You are on page 1of 10

 


     
 


 



 
          
      


   
  
        
      
     
       
 
           
     
       !"
  
  
    #   $% & '"
   
     
 

  
  
    "     
( )&  *     $)& '"   

#          


  


   


   
   
        
 

 



     
  





 
 
 

 
 


 

 
  
      
 




      
 
  

  

  

 

 
!

 "#$  %  % "&'$ 
 
     (

    
 

 
   


   

  "&)$ *    +


  
  

  

   
*  
 
 
  
 
  

 

  ,     
   

   -


  

 
  .    +
 . &     + 

     


 

  + 

 
 / 
 
  

    ,  
     


 
   
 
 
 .    
 
  , 
 
 
  

 


 
     
  


   

    !


"

#
$

%& 
    '  ((   (  )"  #
 % *'#+** +,-..-./ # % 01

 +,

-.2  # % 0'0*3# 4'3*,---

 


 
     
  


   

    !


"  

( 
   
 5% 6 " 4 67  .-2
* 

#
$ 67& 
    '  (( 

 (  )"  # % *'#+**

+,-..-./ 08 

   4
)   9     3+9* :-.-;<


 

 
   
 (

 
 

 
    
 + 0

   

 
 *


  
+ 

  
+


 
   
 
 *
    1' 
 
+
 
  
 
 
 


  2
   
 
   
  +



 
     
   




 
  
    
3 "4$ 


  567     
 
2
  

  
 8

 

    
 
  2

  
   

 "&$  
  
            9:# 
  
 2
   
 

 

+  
 
, 

  
       


 
 

  



 
  
   
 

 
 ;       




 , 

 ;   

 



+ 


 ;   
2
 


 
    
 
 
 
   

8

 +
 
     


 

 

  
     < 

 
       
 

   


 / 
 

 
   
 

 
       
  
 ,  
 
  

  ,


 

  
 
    


=

  
  >  "9$ 
   



 

  
   
  

 
   
 

  / 
 


      +   



 
  
 *
  
+ 



 

 
  
 

 
 
 
   
 

 

 
 
 
 
  
  
 6
 
 

  

   

 


 
  
2
 
   

  ,


 
 

     

 

 *   
+
 
 


 


  *   

  



   
  
 6 # ? 
        




Copyright 2004 by the Association for Computing Machinery, Inc. and the Society for industrial and Applied Mathematics. All Rights reserved. Printed
in The United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted in any manner without the written permission of the
publisher. For information, write to the Association for Computing Machinery, 1515 Broadway, New York, NY 10036 and the Society for Industrial and
Applied Mathematics, 3600 University City Science Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104-2688

204

* 



 
 
   +

 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 >
   0

  



,
  
    
 


 
")$+   
 
   
  


+  
   
+ 


  
  


 
 

 
 
 

   

 
 
+ 

 
 

 
    
    567 ")$
*  
+ 
, 

      
    
 
  #? +     

    

    
  
 7

@    "&4$   


 + 




7

@

  

  
       
 
     A?
  
 
  
  

  
    
        



    
 *   
 




       


 
 
     
 
 
  
 ) A? 


  
 
+ 

     


    

+ 
     


  
      

   
 
  
    +    
  + + 
   
   

   * 
 
  
     A ?  6 


        

    
 
 
 
 






  
  
  7
   A 

   


 
    
    

 
      *
7
   #+  7

@     



       


  
 


 -

   
 
  


  7
   9  
  
 
  
 
   

     
 
  
   A ?  6  
      


 


  7
   ) 7
   4    A ? 
       7
   B 
  




    


   . & A     

  + 

 .   +  .   +
.     .  ?  A
 *
  

   
 

    A+

 
   
     A
 

    7 


 "&#$  




  0

  
 *  
 


  7

@    
 

7

@              >

 
  
7 


@    

7

@        

!

 "&A$  
 
 



 

  
2
  


  
 2
      >5 





  >5  
   


2
   2
 



2
 
 * 
   
 


 
    >5  -
 
 

 ,        




      + 


  


   +    
,
    
 
 


 .  
    





