Viva-voce Fuel testing and Fluid Mechanics lab 1) What are the major losses in a fluid flow and

what are the equations used to find the major loss in a fluid flow? Ans. Major Loss is the loss of head to friction between fluid and the pipe. Equations used to find the major losses are Darcy equation and chezys equation. 2) What are the instruments used to measure the discharge of a fluid in a pipe? Ans. venturimeter, orifice meter, pitot tube. 3) How to measure the discharge of fluid in an open channel? Ans. Using notches like v-notches, rectangular notch, stepped notch and weirs. 4) Different types of minor losses? Ans. Loss due to 1) Sudden enlargement, 2) sudden contraction, 3) pipe fittings, 4) bend, 5) obstruction in a pipe 6) At entrance, 7) at the exit 5) Define viscosity (dynamic viscosity) Ans.It is defined as the property of fluid which offers resistance to the movement of one layer of fluid over another adjacent layer of fluid. 6) Define density Ans.defined as the ratio of mass of fluid to the volume of fluid 7) Define specific gravity? Ans. it is defined as the ration of density of fluid to the density of standard fluid. For liquid standard fluid is water =1 8) Define kinematic viscosity?? Ans. it is defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity and density of fluid. 9) Newtons law of viscosity? Ans. it states that shear stress on a fluid element layer is directly proportional to the rate of shear strain. 10) Types of fluid? Ans. ideal fluid, real fluid, newtonianfluid, non-Newtonian fluid, ideal plastic fluid. 11)how viscosity of fluid varies with temperature? Viscosity of liquid decreases with increase in temperature and viscosity of gases increases with increases in temperature.
13.Unit of dynamic viscosity =Ns/m2 or poise 14.Unit of kinematic viscosity = m2/sec or stoke 15.Unit of discharge Q=m3/sec=velocity *area 16.Discharge equation for venturimeter =Qact=Cd*(a1a2/((a12-a22))*(2gh)
17.Discharge equation for orificemeter =Q= Cd*(aoa2/(a1^2-a2^2))*(2gh)

18.Name the devices used to measure the pressure difference in a pipe flow. Ans. 1.single column manometer 2.U-tube or differential manometer 19.Name the common heavy liquid used in manometer Ans. Mercury 20.Pitot tube is used to measure the velocity of a fluid.

21.What is priming? Ans.Priming is the process of filling the pump casing with liquid before the pump is started otherwise pump will not be able to function. 22.What are the different types of pump? A)Reciprocating pump B)centrifugal pump C)gear pump 23.Name different parts of centrifugal pump. Ans.impeller,outer casing, suction pipe, discharge pipe 24.Why priming is necessary ? Ans.if the priming is not done pump casing gets filled with vapours or gases , the pump impeller becomes gas bound and incapable of pumping. 25.State Bernoullis theorem. Ans.It states that in a steady , ideal flow of an incompressible fluid , the total energy at any point of the fluid is constant. (P/g ) + (V2/2g )+z= constant
26.Venturimeter ,orificemeter works on Bernoullis principle. 27.Continuity equation Q=Area X Velocity 28. What is vena contracta? As the flow passes through the orifice, it attains minimum cross sectional area at a section called vena contracta. At vena contracta pressur is minimum 29. compare the relative merits and demerits of orifice meter and venturimeter. a)orificemeter occupies less space compare to venturimeter b)simple in construction and hence cheaper than venturimeter c)incase of orificemeter expansion and contraction are sudden and hence loss of energy is more d)the coefficient of venturimeter is as high as 0.9 where as that of orifice meter is 0.62 30. Explain the principle of pressure differential in an orificemeter Orificemeter works on the principle of bernoullis principle or venture effect and continuity equation 31.What is the basic difference between a centrifugal and reciprocating pump? Centrifugal pump:- works on the principle of centrifugal action, the efficiency of centrifugal pump is more Reciprocating pump:- the pump works due to reciprocating motion, the efficiency of a reciprocating pump is less. 32.What is self priming? When pump is switched on the air inside the casing and suction pipe get removed by itself.

33. Reciprocating pump Reciprocating pump is a positive displacement pump, i.e it operates on the principle of actual displacement or pushing of liquid by a piston or plunger that executes a reciprocating motion in a closely fitted cylinder. 34.Assumptions made in Bernoullis equation. 1. The fluid is ideal 2. The flow is steady 3.The flow is incompressible 4.The flow is irrotational

35.Why mercury is used instead of water in the manometer? Ans.Because mercury is a heavy liquid (=13600 kg/m3)but density of water is 1000 kg/m^3 if you water instead of Hg then the length of the column becomes higher . 36.Which is more accurate venturimeter or orificemeter ? Ans.Orifice meter is more accurate. 37.Define Flash point The flash point of a volatile material is the lowest temperature at which it can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air. Measuring a flash point requires an ignition source. At the flash point, the vapor may cease to burn when the source of ignition is removed.

