f{osf la?4 k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg kfp5 . s'g}
AolQmn] k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg adf]lhd ePsf] lg0f{odf lrQ ga'em]df
jf ljefun] To:tf] lgj]bgdf ^) lbg leq lg0f{o glbPdf ;f] la?4 /fh:j
Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg lbg kfp5 . To:t} s'g} AolQmn] u/]sf] k'g/fj]bgdf
/fh:j Gofoflws/0fn] u/]sf] km};nf lrQ ga'em]df ;af]{Rr cbfntsf] cg'dlt lnO
;f] km};nf la?4 k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;d]t kfp5 . o;/L s'g} AolQmn] lbPsf] lgj]bg
/fh:j Gofoflws/0f jf cbfntn] u/]sf] s'g} lg0f{o clGtd eO a;]sf] cyf{t
563

To:tf] lg0f{o s'g} cbfntsf] larf/flwg g/x]sf] / larf/flwg x'g;Sg] cj:yf klg
gePsf] ePdf / ;f] lg0f{o cg';f/ s'g} AolQmsf] s'g} aif{sf] ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0fdf
;+zf]wg jf ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0fdf k'gM ;+zf]wg ug'{kg]{ ePdf ljefun] h'g;'s}
;dodf To:tf] ;+zf]wg ug{ ;Qm5 . t/ To:tf] lg0f{o cg';f/ ug'{kg]{ ;+zf]wg ;f]
lg0f{osf] k|ltlnkL k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] Ps aif{leq ul/;Sg' kb{5 .

564

kl/R5]b @&
s/sf] e'QmfgL
(Payment of Tax)

@&=!

s/bftfn] ltg'kg]{ s/ ;dodf ltg]{ jftfj/0fsf] >[hgf ug{ s/ ltg]{ k|s[ofnfO{

;/n / :ki6 ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . oxL cfjZostfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L P]gsf] kl/R5]b
!^ / lgodfjnLsf] kl/R5]b & n] P]g adf]lhd s/ ltg'{kg]{ st{Ao ePsf] AolQmn]
ltg'{kg]{ s/, ltg]{ :yfg, To:tf] s/ ltg]{ tl/sf / ;dosf] ;DaGwdf cfjZos
sfg"gL Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 . cfos/ lgb]{lzsfsf] o; kl/R5]bn] ltg} Aoa:yfx?nfO{
yk :ki6 kfg]{ p2]Zo /fv]sf]5 .
@&=@ s/ ltg'{kg]{ st{Ao ePsf] AolQm
P]gn] h'g AolQmnfO{ s/ nufpg] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 To:tf AolQmnfO{ g} s/ ltg'{kg]{
st{Ao ePsf] AolQm elgG5 . P]gsf] bkmf # df s/ nufpg] AolQmsf ;DaGwdf
lgDgfg';f/ Aoa:yf u/LPsf] 5 .
b]xfosf k|To]s JolStnfO{ k|To]s cfo jif{df o; P]g adf]lhd s/ nufO{
c;"npk/ u/Lg]5 M
-s_ s'g} cfo jif{df s/of]Uo cfo ePsf] JolSt,
-v_ bkmf ^* sf] pkbkmf -#_ / -$_ adf]lhd s'g} cfo jif{sf] cfo ljb]zdf
k7fpg] u}/ afl;Gbf JolStsf] g]kfndf cjl:yt ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkg, /
-u_ s'g} cfo jif{df clGtd ?kdf s/ sL eO{ e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ JolQm .
@&=@=! P]g adf]lhd s/ nfUg] cfo ePsf] AolQmM
s'g} cfo aif{df P]gsf] bkmf !) adf]lhd s/5'6 (Exemption) ePsf] jf bkmf !!
adf]lhd s/ ;'lawf (Concession) ePsf] cfo afx]s s'g} Joj;fo, /f]huf/L /
nufgLaf6 ePsf] cfodf s/ nfUg] x'+bf tL cfonfO{ s/ nfUg] cfo elgG5 eg]
To:tf] cfo ePsf] AolQmnfO{ s/ nfUg] cfo ePsf] AolQm elgG5 . s'g} AolQmn]
s'g} Joj;fo, /f]huf/L / nufgLaf6 lghnfO{ ePsf] cfodWo] s/5'6 x'g] cfo
afx]s cGo cfodf s/ ltg'{kg]{ x'+bf To:tf] AolQmnfO{ s/ ltg'{kg]{ st{Ao ePsf]
AolQm elgG5 .
@&=@=@ s'g} cfo aif{sf] cfo ljb]z k7fpg] u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQmsf] g]kfndf cjl:yt ljb]zL
:yfoL ;+:yfkgM
g]kfn l:yt ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkg eGgfn] s'g} u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQm -;fem]bf/L jf
sDkgL jf 6i6_ sf] g]kfndf /x]sf] Ph]G6n] Joj;fo ug]{ :yfg, To:tf] AolQmsf]
d'Vo pks/0f jf d]lzg/L g]kfndf h8fg ul/Psf] :yfg, To:tf] AolQmn] g]kfnleq
afx| dlxgfdf Ps}k6s jf k6s k6s u/L gAa] lbgeGbf a9L ;]jf k|bfg u/]sf]
:yfg, To:tf] AolQmn] g]kfnleq gAa] lbgeGbf a9L ;do lgdf{0f, h8fg jf
:yfkgfsf] sfo{ u/]sf] jf ;f] ;DalGw ;]jf k|bfg u/]sf] :yfg nufot To:tf]
AolQmn] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf s'g} Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ :yfgnfO{ hgfp+5 . ;/n
565

?kdf eGg] xf] eg] s'g} u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQmn] cfkm\gf] Joj;fosf] cleGg c+usf]
?kdf cfkm\g} nufgLdf cfkm}+ jf cGo s'g} AolQmdfkm{t g]kfnleq s'g} a:t' jf
;]jfsf] Aoj;flos sf/f]jf/ ug]{ jf laqmL kl5sf] ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zon] :yfkgf
jf ;+rfng u/]sf] pTkfbg:yn, sfof{no, zfvf, laqmL jf ;]jf s]Gb|, Ph]G;L,
cfof]hgf cflb g]kfnl:yt lab]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkg x'g\ . o:tf ;+:yfkgn] g]kfndf
s'g} Joj;fo ;+rfng u/L s'g} cfo cfh{g u/]df / ;f] cfosf] s'g} c+z lab]z
k7fPdf To;/L lab]z k7fPsf] /sddf P]gsf] cg';"rL ! sf] bkmf @ sf] pkbkmf ^_ cg';f/ % k|ltztn] s/ nfUg] x'+bf s'g} cfo aif{sf] cfo ljb]z k7fpg] u}/
jfl;Gbf AolQmsf] g]kfnl:yt ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgnfO{ s/ ltg'{kg]{ st{Ao ePsf]
AolQm elgG5 .
@&=@=$ s'g} cfo aif{df clGtd ?kdf s/sL eO{ e"QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ AolQmM
P]gsf] bkmf *&, **, **s / *( adf]lhd kfl/>ldssf] e"QmfgL ubf{ s/sL ug]{
/f]huf/bftf, nufgL k|ltkmn, ;]jf z'Ns, laqmL af]g;sf] e"QmfgL lbbf s/sL ug]{
e"QmfgLstf{, cjsfz e"QmfgLdf s/sL ug]{ cjsfz sf]if jf /f]huf/bftf, 7]Ssf
jf s/f/ jfktsf] e"QmfgL / jLdf lk|ldod jfkt u}/ jfl;GbfnfO{ e"QmfgL lbbf
s/sL ug]{ e"QmfgLstf{nfO{ e'QmfgLdf s/sL ug]{ AolQm elgG5 . To:t}, sdf]l86L
ahf/sf] ;+rfns, lwtf]kqsf] lg;u{af6 ePsf] nfedf clu|d s/ k|fKt ug]{ lgsfo
/ 3/hUuf jf 3/ jf hUufsf] lg;u{af6 ePsf] nfedf clu|d s/ k|fKt ug]{
;DalGwt dfnkf]t sfof{nonfO{ s/sf] e'QmfgL lng] AolQm eP klg o; k|of]hgsf]
nflu clu|d s/ c;'n ug'{ kg]{ AolQm elgG5 . e'QmfgLdf s/sL ug]{ AolQmaf6
cfkm"n] k|fKt ug'{kg]{ /sdaf6 clu|d s/sf] /sd s6fO{ afFls /sd jf nfesf]
/sd k|fKt ug]{ AolQmnfO{ s/sL x'g] AolQm elgG5 . e'QmfgLdf s/sL u/L
e"Qmfg u/LPsf] jf k|fKt u/LPsf] /sddWo] jfl;Gbf sDkgLaf6 k|fKt nfef+z,
k|fs[lts AolQmsf] axfn cfo, hLjg jLdf jfkt k|fKt /sd, cjsfz e"QmfgL
jfkt k|fKt /sd, a}+s jf lalQo ;+:yfaf6 k|fKt Aofh, u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQmn] k|fKt
u/]sf] e"QmfgL, a}7s eQf / k6s] cWofkg u/] jfkt k|fKt /sdnfO{ clGtd ?kdf
s/sL x'g] e"QmfgL dflgPsf] 5 . s'g} AolQmn] s/sL u/L k|fKt u/]sf] pk/f]Qm
cfo jf /sddf sL ePsf] s/ ;DalGwt sfof{nodf bflvnf ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f]
AolQmn] cfodf nfUg] s/ r'Qmf u/]sf] dflgg] eO ;f] cfo jfkt yk s/ ltg'{gkg]{
/ sL u/LPsf] s/ lkmtf{ jf cGo ltg'{kg]{ s/df ldnfg ug{ gkfOg] x'+bf tL cfo
jf /sd jf e"QmfgLnfO{ clGtd ?kdf s/sL x'g] e"QmfgL elgPsf] xf] . o;/L
clGtd ?kdf s/sL x'g] cfo k|fKt ug]{ AolQmnfO{ g} clGtd ?kdf s/sL eO
e"QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ AolQm elgG5 . o:tf] AolQmn] k|fKt ug]{ cfodf ;f] cfo jfktsf]
/sd e"QmfgL ug]{ AolQmn] e"QmfgL ubf{s} cj:yfdf s/sL ug]{ / To;/L sL
ul/Psf] s/ s/sL x'g] AolQmn] ;f] cfo jfkt ltg'{kg]{ s/ clGtd x'g] xF'bf To:tf
AolQmnfO{ s/ ltg'{kg]{ st{Ao ePsf] AolQm dflgPsf] xf] .
@&=@=% clu|d s/ c;'n ug'{ kg]{ JolQm
P]gsf] bkmf (%s adf]lhd sdf]l86L ahf/sf] ;+rfng ug]{ JolQmn] ;f] Joj;fo
ug]{ JolQmsf] d'gfkmf / nfe, lwtf]kqsf] lg;u{af6 ePsf] nfedf s/sL k|fKt ug]{
lgsfo / 3/hUuf jf 3/ jf hUufsf] lg;u{af6 ePsf] nfedf s/sL k|fKt ug]{
;DalGwt dfnkf]t sfof{nonfO{ clu|d s/ c;'n ug'{ kg]{ AolQm elgG5 . clu|d
s/ c;'n ug'{ kg]{ AolQmn] ;f] bkmfdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd sf/f]jf/df nfe k|fKt

566

ug]{ AolQmaf6 clu|d s/sf] /sd c;'n u/L bflvnf ug'{ kb{5 .
@&=@=^ s/ a'emfpg' kg]{ bfloTj ePsf cGo AolQm
P]gsf] kl/R5]b @) n] u/]sf] s/ ;+sng ;DaGwL Aoa:yf adf]lhdsf] s'g} AolQmn]
cfkm"n] ltg'{ a'emfpg'kg]{ s/ /sd ga'emfPdf To:tf] AolQmn] a'emfpg af+ls s/
a/fa/sf] /sd b]xfosf AolQmaf6 cz'n pk/ ul/g] k|aGw ul/Psf] x'+bf tL
AolQmnfO{ ;d]t P]gsf] k|of]hgsf nflu s/ ltg'{kg]{ st{Ao ePsf] AolQm
dfGg'kb{5 .
s_ lgsfosf clws[t sd{rf/L
P]gsf] bkmf !)& sf] pkbkmf -@_ n] s/ a'emfpg'kg]{ ;dodf s/ ga'emfpg]
lgsfosf axfnjfnf jf 5 dlxgf cl3;Dd ;f] lgsfodf axfn /x]sf] clws[t
cyf{t ;f] lgsfosf] Aoa:yfks jf ;f] ;/xsf] x}l;otn] sfo{ u/L/x]sf] Ps jf
;f]eGbf a9L AolQm lgsfon] ga'emfPsf] s/ a/fa/sf] /sd a'emfpg lhDd]jf/ x'g]
Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} tL AolQmn] a'emfpg'kg]{ /sdnfO{ s/sf] ?kdf kl/eflift
ul/Psf] x'+bf s/ ga'emfpg] lgsfosf axfnjfnf jf 5 dlxgf cl3;Dd ;f]
lgsfodf axfn /x]sf] clws[tnfO{ klg o; P]gsf] k|of]hgsf nflu s/ ltg'{kg]{
st{Ao ePsf] AolQm dfGg'kb{5 .
v_ k|fks
P]gsf] bkmf !)* n] s'g} AolQmn] a'emfpg af+ls /x]sf] s/ ;f] AolQmsf] ;DklQsf]
k|fks cyf{t ;f] AolQmsf] lnlSj8]6/, ;f] AolQmsf] s'g} ;DklQsf] Aoa:yfkg ug{
k|fkssf] ?kdf cbfnt aflx/af6 jf cbfntaf6 lgo'Qm JolQm, ;f] AolQmsf] s'g}
;DklQ jGwsL lnO{ sJhfdf /fVg] JolQm, d[ts k|fs[lts JolQmsf] xsdf lghsf]
;DklQsf] k|ToIf xsjfnf, k|zf;s jf bfdsfd ug]{ JolQm jf c;Ifd k|fs[lts
JolQmsf] xsdf lghsf] sfd sf/jfxL u/Llbg] s'g} JolQmnfO{ ljefun] lbPsf]
;"rgfdf pNn]lvt /sddWo] ;f] AolQmn] s/ aSof}tf /x]sf] AolQmsf] ;DklQ laqmL
u/L k|fKt /sdn] vfd]sf] xb;Ddsf] /sd ;f]lx ;"rgfdf pNn]lvt ldlt;Dddf
bflvnf ug'{kb{5 . k|fksn] cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt ;"rgf adf]lhd s/ bflvnf gu/]df
To:tf] /sd k|fksaf6} cz'n pk/ ug]{ Aoa:yf 5 . olx Aoa:yfsf] sf/0fn]
k|fksnfO{ s/ ltg'{kg]{ st{Ao ePsf] AolQm dfGg'kb{5 .
u_
s/ a'emfpg af+ls /x]sf] AolQmnfO{ /sd a'emfpg' kg]{ JolQm
P]gsf] bkmf !)( n] s/ a'emfpg af+ls /x]sf] AolQmn] a'emfpg af+ls s/sf]
xb;Ddsf]] /sd ;f] JolQmnfO{ /sd a'emfpg' kg]{ JolQm, ;f] JolQmsf] nflu jf
lghsf] tkm{af6 b|Ao /fVg] JolQm, ;f] JolQmnfO{ a'emfpg] u/L s'g} t];|f] JolQmsf]
tkm{jf6 b|Ao /fVg] JolQm jf t];|f] kIfaf6 ;f] b|Ao s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmnfO{
a'emfpg] clVtof/L kfPsf] JolQmnfO{ To:tf] /sd a'emfpg laefu jf sfof{non]
cfb]z lbg;Sg] Aoa:yf u/]sf] x'+bf s/ a'emfpg af+ls /x]sf] AolQmsf] a'emfpg
af+ls s/ /sd a'emfpg cfb]z kfPsf] AolQmnfO{ klg s/ ltg'{kg]{ st{Ao ePsf]
AolQm dfGg'kb{5 .
3_ u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmsf] Ph]G6
P]gsf] bkmf !!) n] s/ a'emfpg af+ls /x]sf] u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQmn] a'emfpg af+ls
567

/x]sf] s/sf] xb;Ddsf]] /sd a'emfpg ;f] JolQmsf] s'g} ;DklQ cfkm\gf] sAhfdf
/fVg] AolQm jf Ph]G6nfO{ laefun] cfb]z lbg ;Sg] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 . To:tf]
cfb]z kfPsf] u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQmsf] s'g} ;DklQ cfkm\gf] sAhfdf /fVg] AolQm jf
Ph]G6nfO{ klg s/ ltg'{kg]{ st{Ao ePsf] AolQm dfGg'kb{5 .
_
e'QmfgLdf s/sL ug]{ AolQm (Withholding Agent)
kfl/>ldssf] e"QmfgLdf /f]huf/bftfn], nufgL k|ltkmn, ;]jf z'Ns, laqmL af]g;sf]
e"QmfgLdf To:tf] /sdsf] e"QmfgLstf{n], cjsfz e"QmfgLdf cjsfz sf]if jf
/f]huf/bftfn], 7]Ssf jf s/f/ jfktsf] e"QmfgL / jLdf lk|ldod jfkt u}/
jfl;GbfnfO{ lbOg] e"QmfgLdf To:tf] /sdsf] e"QmfgLstf{nfO{ s/sL ug]{ AolQm
elgG5 . clu|d s/sL u/L s/sL ul/Psf] /sd / ;f]sf] laa/0f ;DalGwt
cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, s/bftf ;]jf sfof{no jf 7"nf s/bftf sfof{nodf
a'emfpg'kg]{ Aoa:yf P]gsf] bkmf *&, **, **s, *( / () n] u/]sf] 5 . P]gn]
clu|d s/sL u/LPsf] jf u/Lg'kg]{ /sdnfO{ klg s/sf] ?kdf kl/eflift u/]sf]
x'+bf clu|d s/sL ug]{ bfloTj ePsf pNn]lvt AolQm jf lgsfox?nfO{ klg s/
ltg'{kg]{ st{Ao ePsf] AolQm dfGg'kb{5 .
r_ clu|d s/ c;'n ug]{ AolQm
sdf]l86L ahf/sf] ;+rfng ug]{ JolQmn] ;f] ahf/df sf/f]jf/ u/]sf JolQmsf]
d'gfkmf / nfedf tyf lwtf]kqsf] lg;u{af6 ePsf] nfedf s/sL k|fKt ug]{
lwtf]kq lalgdo ahf/ jf h'g lgsfosf] lwtf]kq lg;u{ ePsf] xf] ;f] lgsfo /
3/hUuf jf 3/ jf hUufsf] lg;u{af6 ePsf] nfedf s/sL k|fKt ug]{ ;DalGwt
dfnkf]t sfof{nonfO{ clu|d s/ c;'n ug]{ JolQm elgG5 . clu|d s/ c;'n u/L
;f]] /sd / ;f]sf] laa/0f ;DalGwt cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf a'emfpg'kg]{
Aoa:yf P]gsf] bkmf (%s n] u/]sf] 5 . P]gn] clu|d s/ c;'n ul/Psf] jf
ul/g'kg]{ /sdnfO{ klg s/sf] ?kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] x'+bf clu|d s/ c;'n ug]{
bfloTj ePsf pNn]lvt AolQm jf lgsfox?nfO{ klg s/ ltg'{kg]{ st{Ao ePsf]
AolQm dfGg'kb{5 .
5_ clu|d s/sL x'g] AolQm (Withholdee)
kfl/>lds, nufgL k|ltkmn, ;]jf z'Ns, laqmL af]g;, cjsfz e"QmfgL, 7]Ssf jf
s/f/ jfktsf] /sd, jLdf lk|ldod jfkt /sd k|fKt ug]{ u}/ jfl;Gbf, lwtf]kqsf]
lg;u{af6 ePsf] nfe / 3/hUuf jf hUufsf] lg;u{af6 ePsf] nfe h:tf /sd
e"QmfgL ubf{ e"QmfgLstf{n] clu|d s/sL ug'{kb{5 . To;}n] o:tf /sd k|fKt ug]{
AolQmnfO{ clu|d s/sL x'g] AolQm elgG5 . clu|d s/sL ug'{kg]{ AolQmn] To:tf]
/sdsf] e"QmfgL ubf{ s/sL gu/]df jf s/sL u/]klg s/sL u/]sf] /sd
sfof{nodf bflvnf gu/]df s/sL gu/]sf] cj:yfdf s/sL u/]sf] dflgg] /sd /
s/sL u/]sf] /sd sfof{nodf bflvnf gu/]sf] cj:yfdf To;/L bflvnf gu/]sf]
s/ /sd sfof{nodf a'emfpg'kg]{ bfloTj s/sL x'g] AolQmdf ;d]t /xg] Aoa:yf
P]gsf] bkmf () n] u/]sf] 5 . P]gn] clu|d s/sL u/LPsf] jf u/Lg'kg]{ /sdnfO{
klg s/sf] ?kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] / clu|d s/sL ug'{kg]{ AolQmn] clu|d s/sL
ug'{kg]{ /sdsf] e"QmfgL ubf{ s/sL gu/]df s/sL u/]sf] dflgg] /sd / s/sL
u/]klg s/sL u/]sf] /sd sfof{nodf bflvnf gu/]df bflvnf gu/]sf] /sd
sfof{nodf a'emfpg' kg]{ bfloTj s/sL x'g] AolQmdf ;d]t /xg] x'+bf clu|d s/
568

@&=#

sL eO e"QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ AolQmnfO{ klg s/ ltg'{kg]{ st{Ao ePsf] AolQm

dfGg'kb{5 .
ltg'{kg]{ s/M
;fdfGotofM ltg'kg]{ s/ eg]sf] s/ nfUg] cfo ePsf] AolQm, s'g} cfo aif{sf] cfo
ljb]z k7fpg] u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQmsf] g]kfnl:yt ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkg / s'g} cfo
aif{df clGtd ?kdf s/sL eO e"QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ AolQmn] P]g adf]lhd ltg'{
a'emfpg'kg]{ s/ g} xf] . P]gsf bkmf @ sf] v08 -9_ df s/ nfO{ lgDgfg';f/
kl/eflift u/]sf]5 .
@-9_

s/eGgfn] o; P]g adf]lhd nfUg] s/ ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] b]xfo

adf]lhdsf e'QmfgLnfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 M
-!_ s/ jSof}tf /x]sf] JolQmsf] ;DklQsf ;DaGwdf bfaL / lnnfd laqmL
afkt laefun] u/]sf bkmf !)$ sf] pkbkmf -*_ sf] v08 -s_ df
plNnlvt vr{x?,
-@_ clu|d s/ s6[L ug]{ JolQm jf s/ sL x'g] JolQmn] bkmf () adf]lhd
a'emfpg' kg]{ /sd jf ls:tfaGbLdf bflvnf ug]{ JolStn] bkmf ($
adf]lhd a'emfpg' kg]{ /sd jf clu|d s/ bflvnf ug'{kg]{ JolQmn]
bkmf (%s adf]lhd a'emfpg' kg]{ /sd jf bkmf ((, !)) / !)!
adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f eP cg';f/ a'emfpg' kg]{ /sd,
-#_ bkmf !)& sf] pkbkmf -@_, bkmf !)* sf] pkbkmf -#_jf -$_, bkmf
!)( sf] pkbkmf -!_ / bkmf !!) sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd t];|f]
kIfsf] s/ bfloTjsf] ;DaGwdf ljefunfO{ a'emfpg' kg]{] /sd,
-$_ z'Ns tyf Jofh afkt a'emfpg' kg]{ kl/R5]b@@ adf]lhdsf] /sd, /
-%_ laefun] cfb]z lbP adf]lhd bflvnf ug{'{ bkmf !@( adf]lhdsf]
hl/jfgf /sd .
cfos/ P]gsf] pk/f]Qm Aoa:yf adf]lhd ltg'{kg]{ s/ eGgfn] b]xfosf] /sdnfO{
hgfp5 .
!= P]gsf] bkmf (^ adf]lhd cfo laa/0f a'emfPsf] AolQmn] bkmf (( adf]lhd
s/ lgwf{/0f u/] cg';f/ ltg{' kg]{ /sdM
of] P]g :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0fsf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t 5 . P]g adf]lhd s/ ltg'{
kg]{ st{Ao ePsf] AolQmn] cfk\mgf] s/ bfloTjsf] lgwf{/0f ;j{k|yd cfkm}+
ub{5 . olx l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df P]gsf] bkmf (^ adf]lhd cfo laa/0f
a'emfpg'kg]{ s/bftf cyf{t s/ ltg'{kg]{ st{Ao ePsf] AolQmdWo] s'g} cfo
jif{df s/ ltg'{ gkg]{ JolQm jf s'g} cfo jif{df clGtd ?kdf s/ s6[L eO{
e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ JolQm jf s'g}] cfo jif{df Pp6f ;dodf Pp6} afl;Gbf
/f]huf/bftfaf6 kfl/>lds k|fKt ug]{ k|fs[lts AolQm jf ;jf/L;fwgsf] wgL
k|fs[lts JolQm afx]s cGo s'g} s/bftfn] s'g} cfo jif{df lghn] ltg'{ kg]{
s/sf] hDdf /sd / pQm jif{sf] lghn] ltg{ jfFsL s/sf] /sd pNn]v u/L
cfo ljj/0f k]z u/]df ;f] s/bftfn] cfk\mgf] ;f] aif{sf] s/lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
569

@=

#=

dfGg'kb{5 . cfo laa/0f k]z u/]sf] AolQmn] ;f] cfojif{sf] lghn] ltg{ jfFsL
s/sf] /sd eGgfn] cfo laa/0f adf]lhd lghn] ltg'{kg]{ hDDff /sddf
lghn] ;f] jif{sf] nflu ls:tfaGbLdf bflvnf u/]sf] s'g} s/ eP ;f] /sd /
lghn] s'g} cGo AolQmaf6 e"QmfgL k|fKt ubf{ s/sL ePsf] eP ;f] s/sf]
/sd 36fp+bf af+ls x'g cfpg] /sdnfO{ hgfp+5 / To;/L ltg{ af+ls
/sdnfO{ ltg'{kg]{ s/ elgG5 . t/ s'g} AolQmn] s'g} cfo aif{sf] cfo laa/0f
k]z gu/]df lghn] P]gsf] bkmf (( adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] / ;f] s/
lgwf{/0f adf]lhd a'emfpg' kg]{ s/ a'emfPsf] dfGg' kb{5 tyf ;f] cfo aif{sf]
nflu lghn] u/]sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cg';f/ lghn] s'g} s/ /sd ltg{ af+ls
ePsf] dflgb}g .
P]g adf]lhd ls:tfaGbLdf s/ a'emfpg'kg]{ AolQmn] ls:tfaGbLdf a'emfpg'
kg]{ s/ /sdM
P]gsf] bkmf ($ adf]lhd s'g} cfo aif{df s'g} Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 cfo
cfh{g ug]{ AolQmn]] ;f] cfo aif{df a'emfpg' kg]{ cg'dflgt s/ tLg ls:tfdf
a'emfpg' kb{5 . a'emfpg' kg]{ hDdf cg'dflgt s/dWo] klxnf] ls:tfdf
rfnL; k|ltzt /sd, bf]>f] ls:tf;Dddf ;Q/L k|ltzt /sd / t]>f]
ls:tf;Dddf ;o k|ltzt /sd a'emfO;Sg' kb{5 . o;/L a'emfOg] s/
/sdnfO{ ls:tfaGbL s/ elgG5 . ls:tfaGbLdf a'emfpg'kg]{ s/ eGgfn]
ls:tf a'emfpg'kg]{ cjlwsf] cg'dflgt s/df ;f] ls:tf bflvnf ug'{ eGbf
cufl8sf] cGo s'g} ls:tfaf6 ;f] cfo jif{df bflvnf u/]sf] s/ /sd / ;f]
ls:tf bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ ldlt cufl8 ;f] s/bftfsf] ;f] aif{sf] cfo u0fgf
ubf{ ;dfj]z x'g] e'QmfgLx?df sL ePsf] s/ /sd s6fpbf af+ls x'g cfpg]
/sdnfO{ a'emfp+5 / To;/L a'emfpg'kg]{ /sdnfO{ ltg'{kg]{ s/ elgG5 . t/
tLgj6} ls:tfsf] hDdf /sd kf+r xhf/ ?k}ofFeGbf sd x'g] s/bftfn] ls:tf
jfktsf] /sd a'emfpg' kb}{g / To:tf] s/bftfsf] ls:tfaGbL jfkt s/ ltg'{
kb}{g .
s'g} s/bftfn] s'g} cfo aif{sf] cg'dflgt s/ laa/0f k]z gu/]df jf k]z
u/]sf] laa/0fdf sfof{no ;Gt'i6 x'g g;s]df ;f] s/bftfn] cl3Nnf] cfo
aif{df bflvnf u/]sf] jf ug'{kg]{ s/sf] cfwf/df ;f] s/bftfsf] ;f] cfo aif{sf]
cg'dflgt s/ cg'dfg u/L ;f] AolQmnfO{ ;"rgf lbPdf ;f] ;"rgfdf
pNn]lvt /sd g} ;f] AolQmn] cg'dflgt s/sf] ?kdf bflvnf ug'{kb{5 .
laefu jf sfof{non] u/]sf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f jf ;+;o s/ lgwf{/0f
adf]lhd ltg'{kg]{ /sd
P]gsf] bkmf (( adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] jf s/lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dflgg]
AolQmn] u/]sf] s/lgwf{/0fdf ljefun] laa/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ ldltn] rf/ aif{leq
;+zf]wg ug{ ;Qm5 . To:t} P]gsf] bkmf (^ sf] pkbkmf -%_ adf]lhdsf]
cj:yf /x]sf] s/bftf cyf{t 6f6 klN6Psf], C0fdf 8'a]sf] jf la36g ePsf],
clglZrt ;dosf nflu g]kfn 5f]8\g] ePsf], g]kfndf u/L/x]sf] sfo{ 5f]8\g
nfu]sf] jf ljefun] pko'St ;Dem]sf] s/bftfnfO{ s'g} cfo jif{sf] cfo
ljj/0f bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ DofbeGbf cufj} laefun] ;f] cfojif{sf] s'g} efusf]
cfo ljj/0f bflvnf ug{ lbPsf] cfb]z adf]lhd bflvnf x'g cfPsf] cfo
570

laa/0f adf]lhd ePsf] s/lgwf{/0fdf sfof{non] laa/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ ldltn]

rf/ aif{leq ;+zf]wg ug{ ;Qm5 . t/ pk/f]Qm cg';f/ cfo laa/0f k]z ug]{
s/bftfn] hfn;fhL u/L 36L s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] /x]5 eg] ljefun]
hfn;fhL u/L ljj/0f /fv]sf] jf s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf]
Ps jif{leq To:tf] s/ lgwf{/0fdf ;+zf]wg ug{ ;Qm5 / o:tf] cj:yfdf rf/
aif{sf] xbDofb nfu' x'+b}g .
To:t} 6f6 klN6Psf], C0fdf 8'a]sf] jf la36g ePsf], clglZrt ;dosf
nflu g]kfn 5f]8\g] ePsf], g]kfndf u/L/x]sf] sfo{ 5f]8\g nfu]sf] jf ljefun]
pko'St ;Dem]sf] s/bftfnfO{ s'g} cfo jif{sf] cfo ljj/0f bflvnf ug'{ kg]{
DofbeGbf cufj} ljefun] ;f] cfojif{sf] s'g} efusf] cfo ljj/0f bflvnf ug{
cfb]z lbPsf]df cfb]z adf]lhd cfo laa/0f bflvnf gug]{ s/bftfsf]
sfof{non] ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Qm5 .
pk/f]Qm cg';f/ ;+zf]lwt jf ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0f u/LPsf] s/bftfnfO{ P]gsf]
bkmf !)@ adf]lhd lbOPsf] ;"rgfdf s'g} /sd a'emfpg cfb]z lbOPsf] eP
;f] cfb]z adf]lhd a'emfpg' kg]{ /sdnfO{ o; P]g adf]lhd ltg'{kg]{ s/
elgG5 .
$= e'QmfgLdf s/sL u/]sf] jf s/sL u/]sf] dflgg] /sd,
P]gsf] bkmf *& n] kfl/>ldssf] e"QmfgLdf /f]huf/bftfn], ** n] nufgL
k|ltkmn -ef8f, Aofh, /f]oN6L k|fs[lts >f]t jfktsf] /sd_, ;]jf z'Ns sldzg, a}7s eQf, Aoa:yfkg jf k|fljlws ;]jf z'Ns ;d]t ;]jf pknAw
u/fP afkt e"QmfgL lbg'kg]{ /sd_ / laqmL af]g;sf] e"QmfgLdf e"QmfgL lbg]
AolQmn] tyf cjsfz e"QmfgLdf cj:yfg';f/ cjsfz sf]if jf /f]huf/bftfn],
*( n] 7]Ssf jf s/f/ jfktsf] e"QmfgLdf / jLdf lk|ldod jfkt u}/
jfl;GbfnfO{ u/]sf] e"QmfgLdf e"QmfgL lbg] AolQmn] tt\ tt\ bkmfdf pNn]lvt
lalw / b/ cg';f/ s/sL ug'{kg]{ Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf o;
lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !^ df la:t[t ?kdf AofVof ul/Psf] 5 . e'QmfgLdf
s/sL ug'{kg]{ AolQm jf lgsfon] e'QmfgLdf s/ sL u/]sf] /sd bkmf ()
adf]lhd ;DalGwt sfof{nodf a'emfpg' kb{5 . To:tf /sd e"QmfgL ubf{
e"QmfgLstf{n] jf e'QmfgLdf s/ sL ug'{kg]{ AolQm jf lgsfon] e'QmfgLdf s/
sL gu/]df klg s/ sL ug'{kg]{ ;dodf s/ sL u/]sf] dflgG5 .
e'QmfgLdf s/ sL gu/]sf] s/ /sd a'emfpg] bfloTj s/ sL ug]{ / s/
sL x'g] b'a} JolQmsf] x'g] Aoa:yf 5 . To;/L e'QmfgLdf s/ sL ug]{ jf
e'QmfgLdf s/ sL x'g] AolQmn] a'emfpg'kg]{ e'QmfgLdf s/ sL u/]sf] jf
e'QmfgLdf s/ sL u/]sf] dflgg] /sdnfO{ o; P]g adf]lhd ltg'{kg]{ s/
elgG5 .
%= clu|d s/ c;'nL u/]sf] jf clu|d s/ c;'nL u/]sf] dflgg] /sd,
P]gsf] bkmf (%s cg';f/ lgDg cj:yfdf clu|d s/ c;'n ug'{ kb{5M
sdf]l86L ahf/df sf/f]jf/ u/L d'gfkmf / nfe cfh{g u/]sf JolQmaf6
sdf]l86L ahf/sf ;+rfnsn]
s'g} jfl;Gbf lgsfodf /x]sf] lxt cyf{t s'g} jfl;Gbf lgsfon] hf/L
571

u/]sf] lwtf]kqx?sf] lg;u{af6 s'g} AolQmnfO{ nfe ePdf To:tf] nfedf

;f] lwtf]kq ;"lrs[t sDklgsf] eP ;"lrs[t ug]{ lgsfon] / cGo
lgsfosf] xsdf h'g lgsfosf] lwtf]kq lg;u{ u/LPsf] xf] ;f]lx lgsfon]
s'g} k|fs[lts AolQmnfO{ s'g} 3/hUuf jf 3/ jf hUufsf] lg;u{af6 s'g}
nfe ePsf] eP To:tf] nfedf ;DalGwt dfnkf]t sfof{non] .
clu|d s/sL u/L c;'n ug'{ kg]{ AolQm jf lgsfon] clu|d s/ sL u/]sf]
/sd bkmf (%s-&_ adf]lhd ;DalGwt cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf a'emfpg'
kb{5 . To:tf /sd e"QmfgL ubf{ e"QmfgLstf{n] jf clu|d s/ c;'n ug'{kg]{
AolQm jf lgsfon] clu|d s/ c;'n gu/]df klg s/ c;'n ug'{kg]{ ;dodf
s/ c;'n u/]sf] dflgG5 . clu|d s/ c;'n u/]/ klg ga'emfPsf] /sd
a'emfpg] lhDd]jf/L ;f] s/ c;'n ug]{ JolQmsf] x'G5 . clu|d s/ c;'n
gu/]sf] s/ /sd a'emfpg] bfloTj s/ c;'n ug]{ / s/ e'QmfgL x'g] b'a}
JolQmsf] x'g] Aoa:yf 5 . To;/L clu|d s/ c;'n ug]{ jf x'g] AolQmn]
a'emfpg'kg]{ clu|d s/ c;'n u/]sf] jf c;'n u/]sf] dflgg] /sdnfO{ P]g
adf]lhd ltg'{kg]{ s/ elgG5 .
^=

P]g adf]lhd nfUg] z'NsM

s'g} AolQmn] a'emfpg'kg]{] b]xfo adf]lhdsf laa/0f ga'emfPdf jf l9nf
a'emfPdf jf b]xfosf s;"/ u/]df To:tf] AolQmnfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd z'Ns
nfUg] Aoa:yf 5 .
-!_ bkmf (^ adf]lhd bflvnf ug'{kg]{ cfo laa/0f cfo aif{ ;dfKt ePsf]
ldltn] ltg dlxgf leq jf laa/0f bflvnf ug]{ Dofb yk kfPsf] eP
yk Dofbleq ga'emfPdf k"jf{g'dflgt s/ ltg]{ JolQmsf] xsdf Ps ;o
?k}ofF k|lt dlxgfsf b/n] x'g] /sd / cGo JolQmsf] xsdf ;f] cfo
jif{sf] cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{ ;a} cfo /sdsf] z"Go
bzdna Ps k|ltzt k|lt jif{sf b/n] x'g] /sd jf Ps ;o ?k}ofF k|lt
dlxgfsf b/n] x'g] /sddWo] h'g a9L x'G5 ;f] /sd .
-@_ bkmf (% adf]lhd s'g} cfo aif{sf] cg'dflgt s/sf] laa/0f ;f] cfo
aif{sf] kf}if d;fGtleq bflvnf gu/]df k|lt laa/0f b'O{ xhf/ ?k}+of .
-#_ bkmf (%s adf]lhd bflvnf ug'{kg]{ clu|d s/ c;'nLsf] laa/0f clu|d
s/ c;'n ePsf] jf x'g'kg]{ dlxgf ;dfKt ePsf] krL; lbgleq
ga'emfPdf s/ sL ePsf] jf x'g'kg]{ /sdsf] aflif{s 8]9 k|ltztsf
b/n] x'g] /sd .
-$_ bkmf () adf]lhd bflvnf ug'{kg]{ clu|d s/ sLsf] laa/0f s/ sL
ePsf] jf x'g'kg]{ dlxgf ;dfKt ePsf] krL; lbgleq ga'emfPdf s/
sL ePsf] jf x'g'kg]{ /sdsf] aflif{s 8]9 k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] /sd .
-%_ bkmf *! adf]lhd /fVg'kg]{ sfuhft g/fv]df sfuhft g/fv]sf] cfo
aif{sf] ;a} cfo /sdsf] z"Go bzdnj Ps k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] /sd
jf Ps xhf/ ?k}ofF sf b/n] x'g] /sddWo] h'g a9L x'G5 ;f] /sd .

572

-^_ bkmf !!(s adf]lhd o; P]g / P]g cGtu{t jg]sf lgodx?sf s'g}
Joj:yfnfO{ kfngf gug]{ JolQmnfO{ bkmf !@* jdf]lhd tf]lsPsf]
hl/jfgf ;/xsf] z"Ns nfUb5 .
-&_ s'g} s/bftfn] ljefu jf sfof{nodf lbPsf] laa/0f jf hfgsf/L
e"nj; em'7[f jf e|dk"0f{ x'g uPsf]df To;jf6 36L x'guPsf] s/
/sdsf] krf; k|ltzt / hfgfhfgL jf nfk/jfxL u/]sf] sf/0fn] To:tf]
laa/0f jf hfgsf/L em'7[f jf e|dk"0f{ x'g uPsf]df To;jf6 36L x'g
uPsf] s/ /sdsf] ztk|ltzt .
-*_ P]g cg';f/ s;"/ dflgg] s'g} sfo{ ug{ s'g} AolQmn] s;}nfO{ k|f]T;fxg
u/]df lghn] k|f]T;fxg u/]sf] sf/0fn] s'g} s/bftfn] sd lt/]sf] s/
a/fa/sf] /sd .
pk/f]Qm adf]lhd a'emfpg'kg]{ z'Nssf] /sdnfO{ o; P]g adf]lhd ltg'{kg]{ s/
elgG5 .
&= P]g adf]lhd nfUg] AofhM
s'g} AolQmn] a'emfpg'kg]{] s/ tf]lsPsf] ;dodf ga'emfPdf To:tf] AolQmnfO{
bflvnf ug{ af+ls /sddf s/ bflvnf ug'{kg]{ ;do / s/ bflvnf u/]sf]
;do larsf] cjlwe/sf nflu aflif{s kGw| k|ltztsf b/n] Aofh nfUg]
Aoa:yf P]gsf] bkmf !!( n] u/]sf] 5 . o; cg';f/ s'g} s/bftfn] bflvnf
ug'{kg]{ ls:tf jfktsf] s/ jf cfo laa/0f adf]lhd bflvnf ug'{kg]{ s/
;dodf bflvnf gu/]df jf s'g} s/ sL ug]{ AolQm jf s/ sL x'g] AolQmn]
s/ sL u/]sf] jf s/ sL u/]sf] dflgg] s/ /sd ;dodf bflvnf gu/]df
pk/f]Qm cg';f/sf] b/n] Aofh nfUb5 / To:tf] AofhnfO{ o; P]g adf]lhd
ltg'{kg]{ s/ elgG5 . P]g adf]lhd nfu]sf] jf nfUg] h/Ljfgf jf Aofh jf
z'NsnfO{ s/ dflgPklg To:tf /sddf eg] Aofh nfUb}g .
*= bflj jf lnnfd vr{M
s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQm jf s/bftfn] ltg{af+sL s/ c;'n ug]{ k|of]hgsf
nflu ljefu jf sfof{non] ;f] AolQmsf] s'g} ;DklQ bfljubf{ jf lnnfd
laqmL ubf{ s'g} vr{ ePsf] eP sfof{no jf ljefun] ;f] vr{ a/fa/sf] /sd
;f] s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmaf6 cz'n pk/ u/Llng kfp+5 / To:tf] /sdnfO{
o; P]g adf]lhd ltg'{kg]{ s/ elgG5 .
(= bkmf !@( adf]lhd a'emfpg'kg]{ hl/jfgfsf] /sdM
P]gsf] kl/R5]b @# df pNn]lvt s;"/x?dWo] s/ bflvnf gu/]sf] jf e'm7[f jf
e|dk"0f{ ljj/0f lbPsf] jf s/ k|zf;gdf afwf lj/f]w u/]sf] jf P]gsf] kfngf
gu/]sf] jf tL s;"/df dltof/ /x]sf] s'g} JolQm jf s/bftfn] ljefu jf
sfof{non] cbfntL sf/afxLsf] k|s[of z'? ug'{ cufj} pk/f]Qm dWo] cfkm"n]
u/]sf] s'g} s;"/ lnlvt ?kdf :jLsf/ u/]df lghn] l:jsf/]sf ;a} s;"/ u/]
afkt nfUg] hl/jfgf /sddf ga9\g] u/L hl/jfgf bflvnf ug{ ljefusf]
dxflgb]{zsn] ;f] AolQmnfO{ cfb]z lbg ;Qm5 / To;/L h/Ljfgfsf] /sd
bflvnf ug{ cfb]z kfPsf] AolQmn] ;f] cfb]z adf]lhd ltg'{kg]{ h/Ljfgf
/sdnfO{ o; P]g adf]lhd ltg'{kg]{ s/ elgG5 .
573

@&=$

!)= ljefun] lbPsf] cfb]z adf]lhd s'g} bf]>f] jf t]>f] kIfn] a'emfpg'kg]{ /sdM
s/ aSof}tf /fVg] lgsfosf]] s'g} Aoa:yfks ;f] lgsfon] a'emfpg af+ls s/
a'emfpg lhDd]jf/ x'G5 . To:t} s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmsf]] k|fksnfO{ ;f]
AolQmsf] s/ aSof}tf a/fa/sf] /sd a'emfpg ljefun] ;"lrt u/]df ;"rgf
adf]lhdsf] /sd a'emfpg ;f] k|fks lhDd]jf/ x'G5 . s/ aSof}tf /fVg]
AolQmnfO{ s'g} /sd a'emfpg'kg]{ AolQm jf u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmsf] s/ aSof}tf
/x]sf]df ;f] JolQmsf] Ph]G6nfO{ s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmn] a'emfpg af+ls
/x]sf] s/sf] xb;Ddsf] /sd a'emfpg laefun] cfb]z lbg ;Qm5 / cfb]zdf
pNn]lvt /sd a'emfpg' To;/L cfb]z kfPsf] AolQmsf] st{Ao x'G5 . o;/L
pk/f]Qm pNn]lvt s'g} AolQmn] P]g jf ljefluo cfb]z adf]lhd a'emfpg'kg]{
/sdnfO{ o; P]g adf]lhd ltg'{kg]{ s/ elgG5 .
s/ ltg'{kg]{ :yfg / tl/sf
P]gsf] bkmf *% sf] pkbkmf -!_ df s/ ltg'{kg]{ AolQmn] s/ ltg]{ :yfg / s/ ltg]{
tl/sfsf] ;DaGwdf b]xfosf] Aoa:yf u/]sf]5 .
*%-!_M o; P]g adf]lhd ltg{' kg]{ s/ tf]lsPsf] :yfg / tl/sf adf]lhd a'emfpg'
kg]{5 / o;/L ltg'{ kg]{ s/ ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 ;d]t ltg'{ kg]{ u/L
ljefun] tf]Sg ;Sg]5 .
P]gsf] pQm Aoa:yfsf] clwgdf /lx lgodfjnLsf] lgod @( n] s/ ltg'{kg]{
AolQmn] s/ ltg]{ :yfg / s/ltg]{ tl/sfsf] ;DaGwdf b]xfosf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .

lgod @(-!_M s'g} JolQmn] P]g adf]lhd ltg'{ kg]{ s/ b]xfosf] :yfgdf b]xfo
adf]lhd ltg'{ kg{]5M
-s_ ljefun] s'g} JolQmnfO{{ s/ ltg{] :yfg ;"lrt u/]sf] eP ;f]xL
:Yffgdf,
-v_ v08 -s_ afx]ssf cGo cj:yfdf ;/sf/L sf/f]af/ ug{ dfGotf
k|fKt a}+s jf ljefudf .
lgod @(-@_M s'g} JolQmn] pklgod -!_ adf]lhd ;/sf/L sf/f]af/ ug{ dfGotf
k|fKt a}+sdf s/ a'emfPsf] eP ;f]sf] hfgsf/L ljefudf lbg' kg]{5 .
lgod @(-#_M pklgod -!_ adf]lhd s/ a'emfpFbf b]xfo adf]lhd a'emfpg
;lsg]5 M
-s_ ljefudf e'QmfgL ubf{ ljefun] tf]s]sf] ;Ldf;Dd gub / ;f] ;Ldf
eGbf a9L ePdf r]s jf 8|\fkm\6af6, jf
-v_ ;/sf/L sf/f]af/ ug{ dfGotf k|fKt a}+sdf e'QmfgL ubf{ gub, r]s
jf 8|\fkm\6af6 .
lgod @(-$_M pklgod -#_ adf]lhd r]saf6 s/ a'emfPsf]df s'g} sf/0fn] ;f]
r]ssf] e'QmfgL gePdf ;f] r]saf6 e'QmfgL k|fKt ug{ ljefun] e'QmfgL
ldlt;Dd u/]sf] ;Dk"0f{ vr{ afkt ljefun] tf]s]sf] /sd ;f] r]s
a'emfpg] JolQmn] ljefudf a'emfpg' kg]{5 . o;/L ljefun] vr{sf] /sd
tf]Sbf e'QmfgL ldlt;Dd s/ afkt nfUg] Aofh, z'Ns tyf hl/jfgfsf]
574

/sd ;d]t ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{5 .

@&=% s/ e"QmfgL ug]{ ;do
P]gsf] bkmf *% sf] pkbkmf -@_ n] P]g adf]lhd ltg'{ a'emfpg'kg]{ s/ /sd ltg'{
a'emfpg'kg]{ ;dosf af/]df b]xfosf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
*%-@_M o; P]g adf]lhd ltg'{ kg]{ s/ pkbkmf -!_ sf cwLgdf /xL b]xfosf]
;dodf a'emfpg' kg]{5 M
*%-@_-s_ clu|d s/ sL u/L bflvnf ug'{ kg]{n] bkmf () sf] pkbkmf -$_ df
plNnlvt ;dodf,
clu|d s/ sL u/L bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ AolQmn] h'g dlxgfdf clu|d s/ sL ug'{kg]{
xf] ;f] dlxgf ;dfKt ePsf] kRrL; lbgleq s/ /sd hDdf ug'{ kb{5 .
*%-@_-v_ ls:tfaGbLdf s/ a'emfpg' kg]{n] bkmf ($ sf] pkbkmf -!_ df
plNnlvt ;dodf,
ls:tfaGbLdf a'emfpg' kg]{ AolQmn] cg'dflgt s/ /sdsf] k|yd ls:tf kf}if
d;fGt leq, bf]>f] ls:tf r}q d;fGt leq Pa+ t]>f] tyf clGtd ls:tf ;f]
cf=a=sf] c;f/ d;fGt leq a'emfpg' kb{5 .
*%-@_-u_ lgwf{/0f u/LPsf s/ a'emfpg' kg]{n],
-!_ bkmf (( adf]lhdsf] s/ lgwf{/0f ;DaGwdf cfo ljj/0f a'emfpg'
kg]{ ldltdf,
:jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ AolQmn] cfo laa/0f cg';f/ s'n s/ /sdaf6
ls:tf bflvnf ;lxt clu|d bflvnf u/]sf] /sd 36fO{ afFsL gk'u s/
/sd cfo laa/0f ;fy cyf{t cfo aif{ ;dfKt ePsf] ltg dlxgf leq
bflvnf ug'{ kb{5 .
-@_ bkmf !)) sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd u/LPsf] s/ lgwf{/0fsf]
;DaGwdf bkmf !)@ adf]lhd j'emfPsf] s/ lgwf{/0fsf] ;"rgfdf
tf]lsPsf] Dofbleq,
laefun] ;+;o s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] v08df ;+;o s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf]
AolQmnfO{ ;f] ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !)@ adf]lhd j'emfOPsf] s/
lgwf{/0fsf] ;"rgfdf tf]lsPsf] Dofb leq ;f] AolQmn] afFsL s/ a'emfpg'
kb{5 .
-#_ bkmf !)! adf]lhd ePsf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0fsf] ;DaGwdf bkmf
!)@ adf]lhd a'emfPsf] s/ lgwf{/0fsf] ;"rgfdf tf]lsPsf] Dofb
leq .
laefun] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] v08df ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf]
AolQmnfO{ ;f] ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !)@ adf]lhd j'emfOPsf] s/
lgwf{/0fsf] ;"rgfdf tf]lsPsf] Dofb leq ;f] AolQmn] afFsL s/ a'emfpg'
kb{5 .
*%-@_-3_ bkmf !)$ sf] pkbkmf -*_, bkmf !)( sf] pkbkmf -!_ jf bkmf !!)
sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd hf/L ePsf] ;"rgf adf]lhd ljefunfO{ a'emfpg'
575

kg]{ /sdx?sf] ;DaGwdf ;f] ;"rgfdf plNnlvt ldltdf,

s'g} AolQmsf] aSof}tf s/ cz'n ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu ljefun] ;f] AolQmsf] s'g}
;DklQ bflj ubf{ jf lnnfd laqmL ubf{ ePsf vr{x?sf ;DaGwdf s/ aSof}tf
/x]sf] AolQmnfO{ P]gsf] bkmf !)$ sf] pkbkmf -*_ adf]lhd lbOPsf] ;"rgfdf
pNn]lvt ldltdf ;f] AolQmn] dfu u/LPsf] /sd -s/_ a'emfpg' kb{5 .
bkmf !)( sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd s/ aSof}tf /x]sf] AolQmnfO{ /sd a'emfpg'
kg]{ AolQm / bkmf !!) sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd s/ aSof}tf /x]sf] u}/ jfl;Gbf
AolQmsf] Ph]G6nfO{ ljefun] hf/L u/]sf] ;"rgf adf]lhd tL AolQmn] a'emfpg' kg]{
s/ a'emfpg hf/L u/]sf] ;"rgfdf plNnlvt ldlt ;Dddf a'emfpg' kb{5 .
*%-@_-_ bkmf !)& sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd s'g} lgsfon] s/ ga'emfO{ sfod
x'g cfPsf] bfloTjsf] ;DaGwdf ;f] lgsfoaf6 h'g ;dodf s/ a'emfpg'
kg]{ xf] ;f]xL ;dodf,
s'g} lgsfon] s/ ga'emfO{ sfod x'g cfPsf] s/ bfloTj a'emfpg P]gsf] bkmf !)&
sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd ;f] lgsfoaf6 ga'emfO{Psf] s/ h'g ;dodf a'emfpg' kg]{
xf] ;f]xL ;dodf a'emfpg ;f] lgsfosf] lhDd]jf/ Ps jf ;f] eGbf al9 clws[t jf
Aoa:yfks lhDd]jf/ x'g]5g\ .
*%-@_-r_ bkmf !)* sf] pkbkmf -#_ jf -$_ adf]lhd dfu u/LPsf] /sdsf]
;DaGwdf qmdzM lnnfd ljqmL u/L /sd ldnfg u/LPsf] jf ldnfg ug{
g;lsPsf] ldltn] ;ft lbgleq, /
s/ aSof}tf /x]sf] AolQmsf] a'emfpg afFls s/sf] xb ;Ddsf] /sd a'emfpg
laefun] P]gsf] bkmf !)* sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] ;"rgf lbP adf]lhd P]gsf] bkmf
!)* sf]] pkbkmf -#_ cg';f/ k|fksn] To:tf] AolQmsf] s'g} ;DklQ laqmLaf6 k|fKt
/sd dWo] s/ ltg{ 5'6\ofPsf] /sd ;f] k|fksn] To:tf] ;DklQsf] laqmLaf6 k|fKt
/sd dWo] aSof}tf s/ /sd 5'6\ofPsf] ldltn] ;ft lbg leq a'emfpg' kb{5 . obL
;f] AolQmn] ;DklQsf] laqmLaf6 k|fKt /sd dWo] s/ ltg{ g5'6\ofP klg o;/L
;DklQ laqmLaf6 5'6\ofpg' kg]{ ldltn] ;ft lbg leq To:tf] /sd a'emfpg' kb{5 .
*%-@_-5_ bkmf !@@ adf]lhd lgwf{/0f u/LPsf z'Ns tyf Jofhsf] ;DaGwdf
lgwf{/0fsf] ;"rgfdf plNnlvt ldltdf
bkmf !@@ adf]lhd ljefu jf sfof{non] lgwf{/0f u/] cg';f/ ltg' kg]{ z'Ns tyf
Aofh, To:tf] z'Ns tyf Aofh lgwf{/0f ePsf] AolQmnfO{ j'emfOPsf] P]gsf] bkmf
!)@ adf]lhdsf] s/ lgwf{/0fsf] ;"rgf jf cGo ;"rgfdf tf]lsPsf] Dofbleq To:tf]
/sd a'emfpg' kb{5 .
P]g adf]lhd a'emfpg' kg]{ s/ / ;do tnsf] tflnsfdf lbO{Psf] 5 M
P]g adf]lhd ltg'{kg]{ s/ / a'emfpg'kg]{ ;do
l;=g+= s/ jf /sdsf] laa/0f
a'emfpg'kg]{ ;do
!
e'QmfgLdf s/ sL ug]{ AolQmn] ltg{'kg]{ h'g dlxgfdf e'QmfgLdfs/
e'QmfgLdf s/ sL u/]sf] s/ /sd jf sL ug'{kg]{ xf] ;f] dlxgf
e'QmfgLdf s/ sL ug]{ jf e'QmfgLdf s/ ;dfKt ePsf] klRr;
sL x'g] AolQmn] ltg{' kg]{ e'QmfgLdf s/ lbgleq
sL ug]{
576

&

AolQmn] ltg{ af+ls clu|d s/ jf c;'n

u/]sf] s/ /sd jf clu|d s/ c;'n gu/]
klg s/ sL jf c;'n u/]sf] dflgg]
/sd
ls:tfaGbLdf a'emfpg' kg]{ cg'dflgt s/
-s/bftfn] u0fgf u/]sf] jf ljefun]
cg'dfg u/]sf] /sd_
k|yd ls:tf

h'g dlxgfdf clu|d s/

c;'n ug'{kg]{ xf] ;f] dlxgf
;dfKt ePsf] klRr;
lbgleq

ls:tf ltg'{ kg]{ cf=a=sf]

kf}if d;fGt leq
ls:tf ltg'{ kg]{ cf=a=sf] r}q
bf]>f] ls:tf
d;fGt leq
ls:tf ltg'{ kg]{ cf=a=sf]
t]>f] ls:tf
c;f/ d;fGt leq
P]gsf] bkmf (^ adf]lhd cfo laa/0f cfo laa/0f a'emfpg'kg]{
a'emfPsf] / bkmf (( adf]lhd s/ ldlt cyf{t cfoaif{ ;dfKt
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] AolQmn] cfo laa/0f ePsf] ltg dlxgfleq
cg';f/ ltg{ afFls s/ /sd
bkmf !)) sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd ;+;o s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf]
u/LPsf] ;+;o s/ lgwf{/0f cg';f/ AolQmnfO{ P]gsf] bkmf !)@
adf]lhd j'emfOPsf] s/
ltg'{kg]{ s/
lgwf{/0fsf]
;"rgfdf
tf]lsPsf] Dofbleq
bkmf !)! adf]lhd u/LPsf] ;+zf]lwt s/ ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf]
lgwf{/0f cg';f/ ltg'{kg]{ s/
AolQmnfO{ P]gsf] bkmf !)@
adf]lhd j'emfOPsf] s/
lgwf{/0fsf]
;"rgfdf
tf]lsPsf] Dofbleq
s'g} AolQmsf] aSof}tf s/ cz'n ug]{ To:tf vr{sf ;DaGwdf s/
k|of]hgsf nflu ljefun] ;f] AolQmsf] s'g} aSof}tf /x]sf] AolQmnfO{
;DklQ bflj ubf{ jf lnnfd laqmL ubf{ P]gsf] bkmf !)$ sf]
ePsf vr{x?
pkbkmf-*_ adf]lhd lbOPsf]
;"rgfdf pNn]lvt ldltdf
bkmf !)( sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd s/ ljefun] tL AolQmnfO{ /sd
aSof}tf /x]sf] AolQmnfO{ /sd a'emfpg' a'emfpg
hf/L
u/]sf]
kg]{ AolQm / bkmf !!) sf] pkbkmf -!_ ;"rgfdf plNnlvt ldlt
adf]lhd s/ aSof}tf /x]sf] u}/ jfl;Gbf
AolQmsf] Ph]G6nfO{ ljefun] hf/L u/]sf]
;"rgf adf]lhd tL AolQmn] a'emfpg' kg]{
/sd

577

!)

