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URNP-SANA
2003-02-28
Revision Record
Date 2003-02-28 2003-03-28 Revision version 0.90 1.00 Description Initial transmittal Revision based on the review comments Author Miao Jiashu Miao Jiashu
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Table of Contents
1 Introduction to Paging Area.........................................................................................................5 2 WCDMA Paging Mechanism.......................................................................................................5 2.1 Paging Cause........................................................................................................................6 2.1.1 Paging Type 1...................................................................................................................7 2.1.2 Paging Type 2...................................................................................................................7 2.2 Structure of Paging Channel..................................................................................................7 3 WCDMA Paging Channel Capacity Calculation........................................................................10 3.1 CN_ID IMSI Paging..............................................................................................................10 3.2 CN_ID TMSI Paging.............................................................................................................10 3.3 UTRAN_ID Paging................................................................................................................11 4 Analysis on Location Area Size for Mixture Service.................................................................11 4.1 Analysis on Calculation Method...........................................................................................11 4.2 Key Value Recommendations..............................................................................................15 5 Instance of Paging Area Cell Size in Typical Environment.......................................................15 6 Precautions in the Paging Area Planning.................................................................................22 6.1 Paging Area Size Restriction................................................................................................22 6.2 Geographic Distribution of Paging Area ..............................................................................22 6.3 Paging Area Crossing MSCs and RNCs..............................................................................24 7 Summary of Pending Problems................................................................................................24
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List of Tables
Table 1SRB parameters of PCCH channel....................................................................................7 Table 2Corresponding relations between the bits and different IEs in PCCH...............................8 Table 3Values of the four assumption conditions for paging area dimensioning.........................20 Table 4Location area dimemsion for paging based on CN ID of IMSI.........................................20 Table 5Location area dimemsion for paging based on CN ID of TMSI.......................................21
List of Figures
Figure 1 CS service reference model...........................................................................................16 Figure 2 PS service reference model...........................................................................................16 Figure 3 Assumption conditions for the dimensioning of the dense urban area..........................19 Figure 4 Diagram of paging area dimensioning for paging based on CN ID of IMSI...................21 Figure 5 Diagram of paging area dimensioning for paging based on CN ID of TMSI.................21 Figure 6 Schematic diagram of location area division.................................................................23 Figure 7 Motorola test result........................................................................................................26
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Example: When the UE needs to transit the state of the UE from URA_PCH or CELL_PCH to CELL_FACH; or the network side expects to release the RRC connection, it needs to initiate paging to transit the state of the UE from URA_PCH or CELL_PCH to CELL_FACH, and then release the RRC connection. 2 This parameter should be set with care. It must be greater than the interval required for the paging response of the UE in the normal case. Especially when NodeB is in the asynchronous work mode, the value of this parameter should be greater.
1
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dependent of the value of parameter k instead of the response of the UE. It means the potential paging volume at the air interface is k+1 times more. Recommendation: As the CN re-transmits paging message, we can set the paging re-transmission times at the CN side only but not at the UTRAN side for a higher paging efficiency.
2.1.1
Paging Type 1
For the UEs in the idle, CELL_PCH or URA_PCH state, the UTRAN transmits PAGING TYPE 1 message through the PCCH channel to start the paging process. Then these UEs will monitor the corresponding paging channel according to the instruction of the PICH and DRX requirement. As the PAGING TYPE 1 message is sent through the PCCH channel, and it is specified in the protocol that each SCCPCH can contain only one PCH channel, which corresponds to one PICH channel (The UE selects the suitable PICH channel according to the algorithm specified in the protocol 25.304). Therefore, the paging capability of the network will be restricted by the paging area size. On the other hand, the paging area planning is mainly for reasonable dimensioning of LA, RA and URA for PAGING TYPE 1.
2.1.2
Paging Type 2
For the UEs in the CELL_DCH or CELL_FACH state, the UTRAN transmits the PAGING TYPE 2 message through the DCCH channel to start the paging process. In the CELL_DCH and CELL_FACH connection modes, as the paging is transmitted through the DCCH channel, the paging capability of the air interface is not affected. Therefore, in the paging area planning, it is mainly to analyze the influence on the paging area planning caused by the paging capacity when the UE is in the idle, CELL_PCH or URA_PCH state.
