Automatic temperature controlled fan circuit

AUTOMATIC TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED FAN
MINI PROJECT11
INTRODUCTION
All fans which are used now a day are controlled manually by voltage regulators which have different stages of speed. This process is done manually which can be done automatically by the use of this circuit. Here we are introducing an efficient fan speed regulation circuit, by which the speed of a fan can be controlled depending up on the room temperature. The circuit is highly efficient since energy loss can be minimized by power saving as the circuit automatically adjusts the fans speed.
1
DEPARTMENT OF EEE,VAST
MINI PROJECT11
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
This circuit uses thermistor as the temperature sensor, i.e. one having a negative temperature coefficient. This circuit is designed in such a way that the speed of the fan increases/decreases with respect to the room temperature with a minimum parts counting and avoiding the use of special-purpose ICs, often difficult to obtain.
2
MINI PROJECT11
BLOCK DIAGRAM
TEMPERATURE SENSOR & WHEATSTONE BRIDGE TRIGGERING CIRCUIT SWITCHING CIRCUIT
LOAD
Figure 1. Block Diagram
3
MINI PROJECT11
COMPONENTS USED
NAME OF COMPONENT
SPECIFICATION 22K
QUANTITY 1
Linear Potentiometer-P1 Thermistor-R1 SCR-D2 Zener Diode-D1 Diodes-D3,D4,D5,D6 Transistors-Q1,Q2 Transistor-Q3 Polyester Capacitor-C1 Resistor-R2 Resistors-R3,R6 Resistors-R4,R5 Resistor-R7 Resistor-R8 Resistors-R9,R10 Female Mains socket -SK1 Male Mains plug-PL1
PCB Breadboard Connecting Wires
15K @ 20C n.t.c TYN612 BZX79C18 1N4007 1000V BC327 BC337 10nF 63V 100K 1/4W 10K 1/4W 22K 1/4W 100R 1/4W 470R 1/4W
68K 2W -
1 1
1 4 2
1 1 1
2
2 1 1
2 1 1 1 1 As required
Table No:1. Component List
4
MINI PROJECT11
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Figure 2- Automatic Temperature Controlled Fan Circuit
5
MINI PROJECT11
WORKING
R3-R4 and P1-R1 are wired as a Wheatstone bridge in which R3-R4 generate a fixed two-thirds-supply "reference" voltage, P1-R1 generate a temperature-sensitive "variable" voltage, and Q1 is used as a bridge balance detector. P1 is adjusted so that the "reference" and "variable" voltages are equal at a temperature just below the required trigger value, and under this condition Q1 Base and Emitter are at equal voltages and Q1 is cut off. When the R1 temperature goes above this "balance" value the P1-R1 voltage falls below the "reference" value, so Q1 becomes forward biased, pulse-charging C1. This occurs because the whole circuit is supplied by a 100Hz half-wave voltage obtained from mains supply by means of D3-D6 Diode Bridge without a smoothing capacitor and fixed to 18V by R9 and Zener diode D1. Therefore the 18V supply of the circuit is not true DC but has a rather trapezoidal shape. C1 provides a variable phase-delay pulse-train related to temperature and synchronous with the mains supply "zero voltage" point of each half cycle, thus producing minimal switching RFI from the SCR. Q2 and Q3 form a trigger device, generating a short pulse suitable to drive the SCR.
6
MINI PROJECT11
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
. SCR
Figure 3.. Symbol of SCR
Figure 4. Pictorial Representation of SCR
A thyristor, also known as a SCR (silicon controlled rectifier), is a special type of diode with four layers of alternating N and P-type material. They act as bistable switches, conducting when their gate receives a current pulse, and continue to conduct for as long as they are forward biased (that is, as long as the voltage across the device has not reversed). The thyristor is a four-layer, three terminal semiconducting devices, with each layer consisting of alternately N-type or P-type material, for example P-N-P-N. The main terminals, labelled anode and cathode, are across the full four layers, and the control terminal, called the gate, is attached to p-type material near to the cathode. (A variant called an SCSSilicon Controlled Switchbrings all four layers out to terminals.) The operation of a thyristor can be understood in terms of a pair of tightly coupled bipolar junction transistors, arranged to cause the self-latching action.