!!

s'g} lgsfon] s/ ga'emfO{ sfod x'g

cfPsf] s/ bfloTj a'emfpg P]gsf] bkmf
!)& sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd lhDd]jf/
;f] lgsfosf Ps jf ;f] eGbf al9
clws[t jf Aoa:yfksn] a'emfpg' kg]{ ;f]
lgsfosf] aSof}tf /x]sf] s/ /sd
s/ aSof}tf /x]sf] AolQmsf] a'emfpg afFls
s/sf] xb ;Ddsf] /sd a'emfpg laefun]
P]gsf] bkmf !)* sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf]
;"rgf lbP adf]lhd P]gsf] bkmf !)* sf]]
pkbkmf -#_ cg';f/ k|fksn] To:tf]
AolQmsf] s'g} ;DklQsf] laqmLaf6 k|fKt
/sd dWo] ;f] AolQmsf] s/ ltg{
5'6\ofPsf] /sd
s/ aSof}tf /x]sf] AolQmsf] a'emfpg afFls
s/sf] xb;Ddsf] /sd a'emfpg laefun]
P]gsf] bkmf !)* sf]] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd
lbPsf] ;"rgf adf]lhd ;f] AolQmsf]
k|fksn] To:tf] AolQmsf] s'g} ;DklQsf]
laqmLaf6 k|fKt /sddWo] ;f] AolQmsf] s/
ltg{ s'g} /sd g5'6o\ fPdf / P]gsf] bkmf
!)* sf]] pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd k|fksn]
AolQmut ?kdf ;f] /sd ltg'{kg]{ ePdf
bkmf !@@ cg';f/ ljefun] lgwf{/0f u/]
cg';f/ ltg' kg]{ z'Ns tyf Aofh

;f] lgsfoaf6 ga'emfO{Psf]

s/ h'g ;dodf a'emfpg'
kg]{ xf] ;f]xL ;dodf

;DklQsf] laqmLaf6 k|fKt

/sd dWo] /sd 5'6\ofPsf]
ldltn] ;ft lbg leq

;DklQsf] laqmLaf6 k|fKt

/sd dWo] s/ jfkt s'g}
/sd 5'6\ofpg' kg]{ ldltn]
;ft lbg leq

z'Ns tyf Aofh lgwf{/0f

ePsf] AolQmnfO{ j'emfOPsf]
P]gsf] bkmf !)@ adf]lhdsf]
s/ lgwf{/0fsf] ;"rgf jf
cGo ;"rgfdf tf]lsPsf]
Dofb leq
!@
bkmf !!(s adf]lhd ljefun] lbPsf] ;f]lx cfb]zdf pNn]lvt
cfb]z adf]lhd a'emfpg'kg]{ hl/jfgfsf] ldltdf
/sd
P]g adf]lhd c;"npk/ ug'{ kg]{ s/ a'emfpg' kg]{ ldlt k|eflat gx'g] ;DaGwdf
P]gsf] bkmf *% sf] pkbkmf -#_ df b]xfosf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
*%-#_M b]xfosf cj:yfdf s/ a'emfpg' kg]{ ldlt k|efljt x'g] 5}g M
-s_ s/ c;"npk/ ug{ kl/R5]b@) adf]lhd ljefun] u/]sf] sf/jfxL,
jf
-v_ o; P]g adf]lhd cGo sf/jfxL ug{ k|f/De u/LPsf]df .
P]g adf]lhd a'emfpg' kg]{ s/sf] kl/efiff leq kg]{ x/]s k|sf/sf /sdx? h'g
578

@&=^=

ldlt jf ;dodf a'emfpg' kg]{ u/L P]gn] Aoa:yf u/]sf]5 ;f]lx ldlt / ;do
;Dddf a'emfpg' kb{5 . s'g} s/bftfn] s/ jfktsf] /sd a'emfpg' kg]{ ;doeGbf
k5fl8 a'emfPdf To:tf] l9nf a'emfOPsf] z'Ns, Aofh tyf h/Ljfgf afx]s cGo s/
/sddf s/bftfn] ;fdfGo Aofh b/n] -aflif{s kGw| k|ltzt sf b/n]_ Aofh e"Qmfg
ug'{kb{5 . s/ jfkt a'emfpg'kg]{ s'g} /sd s'g} s/bftfn] ;dodf ga'emfPdf
To:tf] a'emfpg afFls s/ / To;df nfUg] Aofh c;'npk/ ug{ ljefun] ;f]
s/bftfsf] s'g} ;DklQ /f]Ssf jf lnnfd laqmL ug{ jf lghn] cGo s'g} AolQmaf6
k|fKt ug'{kg]{ /sddWo]af6 cz'n pk/ ug{ ;Qm5 .
a'emfpg' kg]{ s/sf] k|df0f
P]g ad]lhd ltg'{ a'emfpg'kg]{ s'g} s/ ;dodf gltg]{ jf aSof}tf /fVg] s/bftf jf
AolQmaf6 To:tf] aSof}tf s/ cz'n pk/ ug{ ljefun] P]gsf] kl/R5]b @) jf @#
adf]lhdsf] sfo{jflx ug'{kb{5 . o:tf] sfo{jflx k|f/De u/LPsf] s/ aSof}tf /x]sf]
AolQmn] cfkm"n] s'g} s/ ltg{ af+ls g/x]sf] jf ljefun] bflj u/] cg';f/sf]
/sdeGbf aSof}tf s/ /sd sd /x]sf] bflj ug{ ;Qm5 . o; ;DaGwdf P]gsf]
bkmf *^ n] b]xfosf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
*^M
s'g} JolQmsf] gfd, 7]ufgf / ;f] JolQmn] a'emfpg' kg]{ s/sf] /sd pNn]v
u/L ljefusf] clws[tn] x:tfIf/ u/]sf] k|df0fkq g} b]xfosf sfd sf/jfxLdf ;f]
JolQmaf6 a'emfpg' kg]{ s/ /sdsf] lgldQ kof{Kt k|df0f x'g]5 M
-s_ s/ c;"npk/ ug{ kl/R5]b@) adf]lhd ljefun] u/]sf] sf/jfxL, jf
-v_ kl/R5]b@# adf]lhd s'g} s;"/ ;DaGwL sf/jfxL .
ljefusf] s'g} clws[tn] s/ a'emfpg af+ls /x]sf] s'g} s/bftf jf AolQmsf]
ljefudf /x]sf] clen]v adf]lhdsf] gfd, 7]ufgf / lghn] a'emfpg af+ls s/sf]
/sd pNn]v u/L ;f] s/bftf jf AolQmnfO{ hf/L u/]sf] s'g} k|df0fkq -;f] s/bftf
jf AolQmnfO{ hf/L u/LPsf] ;"rgf jf kq_ df pNn]lvt /sd ;f] s/bftf jf
AolQmn] a'emfpg' kb{5 . s'g} s/bftf jf AolQmnfO{ lghn] a'emfpg'kg]{ s/sf] /sd
pNn]v u/L P]gsf] bkmf () sf] pkbkmf -*_ adf]lhd hf/L u/LPsf] cfb]z jf bkmf
(% sf] pkbkmf -&_ / bkmf !)@ adf]lhd hf/L u/LPsf] ;"rgfnfO{ a'emfpg af+ls
s/sf] k|df0fsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . To;/L ;"rgf jf kq hf/L u/LPsf] s/bftf
jf AolQmn] ;f] ;"rgf jf kqdf pNn]lvt /sd ga'emfPdf ljefu jf sfof{non]
pQm /sd cz'n pk/ ug{ P]gsf] kl/R5]b @) jf @# adf]lhd c;'nLsf] sfo{jflx
k|f/De ug{ ;Qm5 . To:tf] sf/jflx k|f/De ug{ ljefusf] s'g} clws[tn] s/
aSof}tf /x]sf] s/bftf jf AolQmnfO{ hf/L u/]sf] ;"rgf jf kqg} To:tf] AolQm jf
s/bftfn] s/ a'emfpg af+ls /x]sf] k|dfl0ft ug{ kof{Kt dflgG5 .

579

kl/R5]b @*
s/ ;+sng, ldGxf / lkmtf{
(Tax Collection, Remission and Refund)

@*=!=

s/ ltg'{ kg]{ bfloTj ePsf] JolQmn] cfkm"n] ltg'{kg]{ s/ P]gdf tf]lsPsf] bflvnf
ug'{ kg]{ ;do leq ;DalGwt sfof{nodf bflvnf ug'{kb{5 . s'g} JolQmn] ltg'{kg]{
s/ eGgfn] lghn] s'g} JolQmnfO{ lbPsf] e'QmfgLdf clu|d s/ sL u/]sf] /sd,
ljb]zdf k7fPsf] cfosf] s/ sL u/]sf] /sd / /f]huf/L, Joj;fo / nufgLsf]]
s/of]Uo cfodf ltg'{ kg]{ s/nfO{ a'emfpF5 . bflvnf ug'{kg]{ s/ tf]lsPsf] ;dodf
bflvnf gu/]sf] cj:yfdf s/ jSof}tf /xG5 . s/ jSof}tf /x]sf] JolQmaf6
ljefun] s/ c;'nL ug]{ ;DaGwdf P]gsf] kl/R5]b @) df ljleGg Joj:yf 5 .
ljefun] P]gsf] kl/R5]b @) sf] Joj:yf cGtu{t /xL s/ jSof}tf /x]sf] JolQmaf6
s/ ;+sng ug]{ k|lqmof cjnDag u/L s/ ;+sng ug{ ;Sb5 .
AolQmn] ls:tfaGbLdf cg'dflgt s/ ltg'{kg]{ / e"QmfgLdf s/ sL x'g] Aoa:yfn]
ubf{ slxn] sfFxL ltg'{ kg]{ s/ eGbf a9L s/ bflvnf ePsf] x'g ;Sb5 . ltg'{kg]{
s/eGbf bflvnf u/]sf] s/ a9L ePdf To;/L a9L ePsf] s/ /sd / s/ ltg'{gkg]{
AolQmsf] s/ bflvnf ePsf] ePdf To;/L bflvnf ePsf] s/ /sd lkmtf{ ug'{ kb{5
.
P]gsf] kl/R5]b @) n] s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmaf6 s/ c;'n ug]{ k|lqmof Pj+
clwsf/, aSof}tf ldGxf ug]{ / a9L bflvnf ePsf] s/ lkmtf{ ug]{ ;DaGwdf laleGg
Aoa:yfx? u/]sf] 5 . P]gsf log} Aoa:yfx?sf] AofVof o; kl/R5]bdf ul/Psf] 5 .
@*=@= clu|d s/ sL ug]{ AolQmaf6 s/ c;'nL
P]gsf] kl/R5]b !& n] kfl/>lds tyf cGo cjsfz e'QmfgLdf /f]huf/bftfn],
cjsfz sf]ifaf6 ePsf] cjsfz e'QmfgLdf cjsfz sf]ifn], nufgL k|ltkmn, ;]jf
z'Ns, laqmL af]g;, 7]Ssf jf s/f/ jfktsf] e"QmfgL / jLdf lk|ldod jfkt u}/
jfl;GbfnfO{ lbOg] e"QmfgLdf e"QmfgLstf{n] / bkmf (%s adf]lhd sdf]l86L
ahf/sf] ;+rfnsn] ;f] sf/f]jf/df ePsf] d'gfkmf / nfe, lwtf]kqsf] lg;u{af6
ePsf] nfedf lwtf]kq lalgdo ahf/ jf h'g lgsfosf] lwtf]kq lg;u{ ePsf] xf]
;f] lgsfon] / 3/hUuf jf 3/ jf hUufsf] lg;u{af6 ePsf] nfedf ;DalGwt
dfnkf]t sfof{non] clu|d s/ c;'n ug'{kg]{ Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf () /
bkmf (%s n] To;/L s/ sL ul/Psf] /sd / laa/0f ;DalGwt /fh:j
sfof{nodf a'emfpg' kg]{ Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 . s/ sL ug'{kg]{ bfloTj ePsf
pk/f]Qm AolQmnfO{ s/ sL ug'{kg]{ Ph]G6 elgG5 . P]gn] clu|d s/ sL ul/Psf]
jf ul/g'kg]{ /sdnfO{ klg s/sf] ?kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] x'+bf clu|d s/ sL ug]{
bfloTj ePsf pNn]lvt AolQm jf lgsfox?nfO{ klg s/ ltg'{kg]{ st{Ao ePsf]
AolQm dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 / clu|d s/ sL ePsf] s/ /sd s/ sL ug]{ AolQmaf6}
c;'n ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . clu|d s/ sL ug]{ bfloTj ePsf pk/f]Qm AolQm jf
lgsfox?n] s/ sL u/]sf] jf s/ sL u/]sf] dflgg] s/sf] /sd c;'n x'g]
k|Tofe"lt k|bfg ug{ P]gsf] bkmf !)# n] sL u/L a'emfpg' kg]{ s/ afktsf]
;'/If0fsf ;DaGwdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf] laz]if Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
580

!)#-!_ s/ sL ug'{ kg]{ Ph]G6n] kl/R5]b!& adf]lhd sL ug{' kg]{ s/nfO{

cbfntsf] cfb]z jf cGo s'g} sfg"g adf]lhd jf cGo s'g} lsl;dn] ug'{kg]{
e'StfgLnfO{ eGbf cu|flwsf/ lbg' kg]{5 .
!)#-@_ s/ sL ug'{ kg]{ Ph]G6n] kl/R5]b!& adf]lhd sf u/]sf] s/;DjGwdf
b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ To:tf] Ph]G6n] s{L u/]sf] s/ / To:tf] s/ afkt s'g} ;DklQ k|fKt
u/]sf] eP ;f] ;d]t g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lgldQ /f]Ssf /fv]sf] dflgg],
-v_ ;f] sL ul/Psf] s/ /sd To:tf] Ph]G6sf] C0f jf bfloTj;+u cfj4
ug{ g;lsg], /
-u_ To:tf] s/ sL ug]{ Ph]06 6f6 klN6Psf] jf lj36g ePsf] cj:yfdf
;f] s/ sL /sd To;/L lj36g ePsf] jf 6f6 kN6]sf] h]yfsf] efu
gdflgg] / To;/L lj36g eO{ jf 6f6 klN6O{ efu nufpg' kbf{ sL
ul/Psf] s/ jf ;f] ;DklQ pk/ ljefusf] klxnf] bfaL /xg] .
s/ sL ug'{kg]{ Ph]G6n] s/ sL u/]sf] jf s/ sL u/]sf] dflgg] /sd ;f]
AolQmsf] cfo / vr{ x'b}g . Ph]G6n] cGo s'g} AolQmnfO{ e"QmfgL lbg'kg]{ /sd
dWo]af6 g} s/ sf u/L /fv]sf] s/ /sd g} lgwf{l/t ;dodf ;DalGwt
sfof{nodf a'emfpg' kb{5 . s/ sL ug'{kg]{ AolQmn] ;/sf/sf] k|ltgLlw jf
dWo:ystf{sf] ?kdf s/of]Uo cfo ePsf] AolQmaf6 ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 s/ ;+sng
u/L ;f] /sd /fh:j bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ x'+bf To:tf Ph]G6nfO{ s/ sL ug]{ Ph]G6
elgPsf] xf] . t;y{ s/ sL ePsf] /sd c;'n ug]{ ;DaGwdf P]gn] laz]if
k|sf/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 . P]gsf] pk/f]Qm Aoa:yf cg';f/ clu|d s/ sL jf
c;'n ePsf] jf clu|d s/ sL jf c;'n ePsf] dflgg] /sdsf] ;+sngnfO{
lglZrttf k|bfg ug{ To:tf /sd ;/sf/nfO{ k|fKt x'g] u/L b]xfosf] ;'/If0f /
laz]ifflwsf/sf] Aoa:yf P]gn] u/]sf] 5 .
s_ s/sf] e"QmfgLnfO{ cu|flwsf/ lbg'kg]{M
s/ sL ug'{kg]{ Ph]G6sf cg]sf}+ bfloTj tyf st{Jox? x'g;S5g\ . s/ sL u/]sf]
jf s/ sL u/]sf] dflgg] /sd bflvnf ug{ af+ls /x]sf] eP ;f] Ph]G6n] bflvnf
ug{ af+ls s/sf] e"QmfgLnfO{ cu|flwsf/ lbg'kb{5 . laleGg k|sf/sf bfloTj ePsf
AolQmn] s/ sL u/]sf] jf s/ sL u/]sf] dflgg] /sd bflvnf ug{ af+ls /x]sf]
eP bflvnf ug{ af+ls s/ /sd bflvnf ul/;s]kl5 dfq cGo bfloTjsf] e"QmfgL
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ltg'{kg]{ cGo bfloTj glt/]sf] sf/0fn] h:tf];'s} kl/0ffd ef]Ug'k/] klg
sL u/]sf] jf sL u/]sf] dflgg] s/ ltg{ af+ls /fv]/ cGo bfloTj e'QmfgL ug{
kfOb}g .
pbfx/0f @*=@=!M dfgf}+, cGgk"0f{ sDkgLn] @)^% d+l;/ dlxgfsf] !% ut]sf
lbgdf v/Lb jfkt ?= ! nfv, a}+ssf] Aofh ?= %) xhf/ / @)^% sflt{s
dlxgfdf s/ sL u/]sf] /sd ?= !) xhf/ e"QmfgL ug'{kg]{ 5 . t/ sDklg;+u
;f] lbgdf e"QmfgLsf] nflu ?= ! nfv dfq pknAw 5 . o; cj:yfdf sDkgLn]
s/ sL ul/Psf] /sd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lgldQ /f]Ssf dflgg] x'gfn] ;a}eGbf
klxn] @)^% sflt{s dlxgfdf s/ sL u/]sf] /sd ?= !) xhf/ e"QmfgL
ug'{kb{5 . sDkgLn] pQm s/ /sd e"Qmfg ug{ af+ls /fv]/ cGo bfloTj e"Qmfg
ug{ kfpb}g .
581

pbfx/0f @*=@=@M dfgf}+, cGgk"0f{ sDkgLn] @)^% kf}if dlxgfsf] !% ut]sf

lbgdf v/Lb jfkt ?= # nfv, a}+ssf] ;fjf+ Aofh ?= % nfv, ;af]{Rr
cbfntsf] cfb]z adf]lhd s'g} AolQmnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ ?= ! nfv / @)^% d+l;/
dlxgfdf s/ sL u/]sf] /sd ?= @ nfv e"QmfgL ug'{kg]{ 5 . t/ sDklg;+u ;f]
lbgdf e'QmfgLsf] nflu ?= & nfvdfq pknAw 5 . pQm lbg sDkgLn] a}+ssf]
;fjf+ Aofh e'Qmfg gu/] k]gfn :j?k b}lgs ?= % xhf/ ltg'{kg]{ x'G5 eg]
cbfntsf] cfb]z adf]lhdsf] /sd e"Qmfg gu/] cbfntsf] dfg xfgLsf] d'2f
v]Kg'kg]{ x'g;S5 . o; cj:yfdf sDkgLn] ;f] ldltdf pknAw /sdaf6 a}+ssf]
;fjf+ Aofh / cbfntsf] cfb]z adf]lhdsf] /sd e'Qmfg u/L k]gfn Aofh /
cbfntsf] dfgxfgLsf] d'2f v]Kg'kg]{ cj:yfaf6 d'Qm x'g;S5 . t/ sDklgn] s/
sL ul/Psf] /sd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lgldQ /f]Ssf dflgg] x'gfn] ;a}eGbf klxn]
@)^% d+l;/ dlxgfdf s/ sL u/]sf] /sd ?= @ nfv e"QmfgL ug'{kg]{ / pQm
s/ /sd e'Qmfg ug{ af+ls /fv]/ cGo bfloTj e"Qmfg ug{ gkfpg] x'+bf ;aeGbf
klxn] bflvnf ug{ af+ls s/g} e"Qmfg ug'{kb{5 . a}+ssf] ;fjf+ Aofh / cbfntsf]
cfb]z adf]lhdsf] /sd e'Qmfg gu/]df k]gfn Aofh / cbfntsf] dfgxfgLsf]
d'2f v]Kg'kg]{ cj:yf b]vfO bflvnf ug{ af+ls s/ bflvnf gu/L cGo bfloTj
e'Qmfg u/]sf] jf ug{ kfpg'kg]{ bfjL sDkgLn] lng ;Qm}g .
v_ s{L u/]sf] s/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lgldQ /f]Ssf /xg]M
s'g} AolQmn] P]gsf] kl/R5]b !& adf]lhd s'g} e'QmfgLdf s/ sL u/]sf] eP ;f]
AolQmn] s/ sL u/]sf] /sd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lgldQ :jtM /f]Ssf /x]sf] dflgG5 .
To:t} s'g} AolQmn] s'g} e'QmfgLdf sL ug'{kg]{ s/ jfkt s'g} ;DklQ k|fKt u/]sf]
eP ;f] ;DklQ ;d]t g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lgldQ :jt /f]Ssf /x]sf] dflgG5 . csf]{
zAbdf eGg] xf] eg] s/ sL ug]{ AolQmn] s/ :j?k s6\6f u/L /fv]sf] /sd jf
To:tf] /sd jfkt k|fKt u/]sf] s'g} ;DklQ s'g} klg sf/0f jf cj:yf jf axfgf
b]vfO ef]urng ug{ jf k|of]u ug{ jf ;/sf/nfO{ ga'emfpg jf ;/sf/nfO{
ga'emfpg'kg]{ bfjL ug{ kfpb}g . s/ sL ug]{ AolQmn] ;/sf/sf] k|ltgLlwsf] ?kdf
s/ sL ug]{ / s/ sL u/]sf] /sd ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfpg'kg]{ x'+bf e'QmfgLdf s/
sL ug]{ lalQs} ;f] s/ /sddf ;/sf/sf] clwsf/ / bfjL sfod x'g] Aoa:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . s/ sL ug'{ gkg]{ AolQmsf] s/ sL ePdf jf s/ sL ug'{ kg]{ /sd
eGbf a9L /sd s/ sL ePdf s/ sL x'g] AolQmn] a9L sL -bflvnf_ ePsf] s/
/sd lkmtf{ bfaL ug{ ;Sb5 . s/ sL ug'{ gkg]{ e'QmfgLdf s/ sL u/]sf] jf s/
sL x'g'kg]{ /sdeGbf a9L /sd s/ sL u/]sf] sf/0f cfkm}n] k|of]u ug{ kfp+b}g .
o; ;DaGwL pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

582

pbfx/0f @*=@=#M dfgf}+, cGgk"0f{ sDkgLn] @)^^ d+l;/ dlxgfdf rGbg P08
sDkgLnfO{ s/ n]vf k/LIf0f u/] jfkt e"Qmfg ug'{kg]{ z'Ns ?= ! nfvdf ?= !%
xhf/ s/ s6fO{ af+ls ?= *% xhf/ e"QmfgL lbPsf] /x]5 . t/, rGbg P08
sDkgLn] cfkm" d"No clea[l4 s/df btf{ ePsf]n] pQm e"QmfgLdf ?= ! xhf/ %
;o dfq s/ sL x'g'kg]{ x'+bf a9L s/ sL ePsf] /sd ?= !# xhf/ % ;o
lkmtf{ kfpg' kg]{ dfu /fVof] . s/ sL x'g'kg]{ /sdeGbf a9L /sd s/ sL
u/]sf] / ;f] /sd lkmtf{ kfpg s/ sL x'g] JolQmn] dfu u/]df tyf To:tf]
/sd s/ bflvnf geO{ ;s]sf] eP a9L sL ePsf] /sd lkmtf{ ug'{ k5{ . a9L
sL ePsf] /sd /fh:j bflvnf eO{ ;s]sf] eP To;/L a9L s/ sL eP hlt
/sd rGbg P08 sDklgn] cfkm"n] ;f] aif{sf] nflu ltg'{kg]{ s/df ldnfg ug{
kfp+5 jf ljefu;+u lkmtf{ dfu ug{ kfpF5 .
pbfx/0f @*=@=$M dfgf}+, cGgk"0f{ sDkgLn] @)^^ d+l;/ dlxgfdf Pg=
sDklgnfO{ ;]jf z'Ns jfkt e"Qmfg ug'{kg]{ /sd ?= ! nfv /x]5 . t/ Pg=
sDkgLn] klxn] g} ! nfv ?k}+of e"QmfgL lnO;s]sf] /x]5 . pQm e"QmfgLdf ?=
!% xhf/ s/ s6fO{ af+ls ?= *% xhf/ e"QmfgL lbg'kg]{df cGgk"0f{ sDkgLn]
;Dk"0f{ /sd e"QmfgL lbPsf] x'+bf ;f] e"QmfgLdf s/ sL ePsf] 5}g . cGgk"0f{
sDklgn] cfkm"n] u/]sf] e"QmfgLdf s/ sL ug'{kg]{ ?= !% xhf/ lkmtf{ lbg Pg=
sDkgLnfO{ cg'/f]w u/]sf]df Pg= sDkgLn] cfkm"n] gub /sd lbg g;Sg] a?
;f]sf] ;6\6f cfkmgf] gfddf /x]sf] s'g} sDkgLsf] ?= !% xhf/sf] C0fkq
cGgk"0f{ sDkgLsf] gfddf gfd;f/L ul/lbg] k|:tfj /fVof] / cGgk"0f{ sDkgLn]
klg ;f] k|:tfjdf ;xdlt hgfof] . o; cj:yfdf cGgk"0f{ sDkgLn] Pg=
sDklgaf6 sL u/L bflvnf ug'{kg]{ s/ /sd bflvnf gu?Gh]n cGgk"0f{
sDkgLsf] gfddf cfPsf] pQm C0fkq g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lgldQ :jt /f]Ssf
/x]sf] dflgg] x'+bf ;f] C0fkq cGgk"0f{ sDkgLn] s'g} tj/n] s;}nfO{ klg xs
x:tfGt/0f ug{ kfpb}g .
u_ sL ul/Psf] s/ /sd sL ug]{ AolQmn] cfkm\gf] C0f jf bfloTj;+u cfj4
ug{ gkfpg]M
s/ sL ug'{kg]{ st{Ao ePsf] AolQmn] h'g;'s} cj:yfdf klg s/ sL ug'{kg]{
e"QmfgLdf s/ sL ug'{kb{5 . sL u/]sf] s/ /sd lgwf{l/t ;dodf bflvnf
ug'{kb{5 . To;}n] s/ sL ug'{kg]{ st{Ao ePsf] s'g}klg AolQmn] cfkm"n] s/ sL
u/]sf] s/ /sd jf s/ sL ug'{kg]{ s/sf] /sd cfkm"n] ltg'{kg]{ C0f jf bfloTj;+u
cfa4 ug{ cyf{t cfkm"n] ltg'{kg]{ C0f jf bfloTj;+u ldnfg ug{ kfOb}g . s'g}
AolQmn] s'g} C0f jf ;fk6L jf cGo s'g} /sd ltg{ af+ls /x]sf] AolQmnfO{ s/ sL
ug'{kg]{ /sd e"QmfgL ubf{ ;f] AolQmnfO{ /sd ltg{ af+ls /x]sf] sf/0fn] e"QmfgLdf
s/ sL gug{ ldNb}g . To:t} s/ sL u/]sf] jf ug'{kg]{ /sd ltg'{kg]{ bfloTjsf]
?kdf b]vfO To:tf] /sdsf] e"QmfgLnfO{ :yug ug{ jf k/ ;fg{ ;d]t ldNb}g .
3_ s/ sL /sd lj36g ePsf] jf 6f6 kN6]sf] AolQmsf] h]yfsf] efu gdflgg]M
s/ sL u/]sf] jf ug'{kg]{ s'g} AolQm 6f6 kN6]df jf To:tf] s'g} lgsfo lj36g
ePdf jf 6f6 kN6]df ;f] AolQm jf lgsfo la36g ePsf] jf 6f6 kN6]sf] sf/0fn]
lghn] s/ sL u/]sf] /sd bflvnf ug'{kg]{ lghsf] st{Aodf / To:tf] s/ c;'n
ul/lng] ;/sf/sf] clwsf/df s'g} c;/ kb}{g .
583

s/ sL /sd / lj36g ePsf] jf 6f6 kN6]sf] AolQmsf] h]yfdf ljefusf]

klxnf] bfjL nfUg]M
s/ sL u/]sf] jf ug'{kg]{ s'g} AolQm 6f6 kN6]df jf To:tf] s'g} lgsfo lj36g
ePdf jf 6f6 kN6]df / ;f] AolQmsf] ;DklQ efu nufpg' jf af+8kmf+8 ug'{k/]df
sL ul/Psf] s/sf] xb;Ddsf] /sddf laefusf] klxnf] bfjL jf clwsf/ /xG5 .
pQm ;DklQaf6 ;a}eGbf klxn] sL ul/Psf] s/sf] /sd e"Qmfg ug'{kb{5 . s/
sL ePsf] /sd bflvnf gu?Gh]n jf ;f] /sd ljefun] c;'n gu?Gh]n To:tf]
AolQm jf lgsfosf] ;DklQdf ljefusf] klxnf] bfjL jf clwsf/ /xG5 . t/ To:tf]
;DklQdf ljefusf] bfjL sfod x'g ljefun] To:tf] ;DklQdf bfjL btf{ u/fpg'
kb{5 jf To:tf] ;DklQ sAhfdf lng'kb{5 .
@*=#= s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmaf6 aSof}tf s/sf] c;'nL
s/ ltg'{kg]{ st{Ao ePsf AolQmx?n] cfkm"n] ltg'{kg]{ s/ tf]lsPsf] ;dodf bflvnf
ug'{kb{5 . s/ ltg]{ st{Ao ePsf AolQm eGgfn] s'g} cfo aif{df s'g} /f]huf/L,
Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 cfo ePsf] AolQm, s'g} cfo aif{df s'g} cfo ljb]z k7fpg]
u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQmsf] g]kfnl:yt :yfoL ;+:yfkg / clGtd ?kdf s/ sL eO{
e"QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ AolQm ;Demg' kb{5 . t/ clGtd ?kdf s/ sL eO{ e"QmfgL
k|fKt ug]{ AolQm / /f]huf/L cfodfq ePsf] AolQmsf] ;fdfGotofM s/ aSof}tf
g/xg] x'Fbf o;sf] lj:t[t JofVof ul/Psf] 5}g . clu|d s/ sL ul/Psf] s/ /sd
dfly pNn]lvt bfjL ;[hgf u/L s/ ;+sng ug]{ sfo{df ljefun] Wofg k'ofpg'
kb{5 . lgb]{lzsfsf] o; v08df s/ ltg]{ st{Ao ePsf AolQm eGgfn] s'g} cfo
aif{df s'g} /f]huf/L, Joj;fo jf nufgLaf6 cfo ePsf] AolQm / s'g} cfo aif{df
s'g} cfo ljb]z k7fpg] u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQmnfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 . s/ ltg'{kg]{
AolQmx?dWo] lgwf{l/t ;dodf ltg'{kg]{ s/ gltg]{ / clu|d s/ sL ePsf] s/
/sd bflvnf gu/]sf] s/ sL ug]{ AolQmnfO{ s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQm elgG5 .
s/ ltg]{ bfloTj ePsf pNn]lvt AolQmn] ltg'{kg]{ s/ tf]lsPsf] ;doleq bflvnf
gu/]df To:tf] AolQm cyf{t s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmaf6 c;'n x'g af+ls s/ c;'n
ug'{ s/ k|zf;gsf] st{Ao x'G5 . pk/f]Qm AolQm jf lgsfox?n] s/ aSof}tf /fv]sf]
cj:yfdf To:tf] aSof}tf /sd c;'n x'g] k|Tofe"lt k|bfg ug{ P]gn] b]xfo
adf]lhdsf Aoa:yfx? u/]sf]5 .
@*=#=!= s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmsf] ;DklQdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] bfaL l;h{gf x'g]
s/ ltg'{kg]{ st{Ao ePsf] s'g} JolQmn] cfkm"n] P]g adf]lhd bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ s/
lgwf{l/t ;do;Dddf bflvnf gu/]df ;f] AolQm s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmsf] >]0fLdf
kb{5 . To:tf] AolQmaf6 ;/sf/n] c;'n ug{ af+ls s/ c;'n x'g;Sg] cj:yfsf]
k|Tofe"lt ug{ P]gn] To:tf] AolQmsf] ;DklQdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] bfaL cyf{t
clwsf/ >[hgf x'g] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !)$ sf]
pkbkmf -!_ df b]xfosf] Aoa:yf 5 .
!)$-!_M k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} JolQmn] s/
bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ ldlt;Dddf ;f] s/ bflvnf gu/]df ;f] s/ jSof}tf /fVg]
JolQmsf] ;DklQdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] bfaL l;h{gf ePsf] dflgg]5 .
P]gsf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmsf] ;DklQ pk/ ljefusf] bfjL
584

>[hgf ePsf] dflgG5 . s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmsf] ;DklQ eGgfn] crn ;DklQsf]
xsdf ;f] AolQmsf] :jfldTj ePsf] ;DklQ / cGo ;DklQsf] xsdf ;f] AolQm jf
lghsf] ;Da4 AolQm jf cGo s'g} AolQmsf] sAhfdf /x]sf] / lghsf] xsflwsf/
/x]sf] ;DklQnfO{ hgfp5 . o:tf] ;DklQ AolQmsf] Aofkf/ df}Hbft, Aofa;flos
;DklQ, x|f;of]Uo ;DklQ jf u}/ Aofa;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQ h];'s} klg x'g;S5 .
s/ aSof}tf c;'nL ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu ;fy} pQm ;DklQsf cnfjf h:t}M k}t[s
;DklQ, l6=le=, lk|mh h:tf 3/]n' ;DklQ jf u/uxgf h:tf lghL ;DklQdf ;d]t
;/sf/sf] bfaL ;[hgf x'g ;Sb5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] bfaL l;h{gf ePsf] s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmsf] s'g} ;DklQ
;/sf/sf] ;DklQ ;/x x'g] / To:tf] ;DklQ s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmn] s'g} klg
lsl;dn] cGo s'g} AolQmsf gfpFdf x:tfGt/0f ug{ g;Sg] x'+bf To:tf] ;DklQdf
c? s'g} AolQmsf] s'g} lsl;dsf] clwsf/ jf bfjL /xg] cj:yf /xb}g . s/
aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmsf] k}t[s Pj+ lghL ;DklQdf ;d]t ljefusf] bfjL ;f] AolQmn]
aSof}tf s/ r'Qmf gu?Gh]n;Dd jf s/ aSof}tf c;'n ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu bfjL
ul/Psf] ;DklQ a]rlavg jf lnnfd laqmL gx'Gh]n;Dd sfod /xG5 . t/, s/
aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmsf] ;DklQ pk/ ljefusf] bfjL :jt >[hgf x'+b}g . To:tf] bfjL
>[hgf ug{ jf x'g ljefun] jf cGo ;DalGwt AolQm jf lgsfon] lglZrt
lhDd]jf/L / k|s[ofx? k'/f ug'{kb{5 . tL lhDd]jf/L / k|s[ofx?sf ;DaGwdf tnsf
v08x?df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
@*=#=@= s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmnfO{ bfjLsf] ;"rgf lbg'kg]{
s/ aSof}tf /fVg] s'g} AolQmsf] aSof}tf s/ c;'n ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu ;f]
AolQmsf] s'g} ;DklQ pk/ ljefun] bfjL ug'{kg]{ ePdf ;f] AolQmnfO{ To:tf]
bfjLsf] ;"rgf lbg'kb{5 . o; ;DaGwdf bkmf !)$ sf] pkbkmf -@_ df b]xfosf]
Aoa:yf 5 .
!)$-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd bfaL l;h{gf x'g] ;DklQ dfly bfaL ubf{ ljefun]
b]xfosf s'/fx? v'nfPsf] lnlvt ;"rgf ;f] JolQmnfO{ lbg' kg]{5 M
-s_ bfaL ul/Psf] ;DklQsf] ljj/0f,
-v_ pkbkmf -#_ df pNn]v ul/P adf]lhdsf] bfaLsf] ;Ldf,
-u_ ;f] bfaL;+u ;DalGwt s/, /
-3_ cGo s'g} s'/f eP ;f] s'/f .
s/ aSof}tf /fVg] s'g} AolQmsf] s'g} ;DklQ dfly bfaL ubf{ ljefun] ;f] JolQmnfO{
bfaL ul/Psf] ;DklQsf] ljj/0f, bfaLsf] ;Ldf, ;f] bfaL;+u ;DalGwt s/ / cGo
s'g}s'/f eP ;f] s'/f v'nfPsf] lnlvt ;"rgf lbg' kb{5 . bfaL ul/Psf] ;DklQsf]
ljj/0f eGgfn] ;f] ;DklQ s'g} hUuf, hldg jf ejg /x]sf] eP ;f] ;DklQ /x]sf]
:yfg, ;f] ;DklQsf] If]qkmn, hUufsf] lsQf gDa/, ;f] ;DklQ pk/ :jfldTj /x]sf]
AolQmsf] gfd 7]ufgf cflbnfO{ hgfp5 . bfaL u/]sf] ;DklQ s'g} hUuf, hldg jf
ejg afx]s cGo s'g} k|ToIf ;DklQ h:t} d]lzg/L jf pks/0f, Aofkf/ df}Hbft,
cGo a:t'sf] df}Hbft, gub jf ax'd"No wft' cflb /x]sf] eP ;f] ;DklQ /x]sf]
:yfg, ;f] ;DklQsf] k|sf/, kl/df0f cflbnfO{ hgfp5 . bfjLsf] l;df eGgfn] h'g
AolQmsf] ;DklQ bfjL ul/g] jf ul/Psf] xf] ;f] JolQmn] a'emfpg' kg]{ s/, To:tf]
585

s/ 9Lnf a'emfP jfkt P]gsf] bkmf !!( adf]lhd a'emfpg' kg]{ Jofh, bfaL /
lnnfd ljqmL ubf{ nfu]sf jf nfUg] vr{x?sf] hDdf /sdnfO{ hgfp5 . bfjL
ul/Psf] ;DklQaf6 ;f] /sd eGbf a9L /sd k|fKt ePdf ;a} /sddf ljefusf]
xs nfUb}g / a9L ePsf] /sd ;f] AolQmnfO{ g} lkmtf{ lbg' kb{5 . bfaL;+u
;DalGwt s/ eGgfn] h'g s/sf] hl/ofaf6 ;f] bfaL ul/Psf] jf ug{ nfluPsf] xf]
;f] s/nfO{ hgfp5 . aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmnfO{ lbOg] ;"rgfdf ;f] s/ s'g aif{sf]
ltg{ af+ls s/ xf] / ;f] s/ bfloTj s;/L >[hgf ePsf] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf
:ki6;+u pNn]v ul/g'kb{5 . v'nfpg'kg]{ cGo s'g} s'/f eGgfn] ljefun] o:tf]
;"rgfdf v'nfpg pko'Qm ;De]msf jf 7fg]sf s'/fnfO{ hgfp5 . s/ aSof}tf /fVg]
s'g} JolQmnfO{ pk/f]Qm adf]lhdsf] lnlvt ;"rgf lbPkl5 dfq ;f] AolQmsf] ;f]
;"rgfdf pNn]lvt ;DklQ dfly ljefun] u/]sf] bfjL nfu' x'g] cyf{t ;f]
;DklQdfly ljefusf] clwsf/ >[hgf x'g] x'+bf ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ pk/f]Qm
cg';f/sf] lnlvt ;"rgf lbg' clgjfo{ x'G5 . o; ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !)$ sf]
pkbkmf -$_ df lgDg Aoa:yf 5 .
!)$-$_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd ul/Psf] bfaL b]xfosf sfo{ geP;Dd nfu" x'g]
5}g M
-s_ ejg tyf hUuf hldgsf] ;DaGwdf pkbkmf -^_ adf]lhd bfaL btf{
u/fpg ljefun] hfgsf/L glbP;Dd,
-v_ cGo k|ToIf ;DklQsf ;DaGwdf ljefun] bkmf !)% sf] pkbkmf -#_
adf]lhd To:tf] ;DklQ sAhf gu/];Dd, /
-u_ cGo h'g;'s} cj:yfdf s/ jSof}tf /x]sf] JolQmnfO{ pkbkmf -@_
adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf glbP;Dd .
pk/f]Qm Aoa:yf cg';f/ s/ aSof}tf /fVg] s'g} JolQmnfO{ lbOPsf] ;"rgfdf
pNn]lvt ;f] AolQmsf] ;DklQ ejg tyf hUuf hldg / cGo k|ToIf jf d"t{
;DklQ /x]sf] eP ;f] ;DklQdfly ljefun] u/]sf] bfjL nfu" x'g jf ;f] ;DklQdf
ljefusf] clwsf/ :yflkt x'g ljefux?n] lgDg cg';f/sf b'Oj6f k"j{zt{x? jf
cj:yfx? k"/f ug'{kb{5 .
s_ bfjL btf{ u/fpg'kg]{
ljefun] s/ aSof}tf /x]sf] AolQmsf] s'g} hUuf hldg jf ejg pk/ bfjL u/]df
jf ug'{k/]df ;DalGwt dfnkf]t sfof{nonfO{ hfgsf/L lbO To:tf] ;DklQ /f]Ssf
/fVg nufpg' kb{5 . o; ;DaGwdf bkmf !)$ sf] pkbkmf -^_ df b]xfosf]
Aoa:yf 5 .
!)$-^_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd ljefun] s'g} hUuf, hldg jf ejg pk/ bfaL
u/]df ;DalGwt dfnkf]t sfof{nonfO{ hfgsf/L lbg' kg]{5 / pQm sfof{non]
To:tf] hUuf hldg jf ejg s;}nfO{ a]rlavg jf :jfldTj x:tfGt/0f gx'g]
u/L /f]Ssf /fVg' kg]{5 .
s/ aSof}tf /x]sf] s'g} AolQmsf] aSof}tf lghsf] hfoh]yfaf6 c;'n ug'{kg]{ eO
ljefun] ;f] AolQmsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] s'g} hUuf hldg jf 3/hUufdf cfkm\gf]
bfjL jf xs sfod ug'{kg]{ ePdf ljefusf] bfjL sfod ug'{kg]{ hUuf hldg jf
3/hUuf /x]sf] 7]ufgf, If]qkmn / ;f] ;DklQdf :jfldTj /x]sf] AolQmsf] gfd 7]ufgf
;d]tsf laa/0f v'nfO{ ;DalGwt dfnkf]t sfof{nonfO{ ;f] ;DklQ /f]Ssf /flvlbg
586

lnlvt ?kdf hfgsf/L u/fpg' kb{5 . o; sfo{nfO{ bfjL btf{ u/fpg] sfo{ elgG5
. ljefun] s/ aSof}tf /x]sf] AolQmsf] To:tf] s'g} ;DklQ /f]Ssf /flvlbg lnlvt
?kdf cg'/f]w u/]df jf ;f] ;DklQ pk/ cfkm\gf] bfjL btf{ u/fPdf ;DalGwt
dfnkf]t sfof{non] /f]Ssf /flvlbg cg'/f]w eO cfPsf ;DklQ ;f] ;DklQdf
:jfldTj /x]sf] AolQmn] cGo s'g} AolQmnfO{ a]rlavg jf cGo s'g} tl/sfaf6 ;f]
;DklQ dflysf] :jfldTj x:tfGt/0f ug{ gkfpg] u/L /f]Ssf /flvlbg' kb{5 .
ljefun] s/ aSof}tf /x]sf] AolQmsf] s'g} hUuf hldg jf 3/hUufdf ;DklQ /f]Ssf
/flvlbg lnlvt ?kdf cg'/f]w gu?Gh]n jf ;f] ;DklQ pk/ cfkm\gf] bfjL btf{
gu/fpGh]n ;f] ;DklQdf ljefusf] bfjL jf xs nfUb}g .
v_ ;DklQ sAhf ug'{kg]{
s/ aSof}tf AolQmsf] gLhsf] hfoh]yfaf6 c;'n ug'{kg]{ eO ljefun] ;f] AolQmsf]
:jfldTjdf /x]sf] s'g} hUuf hldg jf 3/hUuf ;d]t cGo s'g} k|ToIf jf d"t{
;DklQdf cfkm\gf] bfjL jf xs sfod ug'{kg]{ ePdf To:tf] ;DklQ ljefun] sAhf
ug'{kb{5 . To:tf] ;DklQdf sAhf ug]{ ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !)% sf] pkbkmf -#_
n] b]xfosf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
!)%-#_ ljefun] pkbkmf -!_ jf -@_ adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf s/ aSof}tf /x]sf]
JolQmnfO{ lbPkl5 b]xfo adf]lhd ug{ ;Sg]5 M
-s_ s'g} klg ;dodf ;f] ;"rgfdf plNnlvt d"t{ ;DklQ sAhfdf lng],
-v_ d"t{ ;DklQ sAhfdf lng] k|of]hgsf] nflu pkbkmf -!_ sf] ;"rgfdf
plNnlvt s'g} kl/;/df s'g} klg ;dodf k|j]z ug{, /
-u_ hUuf hldg jf ejg afx]ssf d"t{ ;DklQsf ;DaGwdf To:tf
;DklQx? s/ jSof}tf /x]sf JolQmsf] vr{df ljefun] pko'Qm
;Dem]sf] s'g} klg :yfgdf /fVg .
pk/f]Qm Aoa:yf cg';f/ s/ aSof}tf /fVg] s'g} AolQmsf] hUuf hldg jf ejg /
cGo d"t{ ;DklQ dfly ljefun] u/]sf] bfjLn] sfg"gL dfGotf kfpg pQm ;DklQ
sAhf ug'{ kb{5 . To:tf] ;DklQ ljefun] cfkm\gf] lhDdfdf lng'kb{5 . t/ ljefun]
s'g} AolQmsf] To:tf] ;DklQ sAhfdf lng'cl3 bkmf !)% sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd
bfaL u/]sf] ;DklQ, ;f] ;DklQ lnnfd jf ljqmL ul/g] tl/sf / ;do / d"t{
;DklQsf] ;DaGwdf ljefun] ;f] ;DklQ sJhfdf lng] tl/sf / :yfg v'nfO{ ;f]
AolQmnfO{ lnlvt ;"rgf lbg'kb{5 . To:tf] ;"rgf lbPkl5 ljefunfO{ ;"rgfdf
pNn]lvt ;DklQ sAhfdf lng], ;f] ;DklQ /x]sf] s'g} :yfgdf s'g} ;dodf k|j]z
ug]{ / To:tf ;DklQx? d"t{ rn ;DklQ eP ljefun] pko'Qm ;Dem]sf] cGo s'g}
:yfgdf /fVg nufpg ;Sg] clwsf/ k|fKt x'G5 .
@*=#=#= bfjLsf] l;df lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{
s/ aSof}tf /fVg] s'g} AolQmsf] s'g} ;DklQ dfly bfaL ubf{ ljefun] ;f] bfjLsf]
l;df lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ ;DaGwdf bkmf !)$ sf] pkbkmf -#_ df b]xfosf] Aoa:yf
/x]sf] 5 .
!)$-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd ;DklQdfly bfaL ubf{ To:tf] JolQmn] a'emfpg'
kg]{ s/, To:tf] s/sf ;DaGwdf bkmf !!( adf]lhd a'emfpg' kg]{ Jofh, bfaL
587

/ lnnfd ljqmL ubf{ nfu]sf vr{x?sf] xb;Dd dfq bfaL l;h{gf x'g]5 .
s/ aSof}tf /fVg] s'g} AolQmsf] s'g} ;DklQ dfly bfaL ubf{ ljefun] ;f] JolQmnfO{
bfaL ul/Psf] ;DklQsf] bfaLsf] ;Ldf v'nfO{ lnlvt ;"rgf lbg' kb{5 . bfjLsf]
l;df eGgfn] h'g AolQmsf] ;DklQ bfjL ul/g] jf ul/Psf] xf] ;f] JolQmn] a'emfpg'
kg]{ s/ ;dodf ga'emfP jfkt a'emfpg'kg]{ hDdf /sd jf ;f] AolQmn] s/
aSof}tf /fv]sf] sf/0fn] ;f] AolQmaf6 laefun] c;'n u/L lng kfpg] cGo
/sdnfO{ ;d]t hgfp5 . To:tf] /sd eg]sf] ;f] AolQmn] bflvnf ug{ af+ls s/,
lghn] s/ 9Lnf a'emfP jfkt P]gsf] bkmf !!* / bkmf !!( adf]lhd a'emfpg' kg]{
Jofh / ;f] AolQmsf] ;DklQ pk/ bfjL ubf{ jf bfaL ul/Psf] ;DklQ lnnfd ljqmL
ubf{ nfu]sf jf nfUg] vr{x?sf] hDdf /sdnfO{ hgfp5 . s/ aSof}tf /fVg] s'g}
AolQmsf] bfjL ul/Psf] s'g} ;DklQsf] a]rlavg jf lnnfd laqmLaf6 k|fKt
/sddWo] pk/f]Qm cg';f/ u0fgf ul/Psf] xb;Ddsf] /sddf dfq ljefusf] xs
nfUg] / ;f] afx]ssf] s'g} /sd af+ls eP ;DalGwt AolQmn] lkmtf{ kfpg] x'+bfg} s/
aSof}tf /fv]sf] sf/0fn] s'g} AolQmaf6 laefun] c;'n u/L lng kfpg] xb;Ddsf]
/sdnfO{ bfjLsf] l;df dflgPsf] xf] . s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmsf] ;DklQ pk/ bfjL
ubf{ jf bfaL ul/Psf] ;DklQ lnnfd ljqmL ubf{ nfu]sf jf nfUg] vr{x?sf]
;DaGwdf bkmf !)$ sf] pkbkmf -*_ df lgDg Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 .
!)$-*_ pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd nfUg] vr{sf ;DjGwdf ljefun] oyfzL3| s/
jSof}tf /x]sf JolQmnfO{ b]xfosf s'/fx? v'nfO{ ;"rgf lbg' kg]{5 M
-s_ To:tf] ;"rgf lbg' cufl8 s/ jSof}tf /x]sf] JolQmsf] ;DklQsf
;DaGwdf bfaL / lnnfd ljqmL afkt ljefun] u/]sf vr{x?, /
-v_ To:tf vr{x? s/ jSof}tf /x]sf] JolQmn] ljefunfO{ a'emfpg' kg]{
ldlt .
:ki6Ls/0f M o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu bfaL / lnnfd ljqmL ubf{
u/]sf] vr{ eGgfn] b]xfo adf]lhd ljefun] u/]sf] jf ug'{ kg]{ vr{
;Demg' k5{ M
-s_ ;f] ;DklQ pk/sf] bfaL l;h{gf jf km's'jf ug]{ ;DaGwdf o;
bkmf adf]lhd ljefun] u/]sf] jf ug'{ kg]{ vr{, jf
-v_ bfaL ul/Psf] ;DklQ sAhfdf lng], cfkm";+u /fVg] / lnnfd
ljqmL ug]{ ;DaGwdf bkmf !)% adf]lhd ljefun] u/]sf] jf
ug'{ kg]{ vr{ .
P]gsf] pk/f]Qm Aoa:yf cg';f/ bfjL / lnnfd ljqmL ubf{ u/]sf] vr{ eGgfn] s/
aSof}tf /x]sf] s'g} AolQmsf] s'g} ;DklQ pk/ bfaL l;h{gf ubf{ jf ;f] bfjL lkmtf{
lnbf jf ;f] ;DklQ km's'jf ubf{ jf ;f] ;DklQ sAhfdf lnbf jf cfkm";+u /fVbf jf
lnnfd ljqmL ubf{ ljefun] u/]sf jf ug'{ kg]{ vr{nfO{ hgfp5 . ljefun] s/
aSof}tf /x]sf] s'g} AolQm;+u pk/f]Qm cg';f/sf /sdx? ;d]t c;'n pk/ ug'{kg]{
x'+bf To:tf vr{sf ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt AolQmnfO{ ;s];Dd rf+8f] ;"rgf lbg'kb{5 .
To:tf vr{sf ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt AolQmnfO{ lbOg] ;"rgfdf To:tf vr{sf]
u0fgfsf] laa/0f ;lxtsf] hDdf /sd / tL vr{ jfktsf] /sd ;f] AolQmn] bflvnf
ug'{kg]{ ldlt k|i6 ?kdf pNn]v ePsf] x'g'kb{5 .
588

@*=#=$ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] bfaL l;h{gf ePsf] ;DklQsf] km"s'jf

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] bfaL l;h{gf ePsf] s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmsf] s'g} ;DklQ km"s'jf
x'g] jf ug'{kg]{ cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf bkmf !)$ sf] pkbkmf -%_ / -&_ df b]xfosf]
Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 .
!)$-%_ s/ jSof}tf /x]sf] JolQmn] a'emfpg' kg{] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd ul/Psf]
bfaLjf6 vfldPsf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhdsf] ;Dk"0f{ /sd ljefunfO{ a'emfPdf
bfaL ul/Psf] ;DklQ km's'jf x'g]5 .
!)$-&_ pkbkmf -%_ adf]lhd hUuf, hldg / ejg pk/sf] bfaL km's'jf ug'{
kg]{ ePdf ljefun] ;f]sf] hfgsf/L dfnkf]t sfof{nodf lbg' kg]{ 5 . To:tf]
hfgsf/L k|fKt ePkl5 dfnkf]t sfof{non] To:tf] /f]Ssf ePsf] hUuf hldg
/ ejgsf] km's'jf ul/ lbg' kg]{5 .
ljefun] s'g} AolQmn] ltg'{kg]{ s'g} s/ ;dodf glt/]df dfq ;f] AolQmsf] ;DklQdf
bfjL >[hgf ug{ kfp5 . To:tf] bfjL >[hgf ug'{sf] Pp6} p2]Zo aSof}tf /x]sf] s/
c;'n pk/ ug'{ g} xf] . To;}n] P]gn] s/ aSof}tf /x]sf] AolQmn] cfkm\gf] aSof}tf
/sd bflvnf u/]df ;f] AolQmsf] /f]Ssf /x]sf] jf ;/sf/n] bfjL >[hgf u/]sf]
;DklQ ;f]xL AolQmnfO{ lkmtf{ ug'{kg]{ Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
P]gsf] Aoa:yf cg';f/ s/ aSof}tf /x]sf] s'g} AolQmn] ljefun] lghnfO{ lghsf]
s'g} ;DklQ bfjL ug]{ ;Gbe{df lbPsf] ;"rgfdf pNn]v u/]sf] /sd bflvnf ug{
;Qm5 . t/ ;f] AolQmn] pQm /sd lghsf] /f]Ssf /x]sf] ;DklQ a]rlavg jf
lnnfd laqmL x'g'eGbf cufl8g} bflvnf ug'{kb{5 . To:tf] s'g} AolQmn] ;"rgf
adf]lhd a'emfpg'kg]{ /sd a'emfPdf ljefun] bfjL u/]sf] jf sAhfdf lnPsf] jf
/f]Ssf /fv]sf] ;DklQ km"s'jf u/L ;f]xL AolQmsf] lhDdf nufpg' kb{5 . s/ aSof}tf
/x]sf] s'g} AolQmn] ;"rgfdf pNn]v u/]sf] /sd bflvnf u/]df ;f] AolQmsf] bfjL
u/]sf] jf /f]Ssf /fv]sf] ;DklQ hUuf, hldg jf ejg /x]sf] eP ;f] ;DklQ km"s'jf
ul/lbg ;DalGwt dfnkf]t sfof{nonfO{ n]vL k7fpg' kb{5 . ;f] AolQmsf] bfjL
u/]sf] jf /f]Ssf /fv]sf] ;DklQ hUuf, hldg jf ejg afx]s cGo s'g} ;DklQ
/x]sf] eP ;f] ;DklQ ljefu :jo+n] km"s'jf ul/lbg' jf lghnfO{ lhDdf lbg'kb{5 .
@*=#=% g]kfn ;/sf/sf] bfaL l;h{gf ePsf] ;DklQsf] lnnfd laqmL u/L aSof}tf s/
c;'n ug]{
ljefun] s/ aSof}tf /fVg] s'g} AolQmsf] ;DklQdf bfjL u/] kZrft klg ;f]
AolQmn] cfkm\gf] aSof}tf s/ bflvnf gu/]df ;f] AolQmsf] s/ aSof}tf c;'n pk/
ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu ljefun] pQm ;DklQ lnnfd laqmL ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
@*=$ bfaL u/]sf] ;DklQsf] lnnfd laqmLM
@*=$=! lnnfd laqmLsf] ;"rgf lbg'kg]{
s/ aSof}tf /fVg] s'g} AolQmsf] ljefun] bfjL u/]sf] ;DklQ lnnfd laqmL ug'{kbf{
ljefun] ;f] AolQmnfO{ lnlvt ;"rgf lbg'kb{5 . bkmf !)% sf] :kli6s/0fsf] v08
-u_ cg';f/ o; k|of]hgsf nflu s/ jSof}tf /x]sf] JolQm eGgfn] s/ sL ug]{
JolQm jf Ph]G6 ;d]tnfO{ ;Demg' k5{ . bfjL u/]sf] ;DklQ lnnfd laqmL ug]{
589

;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !)% sf] pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ df b]xfosf] Aoa:yf 5 .
!)%-!_ s/ jSof}tf /x]sf] JolQm;+u /x]sf] bfaL u/]sf] ;DklQ lnnfd ljqmL
ug]{ ;"rgf ljefun] s/ jSof}tf /x]sf] JolQmnfO{ lbg' kg]{5 .
!)%-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lbOPsf] ;"rgfnfO{ bkmf !)$ sf] pkbkmf -@_
adf]lhd lbOPsf] ;"rgfdf ;dfj]z ug{ jf To:tf] ;"rgf;+u ;+nUg ul/lbg
;lsg]5 . o:tf] ;"rgfdf b]xfosf s'/fx? :ki6 ?kdf v'nfO{ s/ jSof}tf
/x]sf] JolQmnfO{ lbg' kg]{5 M
-s_ bfaL u/]sf] ;DklQ, ;f] ;DklQ lnnfd jf ljqmL ul/g] tl/sf / ;do,
/
-v_ d"t{ ;DklQsf] ;DaGwdf ljefun] ;f] ;DklQ sJhfdf lng] tl/sf /
:yfg .
pk/f]Qm Aoa:yf cg';f/ ljefun] bfaL u/]sf] s/ jSof}tf /x]sf] JolQmsf] ;DklQ
lnnfd ljqmL ug'{cl3 lnnfd ul/g] ;DklQ, ;f] ;DklQ lnnfd jf ljqmL ul/g]
tl/sf / ;do / lnnfd ul/g] ;DklQ d"t{ ;DklQ eP ;f] ;DklQ ljefun]
sJhfdf lng] tl/sf / :yfg v'nfO{ s/ jSof}tf /x]sf] JolQmnfO{ lnlvt ;"rgf
lbg' kb{5 . To:tf] ;"rgf ;f] ;DklQ dfly bfjL >[hgf ug]{ ;Gbe{df ;f] AolQmnfO{
lbOg] ;"rgfsf] efusf] ?kdf ;f] ;"rgf;+u} jf cnu ;"rgfsf] ?kdf klg lbg
;lsG5 .
@*=$=@ lnnfd laqmL ul/g] ;DklQ sAhfdf lng'kg]{
lnnfd laqmL ul/g] ;DklQ sAhfdf glnO ;f] ;DklQ lnnfd laqmL ug{ ;lsb}g .
To;}n] ljefun] s/ aSof}tf /fVg] s'g} AolQmsf] ;DklQ pk/ bfjL u/]sf] eP / ;f]
;DklQ lnnfd laqmL ug]{ dg;fo /fv]sf] eP ;f] ;DklQ lnnfd laqmL ug]{ k|s[of
z'? ug'{ cl3 ;f] ;DklQ sAhfdf lng'kb{5 . o; ;DaGwdf bkmf !)% sf] pkbkmf
-#_ n] b]xfosf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
!)%-#_ ljefun] pkbkmf -!_ jf -@_ adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf s/ aSof}tf /x]sf]
JolQmnfO{ lbPkl5 b]xfo adf]lhd ug{ ;Sg]5 M
-s_ s'g} klg ;dodf ;f] ;"rgfdf plNnlvt d"t{ ;DklQ sAhfdf lng],
-v_ d"t{ ;DklQ sAhfdf lng] k|of]hgsf] nflu pkbkmf -!_ sf] ;"rgfdf
plNnlvt s'g} kl/;/df s'g} klg ;dodf k|j]z ug{, /
-u_ hUuf hldg jf ejg afx]ssf d"t{ ;DklQsf ;DaGwdf To:tf
;DklQx? s/ jSof}tf /x]sf JolQmsf] vr{df ljefun] pko'Qm ;Dem]sf]
s'g} klg :yfgdf /fVg .
s/ aSof}tf /fVg] s'g} AolQmsf] hUuf hldg jf ejg / cGo d"t{ ;DklQ dfly
ljefun] u/]sf] bfjLn] sfg"gL dfGotf kfpg ;f] AolQmnfO{ To:tf] ;DklQ dfly
ljefusf] bfjL /x]sf] Aoxf]/fsf] lnlvt ;"rgf lbg' kb{5 . t/ ljefun] s'g}
AolQmsf] To:tf] ;DklQ sAhfdf lng'cl3 bkmf !)% sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd
;"rgf lbg'kb{5 . ;f] ;"rgfdf bfaL u/]sf] ;DklQ, ;f] ;DklQ lnnfd jf ljqmL
ul/g] tl/sf / ;do / d"t{ ;DklQsf] ;DaGwdf ljefun] ;f] ;DklQ sJhfdf lng]
tl/sf / :yfg v'nfpg' kb{5 . To:tf] ;"rgf lbPkl5 ljefunfO{ ;"rgfdf
590

pNn]lvt ;DklQ sAhfdf lng] l;nl;nfdf ;f] ;DklQ sAhf ug]{], ;f] ;DklQ /x]sf]
s'g} :yfgdf s'g} ;dodf k|j]z ug]{ / To:tf ;DklQx? d"t{ rn ;DklQ eP ;f]lx
JolQmsf] vr{df ljefun] pko'Qm ;Dem]sf] cGo s'g} :yfgdf /fVg nufpg ;Sg]
clwsf/ k|fKt x'G5 .
@*=$=# bfjL ul/Psf] ;DklQ lnnfd laqmL ug]{
s/ aSof}tf /x]sf] AolQmsf] bfjL ul/Psf] ;DklQ lnnfd laqmL ug]{ ;DaGwdf
P]gsf] bkmf !)% sf] pkbkmf -$_ df b]xfo adf]lhdsf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 .
!)%-$_ ljefun] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf s/ jSof}tf /x]sf] JolQmnfO{
lbPsf]df b]xfosf] ;dodf To:tf bfaL u/]sf] ;DklQ ;fj{hlgs ?kdf
lnnfd ljqmL ug{ jf pko'Qm ;Dem]sf] tl/sfjf6 To:tf] ;DklQsf] j]rljvg
jf rng ug{ ;Sg]5 M
-s_ bfaL u/]sf] ;DklQ hUuf hldg jf ejg ePdf pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd
To:tf] ;DklQ sAhfdf lnPsf] ldltn] tL; lbgkl5,
-v_ bfaL u/]sf] ;DklQ gfz x'g] d"t{ ;DklQ ePdf pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd
sAhfdf lnPsf] Ps lbgkl5 ,
-u_ bfaL u/]sf] ;DklQ v08 -s_ jf -v_ df plNnlvt ;DklQ afx]ssf
d"t{ ;DklQ ePdf pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd sAhfdf lnPsf] bz lbgkl5, /
-3_ cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] ;DklQ ePdf pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd To:tf] ;DklQ
sAhfdf lnPsf] bz lbgkl5 .
To:t} bfjL ul/Psf] ;DklQ lnnfd laqmL ug]{ ;Gbe{df ckgfpg'kg]{ sfo{jLlwsf
;DaGwdf lgodfjnLsf] lgod #% df b]xfo adf]lhdsf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 .