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The above table shows that PCCH has two formats of 240bit/10ms TTI and 80bit/10ms TTI. Obviously, the paging capability of the former one is much greater than the latter one. At present, Huawei can configure only one PCH paging channel for each cell, and support the format of 240bit/10ms TTI only3. According to the specification of the 25.331 protocol, the PCH paging channel transfers three types of information only: paging list, BCCH modified information
4
and Extension mechanism for non-release99 information 5. Where, only the paging list is for storing universal paging message. After the above three types of information are mapped to the 240bit of the PCCH, the sequence and the number of occupied bits are specified definitely. The actual situation of the RNC is as follows: Table 2Corresponding relations between the bits and different IEs in PCCH Name PCCH-MessageType OPTIONAL(PagingRecordList) OPTIONAL(BCCH-ModificationInfo) OPTIONAL(Extension mechanism for non- release99 information) PagingRecordList Index Numb er of bits 1 1 1 1 Description Indicates paging type 1 is selected Optional ID Optional ID Optional ID PagingRecordList ::=SEQUENCE(SIZE(1..MaxPage1))OF PagingRecord, here, MaxPage1= 8 Chooses the bit between CN-Identity and UTRAN-Identity6 Enumerated(Terminating Conversational Call,Terminating Streaming Call,Terminating Interactive Call,Terminating Background Call, Terminating High Priority Signalling, Terminating Low Priority Signalling, Terminating cause unknown) CN-DomainIdentity::= ENUMERATED { cs-domain, ps-domain }
PagingRecord Choice
PagingCause
CN-DomainIdentity
3 4
It is known that NOKIA uses alt 80bit/10ms TTI in Hutchisons network in Hongkong. BHCA-SIBchange. This is a paging request caused by system information update. For example, system information block 7 has a parameter requiring fast update, that is, uplink interference. This parameter is used to calculate the initial transmission power of the random access channel in the case of random access. The requirement of this aspect depends on the update frequency of the uplink interference value. The update requirement of other information block is less (including the dynamic parameter configuration at the background and the dynamic parameter update by the RRM in the communication process). The paging requirement caused by the system information update is defined to BHCA-SIBchange. 5 At present, this part is not processed in the practice, so the influence of this part is not necessary to be considered. 6 CN ID is used when the CN initiates paging to the UE in the idle mode; UTRAN ID is used when the UTRAN actively initiates paging or when the CN initiates paging to the UE in the connection (CELL_PCH or URA_PCH) state.
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cn-pagedUE-Identity Choice
IMSI-GSM-MAP ::= SEQUENCE (SIZE (6..15)) OF Digit. Where, Digit ::= INTEGER (0..9). That is each Digit 460 occupies four bits. As the length of the 64 IMSI is changeable, when this item is selected, four bits (00001001) are to be added, indicating the length adopted. cn-pagedUE-Identity 32 32 57 212 TMSI-GSM-MAP ::= BIT STRING (SIZE (32)) P-TMSI-GSM-MAP ::= BIT STRING (SIZE (32)) IMSI-DS-41 ::= OCTET STRING (SIZE (5..7)). It is not used at present. TMSI-DS-41 ::= OCTET STRING (SIZE (2..12)). It is not used at present.
Indicates whether the information of cnOriginatedPage-connectedMode-UE (used 1 by the CN to initiate paging in the connection state) 12 SRNC-Identity ::= BIT STRING (SIZE (12)) 20 S-RNTI ::=BIT STRING (SIZE (20))
utranIdentity part( used cnwhen Origina PagingReco rd Choice is tedPag eselected) connec tedMod PagingCause e-UE CNDomainIdentity pagingRecordT ypeID MIB-ValueTag BCCHModification BCCHInfo ModificationTime nonCriticalExtensions
1 2 3 9 None
Enumerated(Terminating Conversational Call, Terminating Streaming Call,Terminating Interactive Call,Terminating Background Call, Terminating High Priority Signalling,Terminating Low Priority Signalling,Terminating cause unknown) CN-DomainIdentity ::= ENUMERATED { cs-domain, ps-domain } PagingRecordTypeID ::= ENUMERATED { imsi-GSM-MAP, tmsi-GSM-MAP-P-TMSI, imsi-DS-41, tmsi-DS-41 } MIB-ValueTag ::= INTEGER (1..8) BCCH-ModificationTime ::= INTEGER (0..511) This item is not processed in practice.
