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vi

, f (L

A  ' '- According to them,

equivalence is therefore the ideal method when translator has to deal
with proverbs, idioms, clichs, nominal or adjectival phrases and the
onomatopoeia of animal sounds. (1959)

 
0   M
Page 2 of 20

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Page 3 of 20

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Page 6 of 20

 1  b 0 '2


anthropos,
2s 
haadam ,  L  5 1 

'  P ( J )  
S ?
- I have gotten a man from the Lord;  ' 
'  EL  - I have acquired a man with the help of God,
'   -I have gained a male child
with the help of the Lord. (Genesis: 4.1.) F ix  '

- He producido un hombre con la ayuda de

Jehov(   ). have gotten a man

from, have acquired a man with the help of, have gained a male child
with the help of, have produced a man with the help of, 2 ?


@  n  `

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Page 7 of 20

  '
5 1 M
p  M
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he was blown away, '  , (F,
M
2  - J( 

M ' , dhahaba adrja arriyhi ,
, 0 M @  - casafat bihi arriyhu huwa
fi: mahabbi arri:hixi A  ,  ' 
1
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- The field of
translation is indeed far from being limited or confined to linguistic facts,
idiomatic expressions or correspondences that may constitute the subject
of a comparative study. >  '
,

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5 0 J( n,

Q' (1988)
F @  L
L M  {E tilk algharaniq al-'ula wa inna shafa'ata-hunna la-turtajaxii

, L Z 2 0 >F ( `

F 53 (  )
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12 ,  & F

^ xiii , Q' 0 ' 12`F
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Page 8 of 20

azzaman, Angrez bastards. _Spoon, Spoono, my old Chumch. 

, , , `, P 2 2@' n ` 
j  '
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making-a-man of. Of whatwill-I-tell-my-friends. _, (E n,
  n Q' 0 ' '
0 ` h Q @ God of Small
Things    , 
v  F


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xiv ' n
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N Q (  ' 
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Thiswayandthat.

Whatisit?,

Whathappened?,

Whatisyourname?

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N

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2{ ? ?

Page 9 of 20

   w 2{h
(E 2{h n
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Q 0  A    5 2
5 n, omeletteer; Achoo Parayan,
Kelan

Paravan,

Kuttan

Baby

Kochamma,

Pulayan,

Once-wealthy

Mammachi,
zamindars,

Pappachi,
Orangedrink

Lemondrink Man 2
N
   
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F - Prer NUN sea ayshun.
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in

the

Lo-Ord

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again

say

rej-

Oice,/RejOice,/RejOice/ And again I say rej-Oice. - F

'
0
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h
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C  It was a literal translation of Ruchi lokathinde Rajavu ,
which sounded a little less ludicrous than Emperors of the Realm of
Taste. F L '  c 
Page 10 of 20

 h ,
h (' )
, Q 0 , an illogical language. Cuff
+link = cuff-link, Chapter3. Big Man the Laltain, Small Man the
Mombatti, A N\ Ay! Eda cherukka! 2
n Q 0 '  2@'--`
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Page 11 of 20

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, 1979,  ,  , . 159.

ii

SureshKumar Vidyalankar, 1969 Aug.-1970 Jan., Stylistics: A Brief Introduction, Delhi, Anuvad Patrika
Trimasik, p. 70.
iii
Eugene A. Nida, On Principles of Translation as exemplified by Bible Translating, Ed. Reuben A.
Brower,(1959), On Translation, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 19.

iv
R.N. Srivastava, 1984 April-1985 March, Language, Style and Discourse, Ed. Language Forum, New
Delhi, p. 5.

The style of a literary piece is usually determined by the vocabulary and syntax of the language employed
and the language is peculiar to a time and a place. Ramona Cormier, 1970, The Concept of Isolation, Aesthetics 1., New Orleans, Tulane University, p. 4.