#%-!_

ljefun] P]gsf] bkmf !)% sf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd sAhfdf lnPsf]
;DklQ ;f] ;DklQsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ laqmL ug{ pko'Qm :yfg ;d]tnfO{
ljrf/ u/L lnnfd laqmL ug{] :yfg lglZrt ug]{5 .
#%-@_ ljefun] sJhfdf lnPsf] ;DklQ P]gsf] bkmf !)% sf] pkbkmf -$_ sf]
cwLgdf /xL b]xfo adf]lhd lnnfd laqmL ug'{ kg]{5 M
-s_ ;+ej eP;Dd pklgod -!_ df pNn]v ePsf] :yfgsf] slDtdf Pp6f
:yfgLo klqsfdf lnnfd laqmLsf] af/]df kGw| lbgsf] ;"rgf k|sflzt
ug]{,
t/ ;8L unL gf;LO{ hfg] ;DklQsf] xsdf of] Joj:yf nfu' x'g] 5}g .
-v_ pklgod -!_ df pNn]v ePsf] :yfgsf] ;a}eGbf glhssf] :yfgLo
k|zf;gsf] k|ltlglw / glhssf] cGo s'g} ;/sf/L sfof{nosf]
k|ltlglwsf] /f]xa/df lnnfd x'g] ;DklQsf] ahf/ df]n lglZrt ug]{ .
#%-#_ lnnfd a9fa9 ubf{ pklgod -!_ df pNn]v ePsf] :yfgsf] ;a}eGbf
glhssf] :yfgLo k|zf;gsf] k|ltlglwsf] /f]xj/df a9fa9 ug{' kg{]5 /
lnnfddf efu lng] JolQmn] pklgod -@_ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd lglZrt
ul/Psf] ahf/ df]n df lsGg k|:tfj gu/];Dd laqmL u/Lg] 5]}g .
#%-$_ pklgod -#_ adf]lhd lnnfd ubf{ pklgod -@_ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd
lglZrt ul/Psf] ahf/ df]neGbf 36L df]n cfPsf] ;DklQsf] pklgod -@_
591

sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd ;ft lbgsf] ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L bf]>f] k6s lnnfd
a9fa9 ug'{ kg]{5 .
#%-%_ pklgod -$_ adf]lhd lnnfd a9fa9 ubf{ klg pklgod -@_ sf] v08 -v_
adf]lhd lglZrt ul/Psf] ahf/ df]neGbf 36L df]n ePdf pklgod -@_ sf]
v08 -s_ adf]lhd tLg lbgsf] ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L t];|f] k6s lnnfd
a9fa9 u/L hlt;'s} df]n cfP klg lnnfd laqmL ug{
;lsg]5 .
#%-^_ lnnfd laqmLdf ;DklQ ;sf/ ug]{ JolQmnfO{ ljefun] rng k"lh{ lbg'
kg]{5 .

s/ aSof}tf /x]sf] AolQmn] cfkm\gf] s'g} ;DklQ ljefun] bfjL jf /f]Ssf jf sAhf
u/]kl5 klg cfkm\gf] aSof}tf s/ /sd bflvnf gu/]df To;/L bfjL jf /f]Ssf jf
sAhf u/]sf] ;DklQ ljefun] j]rljvg ug{ jf rng ug{ ;Qm5 . P]g /
lgodfjnLsf] pk/f]Qm k|fjwfg cg';f/ bfjL ul/Psf] ;DklQ lnnfd laqmL ug]{
;DaGwdf ljefun] cjnDag ug'{kg]{ k|s[of b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 .
s= lnnfd laqmL ug{] :yfg lgwf{/0f ug]{
ljefun] cfkm"n] bfjL u/]sf] jf sAhfdf lnPsf] ;DklQ lnnfd laqmL ug'{kbf{
;j{k|yd lnnfd laqmL ul/g] :yfg lglZrt ug'{kb{5 . To;/L lnnfd laqmL ul/g]
:yfg lgwf{/0f ubf{ lnnfd laqmL ul/g]] ;DklQsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ ;f] ;DklQ laqmL
ug{ pko'Qm :yfg tf]Sg'kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu s'g} AolQmsf] hUuf lnnfd ug'{kg]{
ePdf ;f]xL hUuf /x]sf] :yfgdf lnnfd laqmL ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 eg] s'g} AolQmsf]
s'g} ;jf/L ;fwg lnnfd ug'{kg]{ ePdf ;f] ;jf/L ;fwg /flvPsf] Uof/]hdf
lnnfd laqmL ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 .
v= lnnfd laqmL ug{] ;DklQsf] d"No lgwf{/0f ug]{
ljefun] cfkm"n] bfjL u/]sf] jf sAhfdf lnPsf] ;DklQ lnnfd laqmL ug'{ cufl8
laqmL ul/g] ;DklQsf] Go"gtd d"No lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 . To;/L lnnfd laqmL ul/g]
;DklQsf] d"No lgwf{/0f ubf{ lnnfd laqmL ul/g]] :yfgsf] :yfgLo lgsfo cyf{t
gu/kflnsf jf ufp+ lasf; ;ldltsf] k|ltlglw / glhssf] cGo s'g} ;/sf/L
sfof{nosf] k|ltlglwsf] /f]xa/df lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 .

u= lnnfd laqmL ug{] ;do lgwf{/0f ug]{

ljefun] cfkm"n] bfjL u/]sf] jf sAhfdf lnPsf] ;DklQ lnnfd laqmL ubf{ jf
a]rlavg ubf{ lnnfd laqmL jf a]rlavg ug'{kg]{ ;DklQsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ To:tf]
;DklQ lnnfd laqmL jf a]rlavg ug'{kg]{ ;do lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 . hUuf jf
3/hUuf lnnfd laqmL jf a]rlavg ug'{kg]{ eP ;f] hUuf jf 3/hUuf sfof{no jf
ljefun] sAhfdf lnPsf] tL; lbg lat]kl5 lnnfd laqmL jf a]rlavg ug'{kb{5
eg] cGo d"t{ ;DklQ lnnfd laqmL jf a]rlavg ug'{kg]{ eP sfof{no jf ljefun]
;f] ;DklQ sAhfdf lnPsf] b; lbg lat]kl5 dfq ug'{kb{5 . t/ a]rlavg ug'{kg]{
;DklQ gf; x'g;Sg] d"t{ ;DklQ eP sfof{no jf ljefun] sAhfdf lnPsf] Ps
lbg lat]kl5 To:tf] ;DklQ lnnfd jf a]rlavg ug{ ;Qm5 .
592

3= lnnfd laqmL ug{] ;"rgf k|sfzg ug]{

ljefun] cfkm"n] bfjL u/]sf] jf sAhfdf lnPsf] s'g} ;DklQ lnnfd laqmL ug'{
cufl8 lnnfd laqmL ul/g] ;DklQsf] k|sf/, lnnfd laqmL ul/g] :yfg / ldlt
:ki6 ?kdf pNn]v ePsf] ;"rgf ;s];Dd s'g} Ps jf ;f] eGbf a9L /fli6o jf
:yfgLo klqsfdf k|sflzt ug'{kb{5 . To:tf] ;"rgf lnnfd laqmL ug{ lgwf{l/t
pk/f]Qm u adf]lhd lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] ldlteGbf 36Ldf kGw| lbg cufl8 k|sfzg
ug'{kb{5 . t/ lnnfd laqmL ul/g] ;DklQ ;8L, unL jf gf;LO{ hfg] ;DklQ ePdf
To:tf] ;DklQ lnnfd laqmL ubf{ o:tf] ;"rgf k|sfzg ul//xg' kb}{g .
= bfjL ;DklQ a]rlavg
ljefun] bfjL u/]sf] ;DklQ a]rlavg ubf{ lnnfd ljqmL jf cGo pko'Qm
tl/sfjf6 ug{ ;Sg] Aoa:yf 5 . o;/L lnnfd a9fa9 ubf{ lnnfd a9fa9 ul/g]
:yfgsf] ;a}eGbf glhssf] :yfgLo k|zf;gsf] k|ltlglwsf] /f]xj/df ug{' kb{5 .
lnnfddf efu lng] s'g} AolQmn] lnnfd ul/Psf] ;DklQ slDtdf ljefun] sfod
u/]sf] Go"gtd d"No jf ;f]eGbf a9L d"Nodf v/Lb ug{ dGh'/ u/]df pQm ;DklQ
;f] AolQmnfO{ laqmL ug'{kb{5 . t/ s'g} ;DklQ lnnfd ubf{ ljefun] sfod u/]sf]
Go"gtd d"Nodf v/Lb ug{ sf]xL dGh'/ gePdf ;f] ;DklQ lnnfd laqmL ug]{
;DaGwdf k'gM ;ft lbgsf] ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L bf]>f] k6s lnnfd a9fa9 ug'{
kb{5 . pk/f]Qm cg';f/ bf]>f] k6s lnnfd a9fa9 ubf{ klg lnnfd a9fa9
ul/Psf] ;DklQsf] ljefun] sfod u/]sf] df]neGbf 36L df]n k|fKt ePdf k'gM tLg
lbgsf] ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L t];|f] k6s lnnfd a9fa9 ug'{kb{5 . t]>f] k6s lnnfd
a9fa9 ubf{ hlt;'s} df]n k|fKt x'g cfP klg ;f] ;DklQ lnnfd laqmL ug{' kb{5 .
r= rng k"lh{ lbg' kg]{
ljefun] pk/f]Qm cg';f/ lnnfd laqmL u/]sf] ;DklQ lnnfd laqmLdf ;sf/ ug]{
JolQmnfO{ ljefun] rng k"lh{ lbg' kb{5 . rng k"lh{ eGgfn] lnnfd laqmLdf s'g}
;DklQ ;sf/ ug]{ JolQmn] ;f] ;DklQ ef]u rng ug{ jf cGo s;}nfO{ a]rlavg
jf xs x:tfGt/0f ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ xf] . lnnfd ePsf] ;DklQ hUuf jf ejg
/x]sf] eP ;f] hUuf jf ejgsf] :jfldTj lnnfd ;sf/ ug]{ AolQmsf gfpdf sfod
ul/lbg / ;f] hUuf jf ejgsf] /f]Ssf km"s'jf ul/lbg ljefun] ;DalGwt dfnkf]t
sfof{nonfO{ ;"rgf lbg'kb{5 / dfnkf]t sfof{non] klg k|fKt ;"rgf adf]lhd
gfd;f/L jf bflvnf vfl/h / km"s'jf ul/lbg' kb{5 .
@*=$=$ lnnfd laqmLaf6 k|fKt /sdaf6 aSof}tf s/ ldnfg ug]{
lnnfd laqmLaf6 k|fKt /sdaf6 aSof}tf s/ ldnfg ug]{ ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf
!)% sf] pkbkmf -%_ df b]xfo adf]lhdsf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 .
!)%-%_ pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd lnnfd ljqmLaf6 k|fKt /sdaf6 ;j{k|yd lnnfd
ljqmL ul/Psf] ;DklQsf] bfaL / lnnfd ljqmL ubf{ u/]sf] vr{ s6fO{g]5 .
o;/L vr{ sL u/L ;s]kl5 a'emfpg' kg]{ s/ / bkmf !!( adf]lhd ;f]
s/sf ;DaGwdf a'emfpg' kg]{ Jofh s6fOg]5 / To;kl5 s'g} /sd jfFsL
/xg cfPdf To:tf] /sd s/ jSof}tf /x]sf JolQmnfO{ lkmtf{ lbg' kg]{]5 .
pko'{Qm Aoa:yf cg';f/ s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmsf] bfjL ul/Psf] s'g} ;DklQ
593

lnnfd jf a]rlavg ubf{ ljefun] k|fKt u/]sf] /sdaf6 ;f] AolQmsf] aSof}tf s/
c;'n pk/ ug'{kb{5 . o;/L aSof}tf c;'n pk/ ubf{ ;j{k|yd ;f] ;DklQ pk/
bfjL ubf{ jf lnnfd laqmL ubf{ nfu]sf] ;Dk"0f{ vr{ c;'n ug'{kb{5 . tTkZrft
af+ls /x]sf] /sdaf6 ;f] AolQmsf] ltg{ af+ls s/ / ;f] s/ ;dodf ga'emfP jfkt
P]gsf] bkmf !!( adf]lhd s/ ldnfg ul/Psf] lbg;Ddsf] nfUg] Aofh c;'n pk/
ug'{kb{5 . o; sfo{nfO{ aSof}tf s/ ldnfg ug]{ sfo{ elgG5 . ;f] AolQmn] ltg{
af+ls s/, ;f] jfktsf] Aofh / ;DklQ pk/ bfjL ubf{ jf lnnfd laqmL ubf{
nfu]sf] ;Dk"0f{ vr{ c;'n ePkZrft lnnfd laqmLaf6 k|fKt s'g} /sd af+ls /xg
uPdf ;f] af+ls ;Dk"0f{ /sd ;DalGwt AolQmnfO{ lkmtf{ lbg'kb{5 .
@*=$=% s/ ldnfg ul/Psf] ;"rgf lbg'kg]{
lnnfd laqmLaf6 k|fKt /sdaf6 aSof}tf s/ ldnfg jf c;'n pk/ ul/Psf] ;"rgf
;DalGwt AolQmnfO{ lbg'kg]{ ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !)% sf] pkbkmf -^_ df
b]xfosf] Aoa:yf 5 .
!)%-^_ lnnfd ljqmLaf6 k|fKt /sd pkbkmf -%_ adf]lhd ldnfg ul/;s]kl5
ljefun] ;f] ldnfgsf] k|ls|of v'nfO{Psf] lnlvt ;"rgf s/ jSof}tf /x]sf
JolQmnfO{ lbg' kg]{5 .
s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmsf] bfjL ul/Psf] s'g} ;DklQ lnnfd jf a]rlavg ubf{
ljefun] k|fKt u/]sf] /sdaf6 ;f] AolQmsf] aSof}tf s/, Aofh / lnnfd ul/Psf]
;DklQ bfjL ubf{ jf lnnfd laqmL ubf{ nfu]sf] vr{ c;'n u/]kl5 jf lnnfd
laqmLaf6 k|fKt /sd ;f] AolQmn] ltg'{kg]{ pk/f]Qm /sdx?df ldnfg u/]kl5 To;/L
ldnfg ul/Psf] lnlvt ;"rgf ;DalGwt AolQmnfO{ lbg'kb{5 . To:tf] ;"rgfdf
lnnfd laqmLaf6 k|fKt /sd ;f] AolQmn] ltg'{kg]{ pk/f]Qm /sdx?df ldnfg ubf{
ckgfOPsf] k|s[of :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v ePsf] x'g'kb{5 .
@*=$=^= lnnfd laqmLaf6 k|fKt /sd aSof}tf c;'n ug{ ck'u ePdf yk sfo{jflx ug]{
lnnfd laqmLaf6 k|fKt /sdaf6 aSof}tf s/ /x]sf] AolQmsf] ;Dk"0f{ aSof}tf s/
ldnfg x'g jf r'Qmf x'g g;s]df yk sfo{jflx ug]{ ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !)% sf]
pkbkmf -&_ df b]xfosf] Aoa:yf 5 .
!)%-&_ lnnfd ljlqmaf6 k|fKt /sdnfO{ pkbkmf -%_ adf]lhdsf] k|ls|of ckgfO{
ldnfg ubf{ ;f] pkbkmfdf plNnlvt vr{, s/ / Jofh afktsf] /sd
k"0f{?kdf e'QmfgL ug{ ckof{Kt ePdf ljefun] gk'u /sd c;"npk/ ug{
bkmf !)$, !!! jf o; bkmf adf]lhd k'gM sf/jfxL k|f/De ug'{ kg]{5 .
pk/f]Qm Aoa:yf cg';f/ s/ aSof}tf /x]sf] s'g} AolQmsf] ljefun] bfjL u/]sf] s'g}
;DklQsf] lnnfd ljlqmaf6 k|fKt /sd ;f] ;DklQ pk/ bfjL ubf{ jf ;f] ;DklQ
lnnfd laqmL ubf{ nfu]sf] vr{, ;f] AolQmsf] aSof}tf /x]sf] s/ / Jofh afktsf]
;Dk"0f{ /sd r'Qmf jf ldnfg ug{ kof{Kt gePdf gk'u /sd c;"npk/ ug{
ljefun] lgDgfg';f/ ug'{ kb{5 .
!= ;f] AolQmsf] lnnfd laqmL ul/Psf] afx]s cGo s'g} hfoh]yf jf ;DklQ /x]sf]
eP P]gsf] bkmf !)$ / !)% adf]lhd ;f] ;DklQ pk/ bfjL >[hgf ug]{ /
To:tf] ;DklQ lnnfd laqmL ug]{ sfo{jfxL k'gM z'? ug'{ kb{5 .
594

@=

@*=%

;f] AolQmsf] lnnfd laqmL ul/Psf] afx]s cGo s'g} hfoh]yf jf ;DklQ
g/x]sf] eP ;f] JolQmaf6 s/ c;'lnsf nflu ljefun] P]gsf] bkmf !!!
adf]lhd ;DalGwt lhNnf cbfntdf d'2f rnfpg' kb{5 .
P]gsf] bkmf !)% sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu bfaL u/]sf] ;DklQ, bfaL / lnnfd ljqmL
ubf{ u/]sf] vr{ tyf s/ jSof}tf /x]sf] JolQmsf ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf]
:ki6Ls/0f lbO{Psf] 5 M
-s_ bfaL u/]sf] ;DklQ eGgfn] s/ sL ug]{ Ph]G6n] bkmf !)# sf] pkbkmf @_ jf bkmf !)$ sf] pkbkmf -@_ df plNnlvt s/ jSof}tf /x]sf] JolQmsf]
;DklQ ;Demg'k5{ .
-v_ bfaL / lnnfd ljqmL ubf{ u/]sf] vr{ eGgfn] bkmf !)$ adf]lhd bfaL /
lnnfd ljqmL ubf{ u/]sf] vr{ ;Demg' k5{ .
-u_ s/ jSof}tf /x]sf] JolQm eGgfn] bkmf !)# / !)$ df plNnlvt s/
sL ug]{ JolQm jf Ph]G6 ;d]tnfO{ ;Demg' k5{ .
lgsfosf clws[t sd{rf/Laf6 aSof}tf s/sf] c;'nL
s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQm s'g} lgsfo /x]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf AolQmsf] aSof}tf s/
bflvnf ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ;f] lgsfodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Ldf klg /xg] Aoa:yf 5 .
lgsfosf clws[t sd{rf/LnfO{ lhDd]jf/ jgfOg] ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !)& sf]
pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ n] b]xfosf] k|aGw u/]sf] 5 .
!)& -!_ s'g} lgsfon] o; P]g adf]lhd kfng ug'{ kg]{ s'g} s'/f kfng gu/]df
;f] ;dodf ;f] lgsfosf] clws[tsf] ?kdf sfo{ ug]{ k|To]s JolQm ;f]sf]
lgldQ lhDd]jf/ x'g]5g\ .
!)&-@_ s'g} lgsfon] s/ a'emfO{ ;Sg'kg]{ ldlt;Dd s/ ga'emfO{ s;"/ u/]df
;f] lgsfosf tTsfn jxfn /x]sf jf ^ dlxgf cl3;Dd jxfn /x]sf k|To]s
clws[tx? ;+o'Qm jf 5'f5'} ?kdf ;f] s/ a'emfpg lhDd]jf/ x'g]5g\ .
s/ ltg'{kg]{ st{Ao ePsf] s'g} lgsfon] cfkm"n] ltg'{kg]{ s/ jf sL u/]sf] s/
lgwf{l/t ;do leq bflvnf gu/]df To:tf] s/ bflvnf ug]{ bfloTj ;f] lgsfosf]
clws[tdf /xG5 . lgsfo eGgfn] ;fem]bf/L, 6i6 jf sDkgL, ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt,
gu/kflnsf jf lhNnf lasf; ;ldlt, g]kfn ;/sf/, s'g} ljb]zL ;/sf/ jf ;f]
;/sf/ cGtu{tsf k|fGtLo jf :yfgLo ;/sf/ jf s'g} ;GwLf/f :yfkgf ePsf]
;fj{hlgs cGt/f{li6o ;+u7g jf lab]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgnfO{ hgfp5 eg] bkmf
!)& sf] k|ltjGwfTds afSof+z cg';f/ s'g} lgsfosf] clws[t eGgfn] tL
lgsfosf] Joj:yfks jf Aoa:yfkssf] x}l;otdf sfo{ ug]{ cGo s'g} JolQmnfO{
a'emfp5 .
;fdfGotofM s'g} lgsfon] ltg{ af+ls /fv]sf] s'g} s/ ;f] lgsfodf sfo{/t jf 5
dlxgf cl3;Dd sfo{/t Aoa:yfks jf ;f] ;/xsf] x}l;otsf] sd{rf/Ln] bflvnf
ug'{kb{5 . tL sd{rf/Lx? To:tf] s/ ;+o'Qm ?kdf jf cnu cnu ?kdf a'emfpg
afWo x'G5g\ . t/ s'g} laz]if kl/l:yltdf cfkm" sfo{/t /x]sf] lgsfon] ltg{
a'emfpg af+ls s/ a'emfpg ;f] lgsfosf ;a} jf s'g} clws[t afWo x'+b}gg\ . o;
;DaGwdf bkmf !)& sf] pkbkmf -#_ df b]xfosf] Aoa:yf 5 .
595

!)&-#_ pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg ;f] pkbkmfx?
b]xfosf cj:yfdf nfu" x'g] 5}gg\ M
-s_ ;f] JolQmsf] hfgsf/L jf dGh'/L ljgf ;f] lgsfon] To:tf] s;"/ u/]sf]
cj:yfdf, /
-v_ To:tf] s;"/ x'g glbg ;f] JolQmn] To:t} ;dfg kl/l:yltx?df ;fdfGo
dfgjLo ljj]s k|of]u ug]{ JolQmn] ckgfpg];Ddsf] xf]l;of/L, kl/>d /
;Lk ckgfPsf] jf k|of]u u/]sf] ePdf .
s'g} lgsfon] cfkm\gf] s'g} clws[t sd{rf/Lsf] ;xdlt glnO jf lghnfO{ hfgsf/L
glbO tf]lsPsf] ;dodf s/ gltg]{ s;"/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] s;"/df ;xdtL
ghgfPsf] jf ;f] s;"/sf ;DaGwdf s'g} hfgsf/L gkfPsf] clws[t ;f] lgsfosf]
aSof}tf s/ bflvnf ug{ lhDd]jf/ / afWo x'+b}g . To:t} s/ aSof}tf /fVg] s'g}
lgsfosf] s'g} clws[t sd{rf/Ln] ;f] lgsfonfO{ To:tf] s;"/ ug{af6 /f]Sg jf
To:tf] s;"/ x'g glbg ;Sbf] / pko'Qm k|of; u/]sf] cj:yfdf jf ;xdlt glnO
jf lghnfO{ hfgsf/L glbO tf]lsPsf] ;dodf s/ gltg]{ s;"/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf
To:tf] k|of; ug]{ clws[t ;f] lgsfosf] aSof}tf s/ bflvnf ug{ lhDd]jf/ / afWo
x'+b}g . pk/f]Qm afx]s cGo cj:yfdf s'g} lgsfodf Aoa:yfks jf ;f] ;/xsf]
x}l;otdf sfo{/t jf 5 dlxgf cl3;Dd sfo{/t AolQm ;f] lgsfon] ltg{ af+ls
/fv]sf] s'g} s/ ;+o'Qm ?kdf jf cnu cnu ?kdf a'emfpg lhDd]jf/ / afWo
x'G5g\ .
s'g} lgsfosf] s'g} clws[tn] ;f] lgsfon] aSof}tf /fv]sf] s/ bflvnf u/]df ;f]
AolQmnfO{ s]xL laz]ifflwsf/ k|fKt x'g] k|Tofe"lt P]gn] u/]sf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf
bkmf !)& sf] pkbkmf -$_ / -%_ df lgDg Aoa:yf 5 .
!)&-$_ s'g} JolQmn] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd j'emfpg' kg]{ s/ bflvnf u/]df ;f]
JolQmn] b]xfo adf]lhd ug{ ;Sg]5 M
-s_ lghn] To;/L bflvnf u/]sf] /sd ;f] lgsfoaf6 c;"npk/ ug{,
-v_ v08 -s_ sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu To;/L bflvnf u/]sf] /sdeGbf a9L
gx'g] u/L lghsf] sAhfdf /x]sf] jf /xg cfpg] ;f] lgsfosf] b|Ao
;d]tsf ;DklQ cfgf] cwLgdf /fVg .
!)&-%_ pkbfkmf -$_ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd s'g} JolQmn] s'g} ;DklQ cwLgdf
lnPdf To:tf] JolQm pk/ ;f] lgsfo jf cGo s'g} JolQmn] s'g} bfaL ug{
kfpg] 5}g .
s/ aSof}tf /fVg] s'g} lgsfosf] s'g} clws[tn] ;f] lgsfon] aSof}tf /fv]sf] s/
bflvnf ul/lbPdf ;f] AolQm jf clws[tn] s/ jfkt bflvnf ul/lbPsf] /sd ;f]
lgsfoaf6 c;'n pk/ ul/lng kfp+5 . ;f] AolQmn] :jfefljs ?kdf cfkm"n]
bflvnf ul/lbPsf] s/ a/fa/sf] /sd lgsfoaf6 k|fKt ug{ g;s]df lghn] lghsf]
sAhfdf /x]sf] jf /xg cfpg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] ;f] lgsfosf] gub jf cGo ;DklQ
cfkm\gf] sAhf jf clwgdf lng kfp+5 . To;/L s'g} clws[tn] sAhfdf lnPsf] jf
cfkm\gf] clwgdf lnPsf] s'g} lgsfosf] gub jf cGo ;DklQdf ;f] lgsfo ;d]t
cGo s'g} AolQmn] bfjL ug{ ;Qm}g . ;fy} ;f] clws[tn] sAhfdf lnPsf] jf cfkm\gf]
clwgdf lnPsf] s'g} lgsfosf] gub jf cGo ;DklQdWo]af6 ;f] lgsfosf] nflu
596

bflvnf ul/lbPsf] s/ a/fa/sf] /sd c;'n pk/ ul/lng kfp5 .

P]gsf] bkmf !)& sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu s'g} lgsfosf clws[tsf ;DaGwdf
lgDgfg';f/sf] :ki6Ls/0f lbO{Psf] 5 M
o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu s'g} lgsfosf clws[t eGgfn] ;f] lgsfosf]
Joj:yfks jf ;f] x}l;otdf sfo{ ug]{ s'g} JolQm ;Demg' k5{ .
@*=^ k|fksaf6 s/sf] c;'nL
P]gn] s'g} s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmn] aSof}tf /fv]sf] s/ ;f] AolQmsf] k|fksaf6
c;'n pk/ ug{ kfOg] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
P]gsf] bkmf !)* sf] :kli6s/0f sf] v08 -s_ df ;f] bkmfdf jSof}tf s/
;+sngsf] k|of]hgsf nflu k|fksnfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 .
k|fks eGgfn] b]xfosf s'g} JolQm ;Demg' k5{ M
-!_ lnlSj8]6/,
-@_ s'g} ;DklQ jf lgsfosf ;DaGwdf k|fkssf] ?kdf cbfnt aflx/af6 jf
cbfntaf6 lgo'Qm JolQm,
-#_ jGwsL lnO{ ;DklQ sJhfdf /fVg] JolQm,
-$_ d[ts k|fs[lts JolQmsf] ;DklQsf] k|ToIf xsjfnf, k|zf;s jf bfdsfd ug]{
JolQm, jf
-%_ c;Ifd k|fs[lts JolQmsf] sfd sf/jfxL ul/lbg] s'g} JolQm .
pk/f]Qm kl/efiff cg';f/ k|fks eGgfn] lgDgfg';f/sf AolQmnfO{ hgfp5 .
s_ la36g ePsf] jf 6f6 kN6]sf] s'g} sDkgLsf] ;DklQ / bfloTj km/kmf/s ug{
lgo'Qm ePsf] lnlSj8]6/,
v_ s'g} AolQmsf] s'g} ;DklQ s'g} sf/0fn] b[li6 aGwsL jf ef]u aGwsLdf lnO
cfkm\gf] sAhf jf clwgdf /fVg] AolQm,
u_ d[ts k|fs[lts JolQmsf] ;DaGwdf d[ts AolQmsf] ;DklQ k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/
/x]sf] xsjfnf AolQm, d[ts AolQmsf] ;DklQsf] Aoa:yfkg ug]{ clwsf/
k|fKt u/]sf] AolQm, d[ts AolQmsf] k|ltgLlwsf] x}l;otn] ;f] d[ts AolQmn]
ug'{kg]{ sfd ug{ clVtof/ k|fKt u/]sf] AolQm,
3_ c;Ifd k|fs[lts JolQmsf] sfd sf/jfxL ul/lbg] jf c;Ifd k|fs[lts
JolQmsf] ;DklQsf] /]vb]v jf Aoa:yfkg ul/lbg clwsf/ k|fKt s'g} JolQm .
_ s'g} ;DklQsf] a]rlavg jf Aoa:yfkg ug{ jf s'g} lgsfosf] ;DklQ jf
bfloTjsf] a]rlavg jf km/kmf/s ug{ ;DalGwt AolQm jf ;DalGwt ;/sf/L
lgsfo jf cbfntaf6 lgo'Qm JolQm,
pk/f]Qm cg';f/sf AolQmx? s/ aSof}tf /x]sf] AolQmsf] k|fkssf] ?kdf /x]sf]
cj:yfdf tL AolQmx?af6 s/ c;'n pk/ ug]{, ;f] AolQmn] s/ aSof}tf /x]sf]
AolQmsf] aSof}tf s/ bflvnf ug]{ / ;f] AolQmn] k|fkssf] x}l;otn] s/ aSof}tf
/x]sf] AolQmsf] s/ aSof}tf cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 bflvnf u/]sf] ePdf ;f] /sd
k|fksaf6 c;'n pk/ ug]{ ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !)* df b]xfosf] Aoa:yf /x]sf]
597

5.
!)*-!_ k|To]s k|fksn] k|fkssf] kbdf lgo'Qm ePsf] ldlt jf g]kfnl:yt s'g}
;DklQ sAhfdf lnPsf] ldltdWo] h'g cl3Nnf] x'G5 ;f] ldltn] kGw| lbgleq
ljefunfO{ lnlvt ?kdf ;f] s' /fsf] ;"rgf lbg' kg]{5 .
!)*-@_ s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmn] bflvnf ug'{kg]{ /sdsf] ;DaGwdf ljefun]
lnlvt ;"rgf k|fksnfO{ lbg' kg]{5 .
!)*-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf] ;" rgf k|fKt u/] kl5 k|fksn] b]xfo adf]lhd
ug'{ kg]{5 M
-s_ k|fkssf] sAhfdf cfPsf] ;DklQsf] cfjZos lx:;f ljqmL u/L cfPsf]
/sdaf6 bkmf !)# sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -u_ sf] clwgdf /lx
pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ s/eGbf cu|flwsf/ /x]sf] s'g}
C0f eP To:tf] C0f afkt e'QmfgL u/L ;f] pkbkmf cGtu{t ljefun]
;"lrt u/]sf] /sd 5"6\ofO{ /fVg'kg{], /
-v_ s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmsf] tkm{af6 lghsf] s/ bfloTj afkt To;/L
5"6\ofOPsf] /sd ljefudf bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ .
!)*-$_ k|fksn] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd s'g} /sd 5"6\ofO{ g/fv]sf] xb;Dd
To:tf] s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmsf] tkm{af6 bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ s/ bfloTj
a/fa/sf] /sd ljefudf bflvnf ug]{ JolQmut bfloTj k|fkssf] x'g]5 .
t/, bflvnf u/]sf] /sd s/ jSof}tf /x]sf] JolQmaf6 k|fksn] c;"npk/ ul/lng
;Sg]5 .
P]gsf] pk/f]Qm Aoa:yf cg';f/ s'g} s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmsf] k|fksaf6 To:tf]
aSof}tf s/ c;'n pk/ ug]{ ;Gbe{df ljefu / k|fkssf] bfloTj b]xfo adf]lhd
x'G5 .
@*=^=!= ljefusf] bfloTj
ljefun] s'g} s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmsf] k|fks /x]sf] jf s'g} s/ aSof}tf /fVg]
AolQmsf] k|fks lgo'Qm ePsf] hfgsf/L jf ;"rgf k|fKt x'gf;fy ;f] k|fksnfO{ s/
aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmsf] aSof}tf s/ ltg{ jf bflvnf ug{ lnlvt ;"rgf lbg'kb{5 .
o; pkv08sf] k|of]hgsf nflu s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQm eGgfn] h;sf] ;DklQ
k|fkssf] sAhfdf cfPsf] xf] ;f] JolQm ;Demg' k5{ . ljefun] k|fksnfO{ s/
aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmsf] bflvnf ug{ af+ls s/sf ;DaGwdf ;"rgf glbP;Dd k|fks
s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmsf]] aSof}tf s/ bflvnf ug{ afWo x'b}g .
@*=^=@= k|fkssf] bfloTj
s/ aSof}tf /fVg] JolQmsf] jSof}tf s/ /sd @ k|sf/sf] x'G5 . klxnf] jSof}tf
/fVg] JolQmn] e'QmfgL ubf{ clu|d s/ sL ul/Psf] /sd tyf csf]{ JolQmsf] s'g}
cfo jif{sf] cfos/ jfktsf] s/ bfloTj . clu|d s/ sL jfkt s6\6f ul/Psf] t/
ljefudf bflvnf gu/]sf] /sdsf] ;DaGwdf ljefunfO{ hfgsf/L gx'g ;Sb5 t/
To;/L s6\6f ul/Psf] /sdsf] hfgsf/L k|fksnfO{ g} x'G5 . clu|d s/ sL
jfktsf] s/ /sddf e'QmfgLnfO{ cu|flwsf/ k|fKt ePsf] / P]gsf] bkmf !)#-u_ n]
sL ul/Psf] /sd lj36g Pj+ 6f6 klN6Psf] JolQmsf] h]yfsf] efu gdflgg] / ;f]
;DklQ pk/ ljefusf] klxnf] bfjL /xg] x'+bf clu|d s/ sL jfktsf s/ dfyL
ljefusf] klxnf] clwsf/ /x]sf]n] k|fksn] pQm /sd bflvnf ug'{ kb{5 . olb
598

@*=&

clu|d s/ sL jfx]ssf] cGo s/ bfloTjsf] e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ ePdf P]gsf] bkmf

!)*-#_s cg';f/ s'g} ;'/lIft C0f ePdf ;f] e'Qmfg u/L ljefun] pkbkmf -@_
cg';f/ ;"rgfdf lbOPsf] /sd 5'6\ofP/ /fVg' kb{5 .
s/ aSof}tf /fVg] s'g} AolQmsf] k|fks /x]sf] jf To:tf] AolQmsf] k|fkssf] ?kdf
lgo'Qm ePsf] s'g} AolQmn] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] st{Ao kfngf ug'{ kb{5 .
s_ k|To]s k|fksn] k|fkssf] ?kdf /x]sf] jf ;f] kbdf lgo'Qm ePsf] hfgsf/L
ljefunfO{ lnlvt ?kdf lbg'kb{5 .
v_ To:tf] hfgsf/L k|fksn] cfkm" k|fkssf] ?kdf /x]sf] jf ;f] kbdf lgo'Qm
ePsf] ldlt jf lghn] g]kfnl:yt s'g} ;DklQ sAhfdf lnPsf] ldltdWo] h'g
cl3Nnf] x'G5 ;f] ldltn] kGw| lbgleq lbg' kb{5 .
u_ ljefun] s'g} s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmsf] k|fksnfO{ s/ aSof}tf /fVg]
AolQmsf] aSof}tf s/ ltg{ jf bflvnf ug{ lnlvt ;"rgf lbPdf ;f] k|fksn]
p;sf] sAhfdf cfPsf] ;DklQsf] cfjZos lx:;f ljqmL u/L cfPsf] /sdaf6
ljefun] ;"lrt u/]sf] /sd 5"6\ofO{ /fVg'kb{5 .
3_ s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmsf] aSof}tf s/ ltg{ 5"6\ofPsf] /sd k|fksn]
ljefudf bflvnf ug'{ kb{5 .
_ s'g} k|fksn] s/ aSof}tf /x]sf] AolQmsf] aSof}tf s/ bflvnf ug]{ k|of]hgsf
nflu s'g} /sd g5"6\ofPdf To:tf] jSof}tf s/ bflvnf ug'{ k|fkssf]
AolQmut bfloTj x'G5 . t/ o; sfg"gL k|fjwfg cg';f/ s'g} k|fksn] s/
aSof}tf /x]sf] s'g} AolQmsf] aSof}tf s/ bflvnf ul/lbPdf ;f] s/ a/fa/sf]
/sd s/ jSof}tf /x]sf] JolQmaf6 k|fksn] c;"npk/ ul/lng kfp5 .
s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmnfO{ /sd ltg'{kg]{ AolQmaf6 s/ c;'n ug]{
s'g} AolQmn] a'emfpg' kg]{ s/ ;dodf ga'emfPdf ;f] AolQmsf] cf;fdL cyf{t s/
aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmnfO{ s'g} /sd a'emfpg af+ls /x]sf] AolQmaf6 s/ c;'n pk/
ug{ kfpg] Aoa:yf P]gn] u/]sf] 5 . /sd a'emfpg' kg]{ JolQmaf6 s/ c;"npk/
ug]{ ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !)( df b]xfosf] Aoa:yf 5 .
!)(-!_ s'g} s/ aSof}tf /fVg] JolQmn] s/ a'emfO{;Sg' kg]{ ldlt;Dd s/
ga'emfO{ jfFsL /fv]df b]xfo adf]lhdsf] s'g} klg e'QmfgLstf{nfO{ ljefun]
lnlvt ;"rgf lbP/ s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmsf] tkm{af6 a'emfpg' kg]{ s/sf]
xb;Ddsf] /sd ;f] ;"rgfdf plNnlvt ldltleq ljefudf bflvnf ug{
cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 M
-s_ s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmnfO{ /sd a'emfpg' kg]{ JolQm,
-v_ s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmsf] nflu jf lghsf] tkm{af6 b|Ao /fVg] JolQm,
-u_ s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmnfO{ a'emfpg] u/L s'g} t];|f] JolQmsf] tkm{jf6
b|Ao /fVg] JolQm, jf
-3_ t];|f] kIfaf6 ;f] b|Ao s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmnfO{ a'emfpg] clVtof/L
kfPsf] JolQm .
!)(-@_ ljefun] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd e'QmfgLstf{nfO{ lbPsf] ;"rgfsf]
599

k|ltlnlk s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmnfO{ lbg' kg]{5 .

!)(-#_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;f] pkbkmf
adf]lhdsf] ;"rgfdf plNnlvt ldlt v08 -s_ / -v_ df plNnlvt
ldlteGbf cl3Nnf] x'g ;Sg] 5}g M
-s_ ;f] /sd s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmnfO{ a'emfpg' kg]{ ldlt jf lghsf]
tkm{af6 To:tf] /sd /fv]sf] ldlt, /
-v_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd ;"rgf lbPsf] ldlt .
!)(-$_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd e'QmfgLstf{n] ;f] pkbkmf adf]lhd bflvnf u/]sf]
/sd s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmnfO{ e'QmfgL u/] ;/x dflgg]5 . o:tf] /sd
s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQm jf cGo s'g} JolQmn] e'QmfgLstf{;+u bfaL ug{
kfpg] 5}g .
P]gsf] pk/f]Qm Aoa:yf cg';f/ s'g} s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmnfO{ s'g} /sd ltg'{kg]{
AolQmaf6 To:tf] aSof}tf s/ c;'n pk/ ug]{ ;Gbe{df ljefu / s/ aSof}tf /fVg]
AolQmnfO{ s'g} /sd ltg'{kg]{ AolQmsf] clwsf/ / bfloTj b]xfo adf]lhd x'G5 .
@*=&=! ljefusf] bfloTj
s_ /sd a'emfpg' kg]{ AolQmnfO{ s/ aSof}tf a/fa/sf] /sd a'emfpg cfb]z
lbg'kg]{
s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmnfO{ s'g} /sd e"QmfgL lbg af+ls /x]sf] s'g} AolQmaf6
To:tf] aSof}tf s/ c;'n ug'{kg]{ ePdf ljefun] lnlvt ;"rgf lbP/ s/ jSof}tf
/fVg] JolQmsf] tkm{af6 a'emfpg' kg]{ s/sf] xb;Ddsf] /sd bflvnf ug{ cfb]z
lbg ;Sg]5 . ljefun] s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmnfO{ /sd a'emfpg' kg]{ AolQmnfO{
s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmsf] bflvnf ug{ af+ls s/ a/fa/sf] /sd a'emfpg cfb]z
glbP;Dd ;f] AolQm s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmsf]] aSof}tf s/ bflvnf ug{ afWo
x'b}g . o; pkv08sf] k|of]hgsf nflu s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmnfO{ /sd
a'emfpg' kg]{ AolQm eGgfn] b]xfosf] AolQmnfO{ a'emfp5 .
!_ s/ jSof}tf /x]sf] JolQmnfO{ s'g} klg sf/0f jf k|of]hgsf nflu s'g} /sd
a'emfpg' kg]{ JolQm,
@_ s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmsf] nflu gub jf gub ;/xsf] s'g} ;DklQ /fVg]
JolQm,
#_ s'g} csf]{ AolQmsf] tkm{af6 s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmnfO{ a'emfpg] u/L gub
/fVg] JolQm, jf
$_ s'g} csf]{ AolQmsf] tkm{af6 s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmnfO{ gub a'emfpg]
clVtof/L kfPsf] JolQm .
s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmsf] aSof}tf s/ bflvnf ug{ s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmnfO{
/sd a'emfpg' kg]{ AolQmnfO{ lnlvt ;"rgf lbO{ cfb]z lbbf ;f] ;"rgf jf cfb]zdf
To:tf] s/ /sd ljefudf a'emfpg'kg]{ ldlt ;d]t ls6fg ug'{ kb{5 . t/ To:tf]
AolQmn] s/ /sd a'emfpg'kg]{ ldlt ;f] AolQmn] s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmnfO{
a'emfpg' af+ls /sd a'emfpg' kg]{ elg tf]lsPsf] ldlteGbf k5f8L x'g'kb{5 lsgls
600

;f] ldlt cl3 ;f] /sd a'emfpg ;f] AolQm afWo x'+b}g . To;}n] s/ aSof}tf /fVg]
AolQmnfO{ a'emfpg af+ls /sd a'emfpg' kg]{ elg tf]lsPsf] ldlteGbf cufl8 ;f]
/sd ljefudf bflvnf ug{ ;f] AolQmnfO{ afWo ug{ klg ;lsb}g .
v_ s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{
ljefun] pk/f]Qm adf]lhd s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmnfO{ s'g} /sd e"QmfgL lbg
af+ls /x]sf] s'g} AolQmaf6 To:tf] aSof}tf s/ c;'n ug'{kg]{ ePdf / ljefun]
lnlvt ;"rgf lbP/ ;f] AolQmnfO{ s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmsf] tkm{af6 a'emfpg' kg]{
s/sf] xb;Ddsf] /sd bflvnf ug{ cfb]z lbPdf To:tf] cfb]z lbPsf] hfgsf/L
s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmnfO{ lbg' kb{5 . s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmnfO{ s'g} /sd
e"QmfgL lbg af+ls /x]sf] s'g} AolQmnfO{ To:tf] aSof}tf s/ bflvnf ug{ lbPsf]
;"rgfsf] k|ltlnlk s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmnfO{ lbOPdf lghn] To:tf] cfb]zsf]
af/]df hfgsf/L k|fKt u/]sf] dflgG5 . To;} u/L s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmn]

;"rgfsf] k|ltlnkL gkfO{sg p;nfO{ /sd a'emfpg] JolQmaf6 s/ bflvnf

u/fpg ;ls+b}g .

@*=&=@

s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmnfO{ /sd a'emfpg'kg]{ AolQmsf] bfloTj

s/ aSof}tf /fVg] s'g} AolQmnfO{ s'g} /sd a'emfpg'kg]{ bfloTj /x]sf] AolQmn]
ljefun] lnlvt ;"rgf dfkm{t cfb]z lbPsf] cj:yfdf s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmnfO{
a'emfpg'kg]{ /sddWo] ;f] cfb]zdf pNn]v ePsf] xb;Ddsf] /sd lghnfO{ ga'emfO
ljefudf bflvnf ug'{kb{5 .
@*=&=#
s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmnfO{ /sd a'emfpg'kg]{ AolQmsf] clwsf/
s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmnfO{ /sd a'emfpg'kg]{ AolQm ljefusf] cfb]z adf]lhd ;f]
cfb]zdf pNn]lvt xb;Ddsf] /sd ljefudf bflvnf ug{ afWo ePklg To:tf]
/sd lghn] bflvnf u/]df lghnfO{ b]xfosf clwsf/x? k|fKt x'G5g\ .
s_ ljefusf] cfb]z adf]lhdsf] /sd ljefudf bflvnf u/]df ;f] a/fa/sf] /sd
lghn] /sd a'emfpg'kg]{ s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmnfO{ e'QmfgL u/] ;/x
dflgg], /
v_ o:tf] /sd s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQm jf cGo s'g} JolQmn] lgh;+u lkmtf{ dfu
ug{ gkfpg] .
@*=* u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmsf] Ph]G6af6 s/ c;"nL
s/ aSof}tf /fVg] s'g} AolQm u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQm /x]sf] cj:yfdf lghsf] aSof}tf
s/ lghsf] Ph]G6af6 c;'n pk/ ug{ ;lsG5 . u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmsf] Ph]G6af6
s/ c;"npk/ ug]{ ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !!) sf] Aoa:yf b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf]
5.
!!)-!_ s'g} s/ jSof}tf /fVg] u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmn] s/ a'emfO{ ;Sg' kg]{
ldlt;Dd s/ ga'emfO{ jfFsL /fv]df ljefun] To;/L s/ jSof}tf /fVg]
JolQmsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] s'g}klg ;DklQ cfgf] sAhfdf /fVg] s'g}
JolQmnfO{ lnlvt ;"rgf lbP/ ;f] ;DklQsf] ahf/ d"No a/fj/sf] /sdaf6
To:tf] s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmn] a'emfpg' kg]{ s/sf] /sdeGbf a9L gx'g]
u/L ;f] t];|f] kIfsf] s/ bfloTj ;DaGwdf s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmsf]
601

tkm{af6 ;f] ;"rgfdf plNnlvt ldltleq s/ a'emfpg cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 .

!!)-@_ s'g} JolQmn] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] cfb]z cg';f/ s/ /sd a'emfPdf
lghn] b]xfo adf]lhd ug{ ;Sg]5 M
-s_ ;f] JolQmn] s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmjf6 To:tf] e'QmfgL /sd c;"npk/
ug{,
-v_ v08 -s_ sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ;f] JolQmsf] cfgf] sJhfdf /x]sf] jf
sJhfdf /xg cfpg] s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQmsf] /sd ;d]tsf] s'g} klg
;DklQ To;/L e'QmfgL ul/Psf] /sdeGbf a9L gx'g] u/L cfgf]
cwLgdf lng .
!!)-#_ pkbfkmf -@_ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd s'g} JolQmn] s'g} ;DklQ clwgdf
lnPdf To:tf] JolQm pk/ s/ jSof}tf /fVg] JolQm jf cGo s'g} JolQmn] s'g}
klg bfaL ug{ kfpg] 5}g .
s'g} u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQmn] ltg'{kg]{ s/ ;dodf glt/L aSof}tf /fv]df / ;f] u}/
jfl;Gbf AolQmsf] g]kfn /fHoleq /x]sf] s'g} Ph]G6nfO{ ljefun] ;f] aSof}tf
a/fa/sf] /sd bflvnf ug{ cfb]z lbb} s'g} lnlvt ;"rgf lbPdf u}/ jfl;Gbf
AolQmsf] aSof}tf s/ a/fa/sf] /sd ;f] Ph]G6n] pQm ;"rgfdf pNn]lvt ldlt
leq bflvnf ug'{kb{5 . o; k|of]hgsf nflu u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQmsf] g]kfnl:yt
Ph]G6 eGgfn] ;f] u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] s'g}klg ;DklQ cfgf]
sAhfdf /fVg] h'g;'s} JolQmnfO{ hgfp5 . P]gsf] pk/f]Qm k|fjwfg cg';f/ s/
aSof}tf /fVg] u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQmsf] s/ bflvnf u/fpg] ;DaGwdf ljefusf]
clwsf/ / s/ aSof}tf /fVg] u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQmsf] s/ bflvnf ug]{ / To;/L
bflvnf u/]sf] /sd lkmtf{ k|fKt ug]{ ;Gbe{df ;f] u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQmsf] g]kfnl:yt
Ph]G6sf] st{Ao / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 .
@*=*=! Ph]G6nfO{ s/ aSof}tf a/fa/sf] /sd a'emfpg cfb]z lbg'kg]{
s/ aSof}tf /fVg] s'g} u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQmsf] g]kfnl:yt Ph]G6af6 s/ aSof}tf
/x]sf] u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQmsf] s'g} aSof}tf s/ c;'n ug'{kg]{ ePdf ljefun] To:tf]
Ph]G6nfO{ lnlvt ;"rgf lbP/ s/ jSof}tf /fVg] u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] tkm{af6
a'emfpg' kg]{ s/sf] xb;Ddsf] /sd bflvnf ug{ cfb]z lbg' kb{5 . ljefun] s/
jSof}tf /fVg] u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] Ph]G6nfO{ ;f] u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] aSof}tf
s/ /sd bflvnf ug{ cfb]z glbP;Dd ;f] Ph]G6 s/ aSof}tf /fVg] u}/ jfl;Gbf
AolQmsf]] aSof}tf s/ bflvnf ug{ afWo x'b}g .
@*=*=@ Ph]G6sf] st{Ao
s/ aSof}tf /fVg] s'g} u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQmsf] g]kfnl:yt Ph]G6n] ljefusf] s/
jSof}tf /fVg] u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] tkm{af6 a'emfpg' kg]{ s/sf] s'g} /sd bflvnf
ug{] cfb]z ;lxtsf] s'g} lnlvt ;"rgf k|fKt u/]df ;f] ;"rgfdf pNn]lvt /sd
a'emfpg' ;f] Ph]G6sf] st{Ao x'G5 .
@*=*=# Ph]G6sf] clwsf/
s'g} u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQmsf] g]kfnl:yt Ph]G6n] ljefusf] cfb]]z cg';f/ u}/ jfl;Gbf
AolQmsf] aSof}tf s/ /sd a'emfPdf lghnfO{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] laz]ifflwsf/ k|fKt
602

x'G5 .
s_ ;f] JolQmn] h'g u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQmsf] aSof}tf s/ bflvnf ul/lbPsf] xf] ;f]
u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQmaf6 ;f] s/ a/fa/sf] /sd c;"npk/ ug{ kfpg] ,
v_ ;f] JolQmn] h'g u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQmsf] aSof}tf s/ bflvnf ul/lbPsf] xf] ;f]
u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] s'g} ;DklQdWo] cfgf] sJhfdf /x]sf] jf sJhfdf
cfpg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] ;DklQ cfgf] cwLgdf lng kfpg], /
u_ pko'{Qm adf]lhd s'g} AolQmn] s'g} u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQmsf] s'g} ;DklQ clwgdf
lnPdf To:tf] ;DklQ pk/ s/ jSof}tf /fVg] u}/ jfl;Gbf JolQm jf cGo s'g}
JolQmn] s'g} klg bfaL ug{ gkfpg] .
@*=( s/ aSof}tf /x]sf] AolQmn] aSof}tf s/ bflvnf gu/]df d'2f bfo/ ug]{
s/ ltg'{kg]{ st{Ao ePsf] s'g} AolQmn] ltg'{kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ s/ lgwf{l/t ldltdf glt/]df
ljefun] To:tf] aSof}tf s/ c;'n pk/ ug{ s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQm pk/ d'2f
bfo/ ug{ ;Qm5 . s/ glt/]df d'2f rnfpg] ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !!! n]
lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
!!!
s/ bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ Dofbleq s/ bflvnf gug]{ JolQmaf6 s/
c;'lnsf nflu ljefun] ;DjlGwt lhNnf cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug{ ;Sg]5 .
s/ ltg'{kg]{ st{Ao ePsf] s'g} AolQmn] cfkm"n] ltg'{kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ s/ tf]lsPsf]
;dodf glt/]df ljefun] To:tf] aSof}tf s/ c;'n pk/ ug{ d'2f rnfpg kfp5 .
ljefun] To:tf] AolQm pk/ ;DalGwt lhNnf cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug'{kb{5 . t/
;fdfGotofM s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmsf] ;DklQdWo] cGo s'g} AolQmsf] bfjL
g/x]sf] jf bfjL gnfUg] s'g} ;DklQ af+ls /x];Dd ;f] ;DklQaf6 ;f] AolQmsf]
aSof}tf s/ c;'n pk/ ug'{kb{5 . ;fdfGotofM s'g} AolQmsf] ;DklQaf6 aSof}tf
s/ c;'n x'g g;s]df / ;f] AolQm lgsfo /x]sf] ePdf ;f] lgsfosf] clws[t
sd{rf/Laf6, ;f] AolQmsf] k|fksaf6, lghnfO{ s'g} /sd ltg'{kg]{ AolQmaf6 / s/
aSof}tf /x]sf] AolQm u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQm /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] AolQmsf] Ph]G6af6
s/ aSof}tf /x]sf] s'g} AolQmsf] s/ aSof}tf c;'n pk/ x'g g;s]df klg o;
v08 adf]lhd s/ aSof}tf /x]sf] AolQm pk/ d'2f bfo/ u/L aSof}tf s/ c;'n
pk/ ug]{ sf/jfxL ug'{kb{5 .
@*=!) ls:tfjGbLdf jSof}tf s/ c;"nL
s/ aSof}tf /x]sf] s'g} AolQmn] ljefun] d'2f rnfO{ cfkm\gf] aSof}tf s/ c;'n
pk/ ug]{ sfo{jfxL z'? ug'{ cufj} cfkm\gf] aSof}tf s/ ls:tfaGbLdf a'emfpg
kfpg] u/L l:js[lt lbg ljefu;+u cg'/f]w u/]df ;DalGwt s/ clws[tn] ;f]
AolQmsf] aSof}tf s/ ls:tfaGbLdf a'emfpg kfpg] u/L l:js[lt lbg' kb{5 .
ls:tfjGbLdf jSof}tf s/ c;"nL ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !!)s df b]xfosf] Aoa:yf
/x]sf] 5 .
!!)s= bkmf !!! adf]lhd d'2f rnfpg' cufj} s'g} JolQmn] ltg]{ jSof}tf /sd
ls:tfjGbLdf ltg{ lnlvt cg'/f]w u/]df s/ clws[tn] dgfl;j dflkmssf]
Dofb lbO{ ls:tfjGbLdf ltg{ :jLs[lt lbg ;Sg]5 .
603

s/ aSof}tf /x]sf] s'g} AolQmn] cfkm\gf] aSof}tf s/ c;'n pk/ ug{ ljefun]
lghsf la?4 d'2f rnfpg' cufl8 cfkm\gf] aSof}tf s/ ls:tfaGbLdf a'emfpg kfp+
egL ljefu ;dIf lnlvt lgj]bg lbg ;Qm5 . To;/L s'g} AolQmsf] lgj]bg k|fKt
ePdf ljefun] c;'n ug{ af+ls s/ /sd / ;f] AolQmsf] laQLo cj:yf ;d]t
larf/ u/L dgfl;j dflkmssf] Dofbleq To:tf] aSof}tf s/ bflvnf ug{ ;f]
AolQmnfO{ cg'dtL lbg ;Qm5 . ljefun] s'g} AolQmnfO{ To:tf] cg'dtL lbPsf]
cj:yfdf aSof}tf s/ a'emfpg lbPsf] Dofb ;dfKt geP;Dd ;f] AolQm pk/
ljefun] lghsf] aSof}tf s/ c;'n pk/ ug{ d'2f rnfpg ;Qm}g . t/ pQm
Dofbleq s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQmn] aSof}tf s/ ga'emfPdf ;f] AolQm pk/
kl/R5]b @) sf] Joj:yf cg';f/ sf/jfxL ug{ ljefu :jtGq x'G5 .
@*=!! s/ aSof}tf /x]sf] AolQmnfO{ lab]z hfg k|ltaGw nufpg ;lsg]
s/ aSof}tf /x]sf] AolQmnfO{ lab]z hfg k|ltaGw nufpg ;lsg] ;DaGwdf P]gsf]
bkmf !)^ df lgDg Aoa:yf 5 .
!)^-!_ s'g} JolQmn] s/ bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ ldltleq s/ bflvnf gu/]df ljefu
n] To:tf] JolQmnfO{ s/ bflvnf ug{ ;"rgf lbPsf] ;do e'QmfgL ePsf]
ldltb]lv &@ 306f;Ddsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;DalGwt sfof{nonfO{
lnlvt ;"rgf lbO{ ;f] JolQmnfO{ b]zjf6 jflx/ hfgaf6 /f]Sg] cfb]z lbg
;Sg]5 .
!)^-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df plNnlvt ;dofjlwdf yk ug{' kg]{ ePdf ljefun]
;DjlGwt k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] k"j{ :jLs[lt lng' kg]{5 .
!)^-#_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] JolQmn] s/ bflvnf u/]df jf s/ bflvnf ug]{
;DaGwdf ;Gtf]ifhgs Joj:yf u/]sf] ljefunfO{ nfu]df pkbkmf -!_
adf]lhd ;DjlGwt sfof{nonfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ To:tf] cfb]z lkmtf{ lng ;Sg]5 .
P]gsf] pQm Aoa:yf cg';f/ s/ aSof}tf /x]sf] s'g} AolQmn] af+ls s/ ltg{ c6]/
u/]df jf ljefun] cfjZos ;Dem]sf] cj:yfdf ljefun] To:tf] AolQmnfO{ ljb]z
hfg k|ltjGw nufpg ;Qm5 . To:tf] k|ltjGw axQ/ 306f;Ddsf] nflu ljefu
:jo+n] nufpg ;Qm5 eg] ;f] eGbf a9L cjlwsf] nflu s'g} AolQmnfO{ ljb]z
hfgdf k|ltjGw nufpg'kg]{ ePdf ;DalGwt k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] k"j{ l:js[lt
lng'kb{5 . s/ aSof}tf /x]sf] s'g} AolQmnfO{ af+ls s/ ltg{ afWo ug{ ;f]
AolQmnfO{ ljb]z hfg k|ltjGw nufpg ;lsG5 . ;fdfGotofM s/ aSof}tf /x]sf]
s'g} AolQmn] aSof}tf s/ ltg{ cfn6fn u/]df jf c6]/ u/]df jf s'g} s/ aSof}tf
/x]sf] AolQm lab]z knfog x'g] ;Defjgf /x]sf] ljefunfO{ nfu]df ljefun] ;f]
AolQmnfO{ pk/f]Qm adf]lhd ljb]z hfgdf k|ltjGw nufpg ;Qm5 . s'g} AolQmnfO{
To:tf] k|ltjGw nufOPdf ljefun] ;f] AolQmnfO{ ljb]z hfg glbg] k|jGw ul/lbg
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] u[x dGqfno, cWofudg ljefu / l;dfjtL{ ;'/Iff lgsfox?nfO{
lnlvt hfgsf/L u/fpg' kb{5 . ljefuaf6 To:tf] cg'/f]w k|fKt ePdf u[x
dGqfnon] ;f] AolQmsf] /fxbfgL hkmt ul/lbg' kb{5 eg] cWofudg ljefu /
l;dfjtL{ ;'/Iff lgsfox?n] To:tf] AolQmnfO{ ljb]z hfgaf6 /f]Sg'kb{5 .
@*=!@ aSof}tf s/ ldGxf
;a} s/ aSof}tfx? c;'n gx'g ;S5g\ . s/ aSof}tf /x]sf sltko AolQmn] rfxbf
604

rfxb} klg s/ ltg]{ Ifdtfsf] cefjdf s/ gltg{ ;S5g . To:t} sltko aSof}tf
c;'n x'g] ;Defjgf /xb}g . c;'n x'g] cj:yf g/x]sf o:tf s/ aSof}tf aif]{gL
lhDd]jf/L ;f/L aSof}tf nut / aSof}tf /sd 7"nf] agfpg'n] ;/sf/sf] /fh:j
k|flKtdf k|lts'ntf cfpF5 . t;y{ s'g} klg tl/sfaf6 c;'n x'g g;Sg] 7x/]sf s/
aSof}tfx? ;/sf/n] ldGxf ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . ;f]xL sf/0fn] P]gn] s'g} aSof}tf s/
c;'n x'g g;Sg] cj:yf ePdf ;/sf/n] To:tf] s/ ldGxf ug{;Sg] Aoa:yf u/]sf]
5 . ldGxfsf ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !!@ df b]xfosf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 .
!!@-!_ s'g} JolQmn] a'emfpg' kg]{ s/ c;"npk/ ug{ g;lsg] ePdf g]kfn
;/sf/n] To:tf] s/ cf+lzs jf k"0f{?kdf ldGxf lbg ;Sg]5 .
!!@-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg g]kfn ;/sf/n]
kl/R5]b@@ adf]lhd nufO{Psf] z'Ns tyf Jofh k"/} jf cf+lzs ?kdf ldGxf
lbg ;Sg]5 .
P]gsf] pk/f]Qm Aoa:yf cg';f/ s/ aSof}tf /x]sf] s'g} AolQmsf] aSof}tf s/
c;'npk/ x'g g;Sg] ePdf ;f] AolQmsf] ltg{ af+ls s/ jf s'g} AolQmnfO{ P]g
adf]lhd nufOPsf] z'Ns jf Aofh cf+lzs jf k"0f{ ?kdf ldGxf lbg] clwsf/ g]kfn
;/sf/nfO{ 5 . oxL k|of]hgsf nflu ;/sf/n] ;do ;dodf s/ aSof}tfsf]
5fgljg u/L ldGxf ug'{kg]{ aSof}tf klxrfg ug{ / To:tf aSof}tf ldGxf ug]{
l;kmfl/z ug{ pRr:tl/o aSof}tf km5of}{6 cfof]u jf ;ldlt u7g u/L To:tf
;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zdf aSof}tf ldGxf ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ jf To:tf
;ldltn] s/ aSof}tf /fVg] AolQm, aSof}tf /sd / ;f] aSof}tf c;'n x'g;Sg] jf
g;Sg] cj:yfsf af/]df s'g} laa/0f jf hfgsf/L dfu u/]df To:tf] laa/0f jf
hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg' ljefu / ;DalGwt sfof{nosf] bfloTj x'G5 .
@*=!# a9L bflvnf u/]sf] s/ ldnfg jf lkmtf{
s'g} AolQmsf] laleGg :j?kdf s/ bflvnf ePsf] x'g;S5 . s'g} AolQmn] s'g}
e"QmfgL k|fKt ubf{ s/ sL ePsf] / ;f] /sd bflvnf ePsf] eP pQm /sd lghn]
bflvnf u/]sf] s/ dflgG5 . s'g} AolQmn] ls:tfaGbLdf s/ bflvnf u/]sf]
x'g;S5 . To:t} cfo laa/0f;fy s;}n] s/ bflvnf u/]sf] x'g;S5 . s'g} AolQmn]
ljefun] u/]sf] ;+;o s/ lgwf{/0f jf ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f jf k'gM ;+zf]lwt s/
lgwf{/0f cg';f/ s/ bflvnf u/]sf] x'g ;Qm5 . b]xfosf cj:yfdWo] s'g} Ps jf
;f]eGbf a9L cj:yfdf s'g} AolQmn] s'g} cfo aif{sf] nflu bflvnf u/]sf] s/ ;f]
AolQmn] ;f] cfo aif{sf] nflu bflvnf ug'{kg]{ s/ eGbf a9L x'g;Qm5 .
s_ s/ sL x'g' gkg]{ e'QmfgLdf s/ sL ePdf jf a9L b/df s/ sL ePdf
s'g} AolQmn] s'g} cfo aif{df k|fKt u/]sf] s/sL x'g' gkg]{ s'g} e"QmfgLdf s/ sL
eO{ bflvnf ePdf jf s'g} e"QmfgLdf tf]lsPsf] b/ eGbf a9L b/df s/ sL ePdf
;f] AolQmn] bflvnf u/]sf] s/ lghn] bflvnf ug'{kg]{ s/eGbf a9L x'g;Qm5 .

