T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Bi Gi ng Mn h c Xc Su t v Th ng K
Mai Hong B o n
Khoa Ton - Tin H c i H c Khoa H c Khoa H c T Nhin Tp.HCM

Ngy 8 thng 9 nm 2011

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Thng tin mn h c

i m bi t p: i m gk: 3 i m ck: 7

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

N i dung

T p h p - Gi i tch t h p Tph p Gi i tch t h p

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Khi ni m v t p h p

Khi ni m t p h p l m t khi ni m khng c nh ngha,

tng t nh khi ni m i m, ng th ng trong hnh h c.

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Khi ni m v t p h p

Khi ni m t p h p l m t khi ni m khng c nh ngha,

tng t nh khi ni m i m, ng th ng trong hnh h c.

T p h p c th hi u t ng qut l m t s t u t p c a m t s

h u h n hay v h n cc i t ng no . Cc i t ng ny c g i l cc ph n t c a t p h p.

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Khi ni m v t p h p

Khi ni m t p h p l m t khi ni m khng c nh ngha,

tng t nh khi ni m i m, ng th ng trong hnh h c.

T p h p c th hi u t ng qut l m t s t u t p c a m t s

h u h n hay v h n cc i t ng no . Cc i t ng ny c g i l cc ph n t c a t p h p.
Ta th ng dng cc ch ci in hoa A, B, C , . . . k hi u t p

h p. N u a l ph n t thu c t p A ta k hi u a A. Ng c l i, a khng thu c A ta k hi u a A /

T p h p khng c ph n t no g i l t p r ng. K hi u

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Bi u di n t p h p
C hai cch xc nh m t t p h p:
Li t k cc ph n t c a n.

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Bi u di n t p h p
C hai cch xc nh m t t p h p:
Li t k cc ph n t c a n.

V d T p h p cc s t nhin nh hn 5 l A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} T p h p cc s t nhin ch n t 0 n 100 l B = {0, 2, 4, . . . , 98, 100}

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Bi u di n t p h p

Ch ra tnh ch t c trng c a cc ph n t c a n.

Khng ph i m i t p h p u c th li t k r rng t ng ph n t . Tuy nhin ta c th dng tnh ch t c trng no m t n, t c th xc nh c m t ph n t c thu c t p h p ny hay khng.

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Bi u di n t p h p

Ch ra tnh ch t c trng c a cc ph n t c a n.

Khng ph i m i t p h p u c th li t k r rng t ng ph n t . Tuy nhin ta c th dng tnh ch t c trng no m t n, t c th xc nh c m t ph n t c thu c t p h p ny hay khng. V d T p h p cc s th c l n hn 0 v b hn 1 l C = {x|x R v 0 x 1}

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Quan h gi a cc t p h p
T p h p con

Cho 2 t p h p A v B. N u m i ph n t c a t p h p A u thu c t p h p B, th ta ni t p h p A l con t p h p B v k hi u A B ho c B A. Ta vi t A B (x A x B)

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Quan h gi a cc t p h p
T p h p con

Cho 2 t p h p A v B. N u m i ph n t c a t p h p A u thu c t p h p B, th ta ni t p h p A l con t p h p B v k hi u A B ho c B A. Ta vi t A B (x A x B)

T p h p b ng nhau

Cho 2 t p h p A v B. N u m i ph n t c a A u thu c B v ng c l i, m i ph n t c a B u thu c A th ta ni hai t p h p A v B b ng nhau v k hi u A = B. Ta vi t A = B (A B v B A)

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Cc php ton trn cc t p h p

Giao c a hai t p h p

Giao c a hai t p h p A v B cho l t p h p cc ph n t ng th i thu c c hai t p h p ny, k hi u l A B Ta vi t x AB x A x B

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Cc php ton trn cc t p h p

Giao c a hai t p h p

Giao c a hai t p h p A v B cho l t p h p cc ph n t ng th i thu c c hai t p h p ny, k hi u l A B Ta vi t x AB x A x B

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

H p c a hai t p h p

H p c a hai t p h p A v B cho l t p h p cc ph n t thu c t nh t m t trong hai t p h p ny, k hi u l A B Ta vi t x AB x A x B

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

H p c a hai t p h p

H p c a hai t p h p A v B cho l t p h p cc ph n t thu c t nh t m t trong hai t p h p ny, k hi u l A B Ta vi t x AB x A x B