The IEs appear in the sequence specified in the table above. Consulting to the protocol, we can learn that all the IEs corresponding to the OP item or expansion
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item in the protocol will reserve a bit for identification, indicating this item is selected or not. The details of this OP item or expansion item will be displayed only when this item is selected.
It is shown in table 2 that BCCH modified information has 12 bits only, occupying 5% information bits in the whole 240-bit 10ms TTI.
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As specified in the 3GPP protocol, TMSI is divided into TMSI-GSM-MAP, PTMSI-GSM-MAP and TMSI-DS-41. TMSI-DS-41 is an IS-95 concept, which is not described here. With the 32-bit TMSI-GSM-MAP, the calculation is as follows: Suppose M2=1+3+1+3+(32)=40. When BCCH modified information is not considered, with the equation of 1+1+1+1+3+M2*X2=240, the maximum number of TMSI-GSM-MAP paging X2 that can be supported will be 5.83. Therefore, in the case of paging based on the 32-bit TMSI-GSM-MAP, a maximum of five TMSI-GSMMAP paging can be supported by each 10ms TTI. The P-TMSI-GSM-MAP is the same as TMSI-GSM-MAP in length, so the calculation result will be the same.
M4=1+1+(32)+3+1+2=40. When BCCH modified information is not considered, with the equation 1+1+1+1+3+ M4*X4=240, the maximum number of UTRAN ID paging X4 that can be supported will be 5.82. Therefore, in this case, a maximum of five UTRAN ID paging can be supported by each 10ms TTI.
4 Analysis on Location Area Size for Mixture Service 4.1 Analysis on Calculation Method
In Chapter 3, only the paging of single CN ID or single UTRAN ID is considered. But in the actual network, the users are in different status. On the other hand, the paging capacity will be mapped to the number of users supported or the number of corresponding carriers, which can be the reference for the location area planning. Therefore, the analysis on the influence of the traffic modeling on the paging capacity is necessary.
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In the analysis, for the service that may occupy paging channel, we suppose as follows: 1. Suppose the ratio of service callers to callees is A:B (which may vary with different services). 2. Suppose (1-C) percent of the MSs give response at the first time of paging, and C percent of the MSs give response at the second time of paging. The MSs giving response at the third time of paging or later are ignored. 3. Suppose the ratio of the paged UEs in the idle state in the PS to those in the CELL_PCH &URA_PCH state is D:E. The UEs in the CELL_FACH and CELL_DCH state of the CS and PS is ignored.8. 4. Suppose the ratio of the paging initiated by the UTRAN actively to the paging initiated by the CN to the UEs in the connection state is F:G. We can work out the number of busy hour paging requests generated when the UEs using a certain type of CS service:
B H C A
i
P enetration i
U ser% C ontribution _ i
Where, Paging_Num_CSj refers to the paging requests generated by the UEs using a certain type of CS service, Penetrationi% is the penetration rate of different levels of UEs using this type of service. User_Contribution i refers to the distribution ratio of different levels of UEs using this type of service. With the same analysis method as the CS service, we can get the number of busy hour paging requests generated when the UEs using a certain type of CS service.
N u m P_enetra tio n i i
Where, Paging_Num_PSj refers to the paging requests generated by the UEs using a certain type of PS service. BHPC_Numi is the Busy Hour Packet Call Number in the traffic modeling parameter. User_Contributioni refers to the distribution ratio of different levels of UEs using this type of service. Suppose: a =
Paging _ Num _ CS
b = Paging _ Num _ PS j
Suppose the number of carrier waves/sectors supported by the RA is N RA, and that supported by the LA is NLA. The equation will be:
8
This is the worst case, with the maximum occupation the paging channel.