7
MINI PROJECT11
Figure 5 Transistor Equivalent Circuit of an SCR
Thyristors have three states: 1. Reverse blocking mode Voltage is applied in the direction that would be blocked by a diode 2. Forward blocking mode Voltage is applied in the direction that would cause a diode to conduct, but the thyristor has not yet been triggered into conduction 3. Forward conducting mode The thyristor has been triggered into conduction and will remain conducting until the forward current drops below a threshold value known as the "holding current"
8
MINI PROJECT11
The thyristor has three p-n junctions (serially named J1, J2, J3 from the anode).When the anode is at a positive potential VAK with respect to the cathode with no voltage applied at the gate, junctions J1 and J3 are forward biased, while junction J2 is reverse biased. As J2 is reverse biased, no conduction takes place (Off state). Now if VAK is increased beyond the breakdown voltage VBO of the thyristor, avalanche breakdown of
. Fig .6 Layer diagram of thyristor
J2 takes place and the thyristor starts conducting (On state).
If a positive potential VG is applied at the gate terminal with respect to the cathode, the breakdown of the junction J2 occurs at a lower value of VAK. By selecting an appropriate value of VG, the thyristor can be switched into the on state suddenly. It should be noted that once avalanche breakdown has occurred, the thyristor continues to conduct, irrespective of the gate voltage, until both: (a) the potential VG is removed and (b) the current through the device (anodecathode) is less than the holding current specified by the manufacturer. Hence VG can be a voltage pulse, such as the voltage output from a UJT relaxation oscillator. These gate pulses are characterized in terms of gate trigger voltage (VGT) and gate trigger current (IGT). Gate trigger current varies inversely with gate pulse width in such a way that it is evident that there is a minimum gate charge required to trigger the thyristor.
9
MINI PROJECT11
Figure 7 SCR Characteristic
In a conventional thyristor, once it has been switched on by the gate terminal, the device remains latched in the on-state (i.e. does not need a continuous supply of gate current to conduct), providing the anode current has exceeded the latching current (IL). As long as the anode remains positively biased, it cannot be switched off until the anode current falls below the holding current (IH).
A thyristor can be switched off if the external circuit causes the anode to become negatively biased. In some applications this is done by switching a second thyristor to discharge a capacitor into the cathode of the first thyristor. This method is called forced commutation.
10
MINI PROJECT11
SCR Phase Control In SCR Phase Control, the firing angle, or point during the half-cycle at which the SCR is triggered, determines the amount of current which flows through the device. It acts as a highspeed switch which is open for the first part of the cycle, and then closes to allow power flow after the trigger pulse is applied.
Figure .8 Output Wave form of SCR
Figure above shows an AC waveform being applied with a gating pulse at 45 degrees. There are 360 electrical degrees in a cycle; 180 degrees in a half-cycle. The number of degrees from the beginning of the cycle until the SCR is gated ON is referred to as the firing angle, and the number of degrees that the SCR remains conducting is known as the conduction angle. The earlier in the cycle the SCR is gated ON, the greater will be the voltage applied to the load.
11
MINI PROJECT11
Figure .9 Load voltage regulated by thyristor phase control.
For applications with frequencies higher than the domestic AC mains supply (e.g. 50 Hz or 60 Hz), thyristors with lower values of tQ are required. Such fast thyristors are made by diffusing into the silicon heavy metals ions such as gold or platinum which act as charge combination centers. Alternatively, fast thyristors may be made by neutron irradiation of the silicon.
12
MINI PROJECT11
THERMISTOR
Figure .10 Pictorial Representation of Thermistor
Figure .11 Symbol of Thermistor
A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance varies with temperature. The word is a portmanteau of thermal and resistor. Thermistors are widely used as inrush current limiters, temperature sensors, self-resetting over current protectors, and self-regulating heating elements. The material used in a thermistor is generally a ceramic or polymer. The temperature responses of thermistor are typically achieve a higher precision within a limited temperature range [usually 90 C to 130 C].Assuming, as a first-order approximation, that the relationship between resistance and temperature is linear, then:
Where R = change in resistance T = change in temperature k = first-order temperature coefficient of resistance
13
MINI PROJECT11
Thermistors can be classified into two types, depending on the sign of k. If k is positive, the resistance increases with increasing temperature, and the device is called a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistor, or posistor. If k is negative, the resistance decreases with increasing temperature, and the device is called a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor. Here we are using a thermistor with negative temperature coefficient Resistors that are not thermistors are designed to have a k as close to zero as possible(smallest possible k), so that their resistance remains nearly constant over a wide temperature range. Many NTC thermistors are made from a pressed disc or cast chip of
a semiconductor such as a sintered metal oxide. They work because raising the temperature of a semiconductor increases the number of electrons able to move about and carry charge - it promotes them into the conduction band. The more charge carriers that are available, the more current a material can conduct.