Page 17 of 20

vi

Equivalence in Translation: Between Myth and Reality, Vanessa Leonardi, 2000, Translation Journal,
USA: http://accurapid.com/journal/14equiv.htm
vii

Chapter 2, 'Equivalence at word level', initially adopts a nave building-block approach and explores the
'meaning' of single words and expressions. In Chapter 3, 'Equivalence above word level', the scope of reference is
widened a little by looking at combinations of words and phrases: what happens when words start combining with other
words to form conventionalized or semi-conventionalized stretches of language. Chapter 4, 'Grammatical equivalence',
deals with grammatical categories such as number and gender. Chapters 5 and 6 cover part of .what might be loosely
termed the textual level of language. Chapter 5 deals with the role played by word order in structuring messages at
text level and Chapter 6 discusses cohesion: grammatical and lexical relationships which provide links between
various parts of a text. Chapter 7, 'Pragmatic equivalence', looks at how texts are used in communicative situations that
involve variables such as writers, readers, and cultural context.
: Mona Baker, 1991, -Introduction, In Other Words- A Course Book on Translation, London, Routledge
.

viii
Those who have the power to translate, transpose and transfigure this mournful object of pity into an
exalted, dignified personage are to be congratulated, she adds sardonically, for their mystic powers. Sherry Simon,
2005, GE#DER I# TRA#SLATIO#: Cultural Identity and the Politics of Translation, New York, Tailer and
Francis e-Library. . 109
ix
Traduccion del #uevo Mundo de las Santas Escrituras, 1987, Germany, basada en los antiguos textos
hebreo y griego., p. 11.

Nevertheless, a translation in simple English to suit the reading and comprehension of 6-16 year old
individuals (Ahamad 2003) has been approved by Al Azhar and other religious bodies in the Arab and Muslim
world.- Ed. Mona Baker and Grabriela Saldanha, 2009, Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies, USA,
Routledge, p. 229.
xi

Hasan Ghazala, 2011, Cognitive Stylistics And The Translator (English<>Arabic), London,
Sayyab Books.
xii

http://public.wsu.edu/~brians/anglophone/satanic_verses/sv.html

xiii

53 , ,  
   The

translation in The Satanic Verses here is closest to the one in William Muir, The Life of Mohammad from Original
Sources 81). Another translation can be found in M. M. Ahsan: "These are the high-soaring ones (deities) whose
intercession is to be hoped for!" (Ahsan 132). Arabic variants appear on pp.132 & 141 of the same source, and there
are variant transliterations in Muhammad Husayn Haykal, p.111.
xiv

It is unlikely that Bible translators would today be put to death as William Tyndale was, but translators
caught up in another religious controversy, the fatwa against Salman Rushdie, have been killed; and so we are not
permitted to forget that violence remains associated with conflicting versions of religious truth. There is danger in
daring to pit ones own words against the rule of tradition or the sovereignty of a Word considered to be of divine
origin.: Sherry Simon, 2005, GE#DER I# TRA#SLATIO#: Cultural Identity and the Politics of Translation,
New York, Tailer and Francis e-Library. . 105.

xv
To attempt therefore a translation of a lyric poem top rose is the most absurd of undertakings: for all
those very characters of the original which are essential to it, and which constitute, its higher beauties, if transferred
to a prose translation become unpardonable blemishes., L. G. Kelley, 1979, The True Interpreter, Oxford, p. 191.

xvi

..., 1997,     



!, ,  , . 135-198.
xvii

1891  http://mal.sarva.gov.in/index.php?

Page 18 of 20

xviii

"# % , . % &', 1983, , ( ,

1.

1959, *. . 1970 . . 1983. 2.

&', 1970, ,

(,

. .