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Cc php ton trn cc t p h p

Hi u c a hai t p h p

Hi u hai t p h p A v B cho l t p h p cc ph n t thu c A m khng thu c B, k hi u A \ B Ta vi t A \ B = {x|x A v x B} /

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Cc php ton trn cc t p h p

Hi u c a hai t p h p

Hi u hai t p h p A v B cho l t p h p cc ph n t thu c A m khng thu c B, k hi u A \ B Ta vi t A \ B = {x|x A v x B} /

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Cc php ton trn cc t p h p

Tnh ch t
Tnh giao hon

A B = B A; A B = B A

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Cc php ton trn cc t p h p

Tnh ch t
Tnh giao hon

A B = B A; A B = B A

Tnh k t h p

(A B) C = A (B C ) (A B) C = A (B C )

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Cc php ton trn cc t p h p

Tnh ch t (tt)
Tnh phn ph i

A (B C ) = (A B) (A C ) A (B C ) = (A B) (A C )

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Cc php ton trn cc t p h p

Tnh ch t (tt)
Tnh phn ph i

A (B C ) = (A B) (A C ) A (B C ) = (A B) (A C )
Cng th c De Morgan

AB =AB AB =AB

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Quy t c c ng
Gi s ch n m t i t ng ta c th ch n m t trong n i t ng khc nhau, x1 , . . . , xn , trong m i xi c mi cch ch n v i i = 1, . . . , n. Khi ta c m1 + m2 + . . . + mn cch ch n i t ng. V d T cc s 0, 1, 2, 3 c th l p c bao nhiu s c cc ch s khc nhau?

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Quy t c c ng
Gi s ch n m t i t ng ta c th ch n m t trong n i t ng khc nhau, x1 , . . . , xn , trong m i xi c mi cch ch n v i i = 1, . . . , n. Khi ta c m1 + m2 + . . . + mn cch ch n i t ng. V d T cc s 0, 1, 2, 3 c th l p c bao nhiu s c cc ch s khc nhau? Bi gi i

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Quy t c c ng
Gi s ch n m t i t ng ta c th ch n m t trong n i t ng khc nhau, x1 , . . . , xn , trong m i xi c mi cch ch n v i i = 1, . . . , n. Khi ta c m1 + m2 + . . . + mn cch ch n i t ng. V d T cc s 0, 1, 2, 3 c th l p c bao nhiu s c cc ch s khc nhau? Bi gi i C 4 s c m t ch s th a yu c u: 0, 1, 2, 3

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Quy t c c ng
Gi s ch n m t i t ng ta c th ch n m t trong n i t ng khc nhau, x1 , . . . , xn , trong m i xi c mi cch ch n v i i = 1, . . . , n. Khi ta c m1 + m2 + . . . + mn cch ch n i t ng. V d T cc s 0, 1, 2, 3 c th l p c bao nhiu s c cc ch s khc nhau? Bi gi i C 4 s c m t ch s th a yu c u: 0, 1, 2, 3 C 9 s c hai ch s th a yu c u: 10, 20, 30, 12, 21, 13, 31, 23, 32

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Quy t c c ng
C 18 s c ba ch s th a yu c u: 102, 120, 103, 130, 123, 132, 201, 210, 203, 230, 213, 231, 301, 310, 302, 320, 312, 321

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Quy t c c ng
C 18 s c ba ch s th a yu c u: 102, 120, 103, 130, 123, 132, 201, 210, 203, 230, 213, 231, 301, 310, 302, 320, 312, 321 C 18 s c b n ch s th a yu c u: 1023, 1032, 1203, 1230, 1302, 1320, 2013, 2031, 2103, 2130, 2301, 2310, 3012, 3021, 3102, 3120, 3201, 3210

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Quy t c c ng
C 18 s c ba ch s th a yu c u: 102, 120, 103, 130, 123, 132, 201, 210, 203, 230, 213, 231, 301, 310, 302, 320, 312, 321 C 18 s c b n ch s th a yu c u: 1023, 1032, 1203, 1230, 1302, 1320, 2013, 2031, 2103, 2130, 2301, 2310, 3012, 3021, 3102, 3120, 3201, 3210 V y theo quy t c c ng, c 4 + 9 + 18 + 18 = 49 cch l p cc s c cc ch s khc nhau t cc ch s 0, 1, 2, 3

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Quy t c nhn

Gi s hon thnh m t cng vi c th ph i th c hi n k giai o n. Giai o n th nh t c n1 cch th c hi n, giai o n th hai c n2 cch th c hi n, . . . , giai o n th k c nk cch th c hi n. Khi ta c n = n1 n2 . . . nk cch hon thnh cng vi c.