Most PTC thermistors are of the "switching" type, which means that their resistance rises suddenly at a certain critical temperature. The devices are made of doped
polycrystalline ceramic containing barium (BaTiO3) and other compounds. The dielectric constant of this ferroelectric material varies with temperature. Below the Curie point temperature, the high dielectric constant prevents the formation of potential barriers between the crystal grains, leading to a low resistance. In this region the device has a small negative temperature coefficient. At the Curie point temperature, the dielectric constant drops sufficiently to allow the formation of potential barriers at the grain boundaries, and the resistance increases sharply. At even higher temperatures, the material reverts to NTC behaviour.
14
MINI PROJECT11
Another type of PTC thermistor is the polymer PTC, which is sold under brand names such as "Polyswitch" "Semifuse", and "Multifuse". This consists of a slice of plastic with carbon grains embedded in it. When the plastic is cool, the carbon grains are all in contact with each other, forming a conductive path through the device. When the plastic heats up, it expands, forcing the carbon grains apart, and causing the resistance of the device to rise rapidly. This type of thermistors is used for switching, not for proportional temperature measurement.
Applications of Thermistor
PTC thermistors can be used as current-limiting devices for circuit protection, as replacements for fuses.
NTC thermistors are used as resistance thermometers in low-temperature measurements of the order of 10 K.
NTC thermistors can be used as inrush-current limiting devices in power supply circuits. They present a higher resistance initially which prevents large currents from flowing at turnon, and then heat up and become much lower resistance to allow higher current flow during normal operation.
NTC thermistors are regularly used in automotive applications. For example, they monitor things like coolant temperature and/or oil temperature inside the engine and provide data to the ECU and, indirectly, to the dashboard.
Thermistors are also commonly used in modern digital thermostats and to monitor the temperature of battery packs while charging.
15
MINI PROJECT11
ZENER DIODE
Figure.12 Zener Diode Symbol
A Zener diode is a type of diode that permits current not only in the forward direction like a normal diode, but also in the reverse direction if the voltage is larger than the breakdown voltage known as "Zener knee voltage" or "Zener voltage". A Zener diode exhibits almost the same properties of the conventional solid-state diode, except the device is specially designed so as to have a greatly reduced breakdown voltage, the so-called Zener voltage. By contrast with the conventional device, a reverse-biased Zener diode will exhibit a controlled breakdown and allow the current to keep the voltage across the Zener diode at the Zener voltage. For example, a diode with a Zener breakdown voltage of 3.2 V will exhibit a voltage drop of 3.2 V if reverse bias voltage applied across it is more than its Zener voltage. The Zener diode is therefore ideal for applications such as the generation of a reference voltage (e.g. for an amplifier stage), or as a voltage stabilizer for low-current applications. Zener diodes are widely used as voltage references and as shunt regulators to regulate the voltage across small circuits. When connected in parallel with a variable voltage source so that it is reverse biased, a Zener diode conducts when the voltage reaches the diode's reverse
16
MINI PROJECT11
breakdown voltage. From that point on, the relatively low impedance of the diode keeps the voltage across the diode at that value.A load may be placed across the diode in the circuit, and as long as the Zener stays in reverse breakdown, the diode will provide a stable voltage source to the load. A Zener diode used in this way is known as a shunt voltage regulator (shunt, in this context, meaning connected in parallel, and voltage regulator being a class of circuit that produces a stable voltage across any load). In a sense, a portion of the current through the resistor is shunted through the Zener diode, and the rest is through the load. Thus the voltage that the load sees is controlled by causing some fraction of the current from the power source to bypass ithence the name, by analogy with locomotive switching points.