605

pbfx/0f @*=!#=!M dfgf}+, pQd k|;fb d"=c=s/ ;d]tdf btf{ /x]sf n]vf
Joj;foL x'g\ . pgn] cf=a=@)^^.^& df ;f] Joj;foaf6 ?=%,)),))) cfo
cfh{g u/]sf 5g\ / lt ;a} e"QmfgL k|fKt ubf{ ;a} e"QmfgLstf{x?n] !=%
k|ltztsf] ;6\6f !% k|ltztsf b/n] s/ sL ul/lbPsf /x]5g\ . o:tf]
cj:yfdf pgn] cfkm\gf] s/ lgwf{/0f cg';f/ ltg'{kg]{ s/ eGbf lghsf] s/ sL
eO bflvnf ePsf] s/ a9L x'g ;Qm5 / o;/L a9L sL ePsf] /sd lghn]
lkmtf{ kfpg ;Sb5g\ .
v_ s/5'6 kfPsf] AolQmsf] s/ sL ePdf
s/ 5'6 kfPsf] s'g} AolQmn] s'g} cfo aif{df cfkm\gf] p2]Zo cg';f/ u/]sf] s'g}
sfo{ jfkt k|fKt u/]sf] s'g} e"QmfgLdf s/ sL eO bflvnf ePdf / ;f] AolQmsf]
s/ nfUg] s'g} cfo g/x]df ;f] AolQmn] bflvnf u/]sf] s/ lghn] bflvnf ug'{kg]{
s/eGbf a9L x'G5 lsgls o:tf] cj:yfdf To:tf] AolQmn] s'g} s/ bflvnf ug'{kg]{
x'+b}g .
pbfx/0f @*=!#=@M dfgf}+, l;k lasf; s]Gb| l;kd"ns tflnd lbg] s/ 5'6 k|fKt
u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf xf] . cf=a=@)^^.^& df o; ;+:yfn] cy{ dGqfnosf] cfu|x
adf]lhd Pj+ pQm ;+:yfsf] p2]Zo adf]lhd Ps l;kd"ns tflnd ;+rfng u/]sf]
lyof] . o; jfkt cy{ dGqfnon] ;Demf}tf adf]lhd e"QmfgL ug'{kg]{ ?=
@,)),))) e"QmfgL ubf{ ?= #),))) s/ sL u/L bflvnf ul/lbof] . o;
;+:yfn] o; cf=a=df cfkm\gf] p2]Zo lakl/tsf] s'g} sfo{ gu/]sf] / s/ ltg'{kg]{
cfo cfh{g gu/]sf] cj:yfdf o; ;+:yfn] ?= #),))) a9L s/ bflvnf u/]sf]
7x5{ / To:tf] /sd lkmtf{ bfaL ug{ ;Sb5 .
u_ s'g} AolQmn] ls:tfdf lt/]sf] cg'dflgt s/eGbf s/ lgwf{/0f adf]lhd
ltg'{kg]{ s/ 36L ePdf
s'g} AolQmn] ls:tfdf lt/]sf] cg'dflgt s/eGbf s/ lgwf{/0f adf]lhd ltg'{kg]{ s/
36L ePdf lghn] bflvnf u/]sf] s/ ltg'{kg]{ s/eGbf a9L x'G5 .
pbfx/0f @*=!#=#M dfgf}+, Pg\= Pg\= sDkgLn] cf=a= @)^^.^& df cfkmgf] cfo ?=
tLg s/f]8 x'g] cg'dfg u/L cg'dflgt s/ ?= &%,)),))) ls:tfaGbLdf
bflvnf u/]sf] /x]5 . t/ ;f] sDkgLn] cfkm\gf] s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ ltg'{kg]{ s/
?=%),)),))) dfq x'g cfof] . o; cj:yfdf ;f] sDkgLn] bflvnf u/]sf] s/
;f] sDkgLn] ltg'{kg]{ s/eGbf a9L ePsf]n] To:tf] a9L bflvnf /sd lkmtf{ bfaL
ug{ ;Sb5 .
3_ ljefun] u/]sf] ;+;o, ;+zf]lwt jf k'gM ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f cg';f/ s'g}
AolQmn] lt/]sf] s/ ltg'{ gkg]{ ePdf
ljefun] s'g} AolQmsf] ;+zo, ;+zf]lwt jf k'gM ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f u/L s'g} s/,
z'Ns jf Aofh ltg'{kg]{ 7x/fO To:tf] s/ /sd ltg{ cfb]z lbPsf] / ;f] AolQmn]
To:tf] cfb]z cg';f/sf] k'/} jf cf+lzs s/ bflvnf u/]sf]df ljefu jf s'g}
cbfntn] ;f] AolQmn] ;f] cfb]z adf]lhdsf] k'/} jf cf+lzs s/ ltg'{gkg]{ 7x/fPdf
;f] AolQmn] bflvnf u/]sf] s/dWo] ljefu jf s'g} cbfntn] ;f] AolQmn] ltg'{gkg]{
7x/fPsf] s/ a/fa/sf] /sd / ;f] s/df s'g} Aofh lt/]sf] eP ;f] Aofhsf] /sd
606

lghn] a9L bflvnf u/]sf] s/ x'g;Qm5 .

pbfx/0f @*=!#=$M dfgf}+, Pg\= Pg\= sDkgLn] cf=a=@)^^.^& df cfkm\gf] s/
lgwf{/0f ubf{ ltg'{kg]{ s/ ?=%),)),))) lgwf{/0f u/L ;f] /sd bflvnf u/]sf]
/x]5 . sfof{non] ;f] sDkgLsf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f u/L ;f] cfo aif{sf] nflu
s/, z'Ns / Aofh u/L yk ?=!@,)),))) s/ ltg{ cfb]z lbof] . ;f] lg0f{o
sDkgLnfO{ lrQ ga'em]sf] x'+bf sDkgLn] pQm /sdsf] Ps ltxfO /sd
?=$,)),))) s/ bflvnf u/L ljefudf k|zf;lso k'g/fjnf]sgsf nflu
lgj]bg lbof] . ljefun] ;f] sDkgLn] sfof{non] ltg{ cfb]z lbPsf] yk s/dWo]
?=@,)),))) dfq ltg'{kg]{ 7x/fof] . o; cj:yfdf pQm sDkgLn] lt/]sf]
?=$,)),))) df ljefun] ltg'{kg]{ 7x/fPsf] ?=@,)),))) s6fO af+ls x'g] /sd
;f] sDkgLn] a9L bflvnf u/]sf] s/ x'G5 / To:tf] a9L bflvnf /sd lkmtf{
bfaL ug{ ;Sb5 .
_ s'g} AolQmn] e"nn] s/ bflvnf u/]df
s/ ltg'{kg]{ st{Ao ePsf] jf gePsf] s'g} AolQmn] e"na; bflvnf ug'{ gkg]{ /sd
s/ jfkt bflvnf u/]df lghn] a9L s/ bflvnf u/]sf] dflgG5 .
s'g} AolQmn] s'g} cfo aif{sf] nflu bflvnf u/]sf] s/ ;f] AolQmn] ;f] cfo aif{sf]
nflu bflvnf ug'{kg]{ s/ eGbf 36L ePdf To;/L 36L ePsf] /sd lghaf6 c;'n
pk/ ug'{kb{5 eg] s'g} AolQmn] s'g} cfo aif{sf] nflu bflvnf u/]sf] s/ ;f]
AolQmn] ;f] cfo aif{sf] nflu bflvnf ug'{kg]{ s/ eGbf a9L ePdf To;/L a9L
ePsf] /sd ;f] AolQmn] ltg{af+ls s/df ldnfg ug'{ jf lghsf] ltg{af+ls s/
gePdf ;f] /sd lghnfO{ lkmtf{ ug'{kb{5 . a9L bflvnf ePsf] s/ lkmtf{ ug]{ /
lx;fa ldnfg ug{] ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !!# n] lgDg Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
!!#-!_ s'g} JolQmn] cfkm"n] bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ s/ bfloTjeGbf a9L x'g] u/L s/
j'emfPsf]df a9L bflvnf u/]sf] s/ /sd lghn] o; P]g adf]lhd bflvnf
ug'{ kg]{ s/ /sdaf6 36fpg ljefun] lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg]5 . o;/L 36fpFbf
a9L x'g uPsf] hlt /sd ljefun] ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ lkmtf{ ug'{ kg]{5 .
!!#-@_ s'g} JolQmn] bkmf !!( adf]lhd bflvnf u/]sf] Jofh;+u ;DalGwt s/
bflvnf ug{ gkg]{ ePdf ljefun] o:tf] Jofh ;f] JolQmnfO{ lkmtf{ ug'{ kg]{5 .
s'g} AolQmn] bflvnf u/]sf] s/ lghn] bflvnf ug'{kg]{ s/eGbf a9L ePdf ;f] s/
/sd ldnfg ug]{ jf lkmtf{ lng] lbg] P]gsf] pk/f]Qm Aoa:yf cg';f/ To:tf] /sd
ldnfg ug]{ jf lkmtf{ lng] lbg] ;Gbe{df ljefu jf ;DalGwt AolQmn] ug'{kg]{ sfo{
/ ckgfpg'kg]{ k|s[of b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ .
@*=!#=!
bflvnf u/]sf] / bflvnf ug'{kg]{ s/sf] lx;fj
s'g} AolQmn] bflvnf u/]sf] s/ eGgfn] s'g} e"QmfgL k|fKt ubf{ s/ sL eO bflvnf
ePsf] s/ /sd, lghn] ls:tfaGbLdf bflvnf u/]sf] s/ /sd, lghn] cfo laa/0f
k]z ubf{ jf cGo s'g} ;dodf bflvnf u/]sf] s/, z'Ns / Aofhsf] /sd / lghn]
ljefun] u/]sf] ;+;o s/ lgwf{/0f jf ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f jf k'gM ;+zf]lwt s/
lgwf{/0f cg';f/ bflvnf u/]sf] s/, z'Ns / Aofhsf] hDdf /sdnfO{ hgfp5 .
607

pbfx/0f @*=!#=%M dfgf}+, /fd gf/fo0f cfkm\g} 3/df cf}ifwL Aofkf/ ub{5g\ .
pgn] cf=a=@)^^.^& df % s/f]8 ?k}ofsf] sf/f]jf/ u/] / ;f] sf/f]jf/af6
cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt ePsf] cfodf % nfv ?k}of s/ lgwf{/0f u/L cfo laa/0f k]z
u/] . ;f] cf=a= df pgn] ls:tfaGbL s/sf] ?kdf % nfv ?k}of bflvnf u/] .
pgn] cfkmgf] 3/sf] Pp6f tNnf Pp6f kmfOgfG; sDkgLnfO{ dfl;s ?=!),)))
df ef8fdf lbPsf 5g\ / ;f] sDkgLn] ;f] aif{df ?=!@,))) s/ sL u/L
bflvnf ul/lbPsf] /x]5 . pgn] >LdtLsf gfp+df kmfOgfG; sDkgLdf d'2tL
vftfdf !) nfv ?k}of /fv]sf /x]5g\ / x/]s aif{ !) k|ltztsf b/n] Aofh
k|fKt ub{5g\ . ;f] kmfOgfG; sDkgLn] ;f] aif{df ?=!,)),)) Aofh dWo]
?=%,))) s/ sL u/L bflvnf ul/lbPsf] / af+ls /sd lghnfO{ e"QmfgL u/]sf]
/x]5 . pgn] ;f] aif{ aL/ c:ktfnnfO{ ! s/f]8 ?k}ofsf] cf}ifwL cfk"lt{ u/]sf
/x]5g\ / ;f] /sdsf] e"QmfgL ubf{ aL/ c:ktfnn] ?= !,%),))) s/ sL u/L
bflvnf ul/lbPsf] /x]5 . o; aif{df /fd gf/fo0fn] bDkQL 5gf}6 u/]sf /x]5g\ .
o; cj:yfdf /fd gf/fo0fn] bflvnf u/]sf] s/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'G5 .
ls:tfaGbLdf bflvnf u/]sf] s/
?= %,)),)))
3/ axfndf sL u/L bflvnf u/]sf] s/
?= !@,)))
aL/ c:ktfnn] s/ sL u/L bflvnf ul/lbPsf] s/ ?= !,%),)))
a}+s Aofhdf sL u/L bflvnf u/]sf] s/
?=
%,)))
bflvnf ePsf] hDdf s/
?= ^,^&,)))
To:t} k"jf{g'dflgt s/ ltg]{ jf ltg'{kg]{ AolQm afx]s cGo s'g} AolQmn] ltg'{kg]{ s/
eGgfn] lghn] s'g} cfo aif{sf] cfo laa/0f k]z u/L s/ lgwf{/0f u/] cg';f/
a'emfpg'kg]{ s/, z'Ns / Aofhsf] /sd, ;f] AolQmn] s'g} cfo aif{sf] cfo laa/0f
k]z gu/]sf] cj:yfdf s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dflgg] s/ /sd, lghsf] xsdf
sfof{non] u/]sf] s'g} cfo aif{sf] ;+;o s/ lgwf{/0f jf ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f jf
k'gM ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f cg';f/ yk ePsf] s/, z'Ns / Aofhsf] /sd / lghn]
s'g} cfo aif{df s'g} AolQmnfO{ s'g} e"QmfgL lbbf s/ sL u/]sf] jf ug'{kg]{ s/
;dodf bflvnf gu/]df ;f] s/ /sd / ;f] jfkt nfUg] z'Ns / Aofhsf] /sdnfO{
hgfp5 .
pbfx/0f @*=!#=^M dfgf}+, pbfx/0f @*=!#=% df pNn]lvt /fd gf/fo0fsf]
sfof{non] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f u/L lghn] cf=a=@)^^.^& sf] nflu ltg'{kg]{
hDdf s/, z'Ns / Aofh ?=^,)),))) sfod ul/lbPsf] 5 . o; cj:yfdf /fd
gf/fo0fn] bflvnf ug'{kg]{ s/ ?=^,)),))) x'G5 .
s'g} AolQmn] a9L s/ bflvnf u/] gu/]sf] olsg ug{ ;f] AolQmn] s/ bflvnf u/]sf
k|df0fsf] kl/If0f u/L ;f] AolQmn] bflvnf u/]sf] s/ olsg ug'{kb{5 . ;f] AolQmn]
h'g cfo aif{sf] s/ bflvnf u/]sf] xf] ;f] aif{sf] lghsf] bflvnf ug'{kg]{ hDdf s/
olsg ug]{ / lghn] bflvnf ug'{kg]{ eGbf a9L s/ bflvnf u/] gu/]sf] olsg ug]{
sfo{ ug'{kb{5 . pk/f]Qm cg';f/ lx;fj ubf{ ;f] AolQmn] a9L s/ bflvnf u/]sf]
b]lvPdf a9L ePsf] xb;Ddsf] /sd lghn] ltg{ af+ls s/df ldnfg ug{ lgb]{zg
lbg] jf lkmtf{ug]{ k|s[of k|f/De ug'{kb{5 .
@*=!#=@ s/ ldnfg
s'g} AolQmn] bflvnf ug'{kg]{ s/eGbf a9L s/ bflvnf u/]sf] / ;f] AolQmn] P]g
608

adf]lhd s'g} s/ ltg{ af+ls /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] AolQmn] a9L bflvnf u/]sf] s/
lghn] P]g adf]lhd ltg'{kg]{ jf ltg{ af+ls cGo s'g} s/df ldnfg ug{ ljefun] ;f]
AolQmnfO{ lgb]{zg lbg ;Qm5 . o:tf] lgb]{zg ljefun] To:tf] AolQmsf] cfu|xsf]
cfwf/df jf :jod\ lbg ;Qm5 .
pbfx/0f @*=!#=&M dfgf}+, Pg\= Pg\= sDkgLn] cf=a= @)^^.^& df cfkm\gf] s/
lgwf{/0f ubf{ ltg'{kg]{ s/ ?= %),)),))) lgwf{/0f u/L ;f] /sd bflvnf u/]sf]
/x]5 . sfof{non] ;f] sDkgLsf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f u/L ;f] cfo aif{sf] nflu
s/, z'Ns / Aofh u/L yk ?= !@,)),))) s/ ltg{ cfb]z lbof] . ;f] lg0f{o
sDkgLnfO{ lrQ ga'em]sf] x'+bf sDkgLn] pQm /sdsf] Ps ltxfO /sd
?=$,)),))) s/ bflvnf u/L ljefudf k|zf;lso k'g/fjnf]sgsf nflu
lgj]bg lbof] . ljefun] ;f] sDkgLn] sfof{non] ltg{ cfb]z lbPsf] yk s/dWo]
?=@,)),))) dfq ltg'{kg]{ 7x/fof] . pQm sDkgLn] lt/]sf] ?= $,)),))) df
ljefun] ltg'{kg]{ 7x/fPsf] ?= @,)),))) s6fO af+ls x'g] /sd ;f] sDkgLn]
a9L bflvnf u/]sf] s/ xf] . pk/f]Qm lg0f{osf] cfwf/df sDkgLn] pQm
?=@,)),))) ?k}of lkmtf{ kfpg lgj]bg lbof] . t/ ;f] sDkgLsf] cf=a=
@)^%.^^ sf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f cg';f/ ltg'{kg]{ s/ /sd Ps nfv ?k}of
;f] sDklgn] ltg{ af+ls /x]sf] 5 . o; cj:yfdf sfof{non] ;f] sDkgLn] cf=a=
@)^^.^& df a9L bflvnf u/]sf] s/dWo] Ps nfv ?k}of cf=a=@)^%.^^ sf]
ltg{ afFls s/df ldnfg ug{ lgb]{zg lbg ;Qm5 .
@*=!#=# s/ lkmtf{ lng lgj]bg lbg'kg]{
s'g} AolQmn] s'g} cfo aif{df lt/]sf] s/ ltg'{kg]{ s/eGbf a9L ePdf / To;/L a9L
ePsf] /sd ;f] AolQmn] ltg{ af+ls s/ /x]sf] eP ;f] s/df ldnfg u/]kl5 klg
s'g} /sd af+ls /xg uPdf To:tf] af+ls /sd lkmtf{ kfpg ;f] AolQmn] ;DalGwt
sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbg'kb{5 . To:tf] AolQmn] s/ lkmtf{ kfpg lgj]bg lbg'kg]{
;dosf ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !!# sf] pkbkmf -$_ n] b]xfosf] Aoa:yf u/]sf]5 .
!!#-$_ pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd lgj]bg lbg] JolQmn] To:tf] lgj]bg b]xfosf] ldlt
dWo] kl5Nnf] ldltjf6 b'O{ jif{leq lbg' kg]{5 . ;f] Dofbleq lgj]bg glbPdf
pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] /sd lkmtf{ x'g] 5}g M
-s_ a9L /sd bflvnf u/]sf] sf/0f pTklQ ePsf] cfo jif{sf] ;dflKt
ePsf] ldlt,
-v_ a9L /sd bflvnf ul/Psf] ldlt, jf
-u_ d'2f km};nf ePsf] ldlt .
To:t} s/ /sd lkmtf{ dfu ug]{ sfo{ljlwsf ;DaGwdf lgodfjnLsf] lgod #^ n]
lgDg cg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .

#^= P]gsf] bkmf !!# sf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd /sd lkmtf{ kfpg dfu ubf{
ljefun] tf]s]sf] 9f+rfdf lkmtf{ dfu ul/Psf] /sd a9L ePsf] k'i6\ofO{ ug]{
sfuhft / laefun] tf]s]sf cGo sfuhftx? ;d]t ;+nUg u/L laefudf
lgj]bg lbg' kg]{5 .
P]g / lgodfjnLsf] pk/f]Qm Aoa:yf cg';f/ s'g} cfo aif{df a9L s/ bflvnf
609

u/]sf] AolQmn] To:tf] /sd lkmtf{ lng ljefun] tf]s]sf] 9f+rfdf ;DalGwt
sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbg'kb{5 . lgj]bg;fy a9L s/ bflvnf u/]sf] / cfos/
jfktsf] laaflbt jf claaflbt s'g} klg k|sf/sf] s/ /sd ltg{ af+ls g/x]sf]
k|df0f ;+nUg /fVg'kb{5 . P]gsf] pko'{Qm Aoa:yf cg';f/ s'g} cfo aif{df s'g}
AolQmn] a9L s/ bflvnf u/]sf] eP To;/L a9L bflvnf u/]sf] s/ lgDgfg';f/sf]
ldltdWo] h'g kl5Nnf] x'G5 ;f] ldlt;Dddf lkmtf{ kfpg lgj]bg lbO;Sg' kb{5 .
s_ s'g} AolQmn] s'g} aif{df a9L s/ bflvnf u/]sf] eP To:tf] s/ bflvnf u/]sf]
ldltn] b'O{ aif{leqdf ;f] /sd lkmtf{ kfpg lgj]bg lbg'kb{5 .
pbfx/0f @*=!#=*M dfgf}+, Pg\= Pg\= sDkgLn] cf=a= @)^^.^& df cfkmgf] cfo
?= # s/f]8 x'g] cg'dfg u/L cg'dflgt s/ ?= &%,)),))) ls:tfaGbLdf
bflvnf u/]sf] /x]5 . ;f] sDkgLn] klxnf] ls:tf jfkt @)^^ kf}if d;fGtdf ?=
#) nfv, bf]>f] ls:tf jfkt @)^^ r}q d;fGtdf ?= @% nfv / t]>f] ls:tf
jfkt @)^& cfiff9 @) ut] ?= @) nfv bflvnf u/]sf] 5 . t/ ;f] sDkgLn]
cfkm\gf] s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ ltg'{kg]{ s/ ?=%),)),))) dfq x'g cfof] . sfof{non]
;f] sDkgLsf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ yk ?=% nfv s/ bfloTj sfod x'g
cfof] / sDkgLn] ;f] s/ lgwf{/0f pk/ ljefudf s'g} lgj]bg lbPg / sDkgLn]
s/ jfkt a'emfpg af+ls s'g} /sd /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] sDkgLn] bflvnf u/]sf]
s/ dWo] ?=@) nfv ;f] sDkgLn] bflvnf u/]sf] a9L s/ x'G5 / sDkgLn] ;f]
/sd lkmtf{ kfpg lgj]bg lbg ;Qm5 . o; sDkgLn] bf]>f] ls:tf;Dddf
a'emfPsf] s/ ;f] sDkgLsf] ltg'{kg]{ s/ a/fa/ ePsf] x'+bf ;f] sDkgLn] @)^^
c;f/ @) ut] a'emfPsf] ?=@) nfv lghn] a9L bflvnf u/]sf] s/ dflgG5 /
;f] /sd lkmtf{ kfpg sDkgLn] @)^* c;f/ !( ut]leq lgj]bg lbO;Sg' kb{5 .
v_ s'g} AolQmn] s'g} cbfntsf] cfb]z jf km};nf adf]lhd lghn] bflvnf u/]sf]
s'g} s/ /sd lkmtf{ kfpg] ePdf cbfntaf6 To:tf] km};nf ePsf] ldltn] b'O{
aif{leqdf ;f] /sd lkmtf{ kfpg lgj]bg lbg'kb{5 .
pbfx/0f @*=!#=(M dfgf}+, Pg\= Pg\= sDkgLn] cf=a=@)^$.^% df cfkm\gf] s/
lgwf{/0f ubf{ ltg'{kg]{ s/ ?=%),)),))) lgwf{/0f u/L ;f] /sd bflvnf u/]sf]
/x]5 . sfof{non] ;f] sDkgLsf] ldlt @)^^.$.!) df ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f u/L
;f] cfo aif{sf] nflu s/, z'Ns / Aofh u/L yk ?=!@,)),))) s/ ltg{ cfb]z
lbof] . ;f] lg0f{o sDkgLnfO{ lrQ ga'em]sf] x'+bf sDkgLn] pQm /sdsf] Ps
ltxfO /sd ?=$,)),))) s/ bflvnf u/L ljefudf k|zf;lso k'g/fjnf]sgsf
nflu lgj]bg lbof] . ljefun] ldlt ldlt @)^^.&.% df ;f] sDkgLn] sfof{non]
ltg{ cfb]z lbPsf] yk s/dWo] ?=@,)),))) dfq ltg'{kg]{ 7x/fof] . pQm
sDkgLn] lt/]sf] ?=$,)),))) df ljefun] ltg'{kg]{ 7x/fPsf] ?=@,)),)))
s6fO af+ls x'g] /sd ;f] sDkgLn] a9L bflvnf u/]sf] s/ xf] . ;f] sDkgLn]
s'g} s/ ltg{ af+ls /x]sf] 5}g . o; cj:yfdf pk/f]Qm lg0f{osf] cfwf/df
sDkgLn] pQm ?=@,)),))) ?k}of lkmtf{ kfpg @)^*.&.$ leqdf lgj]bg
lbO;Sg'kb{5 .
u_ pk/f]Qm afx]s cGo sf/0fn] s'g} AolQmn] bflvnf u/]sf] s/ a9L x'g uPdf
To:tf] a9L x'gfsf] sf/0f >[hgf ePsf] ldltn] b'O{ aif{ leqdf ;f] /sd lkmtf{
610

kfpg lgj]bg lbg'kb{5 .

pbfx/0f @*=!#=!)M dfgf}+, l;k lasf; s]Gb| ;Lkd"ns tflnd lbg] s/ 5'6
k|fKt u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf xf] . cf=a=@)^^.^& df o; ;+:yfn] cy{ dGqfnosf]
cfu|x adf]lhd / cfkm\gf] p2]Zo adf]lhd Ps tflnd ;+rfng u/]sf] lyof] .
o; jfkt cy{ dGqfnon] ;Demf}tf adf]lhd e"QmfgL ug'{kg]{ ?= @,)),)))
ldlt @)^^.*.!) df e"QmfgL ubf{ ?= #),))) s/ sL u/L bflvnf ul/lbof] .
o; ;+:yfn] o; cf=a=df cfkm\gf] p2]Zo lakl/tsf] s'g} sfo{ gu/]sf] / s/
ltg'{kg]{ cfo cfh{g gu/]sf] cj:yfdf o; ;+:yfsf] @)^^.*.!) df a9L s/
bflvnf ePsf] sf/0f >[hgf ePsf] dflgG5 / ;f] /sd lkmtf{ kfpg ;f] ;+:yfn]
@)^*.*.( ut]leqdf lgj]bg lbO;Sg' kb{5 .
a9L s/ bflvnf u/]sf] s'g} AolQmn] pk/f]Qm ;do jf ldltleq To:tf] a9L ePsf]
s/ /sd lkmtf{ kfpg lnlvt lgj]bg glbPdf ;f] AolQmsf] To:tf] a9L ePsf] s/
/sd lkmtf{ x'g ;Qm}g .
@*=!#=$ s/ lkmtf{
s'g} AolQmn] s'g} cfo aif{df lt/]sf] s/ ltg'{kg]{ s/eGbf a9L ePdf / To;/L a9L
ePsf] /sd ;f] AolQmn] ltg{ af+ls s/df ldnfg u/]kl5 klg af+ls /xg uPdf
To:tf] af+ls /sd lkmtf{ kfpg ;f] AolQmn] pk/f]Qm pNn]lvt ;doleq lgj]bg
lbPdf To:tf] a9L ePsf] s/ /sd ;f] AolQmnfO{ lkmtf{ ug'{kb{5 . o; ;DaGwdf
P]gsf] bkmf !!# sf] pkbkmf -#_ / -%_ n] b]xfosf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
!!#-#_ s'g} JolQmn] pkbkmf -!_ jdf]lhd /sd lkmtf{ kfpg tf]lsP jdf]lhd
ljefudf lgj]bg lbPdf ljefun] lgj]bg k/]sf] ldltn] ;f7L lbgleq To:tf]
/sd lkmtf{ ug'{ kg]{5 .
!!#-%_ pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd k/]sf] lgj]bgsf ;DaGwdf ljefun] u/]sf]
lg0f{osf] lnlvt ;"rgf ljefun] ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ lbg' kg]{]5 .
s'g} AolQmn] o:tf] lgj]bg lbPdf / lghn] a9L s/ bflvnf u/]sf] k|dfl0ft ePdf
To:tf] AolQmn] lgj]bg lbPsf] ;f7L lbgleq lghn] a9L bflvnf u/]sf] s/
a/fa/sf] /sd sfof{non] lkmtf{ lbg' kb{5 . s'g} AolQmn] a9L bflvnf u/]sf] s/
lkmtf{ ug]{ jf To:tf] s/ lkmtf{ ug{ gldNg] h]h:tf] lg0f{o ePklg sfof{non] pQm
AolQmnfO{ cfkm\gf] lg0f{osf] hfgsf/L lnlvt ?kdf lbg'kb{5 .
@*=!#=% Aofh lbg'kg]{
s'g} AolQmn] a9L bflvnf u/]sf] s/ ;f] AolQmnfO{ lkmtf{ x'g] ePdf To:tf] /sddf
Aofh ;d]t lbg'kb{5 . o; ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !!# sf] pkbkmf -^_ n] b]xfosf]
Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
!!#-^_ cbfntsf] cfb]zn] jf cGo sf/0fjf6 ljefun] s/sf] s'g} /sd s'g}
JolQmnfO{ lkmtf{ lb+bf ljefun] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] cjlwsf] ;fdfGo b/
adf]lhdsf] Jofh ;d]t To:tf] JolQmnfO{ lbg' kg]{5 M
-s_ To:tf] s/ lkmtf{ bkmf (#, ($ jf !)) adf]lhd s'g} JolQmnfO{ s'g}
cfo jif{df pknAw ePsf] clws s/ ldnfg;+u ;DalGwt ePdf bkmf
(^ adf]lhd cfo ljj/0f k]z ug'{ kg]{ ldltb]lv s/ lkmtf{ lbPsf]
ldlt;Ddsf] cjlw, /
-v_ cGo s'g} cj:yfdf To:tf] JolQmn] lkmtf{ x'g] s/ j'emfPsf] ldltb]lv
611

lkmtf{ lbPsf] ldlt;Ddsf] cjlw .

P]gsf] pk/f]Qm Aoa:yf adf]lhd s'g} AolQmnfO{ lghn] bflvnf u/]sf] a9L s/
lkmtf{ ubf{ ;f] /sddf ;fdfGo Aofhb/ cyf{t aflif{s !% k|ltztsf b/n] x'g
cfpg] Aofhsf] /sd ;d]t e"QmfgL lbg'kb{5 . s'g} AolQmnfO{ h'g;'s} sf/0fn]
lghn] bflvnf u/]sf] a9L s/ lkmtf{ ubf{ ;f] /sdsf] Aofh ;d]t e"QmfgL lbg'
kb{5 . o;/L Aofh e"Qmfg ubf{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] /sdsf] nflu b]xfo adf]lhdsf]
cjlwsf] Aofh e"Qmfg ug'{kb{5 .
s_ s'g} AolQmsf] lkmtf{ lbg'kg]{ s/ /sd h'g cfo aif{sf] cfo jfkt s/ sL
ePsf] xf] ;f] cfo aif{sf] cfo laa/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ ldltb]lv To:tf] s/ lkmtf{
lbPsf] ldlt;Ddsf] cjlwsf] nflu x'g] Aofh lbg'kb{5 .
pbfx/0f @*=!#=!!M dfgf}+, /fd gf/fo0f cfkm\g} 3/df cf}ifwL Aofkf/ ubf{
/x]5g\ . pgn] cf=a=@)^$.^% df % s/f]8 ?k}ofsf] sf/f]jf/ u/]sf /x]5g\ . ;f]
sf/f]jf/af6 cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt ePsf] cfodf % nfv ?k}of s/ ltg'{kg]{ b]vfO cfo
laa/0f k]z u/]sf /x]5g\ . pgn] @)^$ kf}if dlxgfdf ?= % nfv s/sf] ls:tf
bflvnf u/]sf /x]5g\ . pgn] ;f] aif{ aL/ c:ktfnnfO{ ! s/f]8 ?k}ofsf] cf}ifwL
cfk"lt{ u/]sf 5g\ / ;f] /sdsf] e"QmfgL ubf{ aL/ c:ktfnn] @)^$.!).% df ?=
!,%),))) s/ sL u/L bflvnf ul/lbPsf] /x]5 . ;f] aif{sf] cfo laa/0fdf
/fd gf/fo0fsf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] /x]g5 . o; cj:yfdf /fd
gf/fo0fn] bflvnf u/]sf] s/dWo]?= !,%),))) lghn] a9L bflvnf u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . /fd gf/fo0fn] pQm s/ lkmtf{ kfpg @)^^.%.$ df lgj]bg lbPsf
/x]5g\ . ;f] /sd lkmtf{ ug]{ lg0f{o ePdf lghnfO{ @)^%.&.! b]lv s/ lkmtf{
lbPsf] cjlw ;Ddsf] nflu aflif{s !) k|ltztsf b/n] Aofh ;d]t e"Qmfg
ug'{kb{5 .
v_ s'g} AolQmsf] lkmtf{ lbg'kg]{ s/ /sd lghn] bflvnf u/]sf] P]gsf] bkmf ($
adf]lhdsf] s/sf] ls:tfdWo]sf] s/ /sd /x]sf] eP h'g cfo aif{sf] nflu ls:tf
bflvnf ePsf] xf] ;f] cfo aif{sf] cfo laa/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ ldltb]lv To:tf] s/
lkmtf{ lbPsf] ldlt;Ddsf] cjlwsf]sf] nflu x'g] Aofh lbg'kb{5 .

612

pbfx/0f @*=!#=!@M dfgf}+, Pg\= Pg\= sDkgLn] cf=a=@)^$.^% df cfkmgf] cfo

?= # s/f]8 x'g] cg'dfg u/L cg'dflgt s/ ?= &%,)),))) ls:tfaGbLdf
bflvnf u/]sf] /x]5 . ;f] sDkgLn] klxnf] ls:tf jfkt @)^$ kf}if d;fGtdf ?=
#) nfv, bf]>f] ls:tf jfkt @)^$ r}q d;fGtdf ?= @% nfv / t]>f] ls:tf
jfkt @)^% cfiff9 @) ut] ?= @) nfv bflvnf u/]sf] /x]5 . t/ ;f] sDkgLn]
cfkm\gf] s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ ltg'{kg]{ s/ ?= %),)),))) dfq x'g cfof] .
sfof{non] ;f] sDkgLsf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ yk ?= % nfv s/ bfloTj
sfod x'g cfP5 . sDkgLn] ;f] s/ lgwf{/0f pk/ ljefudf s'g} lgj]bg lbPsf]
/x]g5 / sDkgLn] s/ jfkt a'emfpg af+ls s'g} /sd /x]g5 . o; cj:yfdf
;f] sDkgLn] bflvnf u/]sf] s/ dWo] ?= @) nfv ;f] sDkgLn] bflvnf u/]sf]
a9L s/ x'G5 / sDkgLn] ;f] /sd lkmtf{ kfpg lgj]bg lbg ;Sb5 . o;
sDkgLn] bf]>f] ls:tf;Dddf a'emfPsf] s/ ;f] sDkgLsf] ltg'{kg]{ s/ a/fa/
ePsf] x'+bf ;f] sDkgLn] @)^% c;f/ @) ut] a'emfPsf] ?= @) nfv lghn] a9L
bflvnf u/]sf] s/ dflgG5 . ;f] /sd lkmtf{ kfpg sDkgLn] @)^^ a}zfv !(
ut]sf lbg lgj]bg lbPsf] /x]5 . pQm /sd lkmtf{ kfpg] 7x/]df ;f] sDkgLn]
a9L a'emfPsf] ?= @) nfv s/ /sd jfkt @)^% sflt{s ! ut]b]lv b]lv s/
lkmtf{ lbPsf] cjlw;Dd sf] nflu aflif{s !) k|ltztsf b/n] Aofh ;d]t
e"Qmfg ug'{kb{5 .
u_ s'g} AolQmsf] lkmtf{ lbg'kg]{ s/ /sd P]gsf] bkmf !)) adf]lhd ljefun]
u/]sf] ;+;o s/ lgwf{/0f cg';f/ lghn] bflvnf u/]sf] s/dWo]sf] s/ /sd /x]sf]
eP h'g cfo aif{sf] nflu ;f] s/ /sd bflvnf ePsf] xf] ;f] cfo aif{sf] cfo
laa/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ ldltb]lv To:tf] s/ lkmtf{ lbPsf] ldlt ;Ddsf] cjlwsf] nflu
x'g] Aofh lbg' kb{5 .
pbfx/0f @*=!#=!#M dfgf}+, /fd gf/fo0f s'g} lab]zL sDkgLsf Ph]G6 x'g\ . pgn]
cfo jif{ @)^$.^% sf] d+l;/ dlxgf;Dddf % s/f]8 ?k}ofsf] sf/f]jf/ u/] .
pgn] @)^$ kf}if dlxgfsf] % ut] cfkm\gf] sf/f]jf/ 5fl8lbP . t/ lghn] gt
;f] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L sfof{nonfO{ lbP gt kf}if dlxgfdf s'g} s/ bflvnf u/] .
s'g} ;'qaf6 sfof{nonfO{ lghn] s/ ltg]{ dg;fo g/fv]sf] ;"rgf k|fKt eof] .
sfof{non] lgh;+u @)^$ kf}if dlxgf;Ddsf] cfo laa/0f dfu u/]klg lghn]
cfo laa/0f k]z u/]gg\ . sfof{non] pgsf] ?=% nfv s/ ;+;o s/ lgwf{/0f
ug]{ u/L ldlt @)^$ r}q @ ut] lg0f{o lnof] . pgn] ;f] lg0f{o cg'zf/sf] /sd
bflvnf t u/] t/ ;f] la?4 ljefudf lgj]bg lbP . ljefun] pQm s/ lgwf{/0f
dWo] ?=@ nfv dfq ltg'{kg]{ u/L ldlt @)^%.^.^ df lg0f{o lbof] . o;
cj:yfdf /fd gf/fo0fn] bflvnf u/]sf] s/dWo] ?= #,)),))) lghn] a9L
bflvnf u/]sf] s/ x'G5 . /fd gf/fo0fn] pQm s/ lkmtf{ kfpg @)^^.!).$ df
lgj]bg lbPdf / ;f] /sd lkmtf{ ug]{ lg0f{o ePdf lghnfO{ @)^%.&.! b]lv s/
lkmtf{ lbPsf] cjlw ;Ddsf] nflu aflif{s !) k|ltztsf b/n] Aofh ;d]t
e"Qmfg ug'{ kb{5 .
@*=!#=^ ldnfg jf lkmtf{ x'g g;Sg] s/
s'g} AolQmn] bflvnf u/]sf] jf ldnfg ug{ kfpg] s/ dWo] s]xL s/x? ltg'{kg]{ cGo
s/df ldnfg ug{ jf lkmtf{ bfjL ug{ gkfOg] Aoa:yf P]gn] u/]sf] 5 . ldnfg ug{
613

jf lkmtf{ bfjL ug{ gkfOg] s/dWo] l:js[t cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ jfkt ldnfg ug{
kfOg] s/ / a9L bflvnf u/]sf] a}b]lzs s/ ldnfg jf lkmtf{ gx'g] ;DaGwdf
P]gsf] bkmf !!# sf] pkbkmf -&_ df b]xfosf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 .
!!#-&_ s'g} cfo jif{df bkmf %! jf &! adf]lhd bfaL ug{ ;lsg] s/ sL
ldnfg / To:tf s/ sLnfO{ o; pkbkmf adf]lhd lx;fa ldnfg ug{ jf
lkmtf{ lbg ;lsg]5}g .
t/, ;f] jif{df s/ sL ldnfgnfO{ bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf -@_, bkmf %! sf]
pkbkmf -$_ / bkmf &! sf] pkbkmf -#_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yf adf]lhd ug{
;lsg]5 .
s'g} AolQmn] a9L bflvnf u/]sf] s/ u0fgf ubf{ s'g} k|fs[lts AolQmn] l:js[t
cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ jfkt ldnfg ug{ kfpg] s/ / s'g} AolQmsf] a}b]lzs s/
;dfa]z x'+b}g . To;}n] s'g} AolQmsf] l:js[t cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ jfkt ldnfg ug{
kfpg] s/ ?= &%) s'g} cfo aif{sf] ltg'{kg]{ s/df ldnfg x'g g;s]df jf s'g}
AolQmsf] s'g} aif{ a}b]lzs s/ a9L bflvnf ePdf To:tf] /sd ;f] AolQmn] ltg'{kg]{
cfos/sf] cGo /sddf ldnfg ug{ jf To:tf] /sd lkmtf{ dfu ug{ kfpb}g .

614

kl/R5]b @(
z'Ns, Jofh tyf hl/jfgf
(Interest, Charges and Penalty)

@(=!

s/ of]Uo cfo x'g] AolQmn] cfos/ P]g, @)%* adf]lhd a'emfpg' kg]{ s/ /sd
;dodf g} bflvnf ug'{ To:tf] AolQmsf] bfloTj x'G5 . s/ bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ AolQmn]
;dodf g} s/ bflvnf gu/L cltl/Qm cfly{s nfe lng g;sf]; egL ahf/df
k|rngdf /x]sf] Jofh b/ eGbf a9L Jofh / s;"/sf] dfq x]/L z'Ns tyf hl/jfgf
nfUg] s/;+u yk u/L bflvnf ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . o;n] ubf{ s/ ga'emfPsf] sf/0f
s/bftfnfO{ x'g ;Sg] cfly{s nfe (Financial Benefit) sf] cGTo jf Go"lgs/0f u/L
;dodf g} s/ bflvnf x'g] ca:yf ;[hgf u/fpg' Aofh ;DaGwL k|fjwfgsf] p2]Zo
/x]sf] 5 . s/bftfn] s/sf] cltl/Qm cfo laa/0f ;d]t ;dodf g} bflvnf u/]sf]
ca:yfdf dfq s/ bfloTj olsg x'g] x'+bf ;dodf g} laa/0f bflvnf u/fpg]
p2]Zon] ;dodf laa/0f bflvnf gu/]sf] sf/0f yk z'Ns ltg'{ kg]{ Aoa:yf P]gn]
u/]sf] 5 . cfo laa/0f ;dodf bflvnf gu/]sf] sf/0f nfUg] z'Ns ;f] AolQmsf]
sf/f]af/sf] dfqf;+u 36a9 x'g] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm Jofh, hl/jfgf
tyf ;hfo s/sf] bfloTjdf kg]{ km/ssf cfwf/df lglZrt x'g] Aoa:yf P]gdf
/x]sf] 5 . z'Ns tyf Jofhsf] u0fgf u/L bfloTj lgwf{/0f s/ clws[tn] ug{
;Sg]5 eg] hl/jfgfsf] nflu cbfntdf d'4f rnfP/ dfq nufpg kfpg] Joj:yf
5 . z'Ns, Aofh, s;'/ tyf ;hfoF ;DaGwL Aoa:yf P]gsf] kl/R5]b @@ tyf @#
df pNn]v ePsf] 5 / tL Aoa:yf af/] JofVof o; kl/R5]bdf ul/Psf] 5 .
@(=@ z'Ns ;DaGwL Aoa:yf
o; kl/R5]bsf ljleGg bkmfdf k|of]u ePsf] z'Ns zAbsf] cy{ pQm P]gf/f
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] s/bftfn] /fVg' kg]{ sfuhft g/fv]sf] jf bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ sfuhft
bflvnf gu/]sf] jf l9nf] bflvnf u/]sf] jf sfuhft;+u ;DalGwt tyf sfg"gL
st{Jo k'/f gu/] jfkt bkmf !!(s adf]lhd lgwf{l/t sfg"gL Joj:yf pNn+3g eP
jfkt ltg'{kg]{ /sdnfO{ z'Ns eGg] gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . o;/L o;
kl/R5]bsf] k|of]hgsf] lgldQ z'Ns eGgfn] lanDa z'Ns, 36L s/ bflvnf u/]
afktsf] z'Ns jf ;dodf laa/0f bflvnf gu/] afkt a'emfpg kg]{ z'Ns
cflbnfO{ lng' kb{5 .
P]gsf] bkmf !!& cg';f/ sfuhft /fVg] jf ljj/0f jf cfo ljj/0f k|:t't ug'{kg]{
sfg"gsf] kfngf gu/]]df jf pNn+3g u/]]df b]xfo adf]lhd z'Ns nfUb5M
@(=@=! laa/0f bflvnf gu/]df nfUg] z'NsM
;fdfGotofM laa/0f eGgfn] P]g adf]lhd bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ ls:tfaGbLsf] nflu
bflvnf ug'{kg]{ cg'dflgt laa/0f jf cfo laa/0fnfO{ a'emfp+5 . P]gsf] bkmf !!&
sf] pkbkmf -!_ df laa/0f bflvnf gu/]df b]xfo adf]lhsf] z'Ns nfUg] Aoa:yf
/x]sf] 5M
!!&-!_M s'g} JolQmn] b]xfo adf]lhd gu/]df To:tf] JolQmnfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd
z'Ns nfUg]5 M

!!&-!_-s_M
bkmf (% sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd s'g} cfo jif{sf] cfo
ljj/0f bflvnf gu/]]df k|lt ljj/0f b'O{ xhf/ ?k}of, /
P]gsf] bkmf (% sf] pkbkmf -!_ df s'g} cfo jif{df ls:tfsf] /sd a'emfpg'kg]{
JolQmnfO{ ls:tfsf] /sd a'emfpg' kg]{ ldlt ;Dd ;f] jif{sf nflu a'emfpg'kg]{
/sdsf] cg'dfg pNn]v u/L tf]lsPsf] 9fFrf / tl/sfdf cg'dflgt cfo ljj/0f
bflvnf ug'{ k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd ljj/0f bflvnf gug]{nfO{ k|lt ljj/0f b'O{ xhf/
z'Ns nfUb5 .
pbfx/0f @(=@=!M dfgf}+, cf=a= @)^^.^& df s'g} AolQmsf] cg'dflgt cfosf
cfwf/df lghsf] s/ bfloTj ?= !,)),))) x'g cfpg] /x]5 . ;f] AolQmn] P]gsf]
bkmf (% df pNn]lvt k|fjwfgsf cfwf/df ;f] ;DaGwL laa/0f @)^^ kf}if
d;fGt ;Dd ;DalGwt /fh:j sfof{nodf bflvnf ug'{ kb{5 . lghn] ;f]
ldlt;Dd o:tf] laa/0f bflvnf gu/]df lghn] ?= @,))) z'Ns a'emfpg' kb{5 .
o:tf] z'Ns s/ /sd bflvnf ug]{ t/ laa/0f bflvnf gug]{ AolQmn] ;d]t
a'emfpg' kb{5 .
!!&-!_-u_ bkmf (^ sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd s'g} cfo jif{sf] cfo ljj/0f
bflvnf gu/]df P]gsf] bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf -$_ df plNnlvt JolQmsf] xsdf
Ps ;o ?k}ofF k|lt dlxgfsf b/n] x'g] /sd / cGo JolQmsf] xsdf ;f] cfo
jif{sf] cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ s'g} /sd s6fO{ kfpg] eP ;f] gs6fO{ / s'g} /sd
;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{ eP ;f] ;dfj]z u/L x'g] lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfosf] /sdsf] ;"Go
bzdna Ps k|ltzt k|lt jif{sf b/n] x'g] /sd jf Ps ;o ?k}ofF k|lt
dlxgfsf b/n] x'g] /sddWo] h'g a9L x'G5 ;f] /sd .
x/]s s/of]Uo cfo k|fKt ug]{ JolQmn] cfo jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] # dlxgf leq jf
Dofb yk k|fKt ePdf ;f] Dofb leq cfosf] ljj/0f bkmf (^ sf] pkbkmf -!_
adf]lhd ;DalGwt cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no jf s/bftf ;]jf sfof{nodf bflvnf
ug'{ kb{5 . To:tf] ljj/0f bflvnf gug]{nfO{ P]gsf] bkmf !!& sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf]
v08 -u_ adf]lhd z'Ns nfUb5 . To:tf] z'Ns bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf -$_ sf]
Joj:yf cg'?ksf] JolQm -k"jf{g'dflgt s/ ltg'{ kg]{ AolQm_ nfO{ ;dodf ljj/0f
ga'emfP jfkt k|lt dlxgf Ps ;o ?k}ofFsf] b/n] z'Ns nfUb5 . bkmf $ sf]
pkbkmf -$_ df lgDgfg';f/sf] AolQmn] k"jf{g'dflgt Ps d'i7 s/ (Presumptive
Tax) ltg'{ kg]{ Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
-s_ ;f] cfo jif{df ;f] JolQmsf] g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] Joj;foaf6 k|fKt
cfo dfq ePsf],
-s!_ cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ jfkt bkmf %! adf]lhd tyf clu|d s/ sL
jfkt bkmf (# adf]lhd s/ ldnfg ug{ bfjL gu/]sf] ,
-v_ Joj;foaf6 k|fKt cfo b'O{ nfv?k}ofF / Joj;fosf] sf/f]af/ aL;
nfv ?k}ofF eGbf a9L gePsf], /
-u_ ;f] JolStn] ;f] cfo jif{df of] Joj:yf nfu" x'g] u/L 5gf}6 u/]sf] .
cGo JolQmsf] xsdf lghsf] ;f] cfo jif{sf] cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ s'g} /sd s6fO{
616

kfpg] eP ;f] gs6fO{ / s'g} /sd ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ eP ;f] ;dfj]z u/L x'g]
lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfosf] )=! k|lt aif{sf b/n] x'g] /sd jf Ps ;o ?k}ofF k|lt
dlxgfsf b/n] x'g] /sd dWo] h'g a9L x'G5 ;f] /sd a/fa/ z'Ns nfUb5 . pQm
Aoa:yf tnsf] pbfx/0fdf v'nfO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f @(=@=@M dfgf}+, uf}/j P08 ;G;\ k|f=ln= n] cf=a= @)^$.^% sf] cfo
laa/0f bflvnf ug{ P]gsf] bkmf (* adf]lhd @)^% kf}if d;fGt ;Ddsf] Dofb
yk ePsf] /x]5 . ;f] yk ePsf] Dofb leq ;d]t pQm k|f=ln=n] laa/0f bflvnf
gu/L @)^% df3 ( df dfq cfo laa/0f cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf bflvnf
u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm aif{ ;f] k|f=ln=sf] P]gsf] bkmf & adf]lhd cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{
kg]{ /sd ?= %) nfv /x]5 / sL bfaL of]Uo ?= $) nfv /x]5 . pQm k|f=ln=n]
bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ P]gsf] bkmf !!& sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -u_ adf]lhdsf] z'Ns
lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 .
cfodf ;dfa]; ug'{ kg]{ /sd
?= %),)),))).))
sL bfaL ug]{ /sd
gkfpg]
bkmf !!&-!_-u_ sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu lgwf{/0f ?= %),)),))).))
of]Uo cfo
$ dlxgf
z'Ns nfUg] cawL -sflt{s, @)^% b]lv df3,
@)^% ;Dd_
bkmf !!&-!_-u_ adf]lhdsf] z'Ns
?= !,^^&.))
?= %),)),))).)) X )=!!@ X $
pQm k|f=ln=n] cfo laa/0f bflvnf ug]{ Dofb @)^% kf}if d;fGt ;Dd yk
kfPsf] / ;f] Dofb leq laa/0f bflvnf u/]sf] v08df P]gsf] bkmf !!& sf]
pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -u_ adf]lhdsf] z'Ns gnfUg] x'G5 . t/ ;f] yk ePsf]
Dofb leq laa/0f bflvnf gu/]sf]n] P]gsf] bkmf (^ sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd
laa/0f a'emfpg' kg]{ Dofb cyf{t cfo aif{ ;dfKt ePsf] tLg dlxgfsf] Dofb
e'Qmfg ePsf] ldlt b]lv -sflt{s dlxgf b]lv_ g} P]gsf] bkmf !!& sf] pkbkmf !_ sf] v08 -u_ adf]lhdsf] z'Ns nfUb5 .
@(=@=@ sfuhft g/fv]df nfUg] z'NsM
s/bftfn] P]g adf]lhd /fVg' kg]{ sfuhft g/fv]df bkmf !!& sf] pkbkmf -@_
adf]lhd lgDgfg';f/sf] z'Ns nfUb5 M
!!&-@_ s'g} JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{sf] bkmf *! adf]lhd /fVg' kg]{ sfuhft
g/fv]df To:tf] JolQmnfO{ To:tf] sfuhft g/fv]sf] jif{sf] nflu s'g} cfo
jif{sf] cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ s'g} /sd s6fO{ kfpg] eP ;f] gs6fO{ / /sdx?
;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{ eP ;f] ;dfj]z u/L x'g] lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfosf] /sdsf] z"Go
bzdnj Ps k|ltztn] x'g] /sd jf Ps xhf/ ?k}ofFdWo] h'g a9L x'G5 ;f]
/sd z'Ns nfUg]5 .
P]gsf] bkmf *! cg';f/ s/ a'emfpg'kg]{ bfloTj ePsf k|To]s JolQmn] ljefuaf6
tf]lsPsf] k|sf/, 9fFrf, n]vfk/LIfsaf6 k|dfl0ft k|ltj]bg, cfo ljj/0f, s/
lgwf{/0f Pj+ vr{ sL ug]{ s'/fdf ;xof]u k'ofpg] sfuhftx? ;DalGwt cfo
jif{sf] ldltn] % jif{;Dd ;'/lIft g/fVg]nfO{ To:tf] sfuhft g/fv]sf] jif{sf] nflu

617

;f] cfo jif{sf] cfosf] u0fgf ubf{ s'g} /sd s6fO{ kfpg] eP ;f] /sd gs6fO{ /
/sd ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ eP ;f] /sd ;dfj]z u/L x'g] lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfosf] )=!
k|ltzt jf ?= ! xhf/ dWo] h'g a9L x'G5 ;f] /sd a/fa/ z'Ns nfUb5 . pQm
Aoa:yf tnsf] pbfx/0fdf v'nfO{Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f @(=@=#M dfgf}+, Old Company Private Ltd. n] cf=a= @)^$.^% df ?=
$) nfv a/fa/sf] ;fdfg lalqm u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm cf=a=sf] s'n vr{ ?= #)
nfv /x]5 . pQm sDkgLn] vr{nfO{ k'i6\ofFO{ ug]{ sfuhft /fv]sf] /x]g5 . o;
ca:yfdf pQm sDkgLn] bkmf *! sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -u_ cg';f/
sfuhft g/fv]sf] x'+bf bkmf !!& sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf] z'Ns u0fgf
lgDgfg';f/ ug'{ kb{5 M
!= o; k|of]hgsf]nflu lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfo ?= $) nfv
@= lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfosf] )=! k|ltztn] x'g] /sd ?= $ xhf/
#= Go"gtd z'Ns ?= ! xhf/
o; ca:yfdf pQm sDkgLn] ?= $ xhf/ z'Ns ltg'{ kb{5 .
@(=@=# clu|d s/ sL laa/0f bflvnf gu/]df nfUg] z'NsM
e'QmfgLdf s/ sL ug]{ cyf{t e'QmfgL ubf{ s/ sL ug]{ AolQm (Withholding
Agent) n] s/ sL laa/0f bflvnf gu/]df P]gsf] bkmf !!& sf] pkbkmf -#_
adf]lhd lgDgfg';f/sf] z'Ns nfUb5 M
!!&-#_ clu|d s/ sL ug]{ s'g} Ph]06n] bkmf () sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf]
ljj/0f k]z gu/]df To:tf] Ph]06nfO{ ljj/0f k]z ug'{ kg]{ ldltaf6 o:tf]
laj/0f bflvnf gePsf] ldlt;Ddsf] k|To]s dlxgf / dlxgfsf] efusf] nflu
clu|d s/ sL ug'{ kg]{ s/ /sdsf] jflif{s 8]9 k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] /sd
z'Ns nfUg]5 .
P]gsf] bkmf () sf] pkbkmf -!_ cg';f/ clu|d s/ sL ug'{kg]{ k|To]s JolQmn]
k|To]s dlxgf ;dfKt ePsf] @% lbg leq ljefun] tf]s]sf] tl/sf / 9fFrfdf clu|d
s/ sLsf] ljj/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ sfg"gL bfloTj k'/f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . To:tf] ljj/0f k]z
ug]{ bfloTj k'/f gu/]sfnfO{ z'Ns nfUb5 . lghnfO{ ljj/0f k]z ug'{ kg]{ ldltaf6
ljj/0f bflvnf gePsf] ldlt;Ddsf] nfuL clu|d s/ sL ug'{kg]{ /sdsf] jflif{s
8]9 k|ltzt -!=%_ sf b/n] z'Ns nfUb5 . o:tf] z'Ns dlxgf jf dlxgfsf]
efusf] ;d]t nfUb5 .