      

  


;
 


         
    
 + 

 
 6     

          
     
   
     

+ 
 


 
 
          
 

 
 
!
 .    


 
 
 .    
  . &     +   .    





 
 
 .   -    

 


    +   . &       &  
 


+ 
  
 
    


 
 
      
 
+ 
 
   

  , 
 
 
 
 + 

 
 -
  
   + + 
 


 6 
   
 
    A
   A +  
       A    A
     


6 
   
      A     A+
8  
     

    

       A    A


  

   
 
 
 

  ,  -
 
   
# ?  
! 

 
   
   
 


 

  
        + 
, , 
 

    
   

 

+
  ,     




  
  
 
 
 
  
  *
  
2   
  

  
 >
+ 


 C
 

  

   
 

     


 +
 
 ,

 
  A
  A   A    
  + 

 
+      





205



+ 

 

   
 
C D
     
 .      

   . &     + 





      
 , 
   +
,  

  
 

 
    
  ,
  


  
    567 "B+ &&$
-
 
 

+  +        
  >
     & ?   

 + 

  
    

 

 
  

  

-
  


 
   
 

 
 

   
 
 .
&     
6  

   7

 "&4$+


  . &       

   
 
 A
7

 
 A    

 C 


 
 
,  
 

 
 

, 

 
+ 

 
 


   
 

 
 

  


 
 

 
 
 

   <


+
   ,     

& 
     



 

  $ ) '


 

  $ ) '

 

 


&

 
# ? 

      




   
    

 + 
 .
# !

 

  




  
 <
 
   
  

  


 
 



 


 

 
    

 #&
 
  
  
    







 
  

  ;  

  
 *
 + 



 
 

  

  + 
, 


 


   






  
         
  A            
             

6



  
 


  

  
 
    *


   
+

     7

@


 -
 

  


 

 

     


+    

  



!
 



 
 



 <
+    8

+     A
6  
  + 
 


 
 

 
      
 




 
       
   


 


   
 5


 
 
 
 



5 
  
 

 



 5 
 



  




  7

@ 

   


 
 
 
 

      

 
 


 
 

!
   


 





    
   

   7 



   

  567 5

  
   
 A 
   7

 7

 

   

  
 < 



 


  

  ,  


     

 
      
 
     
   567 "B+ &&$


  
 
 7 

  

  567  
  , 



          
 
 & ?    
    +
  ,

 

,

   
    




 
          #&?  .
# ? 

   
  
  # 
 

 
C 





2
+

  
 & # 

  # #    ,
& # 

 2
 

  +

  
 A #    , A #  &  + 


   
  
  


 8 +

           
  +

 
    
   



2
 
 >
  
2
 
 

   2
& & * 
 
       
   
 , & #  

+
    



2
   2
    

,
   2
& &  
2
  
  
  
 
   




206

 
+ 

 
 *
  
   

     +
          8


 +
 

 
 





   
   ?    A
*   
     ?     A
?     
.  A ?  ?      A
  A
* 
       


+
 

           


  



 

 

-
       A   A .    A
*
  +
 
 
    
 



  
 
    

 
        A 
 
 

E 7

@ 



  

 







A 
     
 3 

  !
 #&   
 





   
 

     






    


  
   

 
 
 
 *   
 +

 


  
 8

+ 

 






 


  
  


  
      !
  




   




  
    
 
       
  
 
        

*    


 
  







        


!


 
 
  . &      +

   

  
  ,   


   
      
 
  
 !
F 

 
 
 
 (




   
 

  
 ,   
 
 , 

   *      
+ 
 
 
  
   *      
 
   !  
+ 

! 
       
          
  


  
 
  
 
     


+     

 + 



 
        *
  

   


 



'& 
       

+ 



  


 . &' 



=
 
 % 5 
 
=
   


 
  C






 





A

"

   ?