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For the point of time of a certain CFN, the paging message termination rate is distributed based on poission distribution. For a specific paging block, when the number of messages N messageperTTI exceeds the value of Mmix, the excessive ones will be discarded. The blocking formula is as follows:
With the formula above, we can work out the value of H , which indicates the traffic supported by a specific paging block within a DRX cycle. Based on the traffic model, the traffic generated by the UE within a DRX cycle is as follows:
ErlangPerDRXCycleLengthInN = RA
PerDRXCycleLengthInN RA PerDRXCycleLengthInN RA
k ( a n + b ) (2 0.01) 2 = 3600
N RA =
H L%
ErlangPerDRXCycleLengthInN RA N celluser 2k
Where, L% is the paging margin reserved for the future development of network. For the definitions and values of M1, M2, M3 and M4, refer to Chapter 3. In the case of paging based on the CN ID of TMSI: With the same analysis method, we can work out Mmix, the number of users supported by the paging channel within 10ms:
e H ( H) k Poutage < k!
Based on the traffic model, the traffic generated by the UE within a DRX cycle is as follows:
ErlangPerDRXCycleLengthInN = RA
PerDRXCycleLengthInN RA PerDRXCycleLengthInN RA
k ( a n + b ) (2 0.01) 2 = 3600
N RA =
H L%
ErlangPerDRXCycleLengthInN RA N celluser 2k
update flow caused by a too-small NRA, it is recommended that when NRA is less than 50, the value of n can be decreased properly to make its value greater than 50. Other parameters: The values are set according to the actual network construction objective and traffic model together with the opinions of the carrier.
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Here we take a typical traffic modeling of the dense urban area in the radio network calculation tool as the example to dimension the paging area based on the result in Chapter 4.
CS traffic modeling Average bitrate kbit/s 8 64 Busy hour traffic / user (Erl) 0.025 0.0015 Busy hour thruput / user (kbit) 360 345.6 Busy hour thruput rate / user (kbit) 100 96
Service type
Penetrance
BHCA
AHT (s)
Active factor
100 % 100 %
1 0.1
90 54
0.5 1
Figure 1
PS traffic modeling Economical users Service type Busy hour packe t call Num 0.20 0.90 0.20 0.20 0.00 0.50 1.00 Busy hour thruput / user (kbit) 24.576 86.4 2.304 47.616 0 0.64 122.88 Normal users Busy hour packet call Num 0.40 1.20 0.40 0.40 0.10 0.80 1.60 Busy hour thruput / user (kbit) 49.152 115.2 4.608 95.232 320.4 1.024 196.608 VIP users Busy hour packet call Num 0.60 1.50 0.60 0.60 0.20 0.60 1.20 Busy hour thruput / user (kbit) 73.728 144 6.912 142.848 640.8 0.768 147.456
BHSA
BHSA
BHSA
Penetrance
Penetrance
Penetrance
Email WWW Game, ICQ Content DL, FTP Video Stream SMS EMS / MMS
10 % 30 % 25 % 25 % 0% 50 % 50 %
20 % 30 % 15 % 15 % 10 % 100 % 100 %
30 % 20 % 5% 10 % 20 % 100 % 100 %
Normal 25 %
VIP 15 %
Total 100 %
Figure 2
In the above data service reference model, only the three services of Email 9, SMS and MMS will occupy the paging channel, other data services do not involve paging process, as the user initiates and terminates service actively. Based on this traffic modeling, we suppose other conditions for the dimensioning:
9
At present, the realization mode is to notify the users with SM every time the network receives an email.