618

pbfx/0f @(=@=$M dfgf}, hLjg wf/f ln=n] @)^% >fj0f dlxgfdf e'QmfgLdf ?=
@),))).)) s/ sL u/]sf] /x]5 . ;f] lgsfon] pQm s/ @)^% efb| @% ut]
leq} bflvnf u/]sf] /x]5 t/ ;f]sf] laa/0f eg] @)^% cflZjg # ut] dfq
bflvnf u/]sf] /x]5 . o; ca:yfdf P]gsf] bkmf !!& sf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd
lgDgfg';f/sf] z'Ns bflvnf ug'{ kb{5M
@)^% >fj0f dlxgfsf] s/ sL ePsf] /sd
?= @),))).))
s/ sL laa/0f bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ ldlt
@)^% efb| @%
s/ sL laa/0f bflvnf ePsf] ldlt
@)^% cflZjg #
bkmf !!&-#_ adf]lhdsf] z'Ns nfUg] cawL
@ dlxgf
bkmf !!&-#_-v_ adf]lhdsf] z'Ns
?= %).))
?= @),))).)) X !=%!@ X @
P]gsf] bkmf (%s adf]lhd clu|d s/ c;'n ug]{ AolQmn] c;'n u/]sf] s/ laa/0f
bflvnf gu/]df P]gsf] bkmf !!& sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd
lgDgfg';f/sf] z'Ns nfUb5 M
!!&-!_-v_ clu|d s/ c;'n ug'{kg]{ s'g} JolQmn] bkmf (%s sf] pkbkmf -%_
adf]lhdsf] ljj/0f k]z gu/]df To:tf] JolQmnfO{ ljj/0f bflvnf ug'{ kg]{
ldltaf6 o:tf] laj/0f bflvnf gePsf] ldlt;Ddsf] k|To]s dlxgf /
dlxgfsf] efusf] nflu clu|d s/ c;'n ug'{ kg]{ /sdsf] jflif{s 8]9
k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] /sd,
P]gsf] bkmf (%s sf] pkbkmf -%_ cg';f/ clu|d s/ c;'n ug'{kg]{ k|To]s JolQmn]
k|To]s dlxgf ;dfKt ePsf] @% lbg leq ljefun] tf]s]sf] tl/sf / 9fFrfdf clu|d
s/ c;'nLsf] ljj/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ sfg"gL bfloTj k'/f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . To:tf] ljj/0f
k]z ug]{ bfloTj k'/f gu/]sfnfO{ z'Ns nfUb5 . lghnfO{ ljj/0f k]z ug'{ kg]{
ldltaf6 ljj/0f bflvnf gePsf] ldlt;Ddsf] nfuL clu|d s/ c;'n ug'{kg]{
/sdsf] jflif{s 8]9 k|ltzt -!=%_ sf b/n] z'Ns nfUb5 . o:tf] z'Ns dlxgf jf
dlxgfsf] efusf] ;d]t nfUb5 .
@(=@=$ e'mf jf e|dk"0f{ ljj/0f bflvnf ug]{nfO{ nfUg] z'NsM
P]gsf] bkmf !@) df e'mf jf e|dk"0f{ ljj/0f bflvnf ug]{nfO{ nfUg] z'Nssf
;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
!@)= s'g} JolQmn] s'g} s'/fsf ;DaGwdf ljefudf e'm7[f jf e|dk"0f{ ljj/0f
lbPdf jf bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ s'g} s'/f jf j:t's]f hfgsf/L glbO{ jf ;f]
laj/0faf6 x6fO{ ljj/0fdf plNnlvt hfgsf/L e|dk"0f{ x'g uPdf To:tf]
JolQmnfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd z'Ns nfUg]5 M
-s_ hfgfhfgL jf nfk/afxLk"j{s u/]sf] geO{ e"nj; em'7[f jf e|dk"0f{ x'g
uPsf]df To;jf6 x'g] 36L s/ /sdsf] krf; k|ltzt .
-v_ hfgfhfgL jf nfk/jfxL u/]sf] sf/0fn] em'7[f jf e|dk"0f{ x'g uPsf]df
To;jf6 x'g] 36L s/ /sdsf] Ps ;o k|ltzt .
:ki6Ls/0f M o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ljefudf bflvnf ul/Psf]
ljj/0f eGgfn] ljefudf jf o; P]g adf]lhd st{Josf] kfngf ug]{
619

l;nl;nfdf ljefujf6 clVtof/ k|fKt clws[t ;dIf lnlvt ?kdf bflvnf

ul/Psf] ljj/0f / b]xfo ad]flhd bflvnf ul/Psf] ljj/0f ;d]tnfO{
hgfpFg]5 M
-s_ lgj]bg, ;"rgf, ljj/0f, ph'/L, aofg, jf o; P]g adf]lhd bflvnf
ul/Psf], tof/ kfl/Psf], lbOPsf] jf k]z ul/Psf] cGo sfuhft,
-v_ o; P]g adf]lhd afx]s ljefu jf ljefusf s'g} clws[t ;dIf k]z
ul/Psf] sfuhft,
-u_ ljefu jf s'g} clws[tn] s'g} JolQmnfO{ ;f]w]sf] k|Zgsf] pQ/, jf
-3_ ljj/0f lbOg] s'/fsf] dgfl;j hfgsf/L ePsf] s'g} JolStn] s'g} csf]{
JolSt dfkm{t ljefu jf s'g} clws[tnfO{ lbPsf] hfgsf/L .
s'g} JolQmn] ljefudf e'mf jf e|dk"0f{ ljj/0f bflvnf ug{ x'Fb}g . s;}n] e'mf jf
e|dk"0f{ ljj/0f lbPdf jf bflvnf ug'{kg]{ s'g} s'/f jf j:t'sf] hfgsf/L glbO{ jf
;f] ljj/0faf6 x6fO{ e|dk"0f{ ljj/0f lbPdf ljefun] ;f] s'/fsf] oyfy{ 5fgljg jf
lg0f{o jf cfb]z OToflb ug{ ;Qm}g . To;}n] bkmf !@) n] To:tf JolQmnfO{ e'mf jf
e|dk"0f{ ljj/0f lbPdf jf lbg'kg]{ hfgsf/L glbO{ jf ljj/0faf6 x6fO{ ljj/0fdf
n]lvPsf] hfgsf/L e|dk"0f{ x'g uPdf ;f] u/] jfkt z'Ns nfUg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
To:tf] ljj/0fsf] tfTko{ ljefudf jf cfos/ P]g @)%* adf]lhdsf] st{Jo kfngf
ug]{ l;nl;nfdf ljefuaf6 clVtof/ k|fKt clws[t ;dIf lnlvt ?kdf bflvnf
ul/Psf] ljj/0f ;d]t a'em\g'kb{5 . To; cltl/Qm b]xfosf sfuhft Pj+ s'/f ;d]t
ljj/0fsf] cy{ ubf{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] a'em\g'kb{5 M
-!_ lgj]bg, ;"rgf, ljj/0f, ph'/L, jofg jf cfos/ P]g @)%* adf]lhd
bflvnf ul/Psf], tof/ kfl/Psf], lbOPsf] jf k]z ul/Psf] cGo sfuhft,
-@_ cfos/ P]g @)%* adf]lhd afx]s ljefu jf ljefusf s'g} clws[t
;dIf k]z ul/Psf] sfuhft,
-#_ ljefu jf s'g} clws[tn] s'g} JolQmnfO{ ;f]w]sf] k|Zgsf] pQ/, jf
-$_ ljj/0f lbOg] s'/fsf] dgfl;a hfgsf/L ePsf] s'g} JolQmn] s'g} csf]{
JolQm dfkm{t ljefu jf s'g} clws[tnfO{ lbPsf] hfgsf/L .
To:tf] e'mf jf e|dk"0f{ ljj/0f lbg] jf bflvnf u/fpg] JolQmnfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd
z'Ns nfUb5M
-!_ hfgLhfgL jf nfk/jfxLk"j{s u/]sf] geO{ e"nj; e'mf e|dk"0f{ x'g
uPsf]df To;af6 x'g] 36L s/ /sdsf] krf; k|ltzt .
-@_ hfgLhfgL jf nfk/jfxL u/]sf] sf/0fn] e'mf jf e|dk"0f{ ljj/0f x'g
uPsf]df To;af6 36L s/ /sdsf] Ps ;o cyf{t zt k|ltzt .
o; Aoa:yf k|i6 kfg]{ pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

620

pbfx/0f @(=@=%M dfgf}+, Unbelievable sDkgLn] cf=a= @)^$.^% sf] cfo

laa/0f cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf a'emfPsf /x]5g\ . pQm sDkgLn] k]; u/]sf]
cfo laa/0fdf Insurance Claim afkt k|fKt u/]sf] ?= !) nfv /sd cfodf
;dfa]; gu/L cfo laa/0f k]; u/]sf] cfwf/ dfgL Complaint Tondon n] ;f]
sDkgLn] cfo n'sfPsf] lnlvt hfgsf/L laefusf dxflgb]{zsnfO{ u/fPsf
/x]5g\ . ;f]xL cg';f/ sfof{noaf6 5fglag ubf{ k|df0fsf cfwf/df ;+zf]lwt
s/ lgwf{/0f u/L hfgfhfgL n'sfPsf] pQm cfodf @% k|ltztsf b/n] x'g
cfpg] s/ /sd ?= @ nfv %) xhf/ s/ sfod ul/Psf] /x]5 . o;/L pQm
sDkgLn] hfgfhfgL cfo n'sfPsf] x'+bf P]gsf] bkmf !@) sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd
?= @ nfv %) xhf/ z'Ns nufpg' kb{5 .
pbfx/0f @(=@=^M dfgf}+, PsfgL sDkgLn] k/fdz{bftfnfO{ e'QmfgL u/]sf] ;]jf
z'Ns ?= !)),))) df ?= !%,))) s/ s6\6L u/]sf /x]g5 . e'QmfgLdf s/
sLsf] ;DaGwdf sfof{noaf6 5fglag ubf{ e'QmfgLdf s/ sL gu/]sf]
b]lvof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf e'QmfgLdf s/ s6\6L gu/]sf] ?= !% xhf/ bkmf ()-#_
adf]lhd lghaf6 s6\6L ePsf] dflg P]gsf] bkmf !@) sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd
?= &,%)) z'Ns ;d]t nufpg' kb{5 .
e'm7\7f Pj+ e|dk"0f{ ljj/0f e/L s/ 36fpg] ulDe/ k|s[ltsf] sfuhft tof/ u/]sf]
jf ;Dk"0f{ ?kdf cfo gb]vfPsf] cj:yfdf cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !@)-v_
sf] z'Ns nfUb5 . sfuhft e'm7\7f / e|dk"0f{ geO{ s/sf] u0fgf ubf{ vr{ sL
ul/Psf k|df0fn] vr{ sL dfq glbPsf] cj:yfdf bkmf !@)-s_ sf] z'Ns nufpg]
Joj:yf 5 .
@(=@=% dltof/nfO{ nfUg] z'NsM
P]gsf] bkmf !@! df dltof/nfO{ nfUg] z'Nssf ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf
u/]sf] 5 M
!@! o; P]gdf plNnlvt s'g} s;"/ ug]{ JolStnfO{ hfghfg jf nfk/jfxL u/L
d2t ug]{ jf ;xfotf lbg] jf b'?T;fxg ug]{ jf ;Nnfx lbg] dltof/nfO{
To:tf JolQmn] sd lt/]sf] s/sf] ztk|ltzt /sd z'Ns nfUg]5 .
P]gsf] kl/R5]b@# df s/ bflvnf gug]{, e'mf jf e|dk"0f{ ljj/0f lbg], s/
k|zf;gdf afwf lj/f]w ug]{ jf cg'lrt k|efj kfg]{, clVtof/ k|fKt jf clVtof/
k|fKt gePsf] JolQmn] s;"/ ug]{, dltof/L ug]{ tyf P]gsf] kfngf gug]{ h:tf s;'/
ug]{ AolQmnfO{ hfgfhfg jf nfk/jfxL u/L s/bftfnfO{ d2t ug]{, ;xfotf lbg],
b'?T;fxg ug]{ jf ;Nnfx lbg] dltof/nfO{ To:tf] dltof/Lsf] sf/0faf6 36\g
uPsf] s/sf] zt k|ltzt z'Ns nfUg] Aoa:yf P]gsf] bkmf !@! df /x]sf] 5 . o;
Aoa:yf k|i6 kfg]{ pbfx/0f tn k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 .

621

pbfx/0f @(=@=&M dfly pbfx/0f @(=@=% pNn]v ul/Psf] sDkgLsf] lalQo

laa/0f tof/ kfbf{ Insurance Claim afkt k|fKt u/]sf] /sd ?= !) nfv
cfodf ;dfa]; gu/L ;+rfnssf] AolQmut vftfdf cfDbfgL -Credit_
hgfpgsf] nflu To; sDkgLsf k/fdz{bftf claZjf;L sk"/n] lnlvt k/fdz{
lbPsf / ;f]xL cg';f/ ;+rfnssf] AolQmut vftfdf cfDbfgL -Credit_ hgfPsf]
k'i6L ePsf] x'+bf k/fdz{bftf claZjf;L sk"/nfO{ o; bkmf cg';f/ dltof/
dflgg] x'+bf lghnfO{ ?= @ nfv %) xhf/ z'Ns nufpg' kb{5 .
@(=@=^ P]g lgodsf Joj:yf pNn+3g ug]{nfO{ nfUg] z'NsM
P]g lgodsf Joj:yf pNn+3g ug]{nfO{ nfUg] z'Nssf ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !!(s
df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5M
!!(s o; P]gdf cGoyf Joj:yf ul/Psf]df afx]s of] P]g jf o; P]g cGtu{t
jg]sf lgodx?sf s'g} Joj:yfsf] kfngf gug]{ JolQmnfO{ bkmf !@* adf]lhd
tf]lsPsf] hl/jfgf ;/xsf] z'Ns nfUg] 5 .
cfos/ P]gn] dfyL pNn]v u/]sf] / cGo s'g} Aoa:yf u/]sf]df afx]s o; P]g /
o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgodfjnLdf pNn]v u/]sf Joj:yfsf] kfngf gug]{ cyf{t
pNn+3g ug]{ JolQmnfO{ P]gsf] bkmf !!(s adf]lhd bkmf !@* adf]lhd tf]lsPsf]
hl/jfgf ;/xsf] z'Ns nfUg] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 . bkmf !@* df To:tf] z'Nssf] dfqf
% xhf/ b]lv #) xhf/ ;Dd /x]sf] 5 . k|:t't bkmf !!(s P]gdf /x]sf] z'Ns
;DaGwL k|fjwfgsf] cjlzi7 (Residuary) Joj:yf xf] .
@(=# Aofh ;DaGwL Aoa:yf
;fdfGotM k'FhL nufgL ePkl5 To;sf] k|ltkmn afkt k|fKt x'g] /sdnfO{ Aofh
elgG5 . To:t} lglZrt ;dodf e'QmfgL k|fKt ug{ tf]lsPsf] ;do kZrft e'QmfgL
k|fKt u/]sf] ca:yfdf e'QmfgL kfpg' kg]{ /sd eGbf a9L k|fKt ePsf] /sdnfO{
;d]t Aofh elgG5 . cyf{t e'QmfgL k|fKt ug'{ kg]{ ;do kZrft e'QmfgL jf nufgL
afkt gub jf lhG;Lsf] ?kdf k|fKt x'g] ljQLo Ifltk"lt{ (Financial
Compensation) nfO{ ;fdfGotofM Aofh elgG5 . P]gdf lgDg b'O{ l:yltdf Aofh
nfUg] Joj:yf /x]sf]] 5 M
-s_ ls:tfjGbLdf bflvnf ug]{n] sd cg'dflgt s/ a'emfPdf, /
-v_ sd s/ a'emfPdf jf s/ ga'emfPdf .
t;y{ tf]lsPsf] ;dofawL leq s/ /sd bflvnf gug]{ s/bftfaf6 ;fdfGo
Aofhb/sf lx;fan] a'emfPsf lbg;Dd c;'n ul/Psf] Aofh /sd g} ;/sf/n]
kfpg' kg]{ Ifltk"lt{ /sd xf] .
@(=#=! ls:tfaGbLdf bflvnf ug]{n] sd cg'dflgt s/ x'g] u/L a'emfPdf nfUg] Jofh M
P]gsf] bkmf ($ df ls:tfaGbLdf s/ bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ Aoa:yf /x]sf] / To:tf] s/
bflvnf gu/]df jf sd s/ bflvnf u/]df nfUg] Aofhsf] ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf
!!* df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
!!*-!_ s'g} AolQmn] s'g} cfo aif{df bkmf ($ adf]lhd bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ ls:tf
/sd ;DjGwdf v08 -s_ df plNnlvt /sdeGbf v08 -v_ df plNnlvt
622

/sd a9L ePdf o;/L a9L ePsf] /sddf pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd Aofh nfUg]
5 M
-s_ ;f] JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df lt/]sf] k|To]s ls:tfsf] /sd,
-v_ ;f] cfo jif{df k|To]s ls:tf cjlwsf] nflu ls:tfaGbLsf] ?kdf
a'fpg' kg]{ s'n /sdsf] cg'dfg jf ;+zf]lwt cg'dfg ;xL ePsf]
eP ;f] /sd / ;f] /sd ;lx gePsf] eP bkmf # sf] v08 -s_ / v_ df plNnlvt JolQmn] bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ s/ /sdsf] k|To]s ls:tf
cjlwsf] nflu ls:tfaGbLsf] ?kdf a'fpg' kg]{ /sdsf] gAa] k|ltzt
/sd .
!!*-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] JolQmnfO{ ;f] jif{ sf] ;f] ls:tf a'emfpg' kg]{
ldltb]lv b]xfosf] cjlw;Ddsf] k|To]s dlxgf / dlxgfsf] efusf] ;fdfGo
Jofhb/n] Jofh nfUg] 5 M
-s_ bkmf (( sf] pkbkmf -!_ jdf]lhdsf] s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ JolQmsf] xsdf
cfo ljj/0f j'emfpg' kg]{ ldlt;Dd,
-v_ bkmf (( sf] pkbkmf -!_ jdf]lhdsf] s/ lgwf{/0f gu/]sf] sf/0fn]
ljefun] bkmf !)! jdf]lhd klxnf] k6s ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
JolQmsf] xsdf bkmf !)@ jdf]lhd ;f] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0fsf]
;"rgf j'emfPsf] ldlt;Dd .
:kli6s/0fM o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf]nfuL ls:tfjGbLsf] ?kdf a'emfpg'
kg]{ /sd eGgfn] Ps k6s cg'dfg k]z u/L ;s]kl5 ;+zf]lwt
cg'dfg k]z gug]{ sf] tyf cg'dfg k]z gu/]sf] sf/0fn] bkmf (% sf]
pkbkmf -&_ jdf]lhd ljefun] cg'dfg u/]sf] xsdf bkmf ($ sf]
pkbkmf -!_ jdf]lhd / ;+zf]lwt cg'dfg k]z ug]{sf] xsdf tyf k]z
ul/Psf] cg'dfg jf ;+zf]lwt cg'dfgdf ;+t'i6 geO{ bkmf (%sf]
pkbkmf -&_ jdf]lhd ljefun] cg'dfg u/]sf] bkmf (% sf] pkbkmf %_ sf] Joj:yf cg';f/ u0fgf ul/Psf] ls:tfsf] /sdnfO{ hgfpg]
5.
ls:tfaGbLdf s/ a'emfpg kg]{ Joa:yf P]gsf] bkmf ($ n] u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} ;f]
bkmfn] To:tf] ls:tfaGbLsf] s/ /sd slxn] / slt a'emfpg kg]{ xf] eGg] s'/f klg
:ki6 kf/]sf] 5 . To:tf] ls:tfaGbLsf] s/ /sd 36L a'emfPdf P]gsf] bkmf !!* n]
To:tf] 36L /sddf Aofh nfUg] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 . s'g} JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df
bflvnf ug'{kg]{ ls:tf /sd sf] () k|ltzt eGbf sd /sd bflvnf u/]sf] eP
o;/L sd bflvnf u/]sf] /sddf ;fdfGo b/n] cyf{t !% n] Aofh nfUb5 .
ls:tfaGbLsf] ?kdf a'emfpg'kg]{ /sd eGg] jfSof+znfO{ cfos/ P]g @)%* sf]
bkmf !!* df :kli6s/0f /fv]/ :ki6 ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] cg';f/ ls:tfaGbLsf] ?kdf
a'emfpg'kg]{ /sd eGg] jfSof+zn] -s_ Ps k6s cg'dfg k]z u/L;s]kl5 ;+zf]lwt
cg'dfg gug]{sf] xsdf cg'dfg k]z gu/]sf] sf/0fn] bkmf (% sf] pkbkmf -&_
adf]lhd ljefun] cg'dfg u/]sf] eP bkmf ($ sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd u0fgf
ul/Psf] ls:tfsf] /sd, / -v_ Ps k6s cg'dfg k]z u/]sf] c+sdf ;+zf]lwt
623

cg'dfg k]z ug]{sf] xsdf tyf k]z ePsf] cg'dfg jf ;+zf]lwt cg'dfgdf bkmf
(% sf] pkbkmf cg';f/ ;Gt'i6 geO{ ljefun] bkmf (% sf] pkbkmf -%_ sf]
Joj:yf cg';f/ u0fgf ul/Psf] ls:tfsf] /sdnfO{ a'emfpFb5 jf a'em\g'kb{5 .
Aofh b/ / Aofh nfUg] cjlwM
-s_ ls:tfaGbLsf] ls:tf /sd ga'emfpg] JolQmnfO{ ls:tf a'emfpg'kg]{ ldlt b]lv
bkmf (( sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f u/L cfo ljj/0f bflvnf
ug'{kg]{ ldlt ;Dd ;fdfGo Aofhb/ cyf{t bz k|ltztn] Aofh nfUb5 .
-v_ ls:tfsf] /sd a'emfpg'kg]{ JolQmnfO{ ls:tfsf] /sd a'emfpg' kg]{ ldlt b]lv
bkmf (( sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f u/L cfo ljj/0f bflvnf
gu/]sf] sf/0fn] ljefun] bkmf !)! adf]lhd klxnf] k6s ;+zf]lwt s/
lgwf{/0f eP u/]sf]df ;f] ;+zf]lwt s/sf] ;'rgf a'emfPsf] ldlt;Ddsf]
;fdfGo Aofh cyf{t !) sf b/n] Aofh nfUb5 .
Aofh nufpg] k|of]hgsf nflu cjlw u0fgf ug'{ kbf{ k'/f dlxgf ePdf dlxgfsf] /
dlxgf eGbf sd ePdf dlxgfsf] efunfO{ ;d]t dlxgf ;/x u0fgf u/L Aofh
/sd u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 .
pbfx/0f @(=#=!M dfgf}+, uf}/j P08 ;G;\ k|f=ln= n] cf=a= @)^$.^% sf] cfo
laa/0f @)^% df3 ( df ;DalGwt /fh:j sfof{nodf bflvnf u/]sf] /x]5 .
pQm aif{ ;f] k|f=ln=sf] s/of]Uo cfo ?= !) nfv /x]5 / :j+o s/ lgwf{/0f
adf]lhd pQm cf=a=sf] s/ bfloTj ?= @ nfv %) xhf/ /x]5 . pQm k|f=ln=n]
@)^$ kf}if dlxgf leq ?= %) xhf/, r}q dlxgfdf yk ?= %) xhf/ / cfiff9
d;fGt @)^% ;Dd yk ?= () xhf/ bflvnf u/L ;f] cf=a= sf] cGt ;Dddf ?=
! nfv () xhf/ s/ bflvnf u/]sf] /x]5 . o;sf] cnfjf pQm k|f=ln= n] ldlt
@)^% >fj0f !# ut] yk ?= ^) xhf/ s/ bflvnf u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm
k|f=ln=sf] P]gsf] bkmf !!* sf] pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ adf]lhdsf] Aofh lgDgfg';f/
u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 .
bflvnf ug{
kg]{ ;do

bflvnf ug{'
kg]{ s/

bflvnf
u/]sf] s/

100,000.00 50,000.00
kf}if d;fGt
@)^$ ;Dd 40%
175,000.00 100,000.00
r}q d;fGt
@)^$ ;Dd 70%
250,000.00 190,000.00
cfiff9
d;fGt
@)^% ;Dd 100%
bkmf !!* adf]lhdsf] s'n Aofh /sd

Aofh
sd bflvnf nfUg]
dlxgf

Aofh

50,000.00

1,250.00

75,000.00

1,875.00

60,000.00

500.00

3,625.00

@(=#=@ s/ ga'emfPdf nfUg] AofhM

P]gsf] bkmf (( adf]lhd s/ of]Uo cfo ePsf] AolQmn] :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f

(Self

624

Assessment) ug'{ kg]{ Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 . bkmf (^ adf]lhd o;/L lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
s/ laa/0f (Self Assessed Return) ;fdfGotofM cfo aif{ ;dfKt ePsf] # dlxgf

leq bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;/L cfo laa/0f bflvnf ubf{ lgwf{/0f
ul/Psf] s/ /sd ;d]t bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf] s/ /sd ;f] Dofb leq
bflvnf gu/]df nfUg] Aofhsf] ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !!( df lgDgfg';f/sf]
Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
!!(-!_ s/ ltg'{kg]{ tf]lsPsf] ldlt;Dd s'g} JolQmn] s/ bflvnf gu/]df bflvnf
ug{ jfFsL /x]sf] /sddf o;/L s/ bflvnf ug{ jfFsL /x]sf] cjlwe/sf] nflu
;f] JolQmnfO{ k|To]s dlxgf / dlxgfsf] efudf ;fdfGo Jofhb/n] Jofh
nfUg]5 .
bkmf !!( sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd s/ ltg'{kg]{ st{Jo ePsf] s'g} JolQmn] sfg"g
adf]lhd s/ a'emfpgsf nflu lgwf{/0f ePsf] ldlt -;dofalw_ ;Dd s/ bflvnf
gu/]df -ga'emfPdf_ To;af6 bflvnf ug{ afFsL /x]sf] /sddf bflvnf ug{ afFsL
dlxgfsf] efudf ;fdfGo b/n] Aofh nfUb5 . o:tf] s/ /sd sfg"g cg';f/ s/
/sd c+s Plsg eP kl5sf] s/ xf] . s/ /sdsf] olsg b'O{ lsl;daf6 x'g] ub{5
-s_ s/ lgwf{/0faf6 / -v_ sfg"gn] ls6fg ul/lbPaf6 s/ lgwf{/0f x'Fbf ltl/Psf
clu|d s/ nufot ldnfg ug{ ldNg] /sdx? ;dfof]hg u/L ;s]kl5 afFsL /x]sf]
/sd ltg'{kg]{ s/ /sd x'G5 . sltko cj:yfdf sfg"gn] clGtd ?kdf s/ nfUg]
cfox? ls6fg ul/lbPsf] x'G5 h:tf], bkmf (@ n] clGtd ?kdf s/ sL x'g]
e'QmfgLx? pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . Aofh nufpg] k|of]hgsf nflu cjlw u0fgf ug'{ kbf{
k'/f dlxgf ePdf dlxgfsf] / dlxgf eGbf sd ePdf dlxgfsf] efunfO{ ;d]t
dlxgf ;/x u0fgf u/L Aofh /sd u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 .

625

pbfx/0f @(=#=@M dfgf}+, uf}/j P08 ;G;\ k|f=ln= n] cf=a= @)^$.^% sf] cfo
laa/0f @)^% df3 ( df ;DalGwt cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no jf s/bftf ;]jf
sfof{nodf bflvnf u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm aif{ ;f] k|f=ln=sf] s/of]Uo cfo ?= !)
nfv /x]5 / :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f adf]lhd pQm cf=a=sf] s/ bfloTj ?= @ nfv %)
xhf/ /x]5 . pQm k|f=ln=n] @)^$ kf}if dlxgf leq ?= %) xhf/, r}q dlxgfdf
yk ?= %) xhf/ / cfiff9 d;fGt @)^% ;Dd yk ?= () xhf/ bflvnf u/L ;f]
cf=a= sf] cGt ;Dddf ?= ! nfv () xhf/ s/ bflvnf u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm
k|f=ln= n] cfo laa/0fsf] ;fy afFsL ?= ^) xhf/ s/ bflvnf u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm
k|f=ln=sf] P]gsf] bkmf !!* Pa+ bkmf !!( adf]lhdsf] Aofh lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf
ug'{ kb{5 .
bflvnf ug{'
kg]{ s/

bflvnf
u/]sf] s/

100,000.00 50,000.00
kf}if d;fGt
40%
@)^$ ;Dd
175,000.00 100,000.00
r}q d;fGt
70%
@)^$ ;Dd
250,000.00 190,000.00
cfiff9 d;fGt
100%
@)^% ;Dd
bkmf !!* adf]lhdsf] s'n Aofh /sd
bkmf !!( sf] Aofh u0fgf
bflvnf ug{'
bflvnf ug{' kg]{ ;do
bflvnf ldlt
kg]{ s/
c;f]h d;fGt @)^% 60,000.00 @)^% df3 (

Aofh
sd bflvnf nfUg]
dlxgf

Aofh

50,000.00

3 1,250.00

75,000.00

3 1,875.00

60,000.00

3 1,500.00
4,625.00

Aofh nfUg] dlxgf

Aofh

2,000.00

!!(-@_M pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ltg'{kg]{ Jofh u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu bkmf (*
adf]lhd lbOPsf] yk Dofbdf Jofh 5"6 kfOg] 5}g .
bkmf !!( cg';f/ s/ ltg'{kg]{ sfg"gL bfloTj cg'?k s/ a'emfpg kg]{ Dofb z'?
ePkl5 ;f] Dofb leq s/ /sd bflvnf ug'{k5{ . cyf{t s/ ga'emfpg] AolQmnfO{
cfo aif{ ;dfKt ePsf] tLg dlxgfsf] ef]lnkN6 b]lv s/ bflvnf u/]sf] ldlt
;Ddsf] cjlwsf] Aofh nfUb5 . ;f] cjlwsf] nflu ;fdfGo Jofh b/ -cyf{t !%_
n] Aofh nfUb5 . P]gsf] bkmf !!( sf] pkbkmf -@_ df ePsf] Aoa:yf adf]lhd
s'g} AolQmn] bkmf (* adf]lhd cfo laa/0f bflvnf ug]{ yk Dofb k|fKt u/]sf]
/x]5 eg] klg To:tf] yk Dofbsf] ;d]t Aofh bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
!!(-#_M clu|d s/ c;'n ug]{ JolQmn] bkmf (%s sf] pkbkmf -*_ jf clu|d s/
sL ug]{ JolQmn] bkmf () sf] pkbkmf -$_ kfngf gu/]sf] sf/0fn] lghn]
a'emfpg' kg]{ Jofh lghn] clu|d s/ bflvnf ug'{kg]{ jf clu|d s/ sL x'g]
JolQmaf6 c;'npk/ ul/lng kfpg] 5}g .
P]gsf] kl/R5]b!& adf]lhd clu|d s/ sL ug]{ bfloTj ePsf] AolQm cyf{t
Withholding Agent n] o:tf] clu|d s/ sL ul/Psf] /sd a'emfpg] Dofb bkmf ()
sf] pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd k|To]s dlxgf ;dfKt ePsf] ldltn] @% lbg /x]sf] 5 .
626

s/ sL ug]{n] ;f] Dofb leq s/ sL /sd ;lxt ljj/0f a'emfpg kg]{ x'G5 . ;f]
AolQmn] Dofb leq /sd ga'emfPdf l9nf a'emfpg NofPsf] cjwLsf] nflu !% n]
Aofh nfUb5 . Aofh nufpg] k|of]hgsf nflu cjlw u0fgf ug'{ kbf{ k'/f dlxgf
ePdf dlxgfsf] / dlxgf eGbf sd ePdf dlxgfsf] efunfO{ ;d]t dlxgf ;/x
u0fgf u/L Aofh /sd u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 . s/ sL ug]{ Ph]G6n] To:tf] cjlwsf]
nflu nfu]sf] Aofh s/ sL x'g] JolQmaf6 c;'n ug{ kfpg] 5}g .
!!(-$_M
bkmf !!)s= adf]lhd lbOPsf] Dofb leq s/ glt/]df ltg{ af+sL
s/df jflif{s kfFr k|ltztsf b/n] yk Jofh nufO{ ;f] JolQmaf6 c;'n
pk/ ul/g]5 .
s/ jSof}tf /fVg] s'g} JolQmn] To:tf] jSof}tf /sd ltg{ bkmf !!)s= adf]lhd
;do l;df lgwf{/0f u/L ls:tfjGbLdf ltg{ ;Demf}tf u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] JolQmn]
;f] ;Demf}tfdf pNn]lvt ;do l;df leq To:tf] jSof}tf /sd r'Qmf gu/]df bkmf
!!( adf]lhd nfUg] Jofhsf] cltl/Qm yk kfFr k|ltzt Jofh ;d]t ltg'{ a'emfpg'
kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
@(=$ h/Ljfgf ;DaGwL Aoa:yf
h/Ljfgf eGgfn] ;fdfGotofM P]g adf]lhd sfo{ gug]{ jf P]gsf] alv{nfk sfo{ ug]{
AolQmnfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd lbO{g] ;hfo xf] . P]gsf] kl/R5]b@# n] cfos/
;DaGwdf u/]sf] s;'/sf] kl/efiff u/L To:tf] s;'/ ug]{nfO{ ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . ;f] cg';f/ kl/eflift s;'/ / To;df x'g] ;hfo lgDg adf]lhd 5g\M
@(=$=! s/ bflvnf gug]{nfO{ ;hfoM
s/ bflvnf gug]{nfO{ ;hfosf ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !@# df lgDgfg';f/sf]
Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5M
!@#M dgfl;j dflkmssf] sf/0flagf s/ bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ lgwf{l/t ;do;Dd
s/ bflvnf gug]{ JolStnfO{ kfFr xhf/ ?k}oFfb]lv tL; xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd
hl/jfgf jf Ps dlxgf b]lv tLg dlxgf;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .
sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;do;Dd dgfl;a dflkmssf] sf/0f ljgf s/ bflvnf
gug'{ bkmf !@# adf]lhd s;'/ 7xb{5 . dgfl;a dflkmssf] sf/0f j]u/ sfg"gn]
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;do ;Ldf ;Dd s/ bflvnf gug]{ JolQmnfO{ kfFr xhf/ ?k}ofF b]lv
tL; xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf jf Ps dlxgf b]lv tLg dlxgf ;Dd s}b jf b'j}
;hfo x'G5 .
@(=$=@ e'mf jf e|dk"0f{ ljj/0f lbg]nfO{ x'g] ;hfo
e'mf jf e|dk"0f{ ljj/0f lbg]nfO{ x'g] ;hfosf ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !@$ df
lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5M
!@$M s'g} JolQmn] ljefudf lbPsf] s'g} hfgsf/L jf laj/0f hfgfhfgL jf
nfk/jfxL ;fy k]z u/]sf] sf/0fn] em'f jf e|dk"0f{ ePdf jf To:tf] JolQmn]
To:tf] ljifosf ;DaGwdf s'g} vf; s'/f jf ljifosf] hfgsf/L ljj/0fdf
pNn]v gu/L jf x6fO{ ;f] ljj/0f e|dk"0f{ x'g uPsf]df To:tf] JolQmnfO{
rfnL; xhf/ ?k}ofFb]lv Ps nfv ;f7L xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf jf 5
627

dlxgf b]lv b'O{ jif{;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .

:ki6Ls/0f M o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ljefudf bflvnf ul/Psf]
ljj/0f eGgfn] ljefudf jf o; P]g adf]lhd st{Jo kfngf ug]{
l;nl;nfdf ljefuaf6 clVtof/ k|fKt clws[t ;dIf lnlvt ?kdf bflvnf
ul/Psf] ljj/0f / b]xfo adf]lhd bflvnf ul/Psf] ljj/0f ;d]t\nfO{
hgfpb5 M
-s_ lgj]bg, ;"rgf, ljj/0f, ph'/L, aofg jf o; P]g adf]lhd bflvnf
ul/Psf], tof/ kfl/Psf], lbOPsf] jf k]z ul/Psf] cGo sfuh,
-v_ ljefu jf ljefusf s'g} clws[t ;dIf k]z ul/Psf] sfuhft,
-u_ ljefu jf s'g} clws[tn] s'g} JolQmnfO{ ;f]w]sf] k|Zgsf] pQ/ jf
-3_ ljj/0f lbOg] s'/fsf] dgfl;a hfgsf/L ePsf] s'g} JolQmn] s'g} csf]{
JolQm dfkm{t ljefu jf s'g} clws[tnfO{ lbPsf] hfgsf/L .
s'g} JolQmn] ljefudf lbPsf] s'g} hfgsf/L jf ljj/0f hfghfg jf nfk/jfxL u/L
k]z u/]sf] sf/0fn] e'mf jf e|dk"0f{ ePdf jf To:tf] JolQmn] To:tf] ljifosf s'g}
vf; s'/f jf ljifosf] hfgsf/L ;f] ljj/0fdf pNn]v u/]g jf x6fof] / To;af6
ljj/0f e|d k"0f{ x'g uPdf To:tf] sfo{ bkmf !@$ n] s;'/ 7x5{ . To:tf] s;'/ ug]{
JolQmnfO{ rfnL; xhf/ ?k}ofF b]lv Ps nfv ;f7L xhf/ ?k}ofF ;Dd hl/jfgf jf
^ dlxgf b]lv b'O{ jif{ s}b jf b'j} x'G5 .
dfly pNn]v ePsf] ljefudf lbPsf] s'g} hfgsf/L jf ljj/0f eGg] jfSof+zsf]
cy{ bkmf !@) sf] :kli6s/0fdf lbOP cg';f/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'G5 M
-!_ ljefudf jf cfos/ P]g @)%* adf]lhdsf] st{Josf] kfngf ug]{ l;nl;nfdf
ljefuaf6 clVtof/ k|fKt clws[t ;dIf lnlvt ?kdf bflvnf ul/Psf]
ljj/0f, /
-@_ lgj]bg, ;"rgf, ljj/0f, ph'/L, aofg jf o; cfos/ P]g @)%* adf]lhd
bflvnf ul/Psf], tof/ kfl/Psf], lbOPsf] jf k]z ul/Psf] cGo sfuh,
-#_ cfos/ P]g adf]lhd afx]s ljefu jf ljefusf s'g} clws[t ;dIf k]z
ul/Psf] sfuhft,
-$_ ljefu jf s'g} clws[tn] s'g} JolQmnfO{ ;f]ws
] f] k|Zgsf] pQ/ jf
-%_ ljj/0f lbOg] s'/fsf] dgfl;a hfgsf/L ePsf] s'g} JolQmn] s'g} csf]{ JolQm
dfkm{t ljefu jf s'g} clws[tnfO{ lbPsf] hfgsf/L .
@(=$=# s/ k|zf;gdf jfwf lj/f]w ug]{ jf cg'lrt k|efa kfg]{nfO{ ;hfo
s/ k|zf;gdf jfwf lj/f]w ug]{ jf cg'lrt k|efj kfg]{nfO{ x'g] ;hfosf ;DaGwdf
P]gsf] bkmf !@% df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5M
!@%-!_M b]xfosf sfo{ ug]{ JolStnfO{ kfFr xhf/ ?k}oFfb]lv aL; xhf/ ?k}oFf;Dd
hl/jfgf jf Ps dlxgfb]lv tLg dlxgf;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 M
-s_ o; P]g adf]lhd cfkmgf] st{Jo kfngf ug]{ l;nl;nfdf ljefusf]
628

clws[tnfO{ afwflj/f]w u/]df,

-v_ bkmf *# adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf ad]flhd sfo{ gu/]df, jf
-u_ cGo s'g} ?kdf o; P]gs]f sfof{Gjogdf afwf lj/f]w u/]df .
!@%-@_M pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] sfo{ ug]{ pBf]u u/]df ;f] pkbkmfdf n]lvPsf]
;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo x'g]5 .
@(=$=$ clVtof/ k|fKt jf clVtof/ k|fKt gePsf] JolQmn] s;'/ u/]df x'g] ;hfo
clVtof/ k|fKt jf clVtof/ k|fKt gePsf] JolQmn] s;'/ u/]df To:tf] AolQmnfO{
x'g] ;hfosf ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !@^ df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5M
!@^-!_M bkmf *$ sf] pNn+3g ug]{ s'g} klg clVtof/ k|fKt JolStnfO{ c;L
xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf jf Ps jif{;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .
P]gsf] bkmf *$ df tn pNn]lvt sfo{x? pNn+3g ug{ gx'g] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
*$-!_ ljefusf] s'g} klg clws[t tyf cGo sd{rf/Ln] o; P]g adf]lhd cfgf]
st{Jo kfngsf] l;nl;nfdf cfgf] sAhfdf jf hfgsf/Ldf cfpg] ;a}
sfuhft tyf hfgsf/L uf]Ko /fVg' kg]{5 .
*$-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ljefusf] s'g}
clws[tn] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] sfuhft jf hfgsf/L b]xfosf JolQm
;dIf b]xfo adf]lhd k|s6 ug{ ;Sg]5 M
-s_ o; P]g adf]lhd ;f] clws[tsf] st{Jokfng ug{ cfjZos ePsf]
xb;Dd,
-v_ o; P]g adf]lhd k|zf;lgs k'g/fjnf]sg jf sf/jfxLsf ;DaGwdf s'g}
cbfnt jf Gofoflws/0faf6 cfb]z ePsf]df,
-u_ cy{ dGqL ;dIf,
-3_ cGo s'g} ljQLo sfg"gsf] k|of]hgsf nflu k|s6 ug{ cfjZos
ePsf]df,
-_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;]jfdf /x]sf] s'g} JolQmnfO{ /fh:j jf tYof+s
;DaGwL sfo{sf nflu cfjZos ePdf To:tf] JolQm ;dIf,
-r_ kbLo st{Josf] kfngsf] l;nl;nfdf k]Zf ug{ cfjZos ePsf]df
dxfn]vf k/LIfs jf dxfn]vf k/LIfsaf6 clVtof/ k|fKt s'g} JolQm
;dIf, jf
-5_ g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6o ;+emf}tf u/]sf] s'g} b]zsf] ;/sf/sf] clwsf/ k|fKt
clwsf/L ;dIf To:tf] ;+emf}tfdf tt\;DaGwdf Joj:yf ul/Psf]
xb;Dd .
*$-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd sfuhft / hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{ s'g} JolQm, cbfnt,
Gofoflws/0f, lgsfo jf clwsf/Ln] cfjZos k/]sf] Go"gtd xb;Ddsf]
cj:yfdf afx]s To:tf sfuhft jf hfgsf/L uf]Ko /fVg' kg]{5 .
!@^-@_M o; P]g adf]lhd clVtof/ gkfPsf] s'g} JolStn] s/ jf s/ egL cGo
629

s'g} /sd p7fPdf jf p7fpg k|oTg u/]df c;L xhf/ ?k}ofF b]lv b'O{ nfv
rfnL; xhf/ ?k}+of;Dd hl/jfgf jf Ps jif{b]lv tLg jif{;Dd s}b jf b'j}
;hfo x'g]5 .
@(=$=% dltof/nfO{ x'g] ;hfo
dltof/nfO{ x'g] ;hfosf ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !@& df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf
/x]sf] 5M
!@&M dltof/nfO{ x'g] ;hfo M o; P]g adf]lhd s'g} s;"/ ug{ s'g} JolQmnfO{
hfgLhfgL d2t ug]{ jf To:tf] s;"/ ug{ ;Nnfx lbg] jf b'?T;fxg ug]{
JolStnfO{ s;"/bf/nfO{ x'g] ;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo x'g]5 .
t/ o:tf] dltof/ ;/sf/L sd{rf/L ePdf s;'/bf/nfO{ x'g] ;hfo a/fa/
;hfo x'g]5 .
@(=$=^ P]gsf] kfngf gug]{nfO{ x'g] ;hfo
P]gsf] kfngf gug]{nfO{ x'g] ;hfosf ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !@* df lgDgfg';f/sf]
Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5M
!@*M o; P]gdf cGoyf Joj:yf ul/Psf]df afx]s of] P]g jf o; P]g cGtu{t
ag]sf lgodx?sf s'g} Joj:yfsf] kfngf gug]{ JolStnfO{ kf+r xhf/
?k}ofFb]lv tL; xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf x'g]5 .
bkmf !@* n] ;fdfGo k|s[ltsf] ;hfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . :ki6;+u ;hfo
ls6fg gul/Psf s'/fdf k|:t't bkmf !@* k|of]u x'G5 . cfos/ P]gdf s;'/ elg
kl/eflift ul/Psf cfos/ P]gsf] Joj:yfsf] pNn+3gsf nflu dfyL pNn]v eP
adf]lhd vf; ;hfo tf]lsPsf]df ;f]xL ;hfo x'G5 . ;f] afx]s cfos/ P]g jf ;f]
cfos/ P]g cGtu{t ag]sf lgodx?sf s'g} Joj:yfsf] kfngf gug]{, pNn+3g ug]{
JolQmnfO{ kfFr xhf/ ?k}ofF b]lv tL; xhf/;Dd hl/jfgf x'G5 .
@(=% z'Ns, Aofh tyf hl/jfgf ug]{ clwsf/L M
z'Ns tyf Aofhsf] lgwf{/0f u/L c;'n ug]{ sfo{ bkmf !@@ cg';f/ ljefuaf6 x'G5
hjls hl/jfgf ug]{ clwsf/ bkmf !#! n] lhNnf cbfntnfO{ k|fKt 5 . ljefun]
bkmf !@( sf] cj:yfdf afx]s hl/jfgf nufpg ;Qm}g .
s'g} JolQmnfO{ cfos/ P]gsf] Joj:yf cg'?k z'Ns, Aofh tyf hl/jfgf ;a} x'g]
/x]5 eg] ;f] JolQmnfO{ z'Ns Aofh tyf hl/jfgf ;a} x'g ;Qm5 . z'Ns / Aofh
ljefun] nufpg kfpFb5 jf nufpFb5 t/ hl/jfgf lhNnf cbfntaf6 s;'/
k|dfl0ft ePdf nfUb5 . z'Ns tyf Aofh a'emfpFb}df kmf}hbf/L bfloTj cg'?k
ul/Psf] s;'/sf ;DaGwdf nfUg] hl/jfgfaf6 d'Qm x'g ;Sb}g .
@(=%=! z'Ns tyf Jofhsf] lgwf{/0f M
P]gsf] bkmf !@@ n] z'Ns tyf Aofhsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ tl/sf lgDg adf]lhd lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] 5 M
!@@-!_M o; kl/R5]b adf]lhd s'g} JolStn] a'emfpg' kg]{ z'Ns tyf Jofhsf]
lgwf{/0f ljefun] ug]{5 .
!@@-@_M s'g} vf; sfd k"/f gu/]sf]n] jf s'g} ljj/0fsf ;DaGwdf o; kl/R5]b
630

adf]lhd z'Ns tyf Jofh afktsf] bfloTjsf] u0fgf ubf{ o; kl/R5]bsf]

k|To]s bkmfsf xsdf 5"6[f5"6}[ ?kdf u0fgf ug'{ kg]{5 .
!@@-#_M o; bkmf adf]lhd nufO{g] z'Ns tyf Jofh o; P]g adf]lhd cGo s'g}
s/ a'emfpg' kg]{ eP To:tf] s/df yk ul/g]5 / To:tf] z'Ns tyf Jofh
a'emfpFb}df kl/R5]b@# df plNnlvt kmf}hbf/L sf/jfxL ;DaGwL bfloTjaf6
s'g} JolSt d'St ePsf] dflgg] 5}g .
!@@-$_M o; bkmf adf]lhd z'Ns tyf Jofhsf] lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]df ljefun]
b]xfosf s'/f v'nfOPs]f ;f] lgwf{/0fsf] lnlvt ;"rgf ;f] JolStnfO{ lbg]5 .
o:tf] ;"rgf bkmf !)@ adf]lhd hf/L ul/g] ;"rgfdf ;+nUg u/L k7fpg
;Sg]5 .
-s_ ljefun] z'Ns tyf Jofh lgwf{/0f ug'{k/]sf] sf/0f,
-v_ a'emfpg' kg]{ z'Ns tyf Jofh afktsf] /sd,
-u_ ;f] /sd s;/L u0fgf ul/Psf] xf] ;f]sf] tl/sf, /
-3_ ;f] lgwf{/0f lj?Wb ph'/L ug]{ ;do, :yfg / tl/sf .
!@@-%_M o; bkmf adf]lhd z'Ns tyf Jofh lgwf{/0f ubf{ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ bkmf !)! sf] pkbkmf -!_, pkbkmf -@_, pkbkmf -#_ sf] v08 -v_,
pkbkmf -$_ / -%_ df n]lvPsf s'/fx? o; bkmf adf]lhd z'Ns tyf
Jofh lgwf{/0f ubf{ klg nfu" x'g]5, /
-v_ bkmf !)! sf] pkbkmf -#_ sf] v08 -v_,-u_, pkbkmf -$_, -%_ / bkmf
!)@ df n]lvPsf s'/fx? o; bkmfsf] pkbkmf -$_ sf xsdf klg nfu"
x'g]5 .
-!_ z'Ns tyf Aofhsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ clwsf/ ljefudf /x]sf] 5 .
-@_ z'Ns tyf Aofh nfUg] s'/fdf z'Ns tyf Aofh jfktsf] bfloTjsf] u0fgf ubf{
k|To]s bkmfsf xsdf 5'f5'} ?kdf u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 . cyf{t h'g h'g bkmf
cg';f/ Aofh jf z'Ns nfUg] xf] k|To]s bkmfn] nfUg] Aofh jf z'Ns 5'f 5'}
u0fgf u/L Aofh jf z'Nssf] /sd lgsfNg' kb{5 . o;f] ubf{ Ps eGbf al9
bkmf cg';f/ Aofh clg z'Ns nfUg] b]lvPdf k|To]s bkmf cg'?k lgwf{/0f ug'{
kb{5 .
-#_ bkmf !@@ cg';f/ lx;fa u/L nufOg] z'Ns tyf Aofh /sd cfos/ P]gsf
ljleGg bkmfsf Joj:yf cg'?k nfUg] jf a'emfpg kg]{ cGo s'g} s/ a'emfpg
kg]{ eP To:tf] s/df yk ug'{ kb{5 .
-$_ z'Ns tyf Aofhsf] lgwf{/0f ul/;s]kl5 ljefun] b]xfosf s'/f v'nfO{ lgwf{/0f
ul/Psf] s'/fsf] lnlvt ;"rgf ;f] z'Ns tyf Aofh nufOPsf] JolQmnfO{
lbg'kb{5
-s_ ljefun] z'Ns tyf Aofh lgwf{/0f ug'{ k/]sf] sf/0f,
-v_ a'emfpg'kg]{ z'Ns tyf Aofh jfktsf] /sd,
-u_ ;f] /sd s;/L u0fgf ul/Psf] xf] ;f] sf] tl/sf, /
631

-3_ ;f] lgwf{/0f lj?4 ph'/L ug]{ ;do, :yfg / tl/sf .

-%_ z'Ns tyf Aofhsf] lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] ;"rgf :jtGq ?kdf klg k7fpg ldN5
/ bkmf !)@ adf]lhd hf/L ul/g] ;"rgfdf ;+nUg u/L k7fpg ;lsG5 .
;fdfGotM s/ lgwf{/0fs} avt Aofh tyf z'Ns lx;fa ul/g] x'Fbf bkmf !)@
sf] ;"rgf;Fu k7fpg' al9 ;xh / Jojxfl/s x'g] x'G5 . t/ ;f] s'/f k[ys
cyf{t cnu ?kdf Aofh tyf z'Ns lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]df jf ug'{ kg]{ ePdf
5'} ;"rgf k7fpg ;lsG5 .
-^_ z'Ns tyf Aofh lgwf{/0f ubf{ bkmf !)! sf] pkbkmf -!_ pkbkmf -@_ pkbkmf
-#_ sf] v08 -v_ pkbkmf -$_ / -%_ df n]lvPsf s'/fx? klg nfu' x'G5g
To;}u/L bkmf !)! sf] pkbkmf -#_ sf] v08 -v_, -u_ pkbkmf -$_ -%_ /
bkmf !)@ df n]lvPsf s'/fx? z'Ns tyf Aofhsf] lgwf{/0f kZrft k7fOg]
;"rgfsf] xsdf klg nfu' x'G5 .
@(=%=@ ljefun] hl/jfgfsf] /sd bflvnf ug{ cfb]z lbg ;Sg]M
ljefun] hl/jfgfsf] /sd bflvnf ug{ cfb]z lbg ;Sg] ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !@(
df lgDg adf]lhdsf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
!@(-!_ M o; kl/R5]bdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg bkmf !@^ df
plNnlvt s;"/df afx]s s'g} JolQmn] cfkm"n] o; kl/R5]bdf pNn]v ePsf]
cGo s'g} Ps jf PseGbf a9L s;"/ u/]sf] egL cbfntL sf/afxLsf] k|s[of
z'? x'g' cufj} lnlvt ?kdf :jLsf/ u/]df To:tf] Ps jf PseGbf a9L
s;"/ u/] afkt nfUg] hl/jfgf /sddf ga9\g] u/L hl/jfgf /sd bflvnf
ug{ ljefun] To:tf] JolQmnfO{ cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 .
!@(-@_M ljefun] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lb+bf ;f] cfb]zdf To:tf] s;"/,
a'emfpg' kg]{ hl/jfgf /sd / hl/jfgf /sd a'emfpg' kg]{ ldlt v'nfpg'
kg]{5 .
!@(-#_M ljefun] o; bkmf adf]lhd lbPsf] cfb]z clGtd x'g]5 / ;f] pk/
k'g/fj]bg nfUg] 5}g .
hl/jfgf /sd bflvnf u/fpg] ;DaGwdf bkmf !@( n] ljefunfO{ ljz]if clwsf/
k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ;fdfGotM lhNnf cbfntaf6 s;'/ k|dfl0ft e} hl/jfgf lgwf{/0f
gx'Gh]n;Dd hl/jfgf /sd bflvnf u/fpg], c;'n ug]{ sfd ug{ ldNb}g . t/
b]xfosf] l:ylt / xbleq l;ldt /xL ljefun] hl/jfgf bflvnf -c;'n_ u/fpg
kfpFb5M
-!_ ljefun] bkmf !@^ cg';f/ clVtof/ k|fKt jf clVtof/ gePsf] JolQmn]
u/]sf] s;'/ jfktsf] ;hfo jfx]ssf cGo s;'/df ;DalGwt JolQmn] s;'/
u/]sf] egL cbfntL sf/afxLsf] k|s[of -cbfntdf d'2f btf{ rnfpg'_ x'g'
eGbf cufj} lnlvt ?kdf :jLsf/ u/]df :jLsf/ u/]sf] xb;Ddsf] hl/jfgf
/sd bflvnf u/fpg ;Qm5 .
-@_ ljefun] To;/L ;DaGwLt JolQmn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] xb;Dd dfq Ps jf Ps
eGbf a9L s;'/ afktsf] x'g] ;hfo bflvnf u/fpg ;Qm5 .
-#_ bflvnf u/fpg] hl/jfgf /sd ;DalGwt s;'/df x'g ;Sg] pkNnf] xb
632

/x]sf] 5 lsgls s;'/ u/] jfkt nfUg] hl/jfgf /sddf ga9\g] u/L
hl/jfgf bflvnf ug{ ljefun] cfb]z lbg ;Qm5 .
-$_ hl/jfgf blvnf ug{ lbOg] cfb]z lnlvt x'g' kb{5 / ;f] cfb]zdf To:tf]
s;'/, a'emfpg kg]{ hl/jfgf /sd / hl/jfgf /sd a'emfpg kg]{ ldlt
v'nfpg' kb{5 .
-%_ ljefun] lbPsf] hl/jfgf bflvnf u/fpg] cfb]z clGtd x'G5 / ;f] cfb]z
pk/ k'g/fj]bg nfUb}g .
@(=^ d'2f ;DaGwL Aoa:yf
@(=^=! d'2fsf] txlssft / bfo/LM
P]gsf] bkmf !#! df d'2fsf] txlssft / bfo/Lsf ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf
/x]sf] 5 M
!#!-!_M o; kl/R5]b adf]lhd ;hfo x'g] s;"/ ;DjGwL d'2fsf] txlssft
tf]lsPsf] clws[tn] ug]{5 / To:tf] txlssftsf] sfd k'/f ePsf] k}tL;
lbgleq ;DjlGwt lhNnf cbfnt ;dIf d'2f bfo/ ug'{ kg]{5 .
!#!-@_M pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd txlssft ubf{ txlssft ug]{ clws[tn] ;/sf/L
jsLnsf] /fo ;Nnfx lng' kg]{]5 .
bkmf !#) / !#! cg';f/ s;'/sf] txlssft Pj+ d'2f bfo/ ug]{ ;DaGwdf lgDg
k|s[of k'/f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
-!_ cfos/ P]gsf] kl/R5]b @# cg';f/sf s;'/sf ;DaGwdf ;hfosf] nflu
ljefun] ;DalGwt lhNnf cbfnt ;dIf d'2f rnfpg' kb{5 . o;/L rnfpg]
d''2fx?df bkmf !#) cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL x'G5 .
-@_ ;hfo x'g] s;'/sf] txlssft lgod #& cg';f/ ljefun] v6fPsf] clws[tn]
ub{5 .
-#_ txlssftsf] sfd k'/f ePsf] ldltn] k}FtL; lbgleq ;DalGwt lhNnf
cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug'{kb{5 .
-$_ txlssft ubf{ txlssft ug]{ clws[tn] ;/sf/L jsLnsf] /fo ;Nnfx lng'
kb{5 .
@(=^=@ g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL x'g]
P]gsf] bkmf !#) df laefun] bfo/ ug]{ d'2fdf jfbL x'g] ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf]
Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
!#)M o; kl/R5]b cGtu{tsf] d'2fdf g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL x'g]5 .