  


*  
  + 
 
  
   
 

 


  
    

 * 

 

 5 


    
 
 
+ 
   


 

  
5 
 

+       
 
   

 


  

 
 
      0
 6

  
  +

   
   
    

 -    

 + 




  
 -


     

 


  
  

"







  F

 ' &

>
 


  
   

  
!



 ,

      



   
 
  

  
 

   
 
  



  


 

  
      
  !         


     
  
 
 

!
  ' 
 ,
 

       6      

   
   
     & 
 (





  

207

=
 
  
    567
"B+ &&$    
  '+


     

       
        
  ,

& ? A *
  ,  

    

A+ 
    



  <
+   
 
          ,  
 
 A? 
* 
  
 
    
 A?  *

 + 

   
A !





 

 

 


   

 
    
   >


      
     
 

 
  

 

     

< 
  5  
   

  *
 


   

 A+  

 
  
  

  
A     A 8

+  


 
   
 

  , 



 
 
 
 
  

 
    
 




    
  A 5




  =
   ?   .   .

  ?   .    .   
 


 

     A     A
 !
 #&+

    

   
*   
A+ 



   
 ,  

A ?   
 A ?  * 
 

 
     A ? 
>  
  
A !
 

 
 
    

 


  ,    8 + 

 


 
 +
 


    

  A+ 
+       A 8

 +


 
     
  ? & *  
 
     !
 #& 

        


 




        
    
 ,  
 
A ? &  

+ 
 
   
A ?&+
     ?&
A ?&
        ?&  
A ?& *
   
 
     A?&  ?  





 

 



           


    "  " 
 
       A ? &  ?    ! 
     '   

    '

 

  " 



       A ? &  ?  


 

   !       '
  !  

    '

-
 

    5 
 
 *



 
+  

  1'
 
 


 


 
  
 
  
 >

 !
 9A   + 


 
 

5 
 
+ 

  


 
  





*   

 
    5 






>
   
 
 

 
 -

 



  

  " 



          A ?  


   !  

    '

-

 

 

  
* 

  
,   

  



  
+  
 
  



         
  
   









 

    

 
      

+  


  
    #$
#$     
C -
  
  
+  

+ 
; ,
 
 
  


 


  *    

 
    


    



  #$   
,
 
 
    
+

 
   #$  G 0

 

  0

 
 


  

 
   #$ 
 
 *

   
+  
  
 
 
   567 "&&$ 
+
A ?         
  

  




    


  

  
  

 

    2
    

+   . #+


 
      B # ?     . A+

  
  ) A ? 


 
$ 
  %
 

*  
   




  
 
+ 
  
 
 

   
 


 

 
  
  
  
 

+  
  
   
   
  
 
     ) A ?   

  + 
 


 
+   
 
 
  + 


  

  
  

7
    
  ) A?    
  +    
+ 
 

 

 . A  


   




   7+ 

 



 


 


  
  


208

  
      !
 .    





    
   

 
    !
 9&  
567 ")$    
  '+


     
       
         
         
!


 ,

& ? A 7 
 
  +
 
  5 
 
+ 

 
  



  
A !







 

   
 *   
+

 




 

   



 
   
+ 
  


 
   

 

   >
 

 


    

   






   
 
 
  . &      + 


 
  
  

  ,

   

 + 
   

  
  , 
       
 

   
      
< 
  -
  

  

  


    
 -

     6 
 
 !   

  




   %  & 
 
  
   
  
  A 6 
  , 

 


   

 

 
       A


   
 . '


5 

   
    

       A
 
 
 
     
 +
% . '




 


& .

E

!
 5 ,   



      * 

       

+

 
  

 < 



  
  ,  * 
  
 

  A ?  8

+ 
 

,

    ,  

      *
 ?  

A   ?  

A+


 
     


 
    ,  

A 
 
     A  !
 #&  

  

 * 
  
 

     A ?  


+ 
 


 


  ?   
A 

 ?   
A =
    
A 
   ? 
  