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20 W 80 % 26.78 %
7.0 dB 4.0 dB
Coverage Info. Mophology Channel type Site type Antenna height of UE Antenna height of BS Uplink Frequency Downlink Frequency Max path loss of Uplink
Misc Neighbour cell interference SHO overhead DL orthogonality factor Cell load upper limit Cell load target Dimensioning method
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Bear proportion % 100.0 % 100.0 % 50.0 % 50.0 % 70.0 % 28.0 % 2.0 % 75.0 % 25.0 % 75.0 % 25.0 % 100.0 %
BH thruput / user (kbit) 360.00 345.60 7.25 7.25 28.51 28.51 28.51 8.71 8.71 12.86 12.86 0.57
Eb/N0 (dB) 5.4 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.4 1.9 1.6 2.7 2.3 2.4 1.9 2.7 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3
BLER 0.01 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
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Bear proportion % 100.0 % 100.0 % 50.0 % 50.0 % 70.0 % 28.0 % 2.0 % 75.0 % 25.0 % 75.0 % 25.0 % 100.0 %
BH thruput / user (kbit) 360.00 345.60 7.25 7.25 28.51 28.51 28.51 8.71 8.71 12.86 12.86 0.57
Eb/N0 (dB) 7.79 5.90 5.90 4.60 4.60 3.80 4.40 5.90 5.00 4.60 3.80 5.90 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
BLER 0.01 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
Common channel power allocation Power relative to MAX BS Tx Duty cycle power [dB] -10 SCH 0.10 -15 Primary CCPCH 0.90 -15 SCCPCH (PCH) 0.25 -11 SCCPCH (FACH) 0.25 -10 CPICH 1.00 -15 AICH 1.00 -13 PICH 1.00 Common channel power allocation ( with one SCCPCH ) Common channel power allocation ( with two SCCPCH ) Channel Power allocation 1.00 % 2.85 % 0.79 % 1.99 % 10.00 % 3.16 % 5.01 % 24.80 % 26.78 %
Figure 3
Assumption conditions for the dimensioning of the dense urban area In the conditions mentioned above, the configurations of sector 3 can be
obtained with the dimensioning tool10. The number of all kinds of users supported by each carrier/sector is 1030. Here are the values of the four assumption conditions required for paging area dimensioning:
10
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Table 3Values of the four assumption conditions for paging area dimensioning A AMR Voice VideoPh one Email SMS EMS/M MS 60 % 50 % 50 % 50 % 50 % B 40 % 50 % 50 % 50 % 50 % C 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 D 50 % 50 % 50 % E 50 % 50 % 50 % F 50 % 50 % 50 % G 50 % 50 % 50 % M1(bit) M2(bit) M3(bit) M4(bit) Ncelluser k L Poutage DRX paramete r 72 40 34 40 103 0 0 80 0.1 8
Based on the assumption condition above and the formula deducted in Chapter 4, the calculation result is as follows: Table 4Location area dimemsion for paging based on CN ID of IMSI n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mmix 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Erlang PerDRXCycleLengthInN RA
0.002592996 0.003616996 0.004640996 0.005664996 0.006688996 0.007712996 0.008736996 0.009760996 0.010784996 0.011808996
RA 133 95 74 61 51 44 39 35 32 29
LA 133 190 222 244 255 264 273 280 288 290
1.738624042 1.741614489 1.74665366 1.744911078 1.745096566 1.745372494 1.745680526 1.745680526 1.746014764 1.746024614
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R A LA
Figure 4
Diagram of paging area dimensioning for paging based on CN ID of IMSI Table 5Location area dimemsion for paging based on CN ID of TMSI
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mmix 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Erlang PerDRXCycleLengthInN RA
0.002592996 0.003616996 0.004640996 0.005664996 0.006688996 0.007712996 0.008736996 0.009760996 0.010784996 0.011808996
LA 242 346 405 440 465 486 497 512 522 530
3.156601287 3.156601287 3.156601287 3.156601287 3.156601287 3.156601287 3.156601287 3.156601287 3.156601287 3.156601287
Figure 5
Diagram of paging area dimensioning for paging based on CN ID of TMSI According to the value formula for the n value in Chapter 4, we can work out
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Note: For the tools used, refer to WCDMA RNP Paging Area Planning Tool.