633

kl/R5]b #)
k'g/fjnf]sg / k'g/fj]bg
(Administrative Review and Appeal)

#)=!

#)=@

cfos/ P]g, @)%* n] Goflos pkrf/nfO{ >[+vnfsf] ?kdf -Pskl5 csf]{ k|fKt x'g]
u/L_ c+ufNg' kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; cg';f/ dsf{ k/]sf] 7fGg] s/bftfn] klxn]
cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf dxflgb]{zs ;dIf k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf nflu hfg'
kb{5 . lglZrt ;dodf ljefuaf6 pkrf/ gkfP jf ToxfFaf6 ePsf] lg0f{odf lrQ
ga'em]df s/bftfn] /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;Qm5 . k|zf;sLo
k'g/fjnf]sg ;DaGwL k|s[of o;} P]g adf]lhd / /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg
ug]{ / To;df ;'gjfO{ ug]{ k|s[of / zt{x? x'Fb} /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! /
/fh:j Gofoflws/0f lgodfjnL, @)#) f/f Jojl:yt ul/Psf 5g\ . P]gsf]
kl/R5]b @! df k'g/fanf]sn / k'g/fa]bg ;DaGwdf s/ clws[t jf cfGtl/s
/fh:j sfof{no jf cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefuf/f ePsf s/ lgwf{/0f, k"jf{b]z
nufotsf lg0f{oaf6 lrQ ga'emfpg] s/bftfnfO{ pkrf/ vf]Hg], k|fKt ug]{ k|s[of /
zt{x? lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\ . cfGtl/s /fh:j laefusf] dxflgb]{zs ;dIf
k'g/fanf]sg ug]{ / /fh:j Gofoflws/0f ;dIf k'g/fa]bg hfg ;Sg] k|fjwfgsf
;DaGwdf la:t[t AofVof o; kl/R5]bdf ul/Psf] 5 .
k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg M
s/ clws[t jf ljefuf/f ePsf cfb]z jf lg0f{ox?nfO{ k|zf;lgs tj/af6
5fgljg ug]{ Pj+ sfg"g ;Ddt eP gePsf] x]l/g] k|s[ofnfO{ k|zf;sLo
k'g/fjnf]sg elgG5 . o;/L 5fglagsf cfwf/df To:tf lg0f{ox? sfg"g ;Ddt
ePsf] gb]lvPsf] xb;Dd To:tf lg0f{ox? jf cfb]zx? ab/ ul/G5 . tNnf]
clwsf/Ln] k|s[ofx? af/] 1fgsf] cefjdf, k|fljlwsul0ftLo q'6Lx? u/]sf]df,
nfk/jfxL jf bIftfsf] cefjdf u/]sf] q'6Lx? dflyNnf] clwsf/L -dxflgb]{zsn]_
;RofO{ ;du| cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu Ps Plss[t lgsfosf] tkm{af6 s/bftfnfO{
;se/ ;d'lrt lg0f{o k|bfg ug]{ x]t'n] klg ;xhtf / tTsfn k'g/fjnf]sgsf]
;'lawf k|bfg ug{ of] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf !!$ df k|zf;sLo
k'g/fjnf]sg x'g;Sg] lg0f{ox? tyf sfo{lalwsf ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/ Aoa:yf 5M
!!$-!_ o; P]gsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu b]xfosf lg0f{ox? pk/ k|zf;sLo
k'g/fjnf]sg x'g;Sg]5 M
-s_ bkmf &^ adf]lhd ljefun] hf/L u/]sf] k"jf{b]z,
-s!_ bkmf () sf] pkbkmf -*_ adf]lhd ul/Psf] lg0f{o jf lbOPsf] cfb]z .
-v_ bkmf (% sf] pkbkmf -&_ adf]lhd s'g} JolQmn] bflvnf ug'{ kg]{
cg'dflgt s/sf af/]df ljefun] u/]sf] cg'dfg jf cg'dfg ug{sf]
nflu u/]sf] lg0f{o,
-u_ bkmf (^ sf] pkbkmf -%_ jf bkmf (& adf]lhd cfo ljj/0f k]z ug{
s'g} JolQmnfO{ cfb]z lbg] u/L ljefun] u/]sf] lg0f{o,
-3_ s'g} JolQmn] bkmf (* adf]lhd k]z ug'{ kg]{ cfo ljj/0fsf] Dofb yk
634

ul/kfpg lbPsf] lgj]bgdf ljefun] u/]sf] lg0f{o,

-_ bkmf !)) jf !)! adf]lhd s'g} JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{sf] nflu
a'emfpg' kg]{ s/sf] lgwf{/0f jf bkmf !)% sf] pkbkmf -%_ adf]lhdsf]
lnnfd laqmL vr{sf] lgwf{/0f jf bkmf !@@ adf]lhd s'g} JolQmn]
a'emfpg' kg]{ z'Ns tyf Jofhsf] lgwf{/0f,
-r_ bkmf !)* sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd k|fkssf] x}l;otdf s'g} JolQmn]
kfpg] /sd egL 5"6\ofO{ /fVg' kg]{ u/L ljefun] lbPsf] ;"rgf,
-5_ bkmf !)( sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd s/ aSof}tf /fVg] JolQmnfO{
a'emfpg' kg]{ /sd /fVg] s'g} JolStnfO{ ljefudf bflvnf ug{ cfb]z
lbg] u/L ljefun] u/]sf] lg0f{o,
-h_ bkmf !!) sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd u}/ afl;Gbf JolStsf] tkm{af6
bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ s'g} JolQmsf] s/ bflvnf ug{ s'g} JolQmnfO{ cfb]z
lbg]u/L ljefun] u/]sf] lg0f{o,
-em_ bkmf !!# sf] pkbkmf -%_ adf]lhd s/ lkmtf{ kfpF egL s'g} JolStn]
lbPsf] s'g} lgj]bg pk/ ljefun] u/]sf] lg0f{o, /
-`_ bkmf !!% sf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd ph'/L btf{ ug]{ Dofb yksf] nflu
s'g} JolStn] lbPsf] s'g} lgj]bg pk/ ljefun] u/]sf] lg0f{o .
P]gsf] bkmf !!$ sf] pkbkmf -!_ cg';f/ b]xfosf lg0f{ox? pk/ k|zf;sLo
k'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;Qm5 M
!_ bkmf &^ adf]lhd s'g} JolQmn] s'g} lljwf lg/fs/0fsf nflu ljefu
;dIf lnlvt ?kdf lgj]bg lbPdf ljefun] ;f] JolQmnfO{ lnlvt ?kdf
lljwf lg/fs/0f ug{ k"jf{b]z hf/L ug{ ;Sb5 . ;f] AolQmnfO{ ljefun]
hf/L u/]sf] To:tf] k"jf{b]z lrQ ga'em]df,
@_ bkmf () sf] pkbkmf -*_ adf]lhd >f]tdf s/sL u/L ljj/0f Pj+ s/
bflvnf gug]{ jf 36L bflvnf ug]{nfO{ To:tf] bflvnf gu/]sf] jf 36L
bflvnf u/]sf] /sd / ;f]df nfUg] Aofh ;d]t bflvnf ug'{ elg
ul/Psf] lg0f{o jf cfb]z,
#_ bkmf (% sf] pkbkmf -&_ adf]lhd s'g} JolQmn] bflvnf ug'{kg]{
cg'dflgt s/sf jf/]df ljefun] u/]sf] cg'dfg jf cg'dfg ug{sf nflu
u/]sf] lg0f{o,
$_ bkmf (^ sf] pkbkmf -%_ jf bkmf (& adf]lhd cfo ljj/0f k]z ug{
s'g} JolQmnfO{ cfb]z lbg] u/L ljefun] u/]sf] lg0f{o,
%_ s'g} JolQmn] bkmf (* adf]lhd k]z ug'{kg]{ cfo ljj/0fsf] Dofb yk
ul/kfpg lbPsf] lgj]bgdf ljefun] u/]sf] lg0f{o,
^_ bkmf !)) jf bkmf !)! adf]lhd s'g} JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{sf] nflu
a'emfpg' kg]{ s/sf] ljefuf/f -s/ clws[tf/f_ ul/Psf] ;+zo
s/lgwf{/0f jf ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f .
&_ bkmf !)% sf] pkbkmf -%_ adf]lhdsf] lnnfd ljqmL vr{sf] lgwf{/0f .
635

*_ bkmf !@@ adf]lhd s'g} JolQmn] a'emfpg'kg]{ z'Ns tyf Aofhsf]

lgwf{/0f .
(_ bkmf !)* sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd aSof}tf s/ ;+sng ug]{ p2]Zon]
k|fkssf] x}l;otdf s'g} JolQmn] kfpg] /sd elg 5'6\ofO{ /fVg'kg]{ u/L
ljefun] lbPsf] ;"rgf .
!)_ bkmf !)( sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd s/ aSof}tf /fVg] JolQmnfO{
a'emfpg'kg]{ /sd /fVg] s'g} JolQmnfO{ ;f] /sd ljefudf bflvnf ug{
cfb]z lbg] u/L ljefun] u/]sf] lg0f{o,
!!_ bkmf !!) sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd u}/ afl;Gbf JolQmsf] tkm{af6
bflvnf ug'{kg]{ s'g} JolQmsf] s/ bflvnf ug{ s'g} JolQmnfO{ cfb]z
lbg]u/L ljefun] u/]sf] lg0f{o,
!@_ bkmf !!# sf] pkbkmf -%_ adf]lhd s/ lkmtf{kfpF egL s'g} JolQmn]
lbPsf] lgj]bg pk/ ljefun] u/]sf] lg0f{o,
!#_ bkmf !!% sf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf nflu
ph'/L btf{ ug]{ Dofb u'lh|g uPsf]n] ;f] u'h|]sf] Dofb yfdL kfpF egL
Dofb yksf] nflu s'g} JolQmn] lbPsf] s'g} lgj]bg pk/ ljefun] u/]sf]
lg0f{o .
!!$-@_ pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -3_, -em_ / -`_ df plNnlvt ljifox?sf
;DjGwdf ljefun] s'g} lg0f{o u/]sf] ePtfklg bkmf (*, bkmf !!# sf]
pkbkmf -#_ jf bkmf !!% sf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd lgj]bg lbg] JolStnfO{
lgj]bg k/]sf] tL; lbgleq ljefun] lg0f{osf] ;"rgf glbPdf ;f] lgj]bg
c:jLsf/ ug]{ lg0f{o u/] ;/x dfgL pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ;f] pk/ k|zf;sLo
k'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;Sg]5 .
P]gsf] bkmf !!$ sf] pkbkmf -@_ cg';f/ b]xfodf n]lvPsf lg0f{o lj?4 klg
k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] ph'/L nfUg ;Qm5 M
!_ bkmf (* cg';f/ cfo ljj/0f k]z ug]{ Dofb u'lh|Psf]n] ;f] Dofb yk
u/L kfpF elg lbPsf] lgj]bgdf Dofb yk ul/lbPsf] ;"rgf lgj]bg
k/]sf] #) lbg leq ljefun] glbPdf lgj]bsn] ;f] lgj]bg cl:jsf/
u/]sf] cyf{t Dofb yk gu/]sf] lg0f{o ;/x dfgL ;f] Dofb gyKg] lg0f{o
lj?4
@_ bkmf !!# adf]lhd s/ lkmtf{ kfpg lbPsf] lgj]bgdf lgj]bg u/]sf] #)
lbg leq ljefun] ;f] ljifodf u/]sf] lg0f{osf] ;"rgf glbPdf ljefun]
;f] lgj]bg cl:jsf/ ug]{ lg0f{o u/] ;/x dfgL lgj]bsn] To:tf] lg0f{o
lj?4 k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg u/L kfpF elg ph'/L ug{ / nfUg
;Qm5 .
#_ bkmf !!% sf pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ Dofb
yksf] nflu lbPsf] lgj]bgsf] ;DaGwdf ljefun] lgj]bg k/]sf]
ldltaf6 #) lbg leq Dofb yk u/] gu/]sf] ;"rgf glbPdf lgj]bsn]
;f] lgj]bg c:jLsf/ ug]{ u/L lg0f{o ePsf] dfgL ;f] lg0f{o pk/
k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg kfpF5 .
636

!!$-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf] Dofbleq lg0f{osf] ;"rgf lgj]bg lbg]

JolQmnfO{ k|fKt gePdf / ;f]sf] hfgsf/L ljefudf btf{ u/fPdf ljefun] ;f]
pkbkmfdf plNnlvt lgj]bg c:jLsf/ ug{ u/]sf] lg0f{o / ;f]sf] ;"rgf ;f]
ldltdf ;f] JolStnfO{ lbPsf] dflgg]5 .
k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] ph'/L btf{ ug]{ Dofb u0fgfsf] nflu sl7gfO pTkGg x'g]
cj:yf x'G5 . lsgls pko'{Qm # j6} l:yltdf lgj]bsn] u/]sf] dfu bfjL ljefun]
cl:jsf/ u/]sf] s'/f lgj]bsnfO{ yfxf lbOPsf] x'Fb}g gt lgj]bsn] yfxf kfpg] s'g}
cfwf/ b]lvG5 . o; kl/l:yltdf lgj]bg ug]{ Dofb sxfFaf6 u0fgf ug]{ eGg] k|Zg
pkl:yt x'G5 . o; ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg bkmf !!$ sf] pkbkmf -#_ f/f ul/Psf]
5 . pQm pkbkmf -#_ n] lgDg cj:yf k'u]sf] v08df lgj]bsn] lg0f{osf] ;"rgf
k|fKt ePsf] dflgG5 M
!_ ljefun] Dofb -#) lbg_ leq lg0f{osf] ;"rgf lgj]bsnfO{ lbPg /
@_ lgj]bsn] ;f] s'/fdf cfgf] hfgsf/L ljefudf btf{ u/fPsf ldltdf .
#)=# k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]M
#)=#=! k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf nflu lbOg] lgj]bg
k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf nflu lbOg] lgj]bgsf ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !!% sf]
pkbkmf -!_, pkbkmf -@_, pkbkmf -#_ tyf pkbkmf -^_ df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf
/x]sf] 5 M
!!%-!_ bkmf !!$ adf]lhdsf k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;lsg] lg0f{opk/
lrQ ga'em\g] JolStn] ;f] lg0f{osf] ;"rgf kfPsf] ldltn] tL; lbgleq ;f]
lg0f{o lj?4 ljefu ;dIf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 .
!!%-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lbg] lgj]bgdf To:tf] k'g/fjnf]sg x'g'kg]{ sf/0f
tyf cfwf/x? :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v ug'{ kg]{5 .
!!%-#_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lgj]bg lbg] Dofb u'lh|g uO{ s'g} JolQmn] Dofb
yksf] nflu Dofb u'h|]sf] ldltn] ;ft lbgleq lgj]bg lbPdf ljefun] b]xfo
adf]lhd ug{ ;Sg]5 M
-s_ dgfl;j sf/0f b]lvPdf pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lgj]bg lbg] Dofb u'h|]sf]
ldltaf6 a9Ldf tL; lbgsf] nflu Dofb yKg, /
-v_ ;f] lgj]bg pk/ ljefun] u/]sf] lg0f{osf] lnlvt ;"rgf lgj]bsnfO{
lbg .
!!%-^_ pkbkmf -%_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg cljjflbt s/sf]
;Dk"0f{ /sd / ljjflbt s/sf] Ps ltxfO{ /sd ga'emfP;Dd ;f] pkbkmfsf]
Joj:yf nfu" x'g] 5}g .
k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf nflu ljefu ;dIf lgj]bg lbg'kb{5 . To:tf] lgj]bg
bfo/ ug{ lgDg sfo{ljwL k"/f ug'{kb{5 M
!_ bkmf !!$ cg';f/ k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;Sg] lg0f{odf lrQ ga'em] ;f]
lj?4 dfq lgj]bg lbg' kb{5 .
637

@_

lgj]bg lbFbf To:tf] lg0f{osf] ;"rgf kfPsf] #) lbg leq lbg' kb{5 . s'g}
sf/0fn] lgj]bg lbg] pQm Dofb u'h|g uPdf ;f] Dofb u'h|]sf ldltn] ;ft lbg
leq} Dofb yk dfUg lgj]bg lbg ;lsG5 .
#_ Dofb yksf] nflu k/]sf] lgj]bgdf ljefun] 5fgljg ug'{kb{5 . To;/L
5fgljg ubf{ Dofb u'h|]sf] dgfl;j sf/0f b]lvPdf Dofb u'h|]sf] ldltaf6
al9df tL; lbg ;Dd ljefun] Dofb yk u/L lbg ;Qm5 . To;/L Dofb yk
ePsf] ;"rgf lnlvt ?kdf ljefun] lgj]bsnfO{ lbg'kb{5 . Dofb yk dfu
ePsf] & lbg leqdf Dofb yksf] lg0f{o ug'{ kg]{5 .
$_ Dofb yksf] nflu k/]sf] lgj]bgdf Dofb yk ug}{ k5{ eGg] clgjfo{tf x'Fb}g .
sf/0f dgfl;a gnfu]df Dofb yk gug{ ljefun] ;Qm5 . t/ To;/L Dofb
yk gePdf ;f]sf] lnlvt hfgsf/L lgj]bsnfO{ lbg'k5{ . Dofb yk gug]{
lg0f{o pk/ bkmf !!$-@_ adf]lhd k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg
nfUb5 .
%_ k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf nflu lbOg] lgj]bgkqsf] 9fFrf / To;df
v'nfpg'kg]{ s'/faf/] cfos/ P]g lgoddf s'g} pNn]v ePsf] kfOb}g . o;f]
x'Fbf ;fdfGo rng rlNtsf] 9fFrfdf lgj]bg n]Vg ;lsG5 . lgj]bgdf
lgj]bsnfO{ ;f] lg0f{on] s] s'g sfg"gsf] s] s;/L pNn+3g eP/ lgj]bsnfO{
s] slt / s] s:tf] dsf{ k/]sf] xf] eGg] v'nfpgsf ;fy} k'g/fjnf]sg x'g kg]{
cfwf/ / sf/0f :ki6?kdf pNn]v ug'{k5{ . ;fdfGotM o:tf] lgj]bgdf s]
slt s/, Aofh, z'Ns nfUg' kg]{ lyof] / slt al9 nufOof] eGg] s'/f vf]Ng'
k5{ .
^_ cfos/ P]gdf s;n] k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg lbg] xf] eGg] s'/f
v'nfOPsf] kfOb}g . o:tf]df ;fdfGot lg0f{on] h;nfO{ c;/dsf{ kb{5
To;}nfO{ dsf{ kg]{ kIf dflgG5 . cfos/ P]g cGtu{tsf ;a} s'/fx? s/
nfUg] cfo cfh{g;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ t;y{ cfo cfh{gsf] qmddf ;+nUg x'g]
JolQm vf; u/L s/ ltg]{ jf s/ c;'n ug]{ bfloTj ePsf] JolQm lj?4 g}
lg0f{o, cfb]z OToflb x'g] s'/f :jfefljs x'G5 . t;y{ To:tf] lg0f{o jf
cfb]zaf6 dsf{df k/]sf] JolQmn] cfkm} jf clws[t k|ltlglwjf/]z dfkm{t
k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg lbg] xs /fVb5 .
&_ k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg jfl/; -k|ltlglw_ af6 lbg ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu
ljlw;Ddt 9+uaf6 ;f] k|of]hgsf nflu jf/];k|ltlglw dgf]lgt u/]sf] b]lvg]
sfuh ;+nUg ePsf] x'g clgjfo{ x'G5 .
*_ k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ cljjflbt s/ lgj]bsn] lrQ a'emfPsf] k'/} /
lgj]bsn] ljjfb p7fPsf] s/ /sdsf] Ps ltxfO{ a'emfPsf] lg:;f lgj]bg
;fy ;+nUg x'g' clgjfo{ x'G5 . cGoyf k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] sf/jfxL
x'g ;Qm}g .
(_ lgj]bg ;fy cfgf] bfjL, lhls/ k'li6 ug]{ k|df0fx? ;+nUg /fVg' k5{ .
#)=#=@ k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ ljefusf] clwsf/If]qM
k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ ljefusf] clwsf/If]qsf ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !!%
sf] pkbkmf -&_ df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
638

!!%-&_ s'g} JolStn] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lbPsf] lgj]bg pk/ ljefun] b]xfo
adf]lhd ug{ ;Sg]5 M
-s_ ;f] lgj]bgdf plNnlvt s'/fx?nfO{ k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf :jLsf/ jf
c:jLsf/ ug{, /
-v_ lgj]bg pk/sf] lg0f{osf] lnlvt ;"rgf ;f] JolStnfO{ lbg .
cfkm';dIf k/]sf] kg'/fjnf]sg u/L kfpF eGg] lgj]bg /Lt k"j{s, sfg"gsf] k|s[of /
zt{ k'u]sf] /x]5 eg] ljefun] lgj]bg btf{ ePsf] ldltn] ;f7L lbgleq sf/jfxL
u/L 6'f] nufO{ lbg' kb{5 . o;/L sf/jfxL cl3 a9fpFbf bkmf !!% sf] pkbkmf -&_
n] ljefunfO{ lgDg clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 .
!_ ;f] lgj]bgdf pNn]lvt s'/fx?nfO{ k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf :jLsf/ jf cl:jsf/
ug{, /
@_ lgj]bg pk/sf] lg0f{osf] lnlvt ;"rgf ;f] JolQm -lgj]bs_ nfO{ lbg .
pk/f]Qm sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ lgj]bsn] lbPsf] ph'/L dgfl;a
b]lvPdf gLh lj?4 ePsf lg0f{onfO{ k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf ab/ ug{ ljefun]
;Qm5 . To;} u/L lhls/ dgfl;a gb]lvPdf lgj]bssf] dfu gk'Ug] u/L lg0f{o ug{
;lsG5 . k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ h] h:tf] lg0f{o -kl/0ffd_ eP klg ljefun]
To;sf] hfgsf/L lnlvt ?kdf lgj]bsnfO{ lbg' kb{5 .
#)=#=# k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ Dofb;Dd lg0f{o tfd]nLdf /xg] M
k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ Dofb ;Dd lg0f{o tfd]nLdf /xg] ;DaGwdf P]gsf]
bkmf !!% sf] pkbkmf -$_ tyf pkbkmf -%_ df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
!!%-$_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lgj]bg lbPsf] sf/0faf6 bkmf !!$ sf] pkbkmf !_ df plNnlvt lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjogdf c;/ k/]sf] dflgg] 5}g .
!!%-%_ pkbkmf -$_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd
s'g} JolStaf6 lbOPsf] lgj]bgsf] 6'+uf] gnfu];Dd bkmf !!$ sf] pkbkmf -!_
adf]lhd ePsf] lg0f{onfO{ ljefun] tfd]nLdf /fVg jf cGo s'g} lsl;dn]
k|efljt ug{ ;Sg]5 .
P]gsf] bkmf !!% sf] pkbkmf -$_ / pkbkmf -%_ sf] Joj:yf cg';f/ ljrf/flwg
lg0f{osf] l:ylt lgDg x'G5M
!_ ;fdfGot k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg k/]s} sf/0faf6 ljjfbf:kb
lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug{ g;lsg] x'Fb}g .
@_ k|zf;sLo lgj]bgsf] 6'f] gnfu];Dd ljrf/flwg lg0f{o tfd]nLdf /fVg' jf
cGo s'g} lsl;dn] k|efljt ug{kfg{ ljefun] ;Sb5 ljefun] cfkm\gf]
tNnf] lgsfon] u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{ :yug (Stay) /fVg ;Sb5 .
#)=#=$ k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lg0f{o M
k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg dfyLsf] lg0f{osf] ;dofawL ;DaGwdf P]gsf]
bkmf !!% sf] pkbkmf -*_ tyf pkbkmf -(_ df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
!!%-*_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lgj]bg lbPsf] ldltn] ;f7L lbgleq ljefun] ;f]
lgj]bg pk/sf] lg0f{osf] ;"rgf lgj]bsnfO{ glbPdf lgj]bsn] ;f]sf] hfgsf/L
639

ljefudf btf{ u/fO{ ljefun] lgj]bg c:jLsf/ u/]sf] dfGg ;Sg]5 .

!!%-(_ pkbkmf -*_ adf]lhd lgj]bg c:jLsf/ u/]sf] dfg]sf] s'/f ;DjlGwt
lgj]bsn] lnlvt ?kdf ljefunfO{ hfgsf/L lbg' kg]{5 . ljefun] To:tf]
hfgsf/L btf{ ePsf] ldltdf To:tf] lgj]bg c:jLsf/ ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] / ;f]
JolQmnfO{ ;f] lg0f{osf] ;"rgf lbPsf] dflgg]5 .
bkmf !!% sf] Joj:yf cg';f/ ljefun] k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bgdfyL
btf{ ePsf] ldltn] ^) lbg leq 5fgljg u/L lg0f{o u/L ;Sg' kb{5 / To;sf]
;"rgf lgj]bsnfO{ lbO{ ;Sg' kb{5 . ;f] Dofb leq ljefun] lg0f{osf] ;"rgf
glbPsf] l:yltdf lgj]bsn] ljefuaf6 d]/f] lgj]bgdf lg0f{o ePsf] d}n] 7x/fPF
eGg] cfzosf] hfgsf/L ljefudf btf{ u/fO{ cfk'mn] lbPsf] lgj]bg cl:jsf/ ePsf]
cyf{t cfgf] dfu adf]lhdsf] pkrf/ ljefuaf6 ePg eGg] 7x/fpg ;Qm5 .
To;f] ubf{ ljefunfO{ cfk'mn] To:tf 7fg]sf] s'/fsf] lnlvt hfgsf/L u/fpg
lgj]bssf nflu clgjfo{ x'G5 . k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lg0f{o lj?4 /fh:j
Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] x'Fbf ;f] k|of]hgsf nflu lgj]bsaf6 To:tf]
hfgsf/L btf{ u/fPsf] ldltdf k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg pk/ lg0f{o ePsf] / To:tf]
lg0f{osf] ;"rgf lgj]bsnfO{ k|fKt ePsf] jf lbPsf] dflgG5 .
#)=$ /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf nfUg] k'g/fj]bg / lg0f{o ;DaGwL Aoa:yf M
#)=$=! /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg]
P]gsf] bkmf !!^ df /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] ;DaGwdf
lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
-!_ bkmf !!% adf]lhd ljefudf lbPsf] lgj]bg pk/ ePsf] lg0f{odf lrQ
ga'em\g] JolStn] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! adf]lhd /fh:j
Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg lbg] JolQmn] k'g/fj]bg lbPsf] kGw| lbgleq
k'g/fj]bgsf] ;"rgfsf] Ps k|lt ljefudf btf{ u/fpg' kg]{5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg lbPsf] sf/0faf6 bkmf !!$ sf] pkbkmf -!_
df plNnlvt lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjogdf c;/ k/]sf] dflgg] 5}g .
-$_ bkmf !!$ sf] pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;f]
pkbkmfdf k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;Sg] lg0f{o dxflgb]{zsn] u/]sf] eP
/fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg]5 .
P]gsf] bkmf !!^ cg';f/ b]xfosf lg0f{o lj?4 /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg
nfUb5 M
!_ k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf nflu lbPsf] lgj]bgdf ljefun] bkmf !!%
adf]lhd u/]sf] lg0f{o,
@_ bkmf !!$ sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;Sg] lg0f{o
:jo+ dxflgb]{zsn] u/]sf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] dxflgb]{zsn] u/]sf] lg0f{o .
k'g/fj]bg ug]{ s'/f sfg"gf/f Jojl:yt ul/Psf] x'G5 . k'g/fj]bgf/f tNnf]
clwsf/L jf lgsfof/f eP u/]sf] lg0f{o Gofo Pj+ sfg"g ;Ddt ePsf] 5 5}g
hfFlrG5 / Gofo Pj+ sfg"g k|lts"n b]lvPsf] l:yltdf To:tf] lg0f{o ab/ x'G5 .
640

cfos/sf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ z'? b]lvg} k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfOg] u/L sfg"g ag]sf] b]lvG5 .
cfos/ P]g @)#! n] z'? s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z lj?4 dxflgb]{zs ;dIf lgj]bg
lnP/ hfg] jf /fh:j Gofoflws/0f ;dIf k'g/fj]bg ug{ hfg] eGg] s'/fdf kIfnfO{
5fGg kfpg] clwsf/ lbPsf] lyof] . cfos/ P]g @)%* n] bkmf !!^ sf] pkbkmf $_ sf] l:yltdf afx]s ;a} lg0f{o, cfb]z lj?4 k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ klxnf] cfGtl/s
/fh:j ljefudf hfg'kg]{ / txfFaf6 ePsf] lg0f{odf lrQ ga'em]sf] l:yltdfdfq
/fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf hfg ;lsg] u/L k'g/fj]bgsf] clwsf/nfO{ Jojl:yt u/]sf]
5.
k'g/fj]bg ug]{ k|s[of tyf k'g/fj]bgdf lg0f{o lbg] clwsf/ ;DaGwL s'/fx? /fh:j
Gofoflws/0f P]g @)#! / /fh:j Gofoflws/0f lgodfjnL @)#) f/f Jojl:yt
ul/Psf 5g\ .
#)=$=@ k'g/fj]bgsf] 9fFrf tyf k'g/fj]bgdf v'nfpg' kg]{ s'/f M
k'g/fj]bg ug{sf nflu /fh:j Gofoflws/0f lgodfjnL @)#) sf] cg';"rL @ df
9fFrf tf]lsPsf] 5 . ;f] 9fFrfdf k'g/fj]bg tof/ ug'{ k5{ . k'g/fj]bgdf ;f]
lgodfjnLsf] lgod ( f/f pNn]v ul/Psf s'/fx? vf]Ng' k5{ .
#)=$=# /fh:j GofofwLs/0fsf] clwsf/ If]q M
/fh:j GofofwLs/0f P]g @)#! sf] bkmf ^ cg';f/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] ;DaGwdf
/fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf clwsf/ lgDg x'G5g\ M
-s_ d'2fsf] clGtd lg0f{o ug]{,
-v_ d'2fdf 7x/fpg'kg]{ s'/f v'nfO{ d'gfl;a ;do tf]sL d'2fsf] nut sfod} /fvL
;f] ljifodf sf/jfO{ / lsgf/f ug{ z'? lsgf/f ug]{ cf jf clwsf/L 5]p
lkmtf{ k7fpg],
-u_ z'? lsgf/f ug]{ cf jf clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] km};nf jf cfb]znfO{ ;b/, pN6L
jf s]xL pN6L ug]{ / ;f] tNNff] cf jf clwsf/Ln] ug{ kfpg] sf/jfO{ jf
lg0f{o ug]{,
-3_ cfkm}Fn] al9 k|df0f a'e\mg] / tNnf] cf jf clwsf/Laf6 klg a'em\g nufpg],
/
-_ kIf / ;fIfL lemsfpg], jofg lng], k|df0f a'em\g], sfuh kq bflvnf u/fpg]
/ b08 ;hfo ug]{ ;d]t k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g adf]lhd cbfntnfO{ eP
;/xsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ .
-r_ Gofoflws/0fn] cfgf] cjx]ngfdf sf/afO{ rnfO{ b'O{ dlxgf s}b jf ?=
%)). hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo ug{ ;Qm5 . t/ GofofwLs/0fnfO{ ;Gtf]if x'g]
u/L Ifdfofrgf ug]{nfO{ Ifdf ug{ jf ;hfo dfkm jf 36fpg ;Sg] clwsf/
;d]t k|fKt 5 .
#)=$=$ /fh:j Gofoflws/0fn] u/]sf] lg0f{osf] ca:yf M
;fdfGotM /fh:j Gofoflws/0fn] u/]sf lg0f{ox? clGtd x'G5g\ . t/ /fh:j
Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * n] lgDg k|Zgdf k|ToIf sfg"gL q'l6 eO{
Gofoflws/0fsf] lg0f{o k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf plN6g] b]lv ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cfk'm
;dIf k'g/fj]bg ug{ cg'dlt lbPdf Gofoflws/0fsf] lg0f{o jf clGtd cfb]z pk/
;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUb5 M
641

#)=$=%

#)=$=^

#)=$=&

#)=$=*

#)=$=(

-s_ clwsf/ If]qsf] k|Zg,

-v_ a'em\g'kg]{ k|df0f ga'em]sf] jf a'em\g gx'g] k|df0f a'em]sf] k|Zg, jf
-u_ afWofTds ?kdf kfng ug'{kg]{ sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] pNn+3g ePsf]
k|Zg,
-3_ uDeL/ sfg"gL q'l6 ;DaGwL k|Zg .
k'g/fj]bg ug]{ Dofb / Dofb yk M
Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] lg0f{o jf cfb]z ;'gL kfPsf]df ;f] ldltn] / lg0f{o
jf cfb]z ePsf] eGg] s'/fsf] Dofb ;'rgf tfd]n ePsf]df ;f] ldltn] #% lbg leq
k'g/fj]bg lbg' kb{5 .
k'g/fj]bg lbg] Dofb gf3]kl5 k'g/fj]bg btf{ x'g jf btf{ ePsf] /x]5 eg] klg
sfod /xg ;Qm}g, vf/]h x'G5 . t/ cfgf] sfa' aflx/sf] kl/l:ylt k/L k'g/fj]bg
ug]{ Dofb u'h|]sf] eP To:tf]df u'h|]sf] Dofb ydfO{ k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;lsG5 . To:tf]
kl/l:yltdf d'n'sL P]g, cbfntL aGbf]j:tsf] dxnsf] %( g+= cg';f/sf] cj:yf /
sf/0f b]vfO{ /fh:j Gofoflws/0f ;dIf k'g/fj]bg ug]{ Dofb yfdL kfpg lgj]bg
ug'{ kb{5 . /fh:j Gofoflws/0fn] lgj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf] cj:yf / sf/0f
d'gfl;a b]v]df k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb u'h|]sf] ldltn] c? #) lbgsf] Dofb yk u/L lbg
;Qm5 .
k'g/fj]bg b:t'/ M
k'g/fj]bg ubf{ ?= !)). b:t'/ a'emfpg' kb{5 .
/fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg ubf{ sfg"g adf]lhd a'emfpg'kg]{ /sd w/f}6L
/fVg' kb{5 . w/f}6L g/fvL k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;lsb}g . o; cg';f/ w/f}6L /fVg' kbf{
/fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g @)#! sf] bkmf ( cg';f/ s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf]df lgwf{l/t
s/ /sdsf] krf; k|ltzt / hl/jfgf ePsf]df hl/jfgf ePsf] k'/} /sd w/f}6L
/fVg' kb{5 .
k'g/fj]bg u/]sf] ;"rgf ljefudf btf{ u/fpg' kg]{ M
cfos/ P]g @)%* sf] bkmf !!^ sf] pkbkmf -@_ cg';f/ k'g/fj]bg lbg] JolQmn]
k'g/fj]bg lbPsf] !% lbg leq k'g/fj]bgsf] ;"rgfsf] Ps k|lt ljefudf btf{
u/fpg' k5{ .
k'g/fj]bg k/L /xFbf klg lg0f{o sfof{Gjog x'g ;Sg] M
;fdfGotM Gofosf] dfGo l;4fGt cg';f/ k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df tnsf] lg0f{o
sfof{Gjog ug{ ldNb}g . t/ cfos/ P]g @)%* sf] bkmf !!^ sf] pkbkmf -#_ df
k'g/fj]bg lbPsf] sf/0faf6 bkmf !!$ sf] pkbkmf -!_ df k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg
x'g] pNn]lvt lg0f{o sfof{Gjogdf c;/ k/]sf] dflgg] 5}g eGg] pNn]v x'Fbf
k'g/fj]bg kl//x]sf lg0f{ox? sfof{Gjog x'g ;Sg] /x]5g eGg] yfxf nfUb5 . t/
/fh:j Gofoflws/0f jf cbfntn]= tTsfn nfu" x'g] u/L :yug cfb]z lbPsf] eP
;f] cfb]z cg';f/ ljefusf] lg0f{o :ylut -tfd]nLdf /xg]_ x'G5 .
k'g/fj]bg ;DaGwL sf/jfO{ tyf lg0f{o M
k'g/fj]bg btf{d} d'2f rln;s]kl5 ;f] ;DaGwL lg0f{o ug]{ k|s[ofx? ;fdfGo
cbfntdf eP ;/x x'G5 . o; cy{df Gofoflws/0fdf b'O{ kIf k'g/fj]bs / k|ToyL{
642

ljefu b'j} kIfaf6 k|:t't ePsf sfuh k|df0f / kIf :jo+ jf pgLx?sf sfg"g
Joj;foLsf] v'nf Ohnf;df 5nkmn u/fO{ ;j'b k|df0fsf] Goflos d'Nofg u/L
lg0f{o x'G5 . t/ k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] ;Gbe{df eg] o:tf] ;'gjfO{ x'g] ug]{
Joj:yf / k|rng b]lvFb}g . tyfkL k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] ;Gbe{df klg sfg"g
Joj;foL jf lj1bIfx?sf] ;xof]u lnO{ dsf{ kg]{ JolQm (Aggrieved Party ) n]
ljefudf lh/x ug{ ;Sb5 . ljefun] o;sf nflu ;d'lrt k|aGw ldnfpg' kb{5 .
#)=$=!) k'g/fj]bg lg0f{oaf6 7x/]sf] s/ sfod x'g] M
/fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg k/L d'2f ;'gjfO{ km};nf eO{ jf lg0f{o ePsf]df
;f] lg0f{o sfod x'G5 . /fh:j Gofoflws/0fn] s/ tyf hl/jfgf km/s tf]s]sf]
/x]5 eg] z'? s/ clws[tn] u/]sf] jf k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg lg0f{oaf6 7x/]sf]
s/ jf hl/jfgf /sd km/s k/]sf] xb;Dd jb/ eP/ /fh:j Gofoflws/0fn]
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] c+s sfod x'G5 . ;f] cg';f/sf] /sdsf] c;'nL k|s[of z'? ul/G5 .
/fh:j Gofoflws/0fn] k'gM 5fjgLg u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ cfb]z lbPsf] 5 eg]
;f]xL cg';f/ k'gM 5fgjLg u/L P]gsf] Dofb leq -jf Gofoflws/0fn] tf]s]sf]
Dofbleq_ k'gM ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ug'{ kb{5 .

643

kl/R5]b #!
cfos/sf] k|zf;g, cflwsfl/s sfuhft / clen]v tyf ;"rgf ;+sng
(Tax administration, Official documentation and Access to Information)

#!=!

s'g} klg s/ k|0ffnLsf] ;kmntf / k|efjsf/Ltfsf] nflu ;f] s/ k|0ffnLsf] k|zf;g ug]{
lgsfo, ;f] lgsfosf] ;+u7gfTds :j?k / k|zf;lgs clwsf/x?, ;f] s/ k|0ffnLdf
cfa4 ePsf] AolQmsf] clwsf/ st{Aox? / ;xeflutfsf] :t/, cfjZos sfuhftx? /
clen]vx? tyf tL sfuhft / clen]vdf s/ k|zf;gsf] kx'+r ;DaGwdf sfg"gL
Aoa:yf ug'{ ckl/xfo{ dflgG5 . oxL dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ cfos/ P]g, @)%*
sf] kl/R5]b !$ n] cfos/sf] k|zf;g ug]{ lgsfo, ;f] lgsfosf] ;+u7gfTds :j?k /
k|zf;lgs clwsf/x?, cfos/df cfa4 AolQmsf] klxrfg / clwsf/ st{Aox? tyf
cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu /fVg'kg]{ sfuhft / ltgsf] 9f+rfsf ;DaGwdf sfg"gL
Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 eg] P]gsf] kl/R5]b !% n] cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu /fVg'kg]{
sfuhftsf] clen]v, tL clen]vsf] uf]Kotf tyf tL clen]vdfly s/ k|zf;gsf]
kx'+rsf ;DaGwdf cfjZos sfg"gL Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 . cfos/ lgb]{lzsfsf] o;
kl/R5]bsf] p2]Zo ltg} Aoa:yfx?nfO{ :ki6 kg'{ /x]sf] 5 .
#!=@= cfos/ k|zf;g
#!=@=! laefu
cfos/ k|zf;g eGgfn] P]g adf]lhd cz'n pk/ ul/g] cfos/ cz'n pk/ ug{ / o;
k|of]hgsf] nflu ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ cGo sfo{x? ug{ tf]lsPsf] lgsfo / ;f] lgsfosf]
;f+u7lgs tyf k|zf;lgs :j?knfO{ a'emfp+5 . pk/f]Qm ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf &@ sf]
pkbkmf -!_, -@_ / -#_ n] b]xfosf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
-!_ o; P]gsf] sfof{Gjog tyf k|zf;g ug]{ sfdsf] nflu ljefu lhDd]jf/ x'g]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df pNn]lvt ljefusf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug]{ sfo{df ljefunfO{ ;3fp
k'ofpg g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L ljefu dftxtdf
7"nf s/bftf sfof{no jf cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no jf s/bftf ;]jf sfof{no
:yfkgf ug{ / tL sfof{nox?sf] sfo{If]q tf]Sg ;Sg]5 . o;/L sfo{If]q tf]lsPsf
sfof{nox? ljefus} csf ?kdf /x]sf] dflgg]5g\ .
-#_ ljefudf b]xfo adf]lhdsf clws[t tyf cGo sd{rf/Lx? /xg ;Sg]5g\ M
-s_ dxflgb]{zs,
-v_ cfjZos ;+Vofdf pkdxflgb]{zs, k|d'v s/ k|zf;s, lgb]{zs, k|d'v s/
clws[t, s/ clws[t tyf cGo clws[t, /
-u_ cGo sd{rf/L .

P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -s t_ n] ljefu eGgfn] cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu

;Demg'k5{ eGg] kl/efiff u/]sf] x'bf cfos/sf] ;du| k|zf;g ug]{ lhDd]jf/L g]kfn
;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno cGtu{t cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf] xf] . o; ljefu cGtu{t
xfn 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no Ps, cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no afO{; / s/bftf ;]jf
sfof{no @^ u/L hDdf $( sfof{nox? ljefus} cleGg csf ?kdf :yfkgf ul/Psf
5g\ . cfGtl/s /fh:j cfof{nox?nfO{ tL sfof{nox?sf] cfsf/, s/bftf ;+Vof /
/fh:j cz'nLsf] cfwf/df s, v, u, 3 / u/L kfFr ju{df jlu{s/0f
ul/Psf] 5 . ljefu cGtu{t :yfkgf ePsf sfof{nox?sf] 7]ufgf, ju{ / sfo{If]q o;
lgb]{lzsfsf] cg';"rL * df lbOPsf] 5 .
laefu cGtu{t :yfkgf ul/Psf 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no, cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no /
s/bftf ;]jf sfof{no laefusf] cleGg c+u / ;xof]uL x'g] Aoa:yf P]gsf] bkmf &@
sf] pkbkmf -@_ n] u/]sf] x'bf P]gdf cfos/sf] k|zf;g;+u ;DalGwt ;a} sfo{
ljefun] ug]{ pNn]v ePtfklg To;sf] cy{ cfos/sf] k|zf;g;+u ;DalGwt ;a} sfo{
ljefun] ug]{ geO{ ljefu cGtu{tsf sfof{nox?n] ljefusf] k|ltlglwsf] x}l;otn]
tf]lsPsf sfo{ ug]{ / cGtu{t sfof{nox?n] u/]sf] sfo{x? klg ljefun] u/]sf]
;Demg'k5{ .
ljefudf dxflgb]{zs, pkdxflgb]{zs, lgb]{zs, zfvf clws[t tyf cGo clws[t,
ljz]if1 ;d"x / cGo sd{rf/L /xG5g\ . xfnsf] sfof{nox?sf] ;+u7gfTds 9fFrfdf
7'nf s/bftf sfof{no tyf s ju{sf sfof{nodf k|d'v s/ k|zf;s, k|d'v s/
clws[t, s/ clws[t tyf cGo sd{rf/L /xG5g\ eg] cGo ju{sf sfof{nox?df k|d'v
s/ clws[t, s/ clws[t tyf cGo sd{rf/L /xG5g\ . ljefudf dxflgb]{zs, pk
dxflgb]{zs, ljz]if1 ;d"x, k|fljlws / sfof{no ;xof]uL afx]s cGo sd{rf/Lx? /
cGtu{t sfof{nodf k|d'v s/ k|zf;s, ljz]if1, k|fljlws / sfof{no ;xof]uL afx]s
cGo sd{rf/Lx? g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lghfdlt ;]jfsf] k|zf;g ;]jf, /fh:j ;d"x
cGtu{tsf sd{rf/Lx? /xg] Aoa:yf 5 . lgodfjnLsf] lgod @* n] laefu jf
cGtu{t sfof{nodf sfo{/t clws[tsf] kl/rokqsf] 9fFrf ;d]t tf]s]sf] 5 .
#!=@=@ laefu / cGtu{t sfof{nosf laleGg kbflwsf/Lsf clwsf/
P]gsf] bkmf &@ sf] pkbkmf -$_, -%_ / -^_ n] ljefu / cGtu{t sfof{nodf sfo{/t
laleGg kbflwsf/Lsf clwsf/ / lt clwsf/sf] k|Tofof]hgsf ;DaGwdf b]xfosf
Aoa:yfx? u/]sf] 5 .
-$_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] lbPsf] lgb]{zgsf] cwLgdf /xL dxflgb]{zsn] b]xfo adf]lhd ug{
;Sg]5 M
-s_ o; P]g adf]lhd ljefunfO{ k|fKt s'g} klg clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{,
-v_ pkbkmf -%_ / -^_ sf] cwLgdf /xL v08 -s_ adf]lhdsf] clwsf/ s'g}
csf]{ clws[tn] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] u/L clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{,
-u_ cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no g/x]sf] 7fpFdf v08 -s_ adf]lhdsf] clwsf/
dWo] bkmf &% adf]lhd ;fj{hlgs kl/kq hf/L ug{, bkmf && adf]lhdsf]
645

sfuhft tf]Sg, bkmf !!% sf] pkbkmf -%_ adf]lhd s'g} k'g/fjnf]sgLo
lg0f{onfO{ :yugdf /fVg jf cGo tj/n] k|efljt ug{, bkmf !!% sf]
pkbkmf -&_ adf]lhd s'g} JolQmn] lbPsf] lgj]bgdf plNnlvt s'/fx?nfO{
k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf :jLsf/ jf c:jLsf/ ug{, bkmf !@( adf]lhd s;"/
yk]/ hf]8\g jf bkmf *@ adf]lhd s'g} clws[tnfO{ clVtof/L lbg jfx]s
cGo ;j} jf s]xL clwsf/ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] s'g} clws[t sd{rf/Ln] k|of]u
ug{ kfpg] u/L tf]Sg .
-%_ g]kfn ;/sf/ jf dxflgb]{zsn] lbPsf] lgb]{zgsf] cwLgdf /xL pkdxflgb]{zs,
k|d'v s/ k|zf;s, lgb]{zs, k|d'v s/ clws[t tyf sfof{no k|d'vsf] ?kdf
/xg] s/ clws[tn] b]xfo adf]lhd ug{ ;Sg]5 M
-s_ o; P]g adf]lhd ljefunfO{ k|fKt clwsf/ dWo] bkmf &% adf]lhd
;fj{hlgs kl/kq hf/L ug{, bkmf && adf]lhdsf] sfuhft tf]Sg, bkmf
!!% sf] pkbkmf -%_ adf]lhd s'g} k'g/fjnf]sgLo lg0f{onfO{ :yugdf
/fVg jf cGo tj/n] k|efljt ug{, bkmf !!% sf] pkbkmf -&_ adf]lhd s'g}
JolStn] lbPsf] lgj]bgdf plNnlvt s'/fx?nfO{ k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf
:jLsf/ jf c:jLsf/ ug{ jf bkmf !@( adf]lhd s;"/ yk]/ hf]8g afx]s
cGo clwsf/x? k|of]u ug{, /
-v_ pkbkmf -^_ sf] cwLgdf /xL ljefusf] s'g} csf]{ clws[tn] k|of]u ug{
kfpg] u/L To:tf] clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{ .
-^_ dxflgb]{zs, pkdxflgb]{zs, k|d'v s/ k|zf;s, lgb]{zs, k|d'v s/ clws[t jf
sfof{no k|d'vsf] ?kdf /xg] s/ clws[t afx]ssf] ljefusf] s'g} csf]{
clws[tn] b]xfo adf]lhd ug{ ;Sg]5 M
-s_ b]xfosf clwsf/x? afx]s ljefunfO{ ePsf] clwsf/x? dWo] ;f]
clws[tnfO{ k|Tofof]hg ul/Psf s'g} clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg]5 M
-!_ bkmf &% adf]lhd ;fj{hlgs kl/kq hf/L ug{, bkmf && adf]lhdsf]
sfuhft tf]Sg, bkmf !!% sf] pkbkmf -%_ adf]lhd s'g}
k'g/fjnf]sgLo lg0f{onfO{ :yugdf /fVg jf cGo tj/n] k|efljt
ug{, bkmf !!% sf] pkbkmf -&_ adf]lhd s'g} JolStn] lbPsf]
lgj]bgdf plNnlvt s'/fx?nfO{ k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf :jLsf/ jf
c:jLsf/ ug{ jf bkmf !@( cGtu{t s;"/ yk]/ hf]8g, jf
-@_ bkmf *@ adf]lhd s'g} clws[tnfO{ clVtof/L lbg jf bkmf !)(
adf]lhd ;"rgf hf/L ug{, /
-v_ cfk"mnfO{ k|Tofof]hg ul/Psf] s'g} clwsf/ k'gM k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg]5}g .
#!=@=#= g]kfn ;/sf/sf] clwsf/
of] P]gn] cfos/sf] sfof{Gjog / k|zf;g ug]{ clwsf/ laefunfO{ lbPsf] 5 . h;
cg';f/ laefusf dxflgb]{zs cfos/sf] k|zf;g Pj+ sfof{Gjogsf nflu k"0f{ lhDd]jf/
646

x'G5 . tfklg of] P]gn] g]kfn ;/sf/n] dxflgb]{zsnfO{ lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg] Aoa:yf klg
u/]sf] x'+bf dxflgb]{zsn] of] P]gsf] sfof{Gjog / k|zf;g ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] s'g}
lgb]{zg lbPsf] eP ;f] lgb]{zgsf] clwgdf /xL cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug'{ kb{5 .
#!=@=$= dxflgb]{zssf clwsf/
g]kfn ;/sf/n] lbPsf] lgb]{zgsf] clwgdf /xL dxf lgb]{zsn] b]xfo adf]lhd ug{
;Sg]5
!= P]g adf]lhd ljefunfO{ k|fKt s'g} klg clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{,
@= ljefunfO{ k|fKt clwsf/ ljefusf] s'g} csf]{ clws[tnfO{ k|Tofof]hg ug{ jf
cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no g/x]sf] 7fpFdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] s'g} clws[t
sd{rf/Ln] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] u/L tf]Sg .
#= t/, b]xfosf clwsf/x? k|of]u ug{kfpg] clwsf/ dxflgb]{zsnfO{ dfq 5 / tL
clwsf/ cGo s'g} kbflwsf/LnfO{ k|Tofof]hg ug{ ldNb}g .
s= P]gsf] bkmf &% adf]lhd ;fj{hlgs kl/kq hf/L ug]{,
v= P]gsf] bkmf && adf]lhd sfuhft tyf ltgsf] 9f+rf tf]Sg],
u= P]gsf] bkmf !!% sf] pkbkmf -%_ adf]lhd bkmf !!$ sf] pkbkmf -!_ df
pNn]lvt s'g} k'g/fjnf]sgLo lg0f{onfO{ tfd]nL jf :yugdf /fVg] jf cGo
tj/n] k|efljt ug]{,
3= P]gsf] bkmf !!% sf] pkbkmf -&_ adf]lhd s'g} JolStn] bkmf !!% sf]
pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lbPsf] lgj]bgdf plNnlvt s'/fx?nfO{ k"0f{ jf
cf+lzs ?kdf :jLsf/ jf c:jLsf/ ug]{,
= P]gsf] bkmf !@( adf]lhd s;"/ yk]/ hf]8g], /
r= cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no g/x]sf] 7fpFdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] s'g} clws[t
sd{rf/LnfO{ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ul/Psf] cj:yfdf P]gsf] bkmf *@
adf]lhd s'g} sfuhft jf ;DklQ sAhfdf lng kfpg] u/L s'g}
clws[tnfO{ clVtof/L lbg] .
#!=@=%= pkdxflgb]{zs, k|d'v s/ k|zf;s, lgb]{zs, k|d'v s/ clws[t tyf sfof{no
k|d'vsf] ?kdf /xg] s/ clws[tsf clwsf/
g]kfn ;/sf/ jf dxflgb]{zsn] lbPsf] lgb]{zgsf] clwgdf /xL pkdxflgb]{zs, k|d'v
s/ k|zf;s, lgb]{zs, k|d'v s/ clws[t tyf sfof{no k|d'vsf] ?kdf /xg] s/
clws[tn] b]xfo adf]lhd ug{ ;Sg]5 .
!= o; P]g adf]lhd ljefunfO{ k|fKt clwsf/ dWo] dxflgb]{zsn] k|Tofof]hg ug{
gkfpg] clwsf/x? afx]s cGo clwsf/x? k|of]u ug{ , /
@= cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt clwsf/ ljefusf] s'g} csf]{ clws[tn] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] u/L
647

clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{ .

#!=@=^= ljefusf] s'g} csf]{ clws[tsf] clwsf/
dxflgb]{zs, pkdxflgb]{zs, k|d'v s/ k|zf;s, lgb]{zs, k|d'v s/ clws[t jf
sfof{no k|d'vsf] ?kdf /xg] s/ clws[t afx]ssf] ljefusf] s'g} csf]{ clws[tn] o;
P]g adf]lhd ljefunfO{ k|fKt clwsf/ dWo] dxflgb]{zsn] k|Tofof]hg u/]sf clwsf/x?
k|of]u ug{ kfp+5 . t/ dxflgb]{zsn] k|Tofof]hg ug{ gkfpg] clwsf/x? / P]gsf] bkmf
*@ adf]lhd s'g} sfuhft jf ;DklQ sAhfdf lng kfpg] u/L s'g} clws[tnfO{
clVtof/L lbg jf bkmf !)( adf]lhd s'g} AolQmsf] s/ aSof}tf a'emfpg s'g} t]>f]
AolQmnfO{ ;"rgf hf/L ug]{ kfp+b}g .
o:tf] clws[tn] cfk"mnfO{ k|Tofof]hg ul/Psf] s'g} clwsf/ k'gM k|Tofof]hg ug{ kfp+b}g
.
#!=#= ljefusf k|zf;lso clwsf/x?
P]gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ljefun] b]xfo adf]lhdsf sfo{x? ug'{ kb{5 .
#!=#=!= cGt/fli6o ;Demf}tfx?sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{
P]gsf] bkmf &# n] cGt/fli6o ;Demf}tfsf ;DaGwdf b]xfosf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
&#-!_
s'g} JolQmsf] s'g} cfodf o; P]g jf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd s/ nfUg]
Joj:yf ePsf] / ;f]xL cfodf ljb]zL d'n'sdf klg s/ nfUg] /x]5 eg] o:tf]
bf]xf]/f] s/ gnfUg] ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljb]zL ;/sf/l;t cGt/fli6o ;Demf}tf
ug{ ;Sg]5 .
&#-@_
g]kfn;+u ;DkGg ePsf s'g} cGt/fli6o ;Demf}tf adf]lhd csf]{ b]zsf]
;Ifd clwsf/Ln] ;f] csf]{ b]zsf] s/ sfg"g cGtu{t s'g} aSof}tf /fVg] JolQmn]
a'emfpg' kg]{ /sd g]kfndf ;+sng u/Llbg ljefunfO{ cg'/f]w u/]sf] cj:yfdf
of] pkbkmf nfu" x'g]5 .
&#-#_

pkbkmf -@_ nfu" x'g] cj:yfdf ljefun] ;f] ;Ifd clwsf/LnfO{ ;f] /sd
k7fpg] k|of]hgsf] nflu s/ aSof}tf /fVg] ;f] JolQmnfO{ lnlvt ?kdf ;"rgf
u/L ;f] ;"rgfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] ldlt leqdf To:tf] /sd ljefudf bflvnf ug{
nufpg ;Sg]5 .