The flash point is not to be confused with the autoignition temperature, which does not require an ignition source.
38.Define Fire point The fire point is defined as the temperature at which the vapor continues to burn after being ignited. Neither the flash point nor the fire point is dependent on the temperature of the ignition source, which is much higher.

39.Define Calorific value The amount of heat released by a unit weight or unit volume of a substance during complete combustion. Also called calorific power.
40.What are the properties Properties of a good Fuel?

Able to utilize atmospheric Oxygen as an oxidizer, Easy to store, Stable in storage, Cheap and easy to transport, Minimum amount of energy to produce, Safe to transport, Safe in case of an accident, Low environmental toxicity in case of a spill, Low toxicity with contact, inhalation, ingestion by humans & animals, Not corrosive to materials it will be in contact with., Low toxicity or ill effects of exhaust products, Easy to start vehicle or application, Can be used in conjunction with existing technologies, Doesn't significantly contaminate oil or cause harm to engine, Fuel efficient in existing vehicles

A few of the fuels that are in use in vehicles... will hit several factors, but also miss a few:

41.properties of Gasoline. Relatively toxic. Uses fossil fuels, not carbon neutral. Emissions - ??? Safety, flammable, but reasonably safe in modern cars. Easy to start in a variety of temperatures.

42.properties of Diesel. Relatively toxic. Uses fossil fuels, not carbon neutral. Emissions - issues with smoking. Safety, less explosive than gasoline. May have starting difficulties at extreme cold temperatures. May require preheating 43.What is the flash point of a Diesel fuel?
Diesel fuel flash points vary between 52 C and 96 C (126 F to 204 F). Diesel is suitable for use in a high-compression engine. 44.Flash point of a different fuels

Autoignition temperature [3] Ethanol (70%) 16.6 C (61.88 F) 363 C (685.40 F) [3] Gasoline (petrol) -43 C (-45 F) 246 C (495 F) Diesel >62 C (143 F) 210 C (410 F) Jet fuel >60 C (140 F) 210 C (410 F) Kerosene (paraffin oil) >3872 C (100162 F) 220 C (428 F) Vegetable oil (canola) 327 C (620 F) Biodiesel >130 C (266 F) Fuel Flash point 45.What is the Significance of valve timing diagram? Its significance is to optimize valve timing events for a modern high speed internal combustion engine for the purpose of improving fuel economy during idle, high speed performance .
46.What are the three ports present in two stroke engine 1. Inlet port 2. Transfer port 3. Exhaust port 47.What is port timing diagram? The diagram which shows the position of crank at which the above ports are open and close are called as port timing diagram. 48.What is BDC? The extreme position of the piston at the bottom of the cylinder is called Bottom Dead centre [BDC] . 49.What is TDC? The extreme position of the piston at the top of the cylinder is called TOP dead centre [TDC ]

50.Explain Two stroke petrol engine port timing diagram.

In two stroke petrol engine the inlet port open when the piston moves from BDC to TDC and is closed when the piston moves from TDC to BDC . The transfer port is opened when the piston is moved from TDC to BDC and the fuel enters into the cylinder through this transport from the crank case of the engine . The transfer port is closed when piston moves from BDC to TDC . The transfer port opening and closing are measured with respect to the BDC . The exhaust port is opened , when the piston moves from TDC to BDC and is closed when piston moves from BDC to TDC . The exhaust port opening and closing are measured with respect to the BDC. 51.Advantages of two stroke engines Do not have valves,hence simplifying their construction, Light weight, Fire once every revolution this gives a significant power boost, Less cost to manufacture. 52.Disadvantages of two stroke engines More pollution, less life, engine wear out faster, less mileage. 53.How a 2stroke engine works? A two stroke engine is an internal combustion engine that completes the process cycle in one revolution of the crankshaft( an upstroke and a down stroke of the piston,compared to twice that number for a four stroke engine) 54.How a 4stroke engine works? A four stroke engine is an internal combustion engine in which the piston completes four separate strokes-suction, compression, power and exhaust stroke-during two separate revolutions of the engines crankshaft, and one single thermodynamic cycle. 55.Composition of a petrol Methane, ethane, propane and butane. 56.Name the apparatus used to find the calorific value of a given fuel a.bomb calorimeter b.Boys calorimeter. c.junkers calorimeter 56.name the apparatus used to find the calorific value of a gaseous fuel. Boys calorimeter 56.Define the function of calorimeter The function of the bomb calorimeter is to determine the calorific value of a solid fuel 56.Name the apparatus used to find the viscosity of a given oil Saybolt and Redwood viscometer

