When the Tier 4 rule is implemented by 2015, the EPA mandates will have cut both nitrous oxide

and particulate matter in diesel exhaust by 90 percent. Standards include nonroad diesel engines of 175 horsepower or larger in 2011 75 to 175 horsepower in 2012. SCR technology (EGR) exhaust gas recirculation Particulate Filters

The SCR technology Selective Catalytic Reduction A mixture of urea and deionized water called diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) is injected into the post-combustion catalytic chamber. The chamber converts the nitrous oxide into nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water

Engines that run out of DEF are computer programmed to lose some power, which makes the equipment unusable EGR systems are filling with carbon New engine oils are required 20% reduction in fuel economy 7 cents per gallon added for low sulfur fuel Cost added to vehicle approx $3,000.00

Multiple on board computers networked Drive by wire engine controls Crash avoidance systems ABS-Suspension-Traction Control Adaptive cruise control systems Self Parking Systems Hands Free Voice activated cockpit controls, and Synced to cell phones

Special equipment and training to change and flash computers, Dealers Only Repairs Availability of replacement parts 10 years Wiring Harness most expensive part on Vehicle Privacy Concerns

Multiple Air Bags Active Seat Belts Crash Zones Crash Avoidance systems New Materials and assembly methods

Air Bag replacement so expensive most cars are total wreck. Crash zones and new assembly techniques mean repairs are harder or impossible Less jobs in repair industry, higher insurance premiums

Much Better fuel mileage Less Repairs Less Emissions Accessories Electrically Powered

Can Electrical Grid Supply Increased Demand? Less Competition for Energy Dollars Increased Cost to Purchase Vehicles Battery Materials are just as limited as Petroleum Resources