17
MINI PROJECT11
DIODE
Figure .13 Symbol of Diode
A Diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts electric current in only one direction. The term usually refers to a semiconductor diode, the most common type today, which is a crystal of semiconductor connected to two electrical terminals. The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to flow through it in one direction (called the diode's forward direction) while blocking current in the opposite direction (the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be thought of as an electronic version of a check valve. This unidirectional behavior is called rectification, and is used to convert alternating current to direct current, and extract modulation from radio signals in radio receivers. A modern semiconductor diode is made of a crystal of semiconductor like silicon that has impurities added to it to create a region on one side that contains negative charge carriers (electrons), called n-type semiconductor, and a region on the other side that contains positive charge carriers (holes), called p-type semiconductor. The diode's terminals are attached to each of these regions. The boundary within the crystal between these two regions, called a PN junction, is where the action of the diode takes place. The crystal conducts conventional current in a direction from the p-type side (called the anode) to the n-type side (called the cathode), but not in the opposite direction.
18
MINI PROJECT11
TRANSISTOR
Figure .14 Pictorial Representation and Symbol of Transistors
NPN
PNP
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals. It is made of a solid piece of semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. A Bipolar transistor has terminals labelled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing from the base to
19
MINI PROJECT11
the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals. Here we are using two types of transistors PNP and NPN.
NPN
NPN is one of the two types of bipolar transistors, in which the letters "N" and "P" refer to the majority charge carriers inside the different regions of the transistor. Most bipolar transistors used today are NPN, because electron mobility is higher than hole mobility in semiconductors, allowing greater currents and faster operation. NPN transistors consist of a layer of P-doped semiconductor (the "base") between two Ndoped layers. A small current entering the base in common-emitter mode is amplified in the collector output. In other terms, an NPN transistor is "on" when its base is pulled high relative to the emitter. The arrow in the NPN transistor symbol is on the emitter leg and points in the direction of the conventional current flow when the device is in forward active mode.
PNP
The other type of BJT is the PNP with the letters "P" and "N" referring to the majority charge carriers inside the different regions of the transistor. PNP transistors consist of a layer of N-doped semiconductor between two layers of Pdoped material. A small current leaving the base in common-emitter mode is amplified in the collector output. In other terms, a PNP transistor is "on" when its base is pulled low relative to the emitter. The arrow in the PNP transistor symbol is on the emitter leg and points in the direction of the conventional current flow when the device is in forward active mode.
20
MINI PROJECT11
ADVANTAGES
Circuit is simpler in design. The use of voltage regulators in fans can be avoided. Power saving. Temperature variations can be easily tracked down. Less maintenance. Easily repairable. Since there is no complex circuitry setup involved. Low installation cost.
21
MINI PROJECT11
APPLICATIONS This circuit can be employed in places such as railway stations and such public places where people use to gather and they dont care about the working of these fans. In such places these circuits can be employed so the voltage regulators need not be operated manually. Installing these circuits in such places leads to power saving as the circuit automatically adjusts the fans speed. Another application of these circuit is that this can be used in houses which uses air conditioners for power saving.
22
MINI PROJECT11
RESULT
Automatic temperature controlled fan circuit was setup and connected to 230V mains supply and obtained the required output according to different temperature conditions. The circuit was found to be working as the temperature increased, speed of the fan increased and vice versa.
23
MINI PROJECT11
SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK
The circuit can be expanded by incorporating a passive infrared sensor along with the temperature sensor. The passive infrared sensor can include a fresnel lens for sensing a 360 circumference beneath the fan so that the fan can be turned on and off based on motion of persons approaching and leaving a selected area .
24
MINI PROJECT11
CONCLUSION
This circuit is found to be more reliable than a regulator circuit since this seems to be more efficient than conventional regulator circuits. Since power consumption can be minimised to a greater extent. Even though it is simple this has a significant role to play in the development of technology. Every small step is significant in the path of success. Our project though simple is significant in the current status of our country facing energy crisis.
25
MINI PROJECT11
REFERENCES
http://www.redcircuits.com/ http://en.wikipedia.org/ http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/ http://www.pc-control.co.uk/ http://www.howstuffworks.com/
26
MINI PROJECT11
APPENDIX
27
MINI PROJECT11
DATA SHEET
28
MINI PROJECT11
29
MINI PROJECT11
30
MINI PROJECT11
31
MINI PROJECT11
32
MINI PROJECT11
33
MINI PROJECT11
34
MINI PROJECT11
35
MINI PROJECT11
36
MINI PROJECT11
37
MINI PROJECT11
38

Automatic temperature controlled fan circuit

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Automatic temperature controlled fan circuit

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

AUTOMATIC TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED FAN