&#-$_
s'g} cGt/fli6o ;Demf}tfdf g]kfnn] cfo jf e'QmfgLdf 5"6 lbg' kg]{ jf
cfo jf e'QmfgLdf s/sf] 36fOPsf] b/ nufpg' kg]{ u/L Joj:yf ul/Psf] ePdf
of] pkbkmf nfu" x'g]5 .
&#-%_
pkbkmf -$_ nfu" ePsf] cj:yfdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf] s'g} lgsfonfO{ s/
5"6 jf s/ s6[Lsf] ;'ljwf pknAw x'g] 5}g M
-s_ ;f] ;Demf}tfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ;f] ;Demf}tfsf] csf]{ kIf /x]sf] /fi6sf]
648

afl;Gbf dflgg] lgsfo, /

-v_ ;f] lgsfosf] lglxt :jfldTjsf] krf; k|ltzt jf ;f]eGbf a9L lx:;f
k|fs[lts JolQmx? 4f/f jf s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmsf] lxt g/x]sf] lgsfox?
4f/f u|x0f ul/Psf], / ;f] ;Demf}tfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ;f] JolQmx? jf
lgsfox? ;f] ;Demf}tfsf] csf]{ kIf /x]sf] /fi6sf] jf g]kfnsf] klg afl;Gbf
gePsf] .
:ki6Ls/0f M o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu cGt/fli6o ;Demf}tf eGgfn]
b]xfosf] Joj:yf ug]{ s'g} ljb]zL ;/sf/;+u ;DkGg ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] xsdf
nfu" ePsf] s'g} ;lGw jf ;Demf}tf ;Demg' k5{ M
-s_ bf]xf]/f] s/af6 d'lQm lbg] / ljQLo 5n lg/f]w ug]{, jf
-v_ s/ bfloTjsf] sfof{Gjogdf kf/:kl/s k|zf;lgs ;xfotf k|bfg ug]{ .
s'g} JolQmsf] Pp6} cfodf g]kfn / ljb]zL d'n'sdf s/ nfUg] cj:yf /x]df o:tf]
bf]xf]/f] s/ gnfUg] ug{ jf bf]xf]/f] s/af6 To:tf] AolQmnfO{ pGd'QmL lbg P]gsf] bkmf
&# n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljb]zL ;/sf/l;t cGt/f{li6o
;Demf}tf ug{ ;Qm5 . o; lgb]{lzsfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu cGt/fli6o ;Demf}tf eGgfn]
bf]xf]/f] s/af6 d'lQm lbg] / ljQLo 5n lg/f]w ug]{ jf s/ bfloTjsf] sfof{Gjogdf
kf/:kl/s k|zf;lgs ;xfotf k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ s'g} ljb]zL ;/sf/;+u ;DkGg
ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] xsdf nfu" ePsf] jf x'g] s'g} ;lGw jf ;Demf}tf ;Demg' k5{ .
g]kfn;+u ;DkGg ePsf s'g} cGt/fli6o ;Demf}tf adf]lhd g]kfnn] ug'kg]{ sfo{x?
;DkGg ug{ ljefusf] dxflgb]{zsnfO{ ;Ifd clwsf/L -To:tf] ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjog ug{
clwsf/ k|fKt AolQm_ tf]lsPsf] / P]gn] cGt/f{li6o ;Demf}tf adf]lhd g]kfnn] ug'kg]{
sfo{x? ;DkGg ug{ ljefunfO{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df ljefun] b]xfo
adf]lhd ug{ ;Sg]5 .
!= s'g} cGt/f{li6o ;Demf}tf adf]lhd csf]{ b]zsf] ;Ifd clwsf/Ln] ;f] b]zsf] s/
sfg"g cGtu{t s'g} aSof}tf /fVg] JolQmn] a'emfpg' kg]{ /sd g]kfndf ;+sng
u/L lbg ljefunfO{ cg'/f]w u/]sf] cj:yfdf ljefun] ;f] ;Ifd clwsf/LnfO{ ;f]
/sd k7fpg] k|of]hgsf] nflu s/ aSof}tf /fVg] ;f] JolQmnfO{ lnlvt ?kdf
;"rgf u/L ;f] ;"rgfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] ldltleqdf To:tf] /sd ljefudf
bflvnf ug{ nufpg,
@= s'g} cGt/f{li6o ;Demf}tfdf g]kfnn] cfo jf e'QmfgLdf 5"6 lbg' kg]{ jf cfo jf
e'QmfgLdf s/sf] 36fOPsf] b/ nufpg' kg]{ u/L Joj:yf ul/Psf] ePdf ;f]lx
cg';f/ ug{ .
cGt/f{li6o s/ Pj+ cGt/f{li6o ;Demf}tfsf ;DaGwdf o;} lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b !$ /
!% df la:t[t ?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

649

#!=#=@= ;fj{hlgs kl/kq hf/L ug]{

;fj{hlgs kl/kq hf/L ug]{ ;Dawdf P]gsf] bkmf &% n] b]xfosf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
-!_ o; P]gsf] sfof{Gjogdf Ps?ktf NofO{ s/ k|zf;gnfO{ ;/n agfpg /
ljefusf clws[tx? nufot o; P]gaf6 k|efljt x'g] JolQmx?nfO{ dfu{lgb]{zg
lbg ljefun] o; P]gdf ePsf Joj:yfx?sf] ;DaGwdf JofVof;lxt lnlvt
;fj{hlgs kl/kqx? hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ ljefun] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd hf/L u/LPsf kl/kqx? ;j{;fwf/0fsf]
hfgsf/Lsf nflu ljefudf jf ljefun] cfjZostfg';f/ cGo s'g} :yfgdf jf
s'g} dfWodf/f pknAw u/fpg]5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd hf/L ul/Psf] s'g} kl/kq /2 gu/LP;Dd ;f] kl/kq
adf]lhd sf/jfxL ug{ ljefu jfWo x'g]5 .
o; P]gsf] sfof{Gjogdf / AofVofdf Ps?ktf NofO{ s/ k|zf;gnfO{ ;/n agfpg /
ljefusf clws[tx? nufot o; P]gaf6 k|efljt x'g] JolQmx?nfO{ dfu{ lgb]{zg lbg
P]gsf] bkmf &% n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L ljefun] o; P]gdf ePsf Joj:yfx?sf]
;DaGwdf JofVof ;lxt lnlvt ?kdf ;fj{hlgs kl/kqx? hf/L ug{ ;Qm5 . o;/L
hf/L ul/Psf kl/kqx? ;j{;fwf/0fsf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu ljefudf jf ljefun]
cfjZostfg';f/ cGo s'g} :yfgdf jf s'g} dfWodf/f pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 .
ljefuaf6 hf/L ul/Psf] s'g} kl/kq ljefun] /2 gu/];Dd ;f] kl/kqsf] kfngf ug{ /
;f]xL adf]lhd sf/jfxL ug{ ljefu cGtu{tsf sd{rf/Lx? afWo x'G5g\ . t/ ljefun]
hf/L u/]sf ;fj{hlgs kl/kqx? ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf nflu eg] afWosf/L x'b}gg\ . s'g}
AolQmnfO{ s'g} ;fj{hlgs kl/kqn] u/]sf] Aoa:yf jf AofVofdf lrQ ga'e]mdf ;f]
AolQmn] sfg"gL pkrf/sf] af6f] cjnDag ug'{ kb{5 .
#!=#=#= k"jf{b]z hf/L ug]{
s'g} s/bftfnfO{ cfkm"n] u/]sf] jf ug]{ s'g} sfo{sf ;Gbe{df P]gsf] s'g} Aoa:yf s]
s;/L nfu' x'G5 eGg] laifodf llawf x'g' :jfefljs xf] . To:tf] AolQmn] cfkm\gf]
llawf lg/fs/0f u/L lbg laefu;+u lnlvt cfu|x u/]df ljefun] klg ;f] AolQmnfO{
lnlvt ?kd} cfkm\gf] wf/0ff hfgsf/L u/fpg' kb{5 . ljefun] lnlvt ?kdf hfgsf/L
u/fPsf] o:tf] wf/0ffnfO{ g} k"jf{b]z elgG5 . P]gsf] bkmf &^ n] k"jf{b]zsf af/]df
Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
-!_ s'g} JolQmn] cfkm"f/f k|:tfljt jf cfkm"n] dfg]sf] s'g} k|aGwsf ;DaGwdf of]
P]g nfu" x'g] cj:yf af/] s'g} l4ljwf lg/fs/0fsf nflu ljefu;dIf lnlvt
?kdf lgj]bg lbPdf ljefun] ;f] JolQmnfO{ lnlvt ?kdf ;"lrt u/L ljefusf]
wf/0ff tf]lsP adf]lhd k"jf{b]zf/f hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg o; P]gsf] sfof{Gjogsf
;DaGwdf b]vfk/]sf] s'g} lljwf;DaGwL ljifo cbfntdf larf/fwLg /x]sf] jf
cbfntjf6 lg0f{o eO{ ;s]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] ljifodf ljefun] pkbkmf -!_
650

adf]lhdsf] k"jf{b]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg] 5}g .

-#_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd k"jf{b]z hf/L ug'{ cufj} s'g} JolQmn] b]xfo adf]lhd u/]df
;f] JolQmnfO{ lbPsf] k"jf{b]z jxfn/x];Dd ;f] cfb]z adf]lhd o; P]gsf]
sfof{Gjog ug{ ljefu jfWo x'g]5 M
-s_ ;f] cfb]z;+u ;Da4 ljifosf] k"0f{ oyfy{ ljj/0f ljefu;dIf k|:t't u/]df,
/
-v_ ;f] cfb]zsf] nflu ;f] JolQmn] lbPsf] lgj]bgdf plNnlvt j"Fbf cg'?ksf]
k|aGw ePdf .
-$_ bkmf &% adf]lhd hfl/ u/LPsf ;fj{hflgs kl/kq / pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd hfl/
u/LPsf k"jf{b]z Ps cfk;df aflemPdf k"jf{b]z hf/L ul/Psf] JolQmsf] xsdf
k"jf{b]zdf plNnlvt s'/fx?nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg]5 .
-%_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] k"jf{b]z hf/L ug'{cl3 ljefun] lgj]bsnfO{ cfkm}+ jf
cfkm\gf] k|ltlglw pkl:yt e} s'g} ck'u ljj/0f ePdf k]z ug]{ df}sf lbg ;Sg]5
.
lgodfjnLsf] lgod @@ n] k"jf{b]z hf/L ug]{ sfo{lalwsf ;DaGwdf b]xfosf] Aoa:yf
u/]sf] 5 .

-!_ P]gsf] bkmf &^ adf]lhd k'jf{b]z df+u ug]{ JolQmn] ljefun] tf]s]sf] 9fFrfdf
ljefu ;dIf lgj]bg lbg' kg]{5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] lgj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 k}+tfnL; lbgleq ljefun] ;f]
ljifodf lg0f{o lbg' kg]{5 .
-#_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhdsf] cjlw leq ljefuaf6 k"jf{b]z k|fKt gePdf lgj]bsn]
P]gsf] bkmf !!% adf]lhd ljefu ;dIf k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu lgj]bg
lbg jf bkmf !!^ sf] pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd /fh:j GofofwLs/0f ;dIf
k'g/fj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 .
-$_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhd lg0f{o ug'{ cl3 ljefun] cfjZos b]v]df clws[t tyf
cGo ljz]if1af6 5fgjLg u/fpg ;Sg]5 .
#!=#=#=!=

k"jf{b]z k|fKt ug{ rfxg] AolQmsf] bfloTj

s= k"jf{b]z df+u ug]{ JolQmn] cfkm\gf] s'g} llawf lg/fs/0fsf nflu tf]lsPsf]
9fFrfdf ljefu;dIf lnlvt ?kdf lgj]bg lbg'kb{5 .
v= lgj]bgdf cfkm"nfO{ k/]sf] llawfsf] ljifodf k"0f{ / oyfy{ ljj/0f ljefu
;dIf k|:t't ug'{kb{5 .
u= ljefun] s'g} ck'u ljj/0f dfu u/]df ;dod} dfu ePsf] laj/0f ljefudf
k]z ug'{ kb{5 .
3= cfkm"n] u/]sf] s'g} sfdaf6 s/ bfloTj >[hgf e};s]sf] jf s/ bfloTjaf6
xl6;s]sf] cj:yfdf / cbfntdf larf/fwLg /x]sf] jf cbfntjf6 lg0f{o
eO{ ;s]sf] laifodf k"jf{b]z dfu ug'{ x'b}g .
651

#!=#=#=@=

#!=#=#=#=

#!=#=$

ljefusf] bfloTj
s= k"jf{b]z dfu ul/Psf] ljifo cbfntdf larf/fwLg /x]sf] jf cbfntjf6
lg0f{o eO{ ;s]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] ljifodf ljefun] k"jf{b]z hf/L ug'{
x'b}g .
v= k"jf{b]z hf/L ug'{cl3 ljefun] lgj]bsnfO{ cfkm}+ jf cfkm\gf] k|ltlglw
pkl:yt e} s'g} ck'u ljj/0f ePdf k]z ug]{ df}sf lbg' kb{5 .
u= lgj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 k}+tfnL; lbgleq ljefun] ;f] ljifodf lg0f{o lbg'
kb{5 / ;f]sf] lnlvt ?kdf ;DalGwt AolQmnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg'kb{5 .
3= s'g} AolQmn] u/]sf] s'g} sfdaf6 s/ bfloTj >[hgf e};s]sf] jf s/
bfloTj xl6;s]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] laifodf k"jf{b]z hf/L ug'{ x'b}g .
k"jf{b]zsf] sfg"gL x}l;ot
s= s'g} JolQmnfO{ lbPsf] k"jf{b]z jxfn /x];Dd ;f] AolQmsf] xsdf
;fdfGotofM ;f] cfb]z adf]lhd o; P]gsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ ljefu jfWo
x'G5 . t/ h'g AolQmnfO{ k"jf{b]z hf/L ul/Psf] xf] ;f] AolQmsf] nflu ;f]
k"jf{b]z afWosf/L x'b}g . hf/L ePsf] k"jf{b]zdf s'g} AolQmnfO{ lrQ
ga'em]df ;f] AolQmn] k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg nufotsf sfg"gL
pkrf/sf] af6f] canDag ug{ kfp+5 .
v= P]gsf] bkmf &% adf]lhd hf/L ul/Psf ;fj{hflgs kl/kq / s'g}
AolQmnfO{ hf/L ul/Psf] k"jf{b]z Ps cfk;df aflemPdf k"jf{b]z hf/L
ul/Psf] JolQmsf] xsdf k"jf{b]zdf plNnlvt Joj:yf g} nfu' x'G5 .
u=
k"jf{b]z h'g AolQmnfO{ h'g ;Gbe{df hf/L ul/Psf] xf] ;f]lx AolQm / ;f]lx
;Gbe{df dfq nfu' x'G5 . AolQm jf ;Gbe{ km/s ePsf] cj:yfdf
k"jf{b]zf/f ul/Psf] Aoa:yf nfu' x'b}g .
:yfoL n]vf gDa/ / ;f]sf] k|df0fkq k|bfg ug]{
P]gsf] bkmf &* sf] :yfoL n]vf gDa/ / ;f]sf] k|df0fkq hf/L ug]{ ;DaGwL
Aoa:yf b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 .
-!_ o; P]gsf] cwLgdf /xL s'g} JolQmsf] klxrfg ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu
ljefun] ;f] JolQmnfO{ :yfoL n]vf gDa/ gfds Pp6f kl/ro ;+Vof hf/L
ug]{5 .
t/ ljefuaf6 :jLs[t k|fKt lgsfon] o; P]gsf] k|lqmof k'ofO{ o:tf]
:yfoL n]vf gDj/ k|bfg ug{ ;Sg]5 . o;/L hf/L ul/Psf] :yfoL n]vf
gDj/ k|fKt ug]{ s/bftfn] ljefun] tf]s]sf] cjlw;Dd cfoft lgof{tsf]
sf/f]jf/ ug{ ;Sg] 5}g .
-@_ ljefun] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ o; P]gsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu k|of]u u/Lg] s'g}
cfo ljj/0f, ljj/0f, syg jf cGo sfuhftdf cfk\mgf] :yfoL n]vf gDa/
652

pNn]v ug{ cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 .

-#_ ljefun] s'g} JolQmnfO{ :yfoL n]vf gDa/ b]vfpg' kg]{ jf pNn]v ug'{ kg]{
cj:yf tf]Sg ;Sg]5 .
-$_ pkbkmf -!_df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtf klg pkbkmf -#_ jdf]hd
tf]s]sf] JolQmn] sf/f]af/ ug'{ eGbf klxn] :yfoL n]vf gDj/ lng' kg]{5 .
-%_ pkbkmf -!_, -@_, -#_ jf -$_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg :yfoL
n]vf gDj/ glnPsf] sf/0faf6 s/sf] bfloTjaf6 km';{b kfpg] 5}g .
lgodfjnLsf] lgod @# df :yfoL n]vf gDa/ ;DaGwdf ePsf] Aoa:yf b]xfo
adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 .

-!_ of] lgodfjnL k|f/De x'+bfsf jvt :yfoL n]vf gDa/ k|fKt u/L g;s]sf] /
lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfo cfh{g ug{ rfxg] jf P]gsf] kl/R5]b !& cGtu{t
s/s6[L ug{' kg{] h'g;'s} JolQmn] To:tf] cfo cfh{g ug{' jf s/ s6[L ug{'
cufj} :yfoL n]vf gDa/sf] nfuL ljefudf lgj]bg lbg' kg]{5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd :yfoL gDa/ lng clgjfo{ gePsf] / :yfoL n]vf
gDa/ k|fKt u/L g;s]sf] cGo JolQmn] klg :yfoL n]vf gDa/sf] nflu
ljefudf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 .
-#_ pklgod -!_ jf -@_ adf]lhd lgj]bg k|fKt eP kl5 lgj]bsnfO{ ljefun]
:yfoL n]vf gDa/sf] k|df0fkq k|bfg ug{]5 .
P]g adf]lhd s/ ltg'{kg]{ st{Ao ePsf AolQmn] jf P]gsf] kl/R5]b !& adf]lhd
s/sL ug'{kg]{ AolQmn] To:tf] cfo cfh{g ug{' jf s/ sL ug{' cufj} :yfoL n]vf
gDa/sf] nfuL clgjfo{ ?kdf lgj]bg lbO :yfoL n]vf gDa/ lng'kb{5 . P]gsf] bkmf
@-3_-!_-s_ df pNn]lvt s/ 5'6 k|fKt u/]sf] ;+:yfn] ;d]t clgjfo{ ?kdf :yfoL
n]vf gDa/ lng'kb{5 . :yfoL n]vf gDa/ lng clgjfo{ gePsf] / :yfoL n]vf gDa/
k|fKt u/L g;s]sf] cGo JolQmn] klg :yfoL n]vf gDa/ lng kfp+5 . o;/L s'g}
AolQmnfO{ :yfoL n]vf gDa/ k|bfg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ s/bftf btf{ elgG5 eg] ltlgx?n]
k|fKt ug]{ btf{ gDa/ jf kl/ro ;+VofnfO{ :yfoL n]vf gDa/ elgG5 . laefun] s'g}
AolQmnfO{ :yfoL n]vf gDa/ b]vfpg'kg]{ jf P]gsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu k|of]u x'g] laa/0f
jf sfuhftdf pNn]v ug'{kg]{ u/L tf]Sg;Sg] x'bf P]g adf]lhd s/ ltg'{kg]{ st{Ao
ePsf] jf s/sL ug'{kg]{ st{Ao ePsf ;a} AolQmn] To:tf] cfo cfh{g ug{' jf s/
sL ug{' cufj} :yfoL n]vf gDa/ clgjfo{ ?kdf lng'kb{5 .
s/bftf btf{ ug]{ sfd d"ntM cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nox? / s/bftf ;]jf sfof{nox?
-7"nf s/bftf sfof{no afx]s_ sf] ePtfklg P]gsf] bkmf &* sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf]
k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zn] ljefuaf6 :jLs[t k|fKt lgsfon] o; P]gsf] k|lqmof k'ofO{
o:tf] :yfoL n]vf gDj/ k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] Aoa:yf u/sf] 5 . :jLs[t k|fKt lgsfo
eGgfn] cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefuaf6 :yfoL n]vf gDa/ k|bfg ug{ :jLs[t k|fKt pBf]u
653

afl0fHo ;+3, r]Da/ ckm sd;{, j:t'ut ;+u7g jf o:t} cGo ;+3 ;:yf ;Demg' kb{5
. P]gsf] ;f]xL Aoa:yf adf]lhd xfn d"n'se/ s]xL lgsfonfO{ laefusf] j]a;fO6
dfkm{t laB'tLo dfWod4f/f s'g} AolQmnfO{ :yfoL n]vf gDa/ / kl/rokq (e-PAN)
k|bfg ug]{ clVtof/L k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .
dfly pNn]v ul/P e}+m :yfoL n]vf gDa/ / ;f]sf] k|df0fkq b'O tl/sfaf6 k|bfg ug{
;lsG5 . klxnf], :yfoL n]vf gDa/ lng sfof{nodf g} cfO{ lgj]bg lbg] AolQmnfO{
sfof{noaf6 :yfoL n]vf gDa/ / ;f]sf] k|df0fkq k|bfg ug]{ / bf]>f], laB'tLo dfWod
cyf{t O{-kfgsf] dfWodaf6 lgj]bg lbg] AolQmnfO{ :jLs[t k|fKt lgsfon] :yfoL n]vf
gDa/ / sfof{non] ;f]sf] btf{ k|df0fkq lbg] jf To:tf] AolQmn] :jLs[t k|fKt lgsfodf
guO{ sfof{nodf g} lgj]bg lbPdf sfof{non] g} :yfoL n]vf gDa/ / ;f]sf] btf{
k|df0fkq lbg] . cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nox?, s/bftf ;]jf sfof{nox? / :jLs[t
k|fKt lgsfox?n] s/bftfsf] kl/rosf] k|of]hgsf] nflu laefusf] ;"rgf k|lalw
zfvfaf6 k|fKt x'g] gf} c+ssf] kl/ro ;+VofnfO{ g} :yfoL n]vf gDj/sf] ?kdf hf/L
ug'{ kb{5 .
#!=#=%= cfos/ k|of]hgsf nflu cfjZos sfuhftsf k|sf/, ltgsf] 9fFrf / clen]v tf]Sg]
g]kfnsf] cfos/ k|0ffnL n]vfdf cfwfl/t s/ k|0ffnL xf] . P]gn] s/ ltg'{kg]{ st{Ao
ePsf] AolQmsf] s/ bfloTj olsg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ;f]xL AolQmnfO{ lbPsf] 5 / s'g}
AolQmn] cfkm\gf] xsdf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] s/ bfloTjdf s/ clws[tn] x]/km]/ gu?Gh]n
;f] AolQmn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] s/ g} clGtd s/ x'g] :ki6 Aoa:yf 5 . P]gn] n]vfdf
cfwfl/t :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f k2ltnfO{ cjnDag u/]sf] x'bf o; s/ k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag
/ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] nflu sfuhft, laa/0f tyf clen]vsf] dxTj Hofb} 7"nf]
/x]sf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf && n] laefunfO{ P]g tyf lgodfjnLsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu
cfjZos kg]{ ;"rgf, ljj/0f tyf hfgsf/Lx? ;dfj]z x'g] vfnsf sfuhft /
laa/0fx?sf] k|sf/ tyf 9fFrf, tL sfuhft laefudf k]z ug]{ tl/sf tf]Sg ;Sg]
clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 eg] bkmf &( n] laefun] s'g} AolQmnfO{ a'emfpg' kg]{
sfuhft a'emfpg] tl/sf / bkmf *) n] laefun] hf/L u/]sf sfuhft q'6Lk"0f{ x'g] jf
gx'g] cj:yf / q'l6k"0f{ sfuhftdf ;+zf]wg ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfsf af/]df Aoa:yf u/]sf]
5 . To:t} bkmf *! n] P]g adf]lhd s/ ltg{' kg]{] bfloTj ePsf] k|To]s JolQmn]
clen]vsf] ?kdf /fVg'kg]{ sfuhft, laa/0f / ;"rgfsf] k|sf/ / tl/sf lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
5.
#!=#=%=!=
sfuhftsf] 9f+rf
P]gsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu cfjZos sfuhftsf] k|sf/ / 9f+rfsf] ;DaGwdf P]gn] b]xfosf]
Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
-!_ of] P]g / o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgodfjnL adf]lhd cfjZos kg]{ tyf
o; P]gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;"rgf, ljj/0f
tyf hfgsf/Lx? ;dfj]z x'g] u/L ljefun] ;do ;dodf cfjZos
sfuhft, cfoljj/0f nufotsf ljj/0fx?, s/ s6[L ljj/0f bflvnf ug]{
654

tl/sf / 9fFrf tyf clen]vsf] 9fFrf tf]Sg ;Sg]5 .

-@_ ljefun] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf 9fFrfx? ;j{;fwf/0fsf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu
ljefudf / ljefun] lgwf{/0f u/]sf cGo :yfgdf tyf cGo dfWodaf6
pknAw u/fpg]5 .
-#_ ljefun] s'g} JolQmn] ljefudf k]z ug'{ kg]{ ;"rgf jf ljj/0f jf sfuhft
ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 k]z ug{' kg]{ u/L tf]Sg ;Sg]5 .
s/ ltg'{kg]{ st{Ao ePsf] s'g} AolQmn] P]gsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu btf{ x'g'kbf{, clu|d
s/sL ubf{, s/ e"QmfgL ubf{, s/ ldnfg ug'{kbf{ jf cfo laa/0f k]z ubf{ k|of]u
ug'{kg]{ jf laefu jf sfof{nodf bflvnf ug'{kg]{ laleGg sfuhft tyf laa/0f
tf]Sg'sf] ;fy} sltko sfuhft tyf laa/0fsf] 9fFrf ;d]t lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] sfuhftsf] 9fFrfsf] laa/0f tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
l;=g+= kmf/d g+=
sfuhft jf laa/0fsf] gfd
!
:yfoL n]vf gDa/;+u ;DalGwt
!=! cg';"rL ! :yfoL n]vf gDa/ (PAN) sf nflu b/vf:t -AolQmut_
!=@ cg';"rL ! :yfoL n]vf gDa/ (PAN) sf] nflu b/vf:t -;fem]bf/L
kmd{sDkgL;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg ;xsf/Lk/f]ksf/L
;+:yfc:ktfn z}lIfs ;+:yfu}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfcGt/fli6o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf
!=# cg';"rL ! :yfoL n]vf gDa/ (PAN)sf] nflu b/vf:t ->f]tdf s/
sL ug]{ ;+:yf_
!=$
:yfoL n]vf gDa/ btf{sf] c:yfoL k|df0f kq
!=% cg';"rL # :yfoL n]vf gDa/ btf{sf] k|df0f kq
!=^
:yfoL n]vf gDa/ (PAN) kl/ro kq
!=&
:yfoL n]vf gDa/ :yugsf] nflu b/vf:t
@
clu|d s/sL ;DalGw
@=! l6=8]= )! clu|d s/sLsf] dfl;s laa/0f
@=@ l6=l;= )! clu|d s/sLsf] k|df0fkq
#
cg';"rL @ cg'dflgt s/sf] ljj/0f
$
cfolaa/0f
$=! 8] !
k"jf{g'dflgt s/ ltg]{ k|fs[lts AolQmn] eg'{ kg]{ cfolaa/0f
$=@ 8] #
Joj;fo, /f]huf/L tyf nufgLaf6 cfo x'g] AolQmn] eg'{kg]{
cfolaa/0f
$=# 8] $
u}/ Aofa;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6 nfe ePsf] /
cGo s/nfUg] cfo g/x]sf] tyf :yfoL n]vf gDa/ k|fKt
gu/]sf] AolQmn] eg'{kg]{ cfolaa/0f
$=$ 8] %
hnofqf, xjfO oftfoft jf b'/;+rf/ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg]
u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQmn] eg'{kg]{ cfo laa/0f
%
cfo laa/0f;fy ;+nUg x'g'kg]{ laa/0f jf kmf/dx?
655

%=!
%=@
%=#
%=$
%=%
%=^

8]
8]
8]
8]
8]
8]

!)
!!
!%
!^
!&
!*

%=&

8] !(

%=*
^
^=!
^=@
^=#
&

qm] )!
qm] )@
qm] )^

s/sf] u0fgf kmf/d -k|fs[lts AolQmsf] nflu_ cg';"lr !

s/sf] u0fgf kmf/d -lgsfosf] nflu_ cg';"lr @
Joj;foaf6 ePsf] cfosf] u0fgf kmf/d cg';"lr %
/f]huf/Laf6 ePsf] cfosf] u0fgf kmf/d cg';"lr ^
nufgLaf6 ePsf] cfosf] u0fgf kmf/d cg';"lr &
k|fs[lts AolQmsf] u}/ Aofa;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQsf]
lg;u{af6 ePsf] nfe jf gf]S;fgLsf] u0fgf kmf/d cg';"rL
*
u}/ jfl;Gbf AolQmsf] g]kfnl:yt ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkgn]
lab]z k7fPsf] cfosf ;DaGwdf eg'{kg]{ laa/0f cg';"rL (
Joj;fo;+u ;DaGw gePsf] 3/axfn cfo x'g] k|fs[lts
AolQmn] eg'{kg]{ cfo laa/0f
cfo laa/0f;fy ;+nUg x'g'kg]{ s/ ldnfg bfla kmf/dx?
s/ ldnfg bfla kmf/d cg';"rL !)
cf}ifwf]krf/ s/ ldnfg bfla kmf/d cg';"rL !!
ljb]zdf lt/]sf] s/ ldnfg bfla kmf/d cg';"rL !@
k"jf{b]zsf] lgj]bgsf] 9f+rf

P]gsf] bkmf && sf] pkbkmf -#_ n] ljefun] s'g} JolQmn] ljefudf k]z ug'{ kg]{ ;"rgf
jf ljj/0f jf sfuhft ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 k]z ug{' kg]{ u/L tf]Sg ;Sg] Aoa:yf u/]
adf]lhd :yfoL n]vf gDa/sf nflu b/vf:t kmf/d, clu|d s/sLsf] laa/0f /
cg'dflgt s/sf] laa/0f laB'lto dfWodaf6 -laefusf] j]a;fO6 dfkm{t_ k]z ug{;Sg]
Aoa:yf ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] gfu/Ls /x]sf] k|fs[lts AolQm jf afl;Gbf lgsfon]
:yfoL n]vf gDa/sf nflu b/vf:t kmf/d laB'tLo dfWodaf6 laefusf] j]a;fO6
dfkm{t k]z ug{;Qm5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf o; lgb]{lzsfsf] o;} kl/R5]bsf] bkmf $ df
la:t[t ?kdf pNn]v u/L;lsPsf] 5 . o;}u/L P]g adf]lhd clu|d s/sL ug'{kg]{
st{Ao ePsf] AolQmn] clu|d s/ sLsf] laa/0f / P]gsf] bkmf ($ adf]lhd s'g}
cfojif{df ls:tfaGbLdf s/ bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ JolQmn] P]gsf] bkmf (% adf]lhd k]z
ug'{kg]{ cg'dflgt s/sf] laa/0f laB'tLo dfWodaf6 laefusf] j]a;fO6 dfkm{t k]z
ug{;Qm5 . pQm Aoa:yfsf] ;DaGwdf lgb]{lzsfsf] ls:tfaGbLdf s/ bflvnf;+u
;DalGwt kl/R5]b @$ df la:t[t ?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
#!=#=%=@

sfuhftsf] tfd]nL
laefun] s'g} AolQmnfO{ o; P]gsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu a'emfpg' kg]{ sfuhft a'emfpg]
tl/sfsf] ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf &( sf] pkbkmf -!_ n] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] Aoa:yf
u/]sf] 5 .
-!_ o; P]g adf]lhd s'g} JolQmnfO{ lbg' a'emfpg' kg]{ s'g} klg sfuhft
b]xfosf] cj:yfdf ;f] JolQmnfO{ a'emfOPsf] jf lbOPsf] dflgg]5 M
-s_ s'g} JolQmsf] ofS; gDa/ jf Od]n 7]ufgfdf k7fPsf],
656

-v_ JolQmut ?kdf h;nfO{ j'emfpg' kg]{ xf] p;}nfO{ j'emfPsf] jf

lgsfosf] xsdf lgsfosf] k|aGwsnfO{ j'emfPsf], jf
-u_ JolQmsf] yfxf eP;Ddsf] cfjf;, sfof{no, Joj;fo jf cGo
7]ufgfdf x'nfsjf6 /lhi6L u/L k7fPsf] .
-@_ ljefusf] clwsf/k|fKt clws[tsf] gfd / kb v'Ng] u/L b:tvt ul/Psf],
sDKo"6/ k|ljlwaf6 Ogs|LK6 jf Ogsf]8 ul/Psf], 5fk nufOPsf] jf ;f]
sfuhftdf n]vL o; P]g adf]lhd hf/L ul/Psf], tfd]nL ul/Psf] jf
lbOPsf] sfuhftnfO{ /Ltk"j{ssf] dflgg]5 .
laefu jf sfof{non] s'g} AolQmnfO{ P]g adf]lhd a'emfpg' kg]{ sfuhft jf lbg'kg]{
;"rgf s'g} JolQmsf] sfof{no clen]vdf /x]sf] ofS; gDa/ jf Od]n 7]ufgfdf
k7fPsf], h;nfO{ j'emfpg' kg]{ xf] p;}nfO{ jf p;sf] cflwsfl/s k|ltlglwnfO{
j'emfPsf], lgsfosf] xsdf lgsfosf] ;+rfns jf k|aGws jf cflwsfl/s k|ltlglwnfO{
j'emfPsf] jf a'emfpg' kg]{ JolQmsf] sfof{no clen]vdf /x]sf] kl5Nnf] 7]ufgf -cfjf;,
sfof{no, Joj;fo jf cGo s'g} 7fp+sf]_ df x'nfsjf6 /lhi6L u/L k7fPsf] ePdf tL
sfuhft ;f] AolQmnfO{ a'emfPsf] / ;f] AolQmn] a'lemlnPsf] dfGg'kb{5 . To:t} s'g}
AolQmn] laB'tLo dfWodaf6 k]z ug{;Sg] :yfoL n]vf gDa/sf nflu b/vf:t kmf/d,
clu|d s/ sLsf] laa/0f / cg'dflgt s/sf] laa/0f laB'tLo dfWodaf6 laefu jf
sfof{nodf k|fKt ePdf / ;f] afx]ssf P]g jf lgodfjnL jf laefusf] ;fj{hlgs
kl/kq jf k"jf{b]z jf laefu jf sfof{non] lbPsf] cfb]z adf]lhd s'g} AolQmn] laefu
jf ;DalGwt sfof{nodf lbg'kg]{ ;"rgf jf k]z ug'{kg]{ sfuhft jf laa/0f :jo+
pkl:yt eO{ jf cflwsfl/s k|ltlglw dfkm{t laefu jf ;DalGwt sfof{nodf
tf]lsPsf] Dofbleq btf{ u/fPdf ;f] AolQmn] tL sfuhft jf laa/0f k]z u/]sf] /
laefu jf ;DalGwt sfof{non] k|fKt u/]sf] dfGg'kb{5 .
#!=#=%=#=
q'l6k"0f{ sfuhft Pj+ q'l6 ;Rofpg ;lsg] cj:yf M
laefun] s'g} AolQmnfO{ a'emfPsf] sfuhft jf lbPsf] ;"rgf q'l6k"0f{ x'g] jf gx'g] Pj+
To:tf] sfuhftdf /x]sf] q'l6 ;Rofpg] ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf *) df b]xfo adf]lhd
Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
-!_ o; P]g adf]lhd hf/L ul/Psf] b]xfosf] s'g} sfuhft q'6Lk"0f{ dflgg] 5}g
M
-s_ d"ne"t ?kdf o; P]g cg's"n ePdf, /
-v_ h'g JolStnfO{ ;f] sfuhftdf ;Daf]lwt ul/Psf] 5 ;f] JolStnfO{
;fdfGo ?kdf ;f] sfuhftdf nlIft ul/Psf] ePdf .
-@_ o; P]g adf]lhd ljefun] hf/L u/]sf] s'g} sfuhftdf s'g} q'6L ePdf /
;f] q'6Ljf6 o; P]gsf] AofVof jf s'g} JolQm ljz]ifsf] tYo ;DaGwL s'g}
ljjfb gePdf To:tf] q'6L ;Rofpg] k|of]hgsf] nflu ljefun] pQm
sfuhftdf ;+zf]wg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
657

#!=$

ljefu jf sfof{nosf] clwsf/k|fKt clws[tsf] gfd / kb v'Ng] u/L b:tvt ul/Psf]

tyf 5fk nufOPsf]], hf/L ug]{ lgsfosf] gfd 7]ufgf pNn]v ePsf], laefusf] sDKo"6/
k|0ffnLaf6 OgqmLK6 jf Ogsf]8 u/L jf gu/L k|zf]wg ul/Psf] / clwsf/k|fKt
clws[tsf] gfd / kb v'Ng] u/L b:tvt ul/Psf] tyf 5fk nufOPsf] sfuhft hf/L
ul/Psf] jf a'emfOPsf] jf laB'tLo dfWodaf6 k7fOPsf] ePdf tyf ;f] sfuhft
d"ne"t ?kdf o; P]g k|lts"n gePdf / sfuhftdf ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] JolSt /
nlIft ul/Psf] AolQm ;dfg ePdf ;f] sfuhftnfO{ /Ltk"j{ssf] dfGg'kb{5 .
sy+sbflrt laefu jf sfof{non] hf/L u/]sf] jf a'emfPsf] s'g} ;"rgf jf sfuhftdf
P]gsf] AofVof jf s'g} JolQm ljz]ifsf] tYo ;DaGwdf s'g} ljjfb x'g;Sg] vfnsf]
afx]s cGo ;fdfGo q'6L ePdf laefu jf sfof{non] To;/L hf/L ul/Psf] sfuhftdf
;+zf]wg u/L To:tf] q'6L ;Rofpg ;Qm5 . t/ P]gsf] AofVof jf s'g} JolQm ljz]ifsf]
tYo ;DaGwdf s'g} ljjfb x'g;Sg] vfnsf] s'g} q'l6 eO ;f] q'l6 ;+zf]wg ug'{k/]df
laefu jf sfof{non] Pstlkm{ 9+un] To:tf] q'l6 ;+zf]wg ug'{ x'b}g . To:tf] q'l6
;+zf]wg ug'{ cl3 ;DalGwt AolQmnfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ ;a't tyf ;kmfO k]z ug]{ df}sf
lbg' kb{5 . To:t} To:tf] s'g} q'6L ePsf] Joxf]/f s/bftfaf6 k|fKt ePdf ;f] q'6L
;Rofpg ;Sg]5 .
cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu /fVg'kg]{ clen]v
s/bftfn] P]gsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu /fVg'kg]{ clen]vsf ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf *! df
b]xfo adf]lhdsf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
-!_ o; P]g adf]lhd s/ a'emfpg' kg]{] bfloTj ePsf] k|To]s JolQmn] ljefujf6
tf]lsPsf] k|sf/, 9fFrf, n]vfk/LIf0fsf] k|df0fLs/0f jf cGo k|sf/n] ug'{ kg]{
k|df0fLs/0f tyf k|dfl0ft ug]{ sfuhftx?sf cltl/Qm b]xfo adf]lhdsf
cfjZos sfuhftx? g]kfndf v8f u/L /fVg' kg]{5 M
-s_ o; P]g adf]lhd ljefudf k]z ug'{ kg]{ cfo ljj/0f jf cGo s'g}
sfuhftx?nfO{ k'i6\ofO{ ug]{ cfjZos ;"rgf tyf sfuhft,
-v_ lghn] a'emfpg' kg]{ s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;3fp k'ofpg] sfuhft,
-u_ vr{ sLnfO{ k"i6\ofO{ ug]{ sfuhft .
-@_ ljefun] lnlvt ?kdf ;"rgf hf/L u/L cGoyf tf]s]sf]df afx]s o; bkmf
adf]lhdsf sfuhftx? ;DalGwt cfo jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] ldltn] kfFr jif{sf]
cjlw;Dd ;'/lIft /fVg' kg]{5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] s'g} sfuhft g]kfnL jf c+u|]hL efiffdf gePdf ljefun]
lnlvt ;"rgf hf/L u/L ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ lghsf] cfkmg} vr{df To:tf]
sfuhftnfO{ k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd dfGotf k|fKt cg'afbsaf6 g]kfnL efiffdf
ul/Psf] cg'jfbk|lt k]z ug{ nufpg ;Sg]5 .
-$_ s'g} AolQmn] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd /fVg' kg]{ sfuhftx? ljB'tLo dfWodaf6
/fVg kfpg] u/L ljefun] :jLs[lt lbg ;Sg]5 .
658

P]g adf]lhd s/ ltg{'kg]{] bfloTj ePsf] k|To]s JolQmn] b]xfo adf]lhdsf laa/0f,
sfuhft tyf ;"rgfx? /x]sf] clen]v tof/ u/L cfjZostf cg';f/ s/ n]vf
k/LIfs tyf laQLo n]vf k/LIfsaf6 k|dfl0fs/0f ;d]t u/fO{ cfo jif{ ;dfKt ePsf]
ldltn] kfFr jif{sf] cjlw;Dd g]kfnd} ;'/lIft ?kdf /fVg' kb{5 M
-s_ P]g adf]lhd n]vfk/LIfsaf6 k|dfl0fs/0f u/fO sfof{nodf k]z u/]sf] cfo
laa/0f, ;f] laa/0f;fy k]z u/]sf laa/0f, sfuhft tyf ;"rgfx?
-v_ ljefu jf sfof{nodf k]z ug'{ kg]{ jf u/]sf] cGo laa/0f, sfuhft jf
;"rgfx?nfO{ k'i6L ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ;"rgf tyf sfuhft,
-u_ lghsf] s/ bfloTj lgwf{/0f ug{ ;3fp k'ofpg] sfuhft,
-3_ cfo laa/0faf6 u0fgf u/]sf] cfo / sL lnPsf] vr{nfO{ k"i6\ofO{ ug]{ vftfalx
tyf sfuhft .
t/ pk/f]Qm pNn]lvt clen]vx? kf+r aif{eGbf a9L jf 36L cjlw;Dd ;'/lIft
/fVg'kg]{ u/L laefun] s'g} AolQmnfO{ lnlvt ;"rgf lbPsf] cj:yfdf eg] tL
clen]vx? ;f] ;"rgfdf pNn]lvt cjlw;Dd ;'/lIft /fVg' kb{5 . To:t} clen]vsf]
?kdf g]kfnL jf c+u|]hL efiff afx]s cGo efiffdf /flvPsf] s'g} sfuhftnfO{ g]kfnL
efiffdf cg'jfb ug{ s'g} AolQmnfO{ laefu jf sfof{non] ;"lrt u/]df To:tf]
sfuhftnfO{ dfGotf k|fKt cg'afbsaf6 g]kfnL efiffdf cg'jfb u/fO{ cg'jflbt k|tL
k]z ug'{ ;DalGwt AolQmsf] bfloTj x'G5 . pk/f]Qm clen]vx? s'g} AolQmn] ;DalGwt
sfof{nosf] k"j{ :jLs[lt lnO sDKo"6/ k|0ffnLaf6 ;d]t /fVg ;Qm5 .
#!=%= ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/
P]g adf]lhd s'g} AolQmsf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f jf ;+;o s/ lgwf{/0f jf ;+zf]lwt
s/ lgwf{/0fdf k'gM ;+zf]wg ug]{ jf P]g adf]lhdsf] cGo s'g} k|of]hgsf] nflu s'g}
AolQm;+u /x]sf] jf /xg'kg]{ egL tf]lsPsf] s'g} ;"rgf jf sfuhft jf laa/0f jf cGo
s'g} clen]v dfly laefu jf sfof{nosf] kx'+r / k|fKt ;"rgfsf] uf]Kotfsf ;DaGwdf
P]gsf] bkmf *@ , *# / *$ n] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
#!=%=!= lagf ;"rgf hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{;Sg] clwsf/
P]gsf] bkmf *@ n] s'g} AolQm;+u /x]sf] jf /xg'kg]{ egL tf]lsPsf] s'g} ;"rgf jf
sfuhft jf laa/0f jf cGo s'g} clen]v dfly laefu jf sfof{non] lagf ;"rgf
kx'+r k|fKt ug{;Sg] u/L b]xfosf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
-!_ o; P]gsf] sfof{Gjog ug{sf] nflu ljefusf] clws[tn] b]xfo adf]lhd ug{
;Sg]5 M
-s_ k|rlnt sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL g]kfndf cjl:yt s'g} klg kl/;/, :yfg,
sfuhft jf cGo ;DklQdf k"0f{ jf lgjf{w kx'Fr k|fKt ug{,
-v_ v08 -s_ adf]lhd kx'Fr k|fKt u/]sf] sfuhftsf On]S6f]lgs k|lt nufot
sfuhsf] s'g} c+z jf k|ltlnlk k|fKt ug{,
-u_ v08 -s_ adf]lhd kx'Fr k|fKt u/]sf] sfuhft o; P]g adf]lhd s'g}
659

JolQmsf] s/ bfloTj lgwf{/0f ug{ cfjZos x'g] vfnsf] k|df0f xf] eGg]
;DalGwt clws[tnfO{ nfu]df To:tf] sfuhft cfgf] sAhfdf lng, /
-3_ sfuhftdf kx'Fr ePsf] s'g} JolQmnfO{ To:tf] sfuhftsf] k|ltlnlk
pknAw u/fO{lbg cg'/f]w u/]sf]df ;f] JolQmn] pknAw gu/fPsf]df v08 s_ adf]lhd To:tf sfuhftdf kx'Fr k|fKt ug{ To:tf sfuhft s'g} klg
?kdf s'g} ;DklQdf /fvLPsf]5 eGg] ;f] clws[tnfO{ nfu]df To:tf] ;DklQ
cfgf] sAhfdf lng .
-@_ s'g} klg clws[tn] ljefuaf6 lnlvt ?kdf clVtof/L k|fKt gu/L pkbkmf
-!_ adf]lhdsf] s'g} klg clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] 5}g . s'g} clws[tn]
pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L s'g} kl/;/ jf :yfgdf k|j]z ubf{
;f] kl/;/ jf :yfgsf] sAhf ug]{ JolQmn] jf ;DalGwt s'g} sfuhft jf
;DklQdf kx'Fr ePsf] JolQmn] ljefusf] clVtof/L b]vfpg cg'/f]w u/]df To:tf]
clws[tn] lghx?nfO{ To:tf] clVtof/L b]vfpg' kg]{5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L s'g} kl/;/ jf :yfgdf k|j]z ug]{
ljefusf] s'g} clws[tn] cg'/f]w u/]df To:tf] kl/;/ jf :yfgsf] sAhf ug]{
JolQm jf ;DalGwt sfuhft jf ;DklQdf kx'Fr ePsf] JolQmn] ;f] clwsf/sf]
k|efjsf/L k|of]usf nflu ;a} ;d'lrt ;'ljwf tyf ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg'
kg]{5 .
-$_ ljefun] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -u_ jf -3_ adf]lhd sAhfdf lnPsf] sfuhft jf
;DklQ b]xfosf] ;do ;Dd cfkmgf] sAhfdf lng ;Sg]5 M
-s_ pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -u_ adf]lhd sAhfdf lnPsf] s'g} sfuhft s'g}
JolQmsf] s/ bfloTj lgwf{/0f ug{ jf o; P]g adf]lhd cGo s'g}
sf/jfxLsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;do;Dd, /
-v_ pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -3_ adf]lhd sAhfdf lnPsf] ;DklQ ljjflbt
sfuhftdf kx'+r k|fKt u/L sAhfdf glnP;Ddsf] ;do;Dd .
-%_ pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd h'g JolQmsf] sfuhft sJhfdf lnOPsf] 5 ;f] JolQmn]
To:tf] sfuhftsf] hfFr ug{ ;Sg]5 / ljefun] tf]s] adf]lhdsf] ;'kl/j]If0fdf
;DalGwt JolQms} vr{df sfof{no ;doleq To:tf] sfuhftsf] k|ltlnlk jf c+z
ptf/ u/L lng ;Sg]5 .
-^_ o; P]gsf] sfof{Gjogsf] nfuL cfjZos kg]{ sfuhftx?df kx'Fr k|fKt ug]{
;DaGwdf ljz]ifflwsf/ ;DaGwL jf ;fj{hlgs lxt ;DaGwL h'g;'s} Joj:yf
ul/Psf] eP tfklg tT;DjGwdf o; bkmfdf n]lvPsf] Joj:yf nfu" x'g]5 .
:ki6Ls/0f M o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu sAhf ug]{ JolQm eGgfn] s'g} kl/;/ jf
:yfgsf ;DaGwdf ;f] kl/;/ jf :yfgsf] :jfldTj ePsf] JolQm, k|aGws jf ToxfF
/x]sf] cGo s'g} JolQm ;Demg' k5{ .
cGo k|rlnt laz]if P]gn] h:tf];'s} Aoa:yf u/]sf] ePtfklg P]gsf] sfof{Gjogsf]
660

nflu laefu jf sfof{nosf] s'g} clws[tn] laefu jf sfof{no k|d'vsf] k"j{l:js[lt jf

clVtof/L k|fKt u/L lgDg adf]lhdsf] s'g} Ps jf ;f]eGbf al9 tl/sfaf6 s'g}
AolQm;+u ;DalGwt ;"rgf jf sfuhft k|fKt jf sAhf ug{ jf s'g} ;DklQ sAhfdf
lng ;Qm5 . o;/L s'g} AolQm;+u ;DalGwt ;"rgf jf sfuhft k|fKt ul/Psf] jf
sAhfdf lnOPsf] jf s'g} ;DklQ sAhfdf lnOPsf] sf/0fn] dfq ;f] AolQmn] cfkm\gf]
cGo k|rlnt P]g4f/f k|bQ s'g} xs jf clwsf/ xgg ePsf] bflj ug{ kfpb}g .
!= k|rlnt sfg"gsf] clwgdf /xL g]kfnl:yt s'g} klg kl/;/, :yfg jf cGo
;DklQdf lgjf{w kx'Fr k|fKt ug{ / To:tf] :yfgdf /x]sf sfuhft dWo] ;DalGwt
clws[tn] s'g} JolQmsf] s/ bfloTj lgwf{/0f ug{ cfjZos jf ;xfos x'g]
7x/fPsf ;Ssn sfuhft jf ltgsf] k|ltlnlk jf sfuhftsf On]S6f]lgs k|lt
k|fKt jf sAhf ug{,
@= sfuhftdf kx'Fr ePsf] s'g} JolQmnfO{ lgh;+u /x]sf] sfuhftsf] k|ltlnlk
pknAw u/fpg cg'/f]w ul/Psf]df ;f] AolQmn] k|ltlnlk pknAw gu/fPdf
To:tf sfuhft /flvPsf] cfz+sf ePsf] :yfg jf ;DklQ cfgf] sAhfdf lng,
#= pk/f]Qm cg';f/ sAhfdf lnPsf] s'g} AolQmsf] s'g} ;DklQ ljjflbt sfuhftdf
kx'+r k|fKt u/L tL sfuhft sAhfdf glnP;Dd / sAhfdf lnPsf] s'g} AolQmsf]
s'g} sfuhft ;f] JolQmsf] s/ bfloTj lgwf{/0f jf o; P]g adf]lhdsf] cGo
sf/jfxL ;DkGg gx'bf;Dd cfkmgf] sAhfdf /fVg,
sfuhft jf ;DklQdf kx'+r ePsf] AolQmn] ;f] AolQmsf] sfuhft jf ;DklQ sAhfdf
lng vl6Psf] clws[t;+u sfuhft jf ;DklQ sAhfdf lng' cl3 laefu jf
sfof{nosf] clVtof/L b]vfpg cg'/f]w u/]df lghnfO{ To:tf] clVtof/L b]vfpg' kb{5 .
To:t} o:tf] sfo{df vl6Psf] clVtof/ k|fKt clws[tn] dfu u/]sf] x/]s k|sf/sf]
;xof]u / ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg' sfuhft jf ;DklQdf kx'+r jf sAhf ePsf]
AolQmsf] st{Ao x'G5 . h'g JolQmsf] sfuhft sJhfdf lnOPsf] xf] ;f] JolQmn]
sAhfdf lnOPsf] sfuhftsf] hfFr ug{ / ;DalGwt clws[tsf] /f]xa/df sfof{no
;doleq tL sfuhftsf] k|ltlnlk jf c+z cfkm\g} vr{df ptf/ u/L lng kfp+5 .
#!=%=@= ;"rgf lbO hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{;Sg] clwsf/
P]gsf] bkmf *# n] s'g} AolQm;+u /x]sf] jf /xg'kg]{ elg tf]lsPsf] s'g} ;"rgf jf
sfuhft jf laa/0f jf cGo s'g} clen]v laefu jf sfof{non] ;f] AolQmnfO{ ;"rgf
lbO k|fKt ug{;Sg] u/L b]xfosf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
-!_ o; P]g adf]lhd s/ j'emfpg] bfloTj ePsf] jf gePsf] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{
ljefun] lnlvt ?kdf ;"rgf hf/L u/]/ b]xfo adf]lhd ug{ cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5
M
-s_ ;"rgfdf tf]lsPsf] ;doleq ;f] ;"rgfdf tf]lsPsf] s'g} hfgsf/L s'g}
sfuhft v8f ;d]t u/]/ k]z ug{,
-v_ ;f] JolQm jf cGo s'g} JolQmsf] s/ ;DaGwL s'/fx?sf ;DaGwdf ljefusf
clws[t ;dIf k/LIf0fsf nflu ;f] ;"rgf df tf]lsPsf] ;do / :yfgdf
ljefudf pkl:yt x'g,
661

-u_ ;f] JolQmsf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] ;"rgfdf plNnlvt s'g} sfuhft k/LIf0fsf]
k|of]hgsf] nflu v08 -v_ adf]lhd ;f] JolQmsf] k/LIf0f x'Fbfsf] jvt k]z
ug{ .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd k/LIf0f u/Lg] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ To:tf]
k/LIf0f e/ sfg"gL jf cGo k|ltlglwTj u/fpg kfpg] clwsf/ x'g]5 .
-#_ o; P]gsf] sfof{Gjogsf] nfuL cfjZos kg]{ sfuhftx?df kx'Fr k|fKt ug]{
;DaGwdf s'g} ljz]ifflwsf/ ;DaGwL jf ;fj{hlgs lxt ;DaGwL h'g;'s} Joj:yf
ul/Psf] eP tfklg tt\ ;DjGwdf o; bkmfdf n]lvPsf] Joj:yf nfu" x'g]5 .
P]gsf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu laefu jf sfof{non] lnlvt ;"rgf hf/L u/L s/ ltg'{kg]{
st{Ao ePsf] jf gePsf] s'g} AolQmnfO{ ;"rgfdf tf]lsPsf] ldlt jf ;do jf :yfgdf
lgh;+u ;DalGwt s'g} ;"rgf jf sfuhft tof/ u/L k]z ug{ jf lgh jf cGo s'g}
AolQmsf] s/ k/LIf0fsf nflu pkl:yt x'g jf lgh;+u /x]sf] jf /xg'kg]{ s'g} sfuhft
laa/0f jf vftfalx k/LIf0f k|of]hgsf] nflu k]z ug{ cfb]z lbg ;Qm5 . s'g} AolQmn]
k]z u/]sf] cfo laa/0f;fy ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0fsf] nflu kof{Kt x'g] sfuhft, laa/0f
jf ;"rgf ;+nUg /x]sf] cj:yfdf o:tf] ;"rgf hf/L ul//xg' kb}{g . t/ cfo
laa/0f;fy ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0fsf] nflu kof{Kt x'g] sfuhft, laa/0f jf ;"rgf
;+nUg g/x]sf] / ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0fsf] nflu yk sfuhft laa/0f jf vftfalxsf]
k/LIf0f ug'{kg]{ cj:yfdf s/bftfsf] clwgdf /x]sf To:tf sfuhft laa/0f jf
vftfalx k/LIf0fsf] nflu k]z ug{ ;DalGwt AolQmnfO{ clgjfo{ ?kdf lnlvt ;"rgf
lbg'kb{5 . lsgls, To:tf] ;"rgf glbO s'g} AolQmsf] clwgdf /x]sf] sfuhft k/LIf0f
ul/Psf] / tL sfuhftsf] cfwf/df s'g} /sd cfodf ;dfa]z u/L jf s'g} vr{ sL
glbO ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] ePklg tL sfuhft k/LIf0f ul/Psf] k|df0f g/xg]
x'+bf ;DalGwt AolQmn] lagf cfwf/ ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] bflj u/]df To:tf]
;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0fn] dfGotf kfpg g;Sg] cj:yf pTkGg x'g ;Qm5 .
cGo k|rlnt laz]if P]gn] h:tf];'s} Aoa:yf u/]sf] ePtfklg s'g} AolQm;+u pk/f]Qm
adf]lhd s'g} ;"rgf jf sfuhft dfu ul/Psf] sf/0fn] dfq ;f] AolQmn] cfkm\gf] cGo
k|rlnt P]g4f/f k|bQ s'g} xs jf clwsf/ xgg ePsf] bflj ug{ kfpb}g . t/ s'g}
AolQm;+u pk/f]Qm adf]lhd dfu ul/Psf] sfuhft laa/0f jf vftfalx k/LIf0f ug]{
sfo{ ;DkGg gx'Gh]n ;f] AolQmnfO{ s'g} sfg"g Joj;foL jf cGo AolQmnfO{ cfkm\gf]
k|ltlglw lgo'Qm ug{kfpg] jf :jo+ pkl:yt x'g kfpg] clwsf/ eg] /xG5 .
#!=%=#=k|fKt ;"rgf jf hfgsf/L uf]Ko /fVg'kg]{
laefu jf sfof{nodf k]z ePsf] jf laefu jf sfof{non] sAhfdf lnPsf] s'g}
AolQm;+u ;DalGwt hfgsf/L, ;"rgf, laa/0f jf sfuhftsf] ;/sf/L uf]klgotfsf
;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf *$ df lgDg Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 .
-!_ ljefusf] s'g} klg clws[t tyf cGo sd{rf/Ln] o; P]g adf]lhd cfgf] st{Jo
kfngsf] l;nl;nfdf cfgf] sAhfdf jf hfgsf/Ldf cfpg] ;a} sfuhft tyf
hfgsf/L uf]Ko /fVg' kg]{5.
662

-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ljefusf] s'g} clws[tn]
pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] sfuhft jf hfgsf/L b]xfosf JolQm ;dIf b]xfo
adf]lhd k|s6 ug{ ;Sg]5 M
-s_ o; P]g adf]lhd ;f] clws[tsf] st{Jokfng ug{ cfjZos ePsf] xb;Dd,
-v_ o; P]g adf]lhd k|zf;lgs k'g/fjnf]sg jf sf/jfxLsf ;DaGwdf s'g}
cbfnt jf Gofoflws/0faf6 cfb]z ePsf]df,
-u_ cy{ dGqL ;dIf,
-3_ cGo s'g} ljQLo sfg"gsf] k|of]hgsf nflu k|s6 ug{ cfjZos ePsf]df,
-_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;]jfdf /x]sf] s'g} JolQmnfO{ /fh:j jf tYof+s ;DaGwL
sfo{sf nflu cfjZos ePdf To:tf] JolQm ;dIf,
-r_ kbLo st{Josf] kfngsf] l;nl;nfdf k]Zf ug{ cfjZos ePsf]df dxfn]vf
k/LIfs jf dxfn]vf k/LIfsaf6 clVtof/ k|fKt s'g} JolQm ;dIf, jf
-5_ g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6o ;+emf}tf u/]sf] s'g} b]zsf] ;/sf/sf] clwsf/ k|fKt
clwsf/L ;dIf To:tf] ;+emf}tfdf tt\;DaGwdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] xb;Dd .
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd sfuhft / hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{ s'g} JolQm, cbfnt,
Gofoflws/0f, lgsfo jf clwsf/Ln] cfjZos k/]sf] Go"gtd xb;Ddsf]
cj:yfdf afx]s To:tf sfuhft jf hfgsf/L uf]Ko /fVg' kg]{5 .
laefu jf sfof{nodf h'g;'s} k|of]hgsf] nflu k]z ePsf] jf laefu jf sfof{non]
P]g adf]lhd sAhfdf lnPsf] s'g} AolQmsf] Joj;fo jf sf/f]jf/ jf cfly{s cj:yf;+u
;DalGwt hfgsf/L, ;"rgf, laa/0f jf sfuhft tyf ;f] AolQmsf] lglh ;"rgfx?
;fdfGotofM cgltqmDo / uf]Ko /fVg' ;DalGwt lgsfo / tL ;"rgfsf] hfgsf/L /x]sf
;f] lgsfodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf] bfloTo xf] . sltko cj:yfdf tL ;"rgf
;fj{hlgs ePdf ;f] AolQmn] cfly{s jf cGo k|sf/sf] Aofa;flos jf lglh gf]S;fgL
Aoxf]g'{kg]{ cj:yf cfpg ;Qm5 . laefu jf sfof{nodf h'g;'s} sf/0fn] /x]sf s'g}
AolQmsf ;"rgf ;fj{hlgs eO ;f] AolQmn] s'g} gf]S;fgL Aoxf]g'{ k/]df ;f] gf]S;fgLsf]
nflu laefu jf sfof{no g}lts ?kdf lhDd]jf/ x'g]dfq geO To:tf] uf]klgotf e+u
ug]{ AolQm laefu jf sfof{nosf] sd{rf/L ePdf lgh pk/ laefluo sfo{jflx ;d]t
x'g ;Qm5 . uf]klgotfsf] of] lgod laefusf] laz]if1 ;d"x tyf laefun] P]g
adf]lhd lgo'Qm u/]sf jf k/fdz{ lnOPsf AolQm jf lgsfosf] xsdf ;d]t nfu'
x'G5 . t/ b]xfosf] k|of]hg / b]xfosf] AolQm ;dIf laefu jf sfof{nodf /x]sf s'g}
AolQmsf ;"rgf k|of]u ul/Psf] jf k|bfg ul/Psf] xb;Dd uf]Kotf e+u u/]sf] dflgb}g .
-!_ o; P]g adf]lhdsf] st{Jokfng ug{] ;Gbe{df To:tf] ;"rgf s;}nfO{ pknAw
u/fpg cfjZos ePdf,
-@_ o; P]g adf]lhd s'g} cbfnt jf Gofoflws/0faf6 To:tf] hfgsf/L k]z ug{
cfb]z ePsf]df,
-#_ cy{ dGqLaf6 dfu ePdf jf lgh;dIf k]z ug'{kg]{ eO To:tf] hfgsf/L k]z
663

#!=^=

ePsf]df,
-$_ cGo s'g} ljQLo sfg"gsf] k|of]hgsf nflu k|s6 ug{ cfjZos ePsf]df,
-%_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] /fh:j jf tYof+s ;DaGwL sfo{sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
;]jfdf /x]sf] s'g} JolQmnfO{ cfjZos ePdf To:tf] JolQm ;dIf,
-^_ dxfn]vf k/LIfs jf dxfn]vf k/LIfsaf6 clVtof/ k|fKt s'g} JolQm ;dIf, jf
-&_ g]kfnn] u/]sf] s'g} cGt/f{li6o ;+emf}tfdf ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg ;DaGwdf s'g}
Joj:yf ul/Psf] eP ;f] xb;Ddsf] ;"rgf ;f] b]zsf] ;/sf/sf] clwsf/ k|fKt
clwsf/L ;dIf .
laefu jf sfof{non] lbPsf] hfgsf/L jf sfuhft k|fKt ug]{ pk/f]Qm pNn]lvt JolQm,
cbfnt, Gofoflws/0f, lgsfo jf clwsf/Ln] cfjZos k/]df afx]s To:tf sfuhft jf
hfgsf/L uf]Ko /fVg' kb{5 .
s/r'Qmfsf] k|df0fkq
P]g adf]lhd s/ bflvnf u/]sf] s'g} AolQmnfO{ ;DalGwt cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no jf
s/bftf ;]jf sfof{non] s/ r'Qmfsf] k|df0fkq k|bfg ug]{ ;DaGwdf lgodfjnLsf]
lgod @^ df b]xfosf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 .
-!_ s'g} JolQmn] s'g} lglZrt ldlt;Ddsf] P]g adf]lhd ltg{' kg{] ;Dk"0f{ s/ lt/L
;s]sf] k|df0fkq dfu ug{ P]gsf] bkmf (^ sf] pkbkmf -@_ df plNnlvt
sfuhft ;lxt ljefudf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd lgj]bg k|fKt ePdf lgj]bssf] s/ u0fgf ul0ftLo
lx;fjn] l7s eP gePsf] hfFr u/L / s/ ljj/0f adf]lhd ltg'{ kg]{ s/, z'Ns,
Jofh tyf clu|d s/ sL /sd / Jofh bflvnf ug{ jfFsL eP ;f] /sd
bflvnf u/fO{ s/ lt/]sf] k|df0fsf] cfwf/df ljefun] ;f] JolQmnfO{ s/ r'Qmfsf]
k|df0fkq lbg' kg]{5 .
P]g adf]lhd s/ ltg'{kg]{ st{Ao ePsf] s'g} AolQmn] s/ r'Qmfsf] k|df0fkq dfu u/]df
/ ;f] AolQmn] P]g adf]lhd a'emfpg'kg]{ cfo ljj/0f / ltg'{ kg]{ s/, z'Ns, Jofh tyf
clu|d s/ sL /sd bflvnf ul/;s]sf] ePdf ;f] JolQmnfO{ s/ r'Qmfsf] k|df0fkq
lbg' kb{5 . t/ s/r'Qmf k|df0fkq dfu ug]{ s'g} AolQmn] P]g adf]lhd a'emfpg'kg]{
laa/0f jf ltg'{kg]{ s'g} /sd af+ls aSof}tf /x]sf] b]lvPdf a'emfpg af+ls b]lvPsf]
laa/0f jf s/ /sd ga'emfpGh]n ;f] JolQmnfO{ s/ r'Qmfsf] k|df0fkq lbg' x'b}g .
s'g} AolQmnfO{ s/r'Qmf k|df0fkq lbg'cl3 s/r'Qmf k|df0fkq dfu u/]sf] cfoaif{
;Ddsf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f eO;s]sf] / ;f] s/ lgwf{/0f adf]lhd lghnfO{ yk s/
/sd a'emfpg cfb]z lbOPsf] eP / ;f] s/ lgwf{/0f pk/ s'g} lgsfodf k'g/fjnf]sg
jf k'g/fj]bgsf] lgj]bg gk/]sf] jf To:tf] lgj]bgdf lg0f{o eO;s]sf] eP ;f] s/
lgwf{/0f adf]lhd lghn] a'emfpg'kg]{ s/ /sd a'emfpg nufpg' kb{5 . t/ s'g}
AolQmn] s/r'Qmf k|df0fkq dfu u/]sf] cfo aif{;Ddsf] cfo ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df
664

s/r'Qmf k|df0fkq pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 .