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Quy t c nhn

V d Gi s i t A n C ta b t bu c ph i i qua B. C 3 ng khc nhau t A n B v c 2 ng khc nhau t B n C . V y c n = 3.2 = 6 cch khc nhau i t A n C .

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Tnh ch t c a m t nhm (b ) k ph n t

Nhm c th

t Khi i v tr cc ph n t khc nhau c a nhm ny ta nh n c nhm khc.

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Tnh ch t c a m t nhm (b ) k ph n t

Nhm c th

t Khi i v tr cc ph n t khc nhau c a nhm ny ta nh n c nhm khc.

Nhm khng c th

t Khi i v tr cc ph n t khc nhau c a nhm ny ta khng nh n c nhm khc.

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Tnh ch t c a m t nhm (b ) k ph n t

Nhm c th

t Khi i v tr cc ph n t khc nhau c a nhm ny ta nh n c nhm khc.

Nhm khng c th

t Khi i v tr cc ph n t khc nhau c a nhm ny ta khng nh n c nhm khc.

Nhm c l p

Cc ph n t c a nhm c th c m t nhi u l n trong nhm.

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Tnh ch t c a m t nhm (b ) k ph n t

Nhm c th

t Khi i v tr cc ph n t khc nhau c a nhm ny ta nh n c nhm khc.

Nhm khng c th

t Khi i v tr cc ph n t khc nhau c a nhm ny ta khng nh n c nhm khc.

Nhm c l p

Cc ph n t c a nhm c th c m t nhi u l n trong nhm.

Nhm khng l p

Cc ph n t c a nhm ch c m t m t l n trong nhm.

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Tnh ch t c a m t nhm (b ) k ph n t
V d T cc s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 l p s c 3 ch s
Cc ch s c l p

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Tnh ch t c a m t nhm (b ) k ph n t
V d T cc s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 l p s c 3 ch s
Cc ch s c l p

Cng vi c 1: Ch n ch s hng trm c n1 = 4 cch ch n. Cng vi c 2: Ch n ch s hng ch c c n2 = 5 cch ch n. Cng vi c 3: Ch n ch s hng n v c n3 = 5 cch ch n. V y c n = 4.5.5 = 100 s .

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Tnh ch t c a m t nhm (b ) k ph n t
V d T cc s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 l p s c 3 ch s
Cc ch s c l p

Cng vi c 1: Ch n ch s hng trm c n1 = 4 cch ch n. Cng vi c 2: Ch n ch s hng ch c c n2 = 5 cch ch n. Cng vi c 3: Ch n ch s hng n v c n3 = 5 cch ch n. V y c n = 4.5.5 = 100 s .
Cc ch s khng l p

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Tnh ch t c a m t nhm (b ) k ph n t
V d T cc s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 l p s c 3 ch s
Cc ch s c l p

Cng vi c 1: Ch n ch s hng trm c n1 = 4 cch ch n. Cng vi c 2: Ch n ch s hng ch c c n2 = 5 cch ch n. Cng vi c 3: Ch n ch s hng n v c n3 = 5 cch ch n. V y c n = 4.5.5 = 100 s .
Cc ch s khng l p

Cng vi c 1: Ch n ch Cng vi c 2: Ch n ch Cng vi c 3: Ch n ch V y c n = 4.4.3 = 48 s

s hng trm c n1 = 4 cch ch n. s hng ch c c n2 = 4 cch ch n. s hng n v c n3 = 3 cch ch n. .

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Ch nh h p

nh ngha Ch nh h p ch p k c a n ph n t (k n) l m t nhm c th t g m k ph n t khc nhau ch n t n ph n t cho.

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Ch nh h p

nh ngha Ch nh h p ch p k c a n ph n t (k n) l m t nhm c th t g m k ph n t khc nhau ch n t n ph n t cho. G i Ak l s ch nh h p ch p k c a n ph n t . Khi , n Ak = n.(n 1) . . . (n k + 1) = n n! (n k)!

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Ch nh h p

V d M t l p h c ti ng Anh c 12 ng i tham d . H i c bao nhiu cch ch n m t l p tr ng v m t l p ph?

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Ch nh h p

V d M t l p h c ti ng Anh c 12 ng i tham d . H i c bao nhiu cch ch n m t l p tr ng v m t l p ph? Bi gi i M t cch ch n m t l p tr ng v m t l p ph l m t nhm c hai ph n t c th t v khng l p. Nn c A2 = 12.11 = 132 12 cch ch n th a yu c u.