6 Precautions in the Paging Area Planning 6.1 Paging Area Size Restriction
As a paging message of the network paging mobile station will be sent in many cells, the coverage of the paging area will be too large, which will lead to overload of the paging channel, and increase the signaling flow at the Iub interface. In addition, the excessive paging messages will be discarded in the case of re-transmission failure within the specified re-transmission times. This will result in paging failure to the active UEs within the service area (that is the UE is out of service). The upper limit of the paging area (the number of cells that can be supported by the area) is limited by the bandwidth of the paging channel. The analysis in the above chapters is mainly to determine the upper limit of the paging area. On the contrary, if the paging area is too small, the UE will encounter frequent location update in the traveling process, which increases the signaling flow of the system. In the initial stage of network construction, the number of paging requests are small, it is not necessary to plan the RA in a small size, but with the n being 1 instead. With the ever evolution of the network, the demands for PS serviced increases. In this case, the size of the RA can be cut down. Of course, if the RA is too small, the paging area update in the traveling process will be frequent, which will enlarge the signaling overhead of the network side, and will shorten the standby time of the mobile phone. The lower limit of the RA cannot be determined by means of quantitative analysis, which is a pending problem. In addition, the equipment of higher version may support one cell being configured with multiple PCCH paging channels. To ensure the balance of paging load, the cells with the same paging channel numbers should be divided into the same paging area (with the precondition that the cells with the same paging channel numbers are in the same geographical area).
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update time comes. After the protection time is time-out (set in the MSC), the system will take that the IMSI is separated from the mobile phone. Suppose the mobile phone travels the urban area, whose LAC is consistent with that of the suburb area, some mobile phones will not perform normal location update immediately. In this case, the mobile phone can receive signal but out of service. Therefore, for the division of location area, the suburb area (county area) will be put into a location area separate from the urban area. The location area distribution is similar to concentric circles (the inner urban area may be set with several location areas due to the capacity factors. The inner circle can adopt the fragmentation mode, or innerouter ring mode, or mixed mode), which can avoid the above problem effectively. It is proved by practice that such a division can not only reduce the out-of-service problem, but also greatly improve the connection completion rate and the call completion rate.
Figure 6
On the other hand, if more than two location areas exist in a city with highvolume traffic, they can be divided by the geographic factors such as mountain and river, for minimizing the overlap between different cells in the two location area. If such a geographic factor is not available, the border between two areas should be oblique crossing with a street instead of parallel or vertical with the street. Moreover, the border should not be a street or the place with high-volume traffic (like department store). In the intersection of the urban area and suburb, the border between urban area and suburb area should be put at the base station of the
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periphery instead of the intersection with high-volume traffic, so as to avoid frequent location update in the intersection.
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RRC connection by the CN side. The former cause is considered in the traffic modeling, and the latter one seldom occurs, so the impact can be ignored. 5. The lower limit of the paging area cannot be defined by means of quantitative analysis. It is affected by two factors: 1. Frequent location update increases the system signaling load. 2. Fast mobile phone power consumption For the first factor, the upper limit of the SPU processing capability of the RNC is restricted by the occupation rate of the CPU, while the CPU occupation is not only related to the signaling flow for location update. So quantitative analysis must be performed by means of test in the lab environment based on some assumption conditions. Figure 7 shows the test result of Huaweis RNC performed by Motorola with the typical parameter setting. We can learn that the contribution of the location update signaling load is big. As to the second factor, research can not be performed yet. There is no reasonable specification for the average value of cell paging load L% yet. It is 30% in Ericsons documentation and 90% in the relevant documents of CDMA2000 (CDMA System Design Optimization). The re-transmission interval of CN is also restricted by the paging area size and minimum time of response to paging. Especially every NodeB works asynchronously without GPS, the paging efficiency and paging success rate will be affected in a large degree. The PCCH has two formats: 240bit/10ms TTI and 80bit/10ms. Obviously, the paging capability of the former one is greater than the latter one. But, it is necessary to analyze the advantage of the latter one (for example, whether the demodulation success rate is higher than the former one). This
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WCDMA Paging Area Planning Guidance is responsible by the link emulation working team.
Figure 7
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[1] Location Area Capacity Planning Guideline, GSM Network Planning Department 2002/04, internal document [2] CDMA1X Location Area Planning Guideline Shenzhen Subdivision of Radio Network System Department, 2003/01, Internal document [3] Concepts about Area in the PLMN Architecture Tai Xiaomei 2001/12 Internal document [4] 23.121,23.002,23.003,25.331,25.413 3GPP 2002/06 Internet 1996/12 [5] WCDMA Paging Area Analysis Report Zhang Jingrong Unknown [7] WCDMA-Dimensioning-tool Gu Jufeng 2003/01 Internal document 2001/05 Internal document
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