  , , ., / 0

xix

) "#, .
, 1962, , 4  7,

xx

8 9, . 1978, * (- ), : 8;

xxi

. . =, .  @, 0, ,@,  

xxii

.. , . @, 1978,  , ,  C

xxiii

. , . 1965,  @, ,   ,

xxiv

 ( * ), .  7
 , 1969, , 0

xxv

Gender is not normally considered a significant element of language translation. Because

grammatical categories belong to the structural obligations of a language, they are, like the other elements which
constitute the mechanics of a language, meaningless. Sherry Simon, 2005, GE#DER I# TRA#SLATIO#:
Cultural Identity and the Politics of Translation, New York, Tailer and Francis e-Library., p. 16-17.
xxvi

, , . 1957, , ,  16 

xxvii

) 5, .
, 1962, , 4  7,

xxviii

1. @, , . 1957, F, 7, 7, 2.. 7

GI, 9 ;<, 8- 1893, . 100-102, 3. > , . K

, 1966, , ., 4. . . 8,  1978, A-,
,@,  
xxix

=
L= , 1968, B5C, M, ..

9N OP, 1982, DE F>5 -1950-80, M, . . P, . 116.

Rhythm is a fundamental phenomenon of life, and it is poetrys dependence upon it that helps to make
poetry so powerful an influence in the lives of man: S.H. Burton, 1967, The Criticism of Poetry, Longmans, New
impression. p. 137.
xxx

xxxi

, CG , .
Q  1971, H , RG ,

xxxi

0
xxxi

, CG , . C T=, 1977, , F, 

(
REFERE#CES:
BAKER, M. (ed) 1977. The Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. Part II: History
andTraditions. London and New York: Routledge.
BASSNETT, Susan. 1991. Translation Studies. Revised Edition. London and New York:
Routledge.
BASSNETT, S & A. Lefevere (eds.) 1990. Translation, History and Culture, London and
New York:Pinter.
BASSNETT, S & H. Trivedi (eds.) 1999. Post-Colonial Translation: Theory and Practics,
London and New York: Longman.

Page 19 of 20

CATFORD, J.C. (1965) A Linguistic Theory of Translation, London: Academic Press.

CHESTERMAN, Andrew. 1997. Memes of Translation. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John
Benjamins Pub. Co.
CHESTERMAN, A. 1989. Readings in Translation Theory. Helsinki: Finn Lectura.
HALLIDAY, M.A.K. 1978. Language as Social Semiotic, London and New York: Arnold.
HOUSE, J. 1997. Translation Quality: A Model Revisited, Tubingen: Gunter Narr.
JAKOBSON; R. 1959/2000. 'On linguistic aspects of translation', in L. Venuti(ed.) 2000..
LEFEVERE, Andr. (1992) Translation / History / Culture - a sourcebook. London and New York,
Routledge.
LEFEVERE, Andr. (1992) Translation, Rewriting & the Manipulation of Literary Fame. London and
New York. Routledge.
SALMAN Rushdie, 1989, SATA2IC VERSES, London, Viking
SPIVAK, G. 1993/2000 'The Politics of translation', in L. Venuti(ed.) 2000, pp. 397-416.
STEINER, George. 1992 After Babel . (2ew Edition). Oxford University Press.
TOURY, Gideon. 1995. Descriptive Translation Studies - and Beyond. Amsterdam : John Benjamin Pub.
Co.
Translation Journal, Vol.4. Number. 4, October 2000) Summer Institute of Linguistics, Inc, Dallas, USA
VENUTI, Lawrence. (1995) The Translator's Invisibility . London and New York : Routledge.
VENUTI, L. 1998. The Scandals of Translation, Towards an Ethics of Difference, London & New York:
Routledge.
VENUTI, Lawrence. (Ed.) 2000. The Translation Studies Reader. London and New York
Routledge
Vinay, J.P. and J. Darbelnet (1995) Comparative Stylistics of French and English: a Methodology for
Translation, translated by J. C. Sager and M. J. Hamel, Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing
Company.
WEBSITES:
http://europa.eu.int/comm/translation/theory/index_en.htm
http://europa.eu.int/comm/translation/theory/workshops_en.htm
http://europa.eu.int/comm/translation/theory/seminars_en.htm
http://europa.eu.int/comm/translation/reading/articles/theory_and_practice_en.htm

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