#!=&=

s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yf btf{ Pj+ s/5'6sf] k|df0fkq

P]gn] ;fdflhs Gofo, /fHosf] ;fdflhs bfloTj / sNof0fsf/L /fHosf] k|rlnt
dfGotfsf] cfwf/df s]xL ;fdflhs / k/f]ksf/L ;+3;+:yf / s]xL laz]if k|sf/sf
;+:yf jf lgsfonfO{ s/5'6 ;+:yfsf] ?kdf dfGotf lbO{ tL ;+3;+:yf jf lgsfosf
;a} jf s'g} laz]if k|sf/sf] cfodf P]g adf]lhd nfUg] s/ 5'6 x'g] / To:tf ;+:yfnfO{
s/5'6sf] k|df0fkq k|bfg ul/g] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; ;DaGwL la:t[t AofVof o;}
lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b ( df ul/Psf] 5 .
#!=*= s/bftfsf clwsf/
P]g adf]lhd s/ ltg'{kg]{ st{Ao ePsf] AolQmnfO{ P]gsf] bkmf &$ n] b]xfo adf]lhdsf
clwsf/ k|fKt x'g] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5 .
-!_ s/bftfn] o; P]g adf]lhdsf st{Aox? kfngf ug'{ kg]{5 .
-@_ s/bftfnfO{ o; P]g adf]lhd s/ j'emfpg] ;Gbe{df b]xfo adf]lhdsf] clwsf/
x'g]5 M
-s_ ;Ddfgk"j{s Jojxf/sf] clwsf/,
-v_ s/ ;DaGwL s'/fx?sf] ;"rgf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/,
-u_ s/ ;DaGwL s'/fdf ;kmfO{sf] ;j"b k]z ug]{ df}sf k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/,
-3_ k|lt/Iffsf] nflu sfg"g Joj;foL jf n]vfk/LIfs d's// ug]{ clwsf/, /
-_ s/ ;DaGwL uf]kgLo s'/fx? o; P]gdf pNn]v eP afx]s cgltqmDo x'g]
clwsf/ .
:ki6Ls/0f M o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu s/bftf eGgfn] bkmf # df pNn]v eP
adf]lhd s/ nufO{ c;'n pk/ u/Lg] JolQm ;Demg' k5{ .
P]g adf]lhd s/ ltg'{kg]{ st{Ao ePsf] AolQm cyf{t s/of]Uo cfo ePsf] JolSt,
cfkm\gf] cfo ljb]zdf k7fpg] g]kfnl:yt ljb]zL :yfoL ;+:yfkg / clGtd ?kdf
s/s6[L x'g] /sd k|fKt ug]{ JolQmnfO{ laefu jf ;DalGwt sfof{noaf6 s/ ;DalGw
;"rgf k|fKt ug]{, s/ ;DaGwL s'/fdf ;kmfO{ jf ;j"b k|df0f k]z ug{ kfpg], s/;+u
;DalGwt sfd sfo{jfxL jf d'2fdf cfkm\gf] k|lt/Iffsf] nflu sfg"g Joj;foL jf
n]vfk/LIfs d's// ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ k|fKt 5g\ . To:t} P]gn] s/ k|zf;gn]
s/bftfnfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s Aoaxf/ ug]{ / tf]lsPsf] cj:yfdf afx]s laefu jf
sfof{nodf /x]sf jf s/bftfn] tL lgsfodf k]z u/]sf s/bftfsf s/ ;DalGw jf
cGo ;"rgf, laa/0f jf sfuhftx? uf]Ko / cgltqmDo /fVg] k|Tofe"lt lbPsf] 5 .

665

kl/R%]b 32

lalaw
(Miscellaneous)

#@=!

#@=@

cfos/ P]g, @)%* n] cfos/ ;DalGw ;Dk"0f{ Aoa:yf o;} P]gsf] dfWodaf6 dfq x'g]
dg;fo /fv]sf] 5 . cfos/ ;DalGw Aoa:yfsf] k|efasf/L sfof{Gjog ug{ P]gsf]
kl/R5]b @$ df cfos/ P]gnfO{ nfu' ubf{ jf s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ qmddf cfaZos kg]{
k|zf;lgs Aoa:yfkg, laz]if1sf] ;]jf lng], laefusf] clwsf/nfO{ Aoal:yt ug]{
nufotsf kIfx? o; kl/R5]bdf ;dfa]; ul/Psf] 5 . lgb{]lzsfsf] o; kl/R5]bsf]
p2]Zo P]g sfof{Gjogdf ;3fp k'ofpg] o:tf lalaw kIfnfO{ AofVof ug'{ /x]sf] 5 .
ljz]if1sf] ;]jf lng ;Sg]
laefun] P]gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] nflu laz]if1sf] ;]jf lng ;Sg] ;DaGwdf
P]gsf] bkmf !#@ df lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
!#@
g]kfn ;/sf/n] s/ k/LIf0f;DjGwL sfo{sf]nflu ;DjlGwt ljz]if1sf] ;]jf
lng ;Sg]5 / o:tf ljz]if1sf ;DjGwdf ;d]t bkmf *$ df plNnlvt ;/sf/L
uf]Kotf;DjGwL Joj:yf nfu" x'g]5 .
cfos/ P]gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] nflu cfjZos k/]df s/sf n]vf ;DalGw
lj1sf] ;]jf lng ;lsg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o; qmddf Aoa;flos laz]if1tf xfl;n
u/]sf la1x? h:t,} d'Nofg stf{ (Valuator), OlGhlgo/, jlsn, rf6{8{ Psfp06]06;\,
s'g} If]q laz]ifsf] 1ftf, h:tf la1x?sf] ;]jf cfaZos k/]sf] ca:yfdf g]kfn
;/sf/n] o:tf laz]if1x?sf] ;]jf lng;Sg] k|fjwfg /x]sf]5 . o:tf laz]if1x? lgo"Qm
u/L ;]jf lnPsf] ca:yfdf tL AolQmnfO{ ;d]t P]gsf] bkmf *$ df pNn]lvt ;/sf/L
uf]Kotf eg] nfu" x'g]5 .
*$-!_ ljefusf] s'g} klg clws[t tyf cGo sd{rf/Ln] o; P]g adf]lhd
cfgf] st{Jo kfngsf] l;nl;nfdf cfgf] sAhfdf jf hfgsf/Ldf cfpg]
;a} sfuhft tyf hfgsf/L uf]Ko /fVg' kg]{5 .
*$-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ljefusf] s'g}
clws[tn] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] sfuhft jf hfgsf/L b]xfosf JolQm
;dIf b]xfo adf]lhd k|s6 ug{ ;Sg]5 M
-s_ o; P]g adf]lhd ;f] clws[tsf] st{Jokfng ug{ cfjZos ePsf]
xb;Dd,
-v_ o; P]g adf]lhd k|zf;lgs k'g/fjnf]sg jf sf/jfxLsf ;DaGwdf
s'g} cbfnt jf Gofoflws/0faf6 cfb]z ePsf]df,
-u_ cy{ dGqL ;dIf,
-3_ cGo s'g} ljQLo sfg"gsf] k|of]hgsf nflu k|s6 ug{ cfjZos
666

ePsf]df,
-_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;]jfdf /x]sf] s'g} JolQmnfO{ /fh:j jf tYof+s
;DalGw sfo{sf nflu cfjZos ePdf To:tf] JolQm ;dIf,
-r_ kbLo st{Josf] kfngsf] l;nl;nfdf k]Zf ug{ cfjZos ePsf]df
dxfn]vf k/LIfs jf dxfn]vf k/LIfsaf6 clVtof/ k|fKt s'g} JolQm
;dIf, jf
-5_ g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6o ;+emf}tf u/]sf] s'g} b]zsf] ;/sf/sf] clwsf/
k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIf To:tf] ;+emf}tfdf tt\;DaGwdf Joj:yf ul/Psf]
xb;Dd .
*$-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd sfuhft / hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{ s'g} JolQm,
cbfnt, Gofoflws/0f, lgsfo jf clwsf/Ln] cfjZos k/]sf] Go"gtd
xb;Ddsf] cj:yfdf afx]s To:tf sfuhft jf hfgsf/L uf]Ko /fVg'
kg]{5 .
#@=# b08 tyf k'/:sf/ ;DalGw Aoa:yf
#@=#=! ljefuLo sf/jfxL ul/g]
laefusf] clws[tnfO{ ljefuLo sf/jfxL ul/g] ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !## df
lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
!##=
s'g} s/ lgwf{/0f nfk/jfxLaf6 u/]sf] 7x/L s/bftfsf] bfloTj j9\g jf
36\g uPdf To:tf] s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ jf bkmf !)! sf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhdsf]
Dofbleq ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f gug]{ ;DjlGwt clws[tnfO{ lghsf] ;]jf
zt{;DjGwL k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd ;hfo ug{ dxflgb]{zsn] ljefuLo sf/jfxL
rnfpg ;Sg]5 .
s'g} klg s/ clws[tn] s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ qmddf lghsf] nfk/afxLsf] sf/0faf6 s/
bfloTj 3l6 jf a9L x'g uPdf jf P]gsf] bkmf !)! sf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd lbO{Psf]
Dofb leq ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f gug]{ clws[tnfO{ lghsf] ;]jf zt{ ;DalGw k|rlnt
sfg"g cyf{t lghfdlt ;]jf P]g / lgodfjnL cg';f/ ;hfo ug{ dxflgb]{zsn]
laefuLo sfo{jfxL rnfpg ;Sb5 . ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0fsf ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf
!)! sf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd lbO{Psf] Dofb eGgfn] lgDgfg';f/ a'lemG5 .
!)!-#_ ljefun] pkbkmf -!_ jf -@_ adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ b]xfosf]
ldltn] rf/ jif{leq ul/;Sg' kg]{5 M
-s_ bkmf (( adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf]df cfo ljj/0f k]z ug'{ kg]{
ldlt,
-v_ bkmf !)) sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]df s/
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ bkmf !)@ adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0fsf] ;"rgf
lbPsf] ldlt,
-u_ pkbkmf -!_ jf -@_ adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]df pkbkmf -!_
667

adf]lhd ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] ;flassf] s/ lgwf{/0f;+u ;DalGwt v08

-s_ jf -v_ df plNnlvt ldlt .
#@=#=@ c;n lgotn] u/]sf] sfd sf/jfxL k|lt hjfkmb]xL gx'g]
c;n lgotn] u/]sf] sfd sf/jfxL k|lt hjfkmb]xL gx'g] ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !#^ df
lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
!#^=
o; P]gdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} clws[tn] cfgf]
st{Jo kfng ubf{ c;n lgot lnO{ u/]sf] sfd sf/jfxL k|lt lgh JolQmut
?kdf hjfkmb]xL x'g] 5}g .
s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ qmddf jf st{Ao kfngf ug]{ l;nl;nfdf c;n lgot lnO{ u/]s]f
sfo{ k|lt lgh AolQmut ?kdf hjfkmb]xL gx'g] Aoa:yf 5 . o; P]gsf] cGo bkmf,
h:t} bkmf !## / bkmf !@^ sf] pkbkmf -!_ df h];'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg olb
lghn] c;n lgot lnO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/]sf] 5 eg] lgh AolQmut ?kdf hjfkmb]xL
x'g' eg] kb}{g .
#@=#=# k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf
P]gsf] bkmf !#^s df k'/:sf/sf ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
!#^s= s'g} JolQmn] cfkmgf] s/sf] bfloTj ;Dk"0f{ jf s]lx c+z 5n]sf] jf 5Ng
sf]lz; u/]sf] k|df0f ;lxtsf] ;"rgf lbg] JolQmnfO{ To:tf] ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df
c;'n pk/ ul/Psf] s/sf] /sddWo] lghn] k]z u/]sf] k|df0faf6 lgwf{/0f eP
hltsf] s/ /sdsf] aL; k|ltzt a/fa/sf] /sd dxflgb]{zssf] lg0f{on] k'/:sf/
lbg ;lsg]5 .
s'g} s/bftfn] ltg]{ s/sf] bfloTj ;Dk"0f{ jf s]lx c+z 5n]sf] jf 5Ng sf]lz; u/]s]f
k|df0f ;lxtsf] ;"rgf lbg] AolQmnfO{ lghn] lbPsf] ;"rgf jf k|df0fsf cfwf/df s/
clws[tf/f s/ lgwf{/0f u/L c;'n pk/ ePsf] s/ /sdsf] @) k|ltzt /sd
dxflgb]{zsn] lg0f{o u/L k'/:sf/ :j?k k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] Aoa:yf 5 . o; Aoa:yf
k|i6 kfg]{ pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

668

#@=$

pbfx/0f #@=#=!M dfgf}+, Unbelievable sDkgLn] cf=a= @)^$.^% sf] cfo

laa/0f ;DalGwt cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no jf s/bftf ;]jf sfof{nodf
a'emfPsf /x]5g\ . pQm sDkgLn] k]; u/]sf] cfo laa/0fdf jLdf bfjL
(Insurance Claim) afkt k|fKt u/]sf] ?= !) nfv /sd cfodf ;dfa]; gu/L
cfo laa/0f k]; u/]sf] cfwf/ dfgL Complaint Tondon n] ;f] sDkgLn] cfo
n'sfPsf] lnlvt hfgsf/L laefusf dxflgb]{zsnfO{ u/fPsf /x]5g\ . ;f]xL
cg';f/ sfof{noaf6 5fglag ubf{ k|df0fsf cfwf/df @% k|ltztsf b/n] x'g
cfpg] s/ /sd ?= @ nfv %) xhf/ / P]gsf] bkmf !@) sf] v08 -v_ sf]
z'Ns ?= @ nfv %) xhf/ Pj+ bkmf !!( adf]lhdsf] Aofh ?= @) xhf/ u/L
hDdf ?= % nfv @) xhf/ s/ lgwf{/0f u/L c;'n pk/ u/]sf /x]5g\ . o;
ca:yfdf Complaint Tondon nfO{ c;'n ePsf] s/ /sd ?= % nfv @)
xhf/sf] @) k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] /sd ?= ! nfv $ xhf/ k'/:sf/ afkt
dxflgb]{zsn] lg0f{o u/L lbg ;Sg]5 .
clws[tsf] kl/ro kq
P]gsf] bkmf !#$ df clws[tsf] kl/ro kqsf ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf]
5M
!#$=
k|To]s clws[tn] tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] kl/rokq cfgf] ;fydf /fVg'kg]{5 /
st{Jo kfngfsf] l;nl;nfdf s;}n] To:tf] kl/rokq x]g{ dfu u/]df b]vfpg'
kg]{5 .
laefusf] s'g} clws[tn]] lgod @* n] tf]s] adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfsf] kl/rokq ;fydf
/fVg'kb{5 . st{Ao kfngfsf] l;nl;nfdf ;/f]sf/ jfnfn] kl/rokq dfu u/]df
b]vfpg'kg]{ bfloTj ;DalGwt s/ clws[t / cGo sd{rf/Lsf] x'g]5 . lgod @* df
kl/rokqsf ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M

@*= clws[tsf] kl/rokq M clws[tsf] kl/rokqsf] 9fFrf cg';"rL ! adf]lhd

x'g]5 .
#@=%

pQm 9fFrf lgb]{lzsfsf] o;} kl/R5]bsf] cGtdf ;+nUg ul/Psf] 5 .

cbfntnfO{ eP ;/xsf] clwsf/ x'g]
P]gsf] bkmf !#% df laefunfO{ cbfntnfO{ eP ;/xsf] clwsf/ x'g] ;DaGwdf
lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
!#%=
o; P]gsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ljefunfO{ ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ lemsfpg],
aofg u/fpg], k|df0f a'em\g] / lnvtx? k]z ug{ nufpg] ;DaGwdf k|rlnt
sfg"g adf]lhd cbfntnfO{ eP ;/xsf] clwsf/ x'g]5 .
s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ qmddf cfaZos sfuhftsf cnjf klg cGo k|df0f h'6fpg]
k|of]hgsf] nflu ljefu cyf{t s/ clws[tnfO{ ;DalGwt AolQmnfO{ lemsfpg, jofg
lng, jf k|df0f a'em\g jf lnlvt hjfkm k]z u/fpgsf] nflu k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd
cbfntnfO{ eP ;/xsf] clwsf/ /xg] Aoa:yf 5 .
669

#@=^

g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfb]z jf lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg]

P]gsf] bkmf !#& df g]kfn ;/sf/n] laefunfO{ cfb]z jf lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg]
clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
!#&=
s/ k|zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljefunfO{ cfjZos
cfb]z jf lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg]5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] s/ k|zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg] / ;f] sf] kfngf
ug'{kg]{ bfloTj laefusf] x'g]5 . o:tf] lgb]{zg laefusf] tfn'sjfnf dGqfno cy{
dGqfno dfkm{t k|fKt x'g' kb{5 .
#@=& lgod tyf lgb]{lzsf agfpg] clwsf/
#@=&=! lgod agfpg] clwsf/
P]gsf] bkmf !#* df lgod agfpg] clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf]
5M
!#*=
lgod agfpg] clwsf/ M o; P]gsf] p2]Zo sfof{Gjog ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n]
cfjZos lgodx? agfpg ;Sg]5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] P]g sfof{Gjog ug]{ qmddf cfaZos lgodfjnL agfO{ hf/L ug{ ;Sg]
Aoa:yf 5 . ;f]xL cg';f/ cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)%( jgfO{ hf/L u/]sf] 5 .
#@=&=! lgb]{lzsf agfO{ hf/L ug{ ;Sg]
P]gsf] bkmf !#( df lgb]{lzsf agfO{ hf/L ug{ ;Sg]] clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf
lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
!#(=
of] P]g jf o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgodsf] cwLgdf /xL ljefun]
cfaZos lgb]{lzsf agfO{ hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 .
P]gsf] bkmf !#* cg';f/ hf/L ul/Psf] cfos/ lgodfanL, @)%( sf] clwgdf /xL
P]g tyf lgodfanL;+u gaflemg] u/L laefun] lgb]{lzsf agfO{ hf/L ug{ ;Sb5 . olx
Aoa:yf cg';f/ laefun] ;do ;dodf lgb]{lzsf agfO{ hf/L u/L cfPsf] 5 . cfos/
lgb]{lzsf, @)^^ ;d]t oxL k|fjwfg cg'?k laefun] hf/L u/]sf] lgb]{lzsf xf] .
laefun] hf/L u/]sf] lgb]{lzsf P]g tyf lgodfjnL;+u aflemPsf] xb;Dd :jtM lg:s[o
x'g]5 . o; lgb]{lzsf;Fu aflemPsf s'g} ljefuLo ;fj{hlgs kl/kq ePdf ;f] ;d]t
lg:s[o x'g]5g\ . o; lgb]{lzsfdf ul/Psf JofVof / pbfx/0fx?n] ;fj{hlgs kl/kqsf]
h:tf] dfGotf kfpg]5g\ . o;sf] kfngf ug'{ ;a} s/bftfsf] st{Jo / sfof{Gjog ug]{
bfloTj ljefusf] x'g]5 .
#@=* cg';"rLdf yk36 tyf x]/km]/
P]gsf] bkmf !$) df cg';"rLdf yk36 tyf x]/km]/ ug]{ ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf]
Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 M
!$)=
g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L cg';"rL! jfx]ssf
670

cg';"rLdf cfjZos yk36 tyf x]/km]/ ug{ ;Sg]5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L P]gsf] cg';"rL !
-s/sf b/x?_ afx]s cGo cg';"lrx?df cfjZos yk36 jf x]/km]/ ug{ ;Sb5g\ . t/
/fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt gu/L cGo cg';"lrx?df ;d]t x]/km]/ jf yk36 eg] ug{
;lsb}g .
#@=( k|x/Ln] ;xof]u ug'{ kg]{
P]gsf] bkmf !$! df k|x/Ln] ;xof]u ug'{ kg]{ ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5
M
!$!=
o; P]g jf o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgodsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;DjGwdf
ljefun] dfu]sf] ;xof]u ug'{ k|x/Lsf] st{Jo x'g]5 .
cfos/ P]g, @)%*, cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ l;nl;nfdf
ljefun] k|x/L ;dIf ;xof]u dfu]df ;xof]u ug{ :yfgLo k|;f;g / k|x/Lsf] st{Ao
x'g]5 .
#@=!) s/;DalGw Joj:yf o;} P]g adf]lhd x'g]
cfos/ P]g @)%* nfu' x'g' k"j{ cfos/ ;DalGw 5'6 tyf ;'lawf laleGg P]gdf /xL
cfPsf] lyof] . of] P]g nfu' eP kZrft cfos/ ;DalGw ;Dk"0f{ Aoa:yf of] P]gn] g}
tf]Sg] u/L bkmf !$@ n] lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
!$@=
k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;fna;fnL nfu" x'g]
cfly{s P]gn] o; P]gdf ;+zf]wg u/L s/ nufpg], lgwf{/0f ug]{, a9fpg],
36fpg], 5"6 lbg] jf ldGxf lbg] ;DalGw Joj:yf u/]sf]df afx]s cGo s'g} klg
P]gn] o; P]g adf]lhdsf s/sf Joj:yfx?df s'g} klg ;+zf]wg, kl/jt{g jf s/
;DalGw cGo Joj:yfx? ug{ ;Sg] 5}g .
k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtf klg ;fna;fnL nfu' x'g] cfly{s P]gn]
cfos/ P]gdf ;+;f]wg u/L s/ nufpg], lgwf{/0f ug]{, a9fpg], 36fpg], 5'6 lbg] jf
ldgfxf lbg] ;DalGw Aoa:yf u/]sf]df afx]s cGo s'g} klg P]gn] ;f] cfos/ P]g
adf]lhdsf s/sf Aoa:yfx?df s'g}klg ;+zf]wg, kl/at{g jf s/ ;DalGw cGo
Aoa:yfx? ug{ ;Sb}g . o; k|sf/ cfos/ P]g @)%* df ;+zf]wg lgDg b'O{ tl/sfn]
dfq x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
!= cfly{s P]gsf] dfWodaf6 cfos/ P]g, @)%* df ;+zf]wg ug]{ jf
@= cfos/ P]g @)%* d} ;+zf]wg ug{ ag]sf] P]gf/f ;+zf]wg ug]{ .
cfly{s P]gf/f ;fdfGotofM tfTsflng k|efj kg]{ jf t''?Gt nfu' ug'{kg]{ jf nfu' ug{
;lsg] k|s[ltsf ;+zf]wgx? ul/G5 . h:t}M s/sf b/x?df kl/at{g, s/5'6 lbg] jf yk
k|:tfj ug]{, vr{ sL dfGg], gdfGg], cfodf ;dfa]z x'g] gx'g] h:tf laifox? .
cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf Joa:yfx?nfO{ cGo s'g}klg P]gn] ;+zf]wg, kl/jt{g jf cGo
Joj:yfx? ug{ g;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;f] ugf{n] cfos/ ;DalGw
Joj:yfx?sf] l:y/tf (Stability) tyf ljZj;gLotf (Predictability) a9fpg vf]lhPsf]
671

#@=!!

5 . o;sf cltl/Qm s/bftf, s/lj1 (Tax Professional), s/ clws[t nufot ;a}

kIfnfO{ Pp6} ;+lxtf?kL P]gsf] dfWodn] g]kfnsf] cfos/ Joj:yfnfO{ ljlzli6s/0f
ug]{ cj;/ klg ldn]sf] 5 .
vf/]hL, ;+zf]wg / jrfp
cfos/ P]g, @)%* nfu' x'g' k"j{ cfos/ ;DalGw 5'6 tyf ;'lawf laleGg P]gdf /xL
cfPsf] lyof] . of] P]g nfu' eP kZrft cfos/ ;DalGw ;Dk"0f{ Aoa:yf of] P]gn] g}
tf]Sg] u/L cfos/ ;DalGw Aoa:yfx? ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . cGo P]gsf bkmfx?nfO{ x6fpg
bkmf !$# n] lgDgfg';f/sf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 M
!$#-!_ cfos/ P]g, @)#! / 3/ hUuf axfn s/ P]g, @)@# vf/]h ul/Psf 5g .
!$#-@_ b]xfosf P]gx?df b]xfo adf]lhd ;+zf]wg ul/Psf 5g M
-s_ /fi6 C0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !% vf/]h ul/Psf]5 .
-v_ sd{rf/L ;+rosf]if P]g, @)!( df ;+zf]wg M sd{rf/L ;+ro sf]if P]g,
@)!( sf] bkmf !* sf] v08 -v_ sf] cGTodf /x]sf s'g} lsl;dsf] s/
nfUg] 5}g eGg] zAbx?sf] ;f cfos/ afx]s s'g} lsl;dsf] s/ nfUg]
5}g eGg] zAbx? /flvPsf 5g\ .
-u_ g]kfn k]6f]lnod P]g, @)$) df ;+zf]wg M g]kfn k]6f]lnod P]g, @)$) sf]
bkmf !# sf] v08 -u_ lemlsPsf]5 .
-3_ lgj[lQ sf]if P]g, @)$@ sf] bkmf @( df ;+zf]wg M lgj[lQ sf]if P]g @)$@
sf] bkmf @( df /x]sf o:t} cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] s/ nfUg] 5}g eGg]
zAbx?sf] ;f cfos/ afx]s cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] s/ nfUg] 5}g eGg]
zAbx? /flvPsf 5g\ .
-_ gful/s nufgL sf]if P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf %! df ;+zf]wg M gful/s
nufgL sf]if P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf %! vf/]h ul/Psf] 5 .
-r_ g]kfn /fhsLo lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|1f k|lti7fg P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf #)
df ;+zf]wg M g]kfn /fhsLo lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|1f k|lti7fg P]g, @)$*
sf] bkmf #) vf/]h ul/Psf]5 .
-5_ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !% df ;+zf]wg M
-!_ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !% sf] v08 -s_, -u_, -3_,
-_, -`_ -7_, -t_, -y_, -b_ / -w_ llsPsf5g\ .
-@_ v08 -r_ df /x]sf cfos/df ;~rfng ldltn] bz jif{;Dd qmdzM
tL;, kRrL; / aL; k|ltzt tyf eGg] zAbx? llsPsf5g .
-h_ ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g, @)$( df ;+zf]wg M ljb]zL
nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf % sf] pkbkmf -!s_
lemlsPsf]5 .
-em_ jL=kL= sf]O/fnf :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fg P]g, @)$( df ;+zf]wg M jL=kL
sf]O/fnf :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fg P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @! sf] bf];|f]
672

#@=!!

x/kmdf /x]sf] cfos/ eGg] zAb lemlsPsf]5 .

-`_ lqe'jg ljZjljBfno P]g, @)$( df ;+zf]wg M lqe'jg ljZjljBfno P]g,
@)$( sf] bkmf ## sf] pkbkmf -@_ lemlsPsf]5 .
-6_ ljB't P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !@ df ;+zf]wg M
-!_ ljB't P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !@ sf] bkmf zLif{sdf /x]sf] cfos/
eGg] zAb lemlsPsf]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_, -@_, -#_, -$_, -%_ / -^_ lemlsPsf5g\ .
-7_ kf]v/f ljZj ljBfno P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf #^ df ;+zf]wg M kf]v/f ljZj
ljBfno P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf #^ sf] pkbkmf -@_ lemlsPsf] 5 .
-8_ jL= kL= sf]O/fnf d]df]l/on SofG;/ c:ktfn P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf !* df
;+zf]wgM jL=kL= sf]O/fnf d]df]l/on SofG;/ c:ktfn P]g @)%# sf] bkmf
!* sf] pkbkmf -!_ df /x]sf] cfos/ eGg] zAb lemlsPsf] 5 .
-9_ gu/ ljsf; sf]if P]g, @)%# df ;+zf]wg M gu/ ljsf; sf]if P]g, @)%#
sf] bkmf @$ vf/]h ul/Psf] 5 .
-0f_ b"/ ;+rf/ P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf #$ sf] pkbkmf -!_ vf/]h ul/Psf]5 .
!$#-#_ pkbkmf -!_ jf -@_ adf]lhd vf/]h jf ;+zf]wg ePsf P]g jf P]gsf
bkmfx? cGtu{t ul/Psf ;j} sfd sf/jfxL o;} P]g cGtu{t ul/Psf
dflgg]5g\ .
!$#-$_ of] P]g nfu" x'g'eGbf cl3sf cfo jif{sf] cfo s/ lgwf{/0f / c;"npk/
ug]{ ;DalGw Joj:yfx?sf ;DaGwdf cfo s/ P]g, @)#! sf Aoj:yfx? nfu'
x'g]5g\ .
;\qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yf
cfos/ P]g, @)#! vf/]h eO{ cfos/ P]g, @)%* nfu' x'+bfsf jvt cfO{kg]{ jf
cfO{k/]sf ljljw ;qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfx?sf] lgDgfg';f/ Joj:yf ePsf] 5 .
-!_ cfos/ P]g, @)%* nfu" ePsf] cfoaif{ -cfly{s aif{_ cyf{t\ @)%* >fj0f b]vL
@)%( cfiff9 d;fGt ;Ddsf] aif{b]lv cuf8Lsf cfoaif{x?sf xsdf cfos/
P]g @)#! tyf cGo k|rlnt sfg"gx? g} nfu' x'G5g / ;f]xL cg';f/sf s/
lgwf{/0f Pj+ c;"n pk/ -h:t} Aofh jf hl/jfgf_ ;DalGw Aoa:yfx? nfu'
x'G5g\ . t/ ljj/0f l9nf a'emfP afkt jf s/ l9nf lt/] jfktsf] z'Ns jf
Aofh u0fgf ubf{ k'/fgf] cfoaif{sf] ePtfklg cfos/ P]g, @)%* nfu" ePsf]
ldlt @)%* r}q !( ut] kl5 Aofh jf z'Nssf] u0fgf cfos/ P]g @)%*
adf]lhd ug'{kb{5 .
-@_ ;fljssf] cfos/ P]g, @)#! Nffu' /x]sf jvt sfd ul//x]sf] ;DjlGwt
ljefusf kbflwsf/Lx? Jff s/ clws[tx? cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] sfof{Gjog
ug]{ ;Gbe{df klg o;} P]g adf]lhdsf kbflwsf/Lx? Jff s/ clws[tx?
dflgG5g\ .
673

-#_ g]kfn /fHosf] tkm{jf6 g]kfn ;/sf/n] u/]sf 4}w s/ pGd'lQm ;DjlGw
cGt/f{li6o ;Demf}tfx? cfos/ P]g, @)%* nfu' x'Fbfsf jvt k|efjsf/L /x]sf]
eP ;f] P]g nfu' e};s] kZrft klg nfu' eO{/xG5g\ .
-$_ cfos/ P]g, @)#! tyf cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)#( nfu" /x]sf jvt
sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf ;j} cfos/ ;DalGw kmf/dx?, cfo ljj/0fsf 9fFrfx? Pj+
ljefun] tf]s]sf cGo sfuhftx? cfos/ P]g, @)%* jf cfos/ lgodfjnL,
@)%( nfu" ePkZrft klg vf/]h jf ;+zf]wg geP;Dd jf csf]{ Joj:yf
geP;Dd nfu" eO{/xG5 / sfof{Gjogdf /lx/xG5g\ tyf ;f] ljj/0f 9fFrfx? Jff
kmf/dx?Dff ;fljs P]g lgodsf bkmfx? Aff/] pNn]v ul/Psf] cj:yf cg';f/
cfos/ P]g, @)%* tyf cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] ;DjlGwt bkmfx?df
pNn]v eP ;/x dflgG5 .
-%_ cfos/ P]g, @)%* df laut cfoaif{sf] ;Gbe{df pNn]v ePdf 7fFpdf
cfjZostf cg';f/ cfos/ P]g, @)#! jdf]lhd cfoaif{nfO{ klg Ol\ut u/]sf]
dflgG5 . of] P]g -cfos/ P]g_ jf/] jf of] P]gsf] s'g} bkmf jf/] ePsf] pNn]vn]
cfjZostf cg';f/ cfos/ P]g, @)#! Jff ;f] P]gsf] ;DjlGwt bkmfnfO{ klg
O+lut u/]sf] dflgG5 .
-^_ cfos/ P]g, @)%* n] k"lhut nfe ;DaGwdf 5'6\6} kl/R5]bsf] Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 . cfos/ P]g, @)#! n] lgsfo Pj+ Joj;fosf] cfo ePsf] JolQmx?n]
Joj;fosf] :jfldTjdf ePsf] jf k|of]u ePs]f ;DklQx?sf] lg;u{df ePsf]
nfedf s/ nfUg] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . t/ cfos/ P]g, @)%* df k|fs[lts
JolQmsf] k"lhut nfe / u}/ Joj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQsf] ?kdf /x]sf]
;DklQdf s/ nfUg] Joj:yf ;dfj]z ePsf] 5 .
-&_ cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] s/ ;ng, ldGxf / lkmtf{ ;DjGwL Joj:yfx? z'Ns
tyf Aofh ;DjGwL Joj:yfx? / s;'/ tyf ;hfo ;DjlGw Joj:yfx? of] P]g
nfu' ePsf] ldlt jf ;f] ldlt kZrft\ ltg'{kg]{ s/sf ;DaGwdf / u/]sf s;'/sf
;DaGwdf dfq nfu" x'G5 .
-*_ k"g/fjnf]sgLo lg0f{ox?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ljefun] ug]{ ;DjGwL cfos/ P]g,
@)%* sf] Joj:yfdf ;f] P]g nfu" ePsf] ldlt jf o;kl5 ul/Psf]
k'g/fjnf]sgLo lg0f{ox?sf xsdf dfq nfu' x'G5g\ .
-(_ cfos/ P]g, @)%* nfu" x'gcufj} tTsfn k|rlnt sfg"gn] s/5'6 x'g] jf cGo
s'g} ;'ljwf kfpg] u/L Joj:yf u/]s]f /x]5 eg] cjlw lsl6Psf] ;'ljwfsf] xsdf
o:tf] cjlw sfod /x'Gh]n of] ;'ljwf k|Tofe"lt ul/Psf]
5 . cjlw
glsl6Psf] ;'ljwfsf] xsdf o:tf] 5'6 kfpg] cfodf ldlt @)%* r}q !* ut]
;Ddsf] bfdf;fxLn] o:tf] 5'6 ;'ljwf tyf ;x'lnot b/sf] ;'ljwf pknAw x'g]5
. clGtd ?kdf s/sL x'g] e'QmfgLx?sf] xsdf ldlt @)%* r}q !* ut]
;Ddsf] e'QmfgLdf tTsfn k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd s/sL ePsf] jf 5'6
kfPsf] eP ;f]xL cg';f/ x'g]5 . aflif{s cfodf ldnfg x'g] s'g} e'QmfgL -jf
e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ ca:yfsf] ;[hgf_ ldlt @)%* r}q !* ut] ;Dd ul/Psf] eP
674

tTsfn k|rlnt sfg"gn] o:tf] e'QmfgLdf s/ gnfUg] jf s'g} ;x'lnot kfpg]

eP -h:t}, @)%*)%( sf] bz} vr{_ ;f] ;'ljwf of] P]g nfu' eP kZrft klg
sfod /xg]5 .
-!)_ cfos/ P]g, @)#! nfu' ePsf] dflgg] cfo aif{x?sf] xsdf of] P]g jdf]lhd
vr{ sL bfjL ug{ kfO{g] jf s/ ldnfg ug{ gkfO{g] s'g} /sd -h:t}, la1fkg
jf cltly ;Tsf/, vr{ dWo] ;f] P]gn] tf]s]sf] l;df eGbf a9L ePsf] vr{ jf
cf}iflw pkrf/ jfktsf] s/ ldnfg_ cfos/ P]g, @)%* nfu" ePkZrft klg
;f] cfo aif{x?sf] xsdf bfjL ug{ kfO{b}g . o;}u/L cfos/ P]g, @)%*
adf]lhd cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ /sdx? klg cfos/ P]g, @)#! adf]lhd
cfodf ;dfj]z gug'{kg]{ eP ;f] P]g nfu' /xg] aif{x?sf] xsdf ;dfj]z
ul//xg' k|b}g . t/ cfoaif{ @)%*)%( sf] xsdf cfos/ P]g, @)%* nfu'
x'G5 . tyfkL cfoaif{ @)%*)%( sf] xsdf klg cfotkm{ ;dfa]z ug'{kg]{
s]xL /sdx?sf] xsdf -h:t}, k|fs[lts JolQmsf] k"FhLut nfe_ of] P]g nfu"
ePsf] ldlt cyf{t @)%* r}q !( ut] / ;f] kl5sf] cjlwdf cfo ePsf
/sdx? dfq ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .

675

lgodfjnLsf] cg';"rL ! df kl/rokqsf] 9fFrf lgDgfg';f/sf] tf]lsPsf] M

cg';"rL!
clws[tsf] kl/rokq
-lgod @* ;+u ;DalGwt_

g]kfn ;/sf/
cy{ dGqfno
cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu
clwst[ sf] kl/rokq

gfd M
clws[tsf]
kmf]6f]

bhf{ M
kl/rokq g+ M

=== === === === === === === === ===

k|dfl0ft ug]{sf] x:tfIf/
kb M
Governemnt Of Nepal
Ministry of Finance
INLAND REVENUE DEPARTMENT
Officer's Identity Card

Name :
Designation :

Officer's

Photo

Identity Card No :
Certified by : . .
Designation :

676

cg';"lrx?
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s/ bflvnf ug'{kg]{ /fh:j lzif{sx?

zLif{s
JofVof
s/
kmd{ Pj+ JolQmsf] cfodf nfUg] s/ o;df
kb{5 . o;df /sd hDdf ug{ ldNb}g .
cfo, d'gfkmf tYff k"FhLut cfo, d'gfkmf tYff k"FhLut nfe s/
jfkts]f /sd o;df kb{5 . o;df /sd
nfedf s/
hDdf ug{ ldNb}g .
Psnf}6L kmd{ tyf
Psnf}6L kmd{ Pj+ JolQmut cfodf nfUg]
JolQmut cfodf nfUg] s/
s/ o;df kb{5 . o;df /sd hDdf ug{
ldNb}g .
Psnf}6L kmd{ tyf JolQmut Psnf}6L kmd{ tyf JolQmut cfodf nfUg]
cfodf nfUg] s/
s/ o;df kb{5 .
kfl/>lds s/
s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmn] /f]huf/Laf6 k|fKt
u/]sf] tnj, Hofnf, dhb'/L, kfl/>lds,
eQf Pj+ ;'ljwf, cjsfz e'QmfgL,
/f]huf/Lsf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf cGo e'QmfgL,
cWoog, cWofkg cflb ljleGg ;|f]taf6 x'g]
cfodf nfUg] s/ o;df kb{5 .
k"FhLut nfe s/ JolQmut 3/, hUuf, z]o/ cflb ;DklQsf] laqmL, kf,
xs x:tfGt/0f nufot ljleGGf lsl;dsf
lgM;u{af6 ePsf] k"FhLut nfedf JolQm
tyf Psnf}6L kmd{nfO{ nfUg] s/ o;df
kb{5 .
lgsfosf] cfodf nfUg] s/
k|lti7fg tyf ;+:yfgsf] cfodf nfUg] s/
o;df kb{5 . o;df /sd hDdf ug{
ldNb}g .
lgsfosf] d''gfkmfdf nfUg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf clwsf+z -%)
k|ltzt eGbf a9L_ :jfldTj ePsf ;/sf/L
s/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfg
lgsfo tyf To:tf lgsfosf] Joj:yfksLo
lgoGq0f ePsf] lgsfosf] cfodf nfUg] s/
o;df kb{5 .
lgsfosf] d'gfkmfdf nfUg] s'g} ljz]if P]g jf sDkgL P]g cGtu{t btf{
s/ klAns lnld6]8 sDkgL ePsf klJns lnld6]8 sDkgL / g]kfn
;/sf/sf] %) k|ltzt eGbf sd :jfldTj
ePsf sDkgLsf] cfodf nfUg] s/ o;df
kb{5 .
lgsfosf] d''gfkmfdf nfUg] s/ sDkgL P]g cGtu{t btf{ ePsf k|fOe]6
k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 sDkgL
lnld6]8 sDkgL tyf cfos/ P]g, @)%*
adf]lhd tf]lsPsf] sDkgLsf] cfodf nfUg]

s/ o;df kb{5 .
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lgsfosf] d''gfkmfdf nfUg] s/ Dffly plNnlvt pkzLif{s !!!@! b]lv

cGo ;+:yf
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;fem]bf/L kmd{, ;xsf/L ;+:yf, 6i6, o'lg6
6i6, ;+3;+:yf, ljb]zL sDkgL Pj+ cGo
lgsfosf] cfodf nfUg] s/ o;df kb{5 .
k"FhLut nfes/ lgsfo
3/, hUuf, z]o/ cflb ;DklQsf] laqmL, kf,
xs x:tfGt/0f nufot ljleGGf lsl;dsf
lgM;u{af6 ePsf] k"FhLut nfedf
lgsfonfO{ nfUg] s/ o;df kb{5 .
nufgLsf] cfo tyf cGo dfly plNnlvt zLif{s !!!!! b]lv !!!@$
cfodf nfUg] s/
leq k/]sf afx]s cGo cfodf nfUg] s/
o;df kb{5 . o;df /sd hDdf ug{
ldNb}g .
;DklQ axfn tyf k6\6f 3/, hUuf, ;jf/L ;fwg tyf cGo crn
jfktsf] cfodf nfUg] s/
;DklQ axfn jf k6\6f jf bLw{sfnLg
s/f/df lbP jfktsf] cfodf nfUg] s/
o;df kb{5 .
Aofhdf nfUg] s/
a}+s, ljQ sDkgL jf cGo lgsfo jf
JolQmaf6 e'QmfgL ul/g] jf k|fKt x'g]
Aofhdf nfUg] s/ o;df kb{5 .
nfef+zdf nfUg] s/
s'g} klg sDkgL jf lgsfodf nufgL u/]
jfkt k|fKt x'g] nfef+zdf nfUg] s/ o;df
kb{5 .
nufgL ;DaGwL cGo cfodf nufgL ;DaGwL cGo cfodf nfUg] s/
nfUg] s/
o;df kb{5 .
cfsl:ds nfe s/
h'jf, lr7\7f, afhL, pkxf/, bfg, ck'tfnL,
;'/fsL, k'/:sf/ nufotsf cfsl:ds
nfesf ;|f]taf6 k|fKt cfodf nfUg] s/
o;df kb{5 .
cGo cfodf nfUg] s/
dfly plNnlvt zLif{s g+= x?df gk/]sf
cGo cfodf nfUg] s/ o;df kb{5 .
kfl/>ldsdf
cfwfl/t o;df /sd hDdf ug{ ldNb}g .
;fdflhs ;'/Iff s/
kfl/>ldsdf
cfwfl/t o;df /sd hDdf ug{ ldNb}g .
;fdflhs ;'/Iff s/

678

!!@!!

kfl/>ldsdf
cfwfl/t s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmn] /f]huf/Laf6 k|fKt
u/]sf] tnj, Hofnf, dhb'/L, kfl/>lds,
;fdflhs ;'/Iff s/
eQf Pj+ ;'ljwf, cjsfz e'QmfgL,
/f]huf/Lsf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf cGo e'QmfgL,
cWoog, cWofkg cflb ljleGg ;|f]taf6 x'g]
;du| cfodf Psd'i6 ?kdf tf]lsP
adf]lhd lnO{g] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff s/ o;df
kb{5 .

679

cg';"rL @

cfo ljj/0f;+u ;DalGwt kmf/dx?

680

681

682

683

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689

690

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715

cg';"rL #
b'u{d If]q ;DaGwL Aoa:yfM
b'u{d If]qsf] auL{s/0f b]xfP jdf]lhd /x]sf] 5 .
!= s ju{df /xg] If]qx?
-!_ dgf lhNnf -@_ sflnsf]6 lhNnf -#_ d"u" lhNnf -$_ 8f]Nkf lhNnf -%_ x'Dnf
lhNnf -^_ afh"/f lhNnf
@= v ju{df /xg] If]qx?
-s_ tfKn]h' lhNnfsf] w'G;f cf]nfr'uf]nf / o;df kg]{ uf=lj=;= x?
-v_ ;+v'jf;ef lhNnfsf] lgDg ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt
!= r]k'jf @= x]bf8\gf #= lsdfyf+sf $= :ofsl;nf %= jfn" ^= l;dfhf]/
-u_ ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf] lgDg ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx?
!= vf]Dh' @= gfDr] #= rf}/L vs{
-3_ bf]nvf lhNnfsf] uf]u/ ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt
-_ /;'jf lhNnfsf] l6d"/ ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt
-r_ uf]/vf lhNnfsf] lgDg ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt
!= l;lb{jf; @= k|f]s #= nf]xf $= s]/f]hf %= 5]sfDkf/ ^= dfGa'
-5_ afUn' lhNnfsf] lgDg ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx?
!= af]f @= lg;L #= x'sfd $= /Ddf %= d]sf]6 ^= 6sjf5L
-h_ d':tf lhNnf
-em_ h'Dnf lhNnf
-`_ ahf lhNnf
-6_ 8f]6L lhNnfsf] vKt8 hl8a'6L pBfgsf] ()) lkm6eGbf prfO{sf] efu
-7_ bfr'{nf lhNnf
#= u ju{df /xg] If]qx? M
-s_ ?s'd lhNnf
-v_ hfh/sf]6 lhNnf
-u_ b}n]v lhNnf
-3_ c5fd lhNnf
$= 3 au{df /xg] If]qx? M
-s_ tfKn]h' lhNnf v ju{df k/]sf ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx?b]lv afx]s cGo ufpF
ljsf; ;ldlt
-v_ ef]hk'/ lhNnf
-u_ t]x|y'd lhNnf
-3_ ;+v'jf ;efsf] lhNnf v ju{df k/]sf ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx?b]lv afx]s cGo
ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx?
-_ vf]6f lhNnf
-r_ cf]vn9'f lhNnf
716

%=

-5_ ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnf v ju{df k/]sf ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx?b]lv afx]s cGo ufpF
ljsf; ;ldltx?
-h_ wflb lhNnfsf] lgDg ufp ljsf; ;ldltx?
!= a'8fy'd @= nfkf #= k'mnvs{ $= l/ufp %= ;Nofgsf]6 ^= ;Nofg6f/
-em_ l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfsf] lgDg ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx?
!= a/fDrf] @= j?jf #= df}tf8f $= jL/tf uf]nb] %= u'g;f ^= u'jf &= lspn *=
lnl:6sf]6 ( dxf+sfn !)= kfu tfu !!= k'mNkL s6L !@= wfukfnsf]6 !#=
l6;'g7un l6g; Wofun
-`_ ndh' lhNnfsf] lgDg ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx?
!= afx'g8fF8f dx]Gb|f]bo @= >LsfnL sftfwL #= 7"nLj];L k6ff] $= 7fsg
kmflnsfb]jL
-6_ DofUbL lhNnf
-7_ /f]Nkf lhNnf
-8_ ;Nofg lhNnf
-9_ Ko"7fg lhNnf
-0f_ 8f]6L lhNnfsf] v ju{df k/]sf If]qb]lv afx]s cGo afFsL If]qx?
-t_ 88]nw'/f lhNnf
-y_ a}t8L lhNnf
ju{df /xg] If]qx?
-s_ kfFry/ lhNnf
-v_ wgs'6f lhNnf
-u_ /fd]5fk lhNnf
-3_ bf]nvf lhNnf
-_ /;'jf lhNnfsf] v ju{df k/]sf ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx?b]lv afx]s cGo ufpF
ljsf; ;ldltx?
-r_ l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfsf] 3 ju{df k/]sf ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx?b]lv afx]s cGo
ufp ljsf; ;ldltx?
-5_ wflb lhNnfsf] 3 ju{df k/]sf ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx?b]lv afx]s cGo ufpF
ljsf; ;ldltx?
-h_ ndh' lhNnfsf] 3 ju{df k/]sf ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx?b]lv afx]s cGo ufpF
ljsf; ;ldltx?
-em_ uf]/vf lhNnfsf] v ju{df k/]sf ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx?b]lv afx]s cGo ufpF
ljsf; ;ldltx?
-`_ u'NdL lhNnf
-6_ c3{vfFrL lhNnf
-7_ kj{t lhNnf
-8_ afUn' lhNnfsf] v ju{df k/]sf ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx?b]lv afx]s cGo ufpF
ljsf; ;ldltx?
717

cg';"lr #-s_
cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] cg';"rL#
If]qx?sf] jlu{s/0f

clt cljsl;t If]q

!= bfr'{nf

^= d'u'

!!= ;f]n'v'Dj'

!^= b}n]v

@!= t]xy'd

@= j'emf

&= sflnsf]6

!@= ;+v'jf;ef

!&= hfh/sf]6

@@= /fd]5fk

#= jfh'/f

*= 8f]Nkf

!#= vf]6f

!*= ?s'd

$= x'Dnf

(= d':tf

!$= ef]hk'/

!(= cf]vn9'f

%= h'Dnf

!)= dgf

!%= c5fd

@)= DofUbL

!= tfKn]h'

%= u'NdL

(= 8f]6L

@= /f]Nkf

^= kj{t

!)= ;Nofg

#= j}t8L

&= 88]nw'/f

!!= kfFry/

$= /;'jf

*= Ko"7fg

!@= jfUn'

cljsl;t If]q
!#= l;Gw'kfNrf]s

cNkljsl;t If]q
!= s}nfnL

%= :of\hf

(= uf]/vf

!#= O{nfd

!&= g'jfsf]6

@= ;'v]{t

^= wflb

!)= l;Gw'nL

!$= s~rgk'/

!*=
sfe|]knfGrf]s

#= c3f{vfFrL

&= ndh'

!!= pbok'/

!%= alb{of

!(= bf]nvf

$= kfNkf

*= tgx'F

!@= wgs'6f

!^= bf

718

cg';"lr #-v_
cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf #
pBf]usf] jlu{s/0f
pBf]usf] jlu{s/0f M
o; P]gsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu pBf]ux?nfO{ b]xfojdf]lhd jlu{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 M-s_ pTkfbgd"ns pBf]u M sf]/f dfn jf cw{ k|zf]lwt dfn jf v]/ uO/x]sf] dfn;fdfgsf]
jf cGo dfn;fdfg k|of]u jf k|zf]wg u/L dfn;fdfg pTkfbg ug]{ .
-v_ phf{d"ns pBf]u M hn>f]t, jfo', zf}o{zlQm, sf]O{nf, k|fs[lts t]n, UofF;, jfof] UofF;
tyf cGo >f]tx?af6 phf{ k}bf ug]{ .
-u_ s[lif tyf aghGo pBf]u M d"ntM s[lif jf jg k]bfjf/df cfwfl/t PsLs[t lsl;dsf]
/]zd v]tL tyf /]zd pTkfbg kmnkm"n v]tL tyf kmnkm"n k|zf]wg, kz'kfng, 8]/L
pBf]u, s'v'/f kfng, dT:o kfng, lrof v]tL tyf k|zf]wg, skmL v]tL tyf k|zf]wg,
hl8j'6L v]tL tyf k|zf]wg, t/sf/Lsf aLp jLhg pTkfbg, Rofp t/sf/L v]tL jf
t/sf/L k|zf]wg, gofF k|ljlwf/f lj?jf pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]u -l6:o"sNr/_, lu|g xfp;,
df}/L kfng, dx pTkfbg, /a/ v]tL km"n v]tL tyf pTkfbg, sj'lnotL jg,
Pu|f]km/]i6L cflb Joj;flos jg ;DjGwL Joj;fox? .
-3_ vlgh pBf]u M vlgh pTvgg jf k|zf]wg ug]{ .
-_ ko{6g pBf]u M ko{6g cfjf;, df]6]n, xf]6]n, /]i6'/fF, l/h6{, 6fe/ Ph]G;L, l:sO,
UnfOl8, jf6/ ofkm\6L, s]jnsf/, sDKn]S;, kf]gL 6]ls, kbofqf -6]ls_, x6Pc/
Jofn'lg, Kof/f ;]ln, uNkm sf];{, kf]nf], cZjf/f]x0f -x;{ /fOl8_ cflb Joj;fox? .
-r_ ;]jf pBf]u M sfo{zfnf -js{zk_, 5fkfvfgf, k/fdz{ ;]jf, lhlg tyf j]ln Joj;fo,
rnlrq Joj;fo, lgdf{0f Joj;fo, ;fj{hlgs kl/jxg Joj;fo, kmf]6f]u|fkmL, c:ktfn,
gl;{ xf]d, lzIf0f Pj+ k|lzIf0f ;+:yf, k|of]uzfnf, xjfO{ ;]jf, zLt e08f/ cflb
Joj;fox? .
-5_ lgdf{0f pBf]u M ;8s, k'n, /f]kj], /]Nj], 6lnj;, 6g]n, km\nfO{ j|Lh tyf cf}Bf]lus
Jofkfl/s Pj+ cfjf; sDKn]S; cflb lgdf{0f u/L ;~rfng ug]{ .

719

cg';"rL $
cfos/ P]g, @)%* ldlt @)%* r}q !( ut] b]lv g]kfn /fHodf sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] xf] .
o; P]gsf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu cfos/ lgodfjnL @)%( ;d]t tof/ eO{ k|rngdf /x]sf]
5 . cfos/ P]g tyf lgodfjnLsf] k|fjwfgx?nfO{ ;/n tyf :ki6 ?kdf s/bftfx?, s/
Joj;foL / s/ k|zf;gdf cfj4 JolQmx?nfO{ hfgsf/L lbgsf] nflu GTZ Revenue
Administration Support Programme sf] ljQLo tyf k|fljlws ;xof]udf cfos/ P]g
@)%* sf] lgb]{lzsf tof/ ePsf] 5 . o; lgb]{lzsf tof/ kfg]{ sfo{df lgDgfg';f/sf]
JolQmx?sf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] 5 .
lgb]{lzsf tof/ kfg]{ sfo{df ;+nUg k/fdz{bftfx?
!=
@=
#=

>L ;'bz{g /fh kf08], Pkm=l;=P=

>L lzjgfy kf08], Pkm=l;=P=
>L kjg s'df/ cf]emf, jl/i7 clwjQmf

lgb]{lzsfsf] u'0f:t/Lotfsf] ;DaGwdf k/fdz{bftf

>L ljBfw/ dlNns, k"j{ cy{ ;lrj
lgb]{lzsfsf] u'0f:t/Lotf ;DalGw 5nkmn Pj+ ;Dkfbg
>L kgfe l;+x sfsL{, cfos/ lj1, lh=l6=h]8=
lgb]{lzsfsf] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn Pj+ ;Dkfbgsf] nflu ul7t ;dlt
!=
@=
#=
$=
%=
^=
&=

>L
>L
>L
>L
>L
>L
>L

(Quality Circle)

gj/fh e08f/L, pkdxflgb]{zs, cf=/f=lj=

lji0f' k|;fb g]kfn, k|=s=c=, cf=/f=sf= nlntk'/
/fd z/0f k'8f;}gL, pk;lrj, cy{ dGqfno
bL3{/fh d}gfnL, lgb]{zs, cf=/f=lj=
uf]kfn k|;fb l3ld/], lgb]{zs, cf=/f=lj=
ab|L uf}td, lgb]{zs, cf=/f=lj=
slkn k|;fb ;'a]bL, zfvf clws[t, cf=/f=lj=

lgb]{lzsfsf] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn Pj+ ;Dkfbgsf] nflu ljz]if cfdlGqt

!=
@=
#=
$=

>L
>L
>L
>L

zfGt axfb'/ >]i7, dxflgb]{zs, cf=/f=lj=

nId0f cof{n, pkdxflgb]{zs, cf=/f=lj=
dw';'bg kf]v/]n, lgb]{zs, cf=/f=lj=
nId0f axfb'/ a:g]t, pk;lrj, cy{ dGqfno
***
720