Prepared by: Abhijith G.P, Thejas H.A Verified by : Mahesh B.R ,Lecturer Dept. of Automobile Engg.,

Biodiesel Relatively non-toxic. Carbon Neutral, little or no fossil fuels. Emissions - issues with smoking. Safety, less explosive than gasoline, less toxic than gasoline/diesel. May have issues starting in cold weather Issues with gelling in cold weather & may require preheating or preheated delivery system. We may not have adequate production capacity. Ethanol Relatively non-toxic Carbon Neutral Works in gasoline engines May have issues with transportation in Gasoline pipelines. May be inefficient to produce Issues with starting in cold weather, may require mix with other fuel, at least during starting Low emissions. Methane/Propane May or may not be carbon neutral depending on the source. Longer to refuel. No fueling infrastructure Dangers in crashes & inherent dangers of pressurized tanks, especially high pressures in LNG Easy conversion for gasoline vehicles Very low emissions. Hydrogen Carbon Neutral Not naturally occurring, needs energy to produce.

Inefficient to produce No existing transportation infrastructure, but could be "made onsite" resolving some transportation issues No existing delivery network Very difficult to handle. Low toxicity other than potential issues from pressure or cold. Finite life for tanks, may also leak from tanks at a slow rate Very low emissions. Battery Power Technically carbon neutral. Contains chemicals that can be recycled. Efficiency? Existing power grids may not be adequate to support Slow recharging May contain toxic/dangerous chemicals in crashes/spills. Very low emissions (none, except for spills).

Procedure :
1. Remove the ports cover and identify the three ports . 2. Mark the TDC and BDC position of the fly wheel . To mark this position follow the same procedure as followed in valve timing diagram . 3. Rotate the flywheel slowly in usual direction (usually clockwise ) and observe the movement of the piston 4. When the piston moves from BDC to TDC observe when the bottom edge of the piston . Just uncover the bottom end of the inlet port . This is the inlet port opening (IPO) condition , make the mark on the flywheel and measure the distance from TDC 5. When piston moves from TDC to BDC observe when the bottom edge of the piston completely covers the inlet port . This is the inlet port closing (IPC) condition . Make the mark on the flywheel and measure the distance from TDC . 6. When the piston moves from TDC to BDC , observe , when the top edge of the piston just uncover the exhaust port . This is the exhaust port opening [EPO] condition . Make the mark on the flywheel and measure the distance from BDC . 7. When the piston moves from BDC to TDC , observe , when the piston completely cover the exhaust port ,. This is the exhaust port closing condition [EPC] . Make the mark on the flywheel and measure the distance from BDC . 8. When the piston moves from TDC to BDC observe, when the top edge of the piston just uncover the transfer port . This is the transfer port opening [TPO] condition . Make the mark on the flywheel and measure the distance from BDC 9. When the piston moves from BDC to TDC , observe , when the piston completely covers the transfer port. This is the transfer port closing [TPC] condition . Make the mark on the flywheel and measure the distance from BDC . Note : 1. The inlet port opening distance and closing distance from TDC are equal . 2. The exhaust port opening distance and closing distance from BDC are equal . 3. The transfer port opening distance and closing distance from BDC are equal .

Result :
The port timing diagram for the given two stroke cycle petrol engine was drawn.

Standard Planimeters are instruments for evaluation of plane areas of any shape from blueprints, maps, photographs, drawings, recorder diagrams, x rays, etc.
They are used by many professionals for a multitude of different applications like: Evaluation of areas from topographic maps, blueprints, drawings, photographs, aerial photo records. Computation of water basin capacity, of arable land in agricultural planning. Calculation of earthwork quantities (cut and fill) in road, highway and building construction. For 'Take-Offs' in all types of construction estimating. Layout of swimming pools, yacht and boats, mold patterns, landscape and irrigation projects. Determination of areas for real estate and tax appraisal. Analysis of mathematical and statistical graphs, recorder diagrams, photomicroscopic records. Determination of diastolic and systolic volumes from heart X-rays. Measurement of textile patterns, leather hides, etc. Metal and Plastics Industry for crossection measurements of profiles for weight determination. Biology: For measurements of leave surfaces, wing sizes of insects, etc.

Medicine: For crossection measurements of tumors to determine effectiveness of radiation treatment