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Preface to the Seventh Edition Preface to the Sixth Edition I. WH AT IS P HILO SOPHY? Introduction 1.

Pla to: Socratic Wisdom 2. John Locke: Of Enthusiasm and the Quest for Truth 3. Bert rand Russel l: The Value of Philosophy Excursus: A Li tt le B it of Logic Deductive and Inductive Reasoning Inference to the Best Explanation Some Applications Fallacies of Reasoning Summary Exercises in Critical Reasoning Questions for Discussion Suggestions for Further Reading II. P HILO SOPHY OF REL IGI ON Introduction II.A. Is Bel ief in God Ra tional ly Jus ti fied? Argu ment s fo r the Ex istence o f God The Cosmological Argument Pro 4. Thomas Aquinas: The Five Ways 5. W il liam Lane Cra ig: The Kalam Cosmological Argument and the Anthropic Principle Contra 6. Paul Edwa rds: A Critique of the Cosmological Argument The Teleological Argument Pro 7. W il liam Pa ley: The Watch and the Watchmaker Contra 8. David Hume : A Critique of the Teleological Argument The Ontological Argument Pro et Contra 9. St. Anselm and Gaunilo : The Ontological Argument 10. W ill iam Rowe : An Analysis of the Ontological Argument II.B. Why Is There Evi l? 11. Fyodor Dostoevsky: Why Is There Evil? 12. B.C . Johnson: Why Doesn't God Intervene to Prevent Evil? 13. John H ick: There Is a Reason Why God Allows Evil II.C. Is Fai th Compa tible w ith Reason? 14. Bla ise Pascal : Yes, Faith Is a Logical Bet 15. W .K. C li ffo rd: The Ethics of Belief 16. W ill iam James: The Will to Believe 17. Antony Flew , R.M . Hare , and Basi l Mi tchel l: A Debate on the Rationality of Religious Belief 18. Alvin P lant inga: Religious Belief Without Evidence 19. Sren Kie rkegaard : Faith and Truth 20. Michae l Martin : Holy Spirit Epistemology 21. Bertrand Russel l: Can Religion Cure Our Troubles? Suggestions for Further Reading III. KNO WLED GE Introduction III.A . What Can We Know? Classica l Theo ries of Kn owledge 22. Ren Desca rtes : Cartesian Doubt and the Search for Foundational Knowledge 23. John Locke: The Empiricist Theory of Knowledge 24. George Be rkeley: An Idealist Theory of Knowledge 25. David Hume : The Origin of Our Ideas and Skepticism about Causal Reasoning 26. John Hospe rs: An Argument Against Skepticism III.B . T ru th, Rat ional ity , and Cogni tive Rela tiv ism 27. Bertrand Russel l: The Correspondence Theory of Truth 28. W ill iam James: The Pragmatic Theory of Truth 29. Richa rd Ro rty: Dismantling Truth: Solidarity versus Objectivity 30. Danie l Denne tt: Postmodernism and Truth 31. Harvey Siege l: Relativism Suggestions for Further Reading IV. PH ILOSO PHY OF MIN D: THE M IND -BODY PR O BLEM Introduction IV.A . Wha t A m I? A M ind o r a Body? 32. Ren Desca rtes : Dualistic Interactionism 33. Gi lbert Ryle : Exorcising Descartes' "Ghost in the Machine" 34. J.P . More land: A Contemporary Defense of Dualism 35. Paul Church land: On Functionalism and Materialism

36. Thomas Nagel: What Is It Like to Be a Bat? 37. Jerry A . Fodo r: The Mind-Body Problem 38. David Chal mers : Property Dualism 39. John Sea rle : Minds, Brains, and Computers IV.B . Who Am I? Do We Have Pe rsonal Iden ti ty? 40. John Locke: Our Psychological Properties Define the Self 41. David Hume : We Have No Substantial Self with Which We Are Identical 42. Derek Parf it and God f rey Vesey: Brain Transplants and Personal Identity: A Dialogue IV.C . Is There Li fe a fte r Death? Am I I mmo rta l? 43. Pla to: Arguments for the Immortality of the Soul 44. Paul Edwa rds: An Argument Against Survival: The Dependence of Consciousness on the Brain 45. John H ick: In Defense of Immortality Suggestions for Further Reading V. FR EEDO M OF THE W ILL AND DETER MIN IS M Introduction Contra 46. Baron d'Ho lbach: We Are Completely Determined Pro 47. W ill iam James: The Dilemma of Determinism 48. Corliss Lamont: Freedom of the Will and Human Responsibility 49. Roderick M . Chishol m: Human Freedom and The Self Pro et Contra 50. W .T. Stace : Compatibilism 51. Harry F rankfu rt: Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person 52. David Hume : Liberty and Necessity Contra 53. Richa rd Tay lor: Fate Suggestions for Further Reading VI. ETH ICS Introduction VI.A . Are There Any Mora l Absolutes or Is Mo ral ity Comple tely Rela tive? 54. Ruth Benedic t: Morality Is Relative 55. James Rache ls: Morality Is Not Relative VI.B . Eth ics and Egoism : Why Shou ld We Be Mo ral? 56. Pla to: Why Should I Be Moral? Gyges' Ring and Socrates' Dilemma 57. Ayn Rand : In Defense of Ethical Egoism 58. Louis P. Poj man: A Critique of Ethical Egoism VI.C . Wh ich Is the Co rrec t E thica l Theo ry? 59. Aristo tle : The Ethics of Virtue 60. Im manuel Kant: The Moral Law 61. John S tuart Mi ll : Utilitarianism 62. Jean-Pau l Sa rtre : Existentialist Ethics 63. James Rache ls: The Divine Command Theory Suggestions for Further Reading VII . P OLIT ICAL PH ILOSOP HY Introduction 64. Robert Paul Wol ff: In Defense of Anarchism 65. Thomas Hobbes: The Absolutist Answer 66. John Locke: The Democratic Answer 67. John S tuart Mi ll : A Classical Liberal Answer 68. John Raw ls: The Contemporary Liberal Answer Suggestions for Further Reading VII I. W HAT IS THE MEAN ING OF LIF E? Introduction 69. Epicu rus: Moderate Hedonism 70. Epic tetus: Stoicism 71. Albe rt Camus : Life is Absurd 72. Lois Hope Walke r: Religion Gives Meaning to Life 73. Thomas Nagel: The Absurd 74. Bertrand Russel l: Reflections on Suffering Suggestions for Further Reading IX. PH ILOSO PHY IN ACT ION Introduction IX.A . Is Abortion Mo ral ly Pe rm issible? Contra 75. Don Marqu is: Why Abortion Is Immoral Pro 76. Ma ry Anne Wa rren : Abortion Is Morally Permissible 77. Judith Jarv is Tho mson: A Defense of Abortion

Pro et Contra 78. Jane Engl ish: The Moderate Position IX.B . Is the Death Penal ty Mora lly Permissib le? Pro 79. Burton Le iser: The Death Penalty Is Permissible Contra 80. Hugo Ada m Bedau : No, the Death Penalty Is Not Morally Permissible IX.C . Do An ima ls Have Righ ts? Pro 81. Pete r S inge r: The Case for Animal Liberation Contra 82. Carl Cohen: The Case Against Animal Rights IX.D . Is Af fi rma tive Act ion Mo ra lly Jus ti fied? Pro 83. Albe rt Mos ley: The Case for Affirmative Action Contra 84. Louis P. Poj man: The Case Against Affirmative Action Suggestions for Further Reading
Appendix: How to Read and Write a Philosophy Paper Glossary

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