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Hon v
nh ngha Hon v c a n ph n t l m t nhm c th t khng l p c n ph n t cho.

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Hon v
nh ngha Hon v c a n ph n t l m t nhm c th t khng l p c n ph n t cho. S hon v c a n ph n t l Pn = n! Quy c 0! = 1

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Hon v
nh ngha Hon v c a n ph n t l m t nhm c th t khng l p c n ph n t cho. S hon v c a n ph n t l Pn = n! Quy c 0! = 1 V d M i cch x p 4 h c sinh ng i vo m t bn c 4 ch ng i l m t hon v c a 4 ph n t . Do s cch x p s l P4 = 4! = 24 cch.

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Hon v
nh ngha Hon v c a n ph n t l m t nhm c th t khng l p c n ph n t cho. S hon v c a n ph n t l Pn = n! Quy c 0! = 1 V d M i cch x p 4 h c sinh ng i vo m t bn c 4 ch ng i l m t hon v c a 4 ph n t . Do s cch x p s l P4 = 4! = 24 cch. Nh n xt Hon v l m t tr ng h p c bi t c a ch nh h p v Pn = An n

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Ch nh h p l p
Trong nh ngha ch nh h p ta i h i m i ph n t ch c c m t trong nhm khng qu m t l n. N u b i i u ki n ny, ta c ch nh h p l p.

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Ch nh h p l p
Trong nh ngha ch nh h p ta i h i m i ph n t ch c c m t trong nhm khng qu m t l n. N u b i i u ki n ny, ta c ch nh h p l p. nh ngha Ch nh h p l p ch p k c a n ph n t l m t nhm c th t g m k ph n t c ch n t n ph n t cho, trong m i ph n t c th c m t hn m t l n trong nhm.

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Ch nh h p l p
Trong nh ngha ch nh h p ta i h i m i ph n t ch c c m t trong nhm khng qu m t l n. N u b i i u ki n ny, ta c ch nh h p l p. nh ngha Ch nh h p l p ch p k c a n ph n t l m t nhm c th t g m k ph n t c ch n t n ph n t cho, trong m i ph n t c th c m t hn m t l n trong nhm. G i Ak l s ch nh h p l p ch p k c a n ph n t . Khi , n Ak = n k n

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Ch nh h p l p

V d T cc s c a t p h p A = {1, 2, 3}, ta c th l p c A5 = 35 3 s c 5 ch s .

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Ch nh h p l p

V d T cc s c a t p h p A = {1, 2, 3}, ta c th l p c A5 = 35 3 s c 5 ch s . Nh n xt V m i ph n t c th xu t hi n nhi u l n trong m t ch nh h p l p nn y k c th l n hn n.

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

T h p
nh ngha T h p ch p k c a n ph n t (k n) l m t nhm khng phn bi t th t g m k ph n t khc nhau ch n t n ph n t cho.

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

T h p
nh ngha T h p ch p k c a n ph n t (k n) l m t nhm khng phn bi t th t g m k ph n t khc nhau ch n t n ph n t cho.
k G i Cn l s t h p ch p k c a n ph n t . Khi , k Cn =

n! k!(n k)!

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

T h p
nh ngha T h p ch p k c a n ph n t (k n) l m t nhm khng phn bi t th t g m k ph n t khc nhau ch n t n ph n t cho.
k G i Cn l s t h p ch p k c a n ph n t . Khi , k Cn =

n! k!(n k)!

V d M i thi g m 3 cu h i l y t 25 cu h i cho tr c, ta l p c
3 C25 =

25! = 2300 3!22!

thi. V m i thi l m t nhm c 3 cu h i c tnh ch t khng c th t v khng l p.

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

T h p

T h p c cc tnh ch t c b n sau:
Quy c 0! = 1.
k nk Cn = Cn . k1 k k Cn = Cn1 + Cn1

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Nh th c Newton
Cng th c nh th c Newton
n

(a + b)n =
k=0

k Cn ank bk

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Nh th c Newton
Cng th c nh th c Newton
n

(a + b)n =
k=0

k Cn ank bk

Cc h s trong nh th c Newton c th c xc nh t tam gic Pascal

T p h p - Gi i tch t

h p

Nh th c Newton
Cng th c nh th c Newton
n

(a + b)n =
k=0

k Cn ank bk

Cc h s trong nh th c Newton c th c xc nh t tam gic Pascal