 
  
  ,  *


          
 


 -
  ,   
 
"
    F

!
.  ?  A  ?  A

 

A ?  ?     ? A * 

 %    F
   A >
     
 -
 


 H
 &    F
&  .  ?     A 5   


 
   *      




 
+  



  ,
  ' &
 
 
 
 
  *    
 
!



 ,

      
   
+ 

 

    




   
 
  

   
 




 =
 




 

   
 
  
 
  ,  6
     ; 


   *



  
  




   7+ 


 
  
 +  

    =
 


   
      

 
 

  ,  *


  !         

 


  
  
 + 




 
  
 
 


  

 





 


!
F 

   
  
F 


 

   !
F 


 
 
   (





   
 
   
 ,  

 
 ,  
   -   


 + 



           *

  

   
 
 




'& 
        
+ 

 . &
   

   . '+


 


  % 5 
 #
C

209


 =
 




  ,  * 


 

 
  + 





  
 
    

  

 >
  A      A 
   

+   9 
     .  A ?    #
* 
 


   



  
    
 
  
 
=
 




  ,  <
+

 


 
 
     
 A 


 
 
 6

 

 

 <  

   


 

   ,  


 *    
 
     ) A ? 
&  .  ?  A 5    


 
   *       
+
 

 

 <
& *    
  
+ 

 
    
 -

 
   
  <
& 


  

  
C 
 
  
 

 
 
 
;
 
 


   *
 
  

 

  
+ 

 
 8

+ 





,     7
   


 

  , +
  , 
 
 

 ,  
 


   





 

 




    

 

   7 


  
   

 ,  
     
 

 


  
    =
 
 
 
     

  

    


 
      

 ,

 
  
  
 
 
' 
 *
     




 
   

  
 
 

 

  
 
  *   



    A  
        




#      
 
 
 
 
 
   

  
 

/
  
 
 (   A  
 

 <
+

    
 
  A 

       
 




 
   

   
 
A  ? & . A ? & *   
  

  











    "  " 



          ) A ?  
 

    '





#

 

     
   
   


    
  
567 5 
** * 5 
*+  
 
 
  


 -

,  
 * 5 
***+
 

     

   
    
 
    

  



  F .  

     

-
  
 
 
  A?

 


 F  
   0

  

 
 
 
 



   
 
)* 


 

  

  


      5 
# 5     5

  
 

      ,    )*

    
 
  F  )F+
   



 
  


F  &     F  )F 




 


A ?  
! 

  %

)*
    
 

 


 


 


 
  


     
C

   
+ 


     < 

 ,         
 
 
      +  

      
 
     -
  
   

 
  +     

+   
     + 

       

 , 


  !
 #& 
 

9 ?& 
   , 
 

 

 

 

   

  
 

'   ( < 
      
 A * 

 

+     &   ,


210



7 


    *  F  )
F F ?&)F+
 

  
 


   



  

 =
 

 


 
 
 *F  F  &)
F F)F * 




 
  F )F+
 
 

  & 

 
  * 
 
 

 


    



    

   9
  +
 
 
  
  
   ,  -
 
 
    
 
 
 *
 
 
   H ? A 
   
 


    
 
        ,
 &  A
  
< 
 

  
 

 ,  
 


  

 


   * 
 




*

 


 A ? &  



  A ? &  
 
 / 
 

  
,
  


C &

    A

 
 
I A


 )


 
I #




   &     F
-

* . )   


 * 
 
    

    A
  (  


 >



0

  
     

 
 
  >
 + 

 
 

 



A ? & 
  



  

  

   
    *

 


 
 8



 + 

 



  

 , 


   
 



 
7


   
     +


  
 
    
    

 
   
    

  +  
(  
 
  
 
 
  

 
     

     
 
 
+



A ? &  *        A   



+
+ A ? &    (      A    

*   + 

 
  

+ 

   
   
 
 
    ,  
    
 
 
   
 ' 
   



  ' & 


 &  '  


   
 . '


 
  
 ' 

 
  ' & 



'  



 . &' 






 
   
  C


"

 

 

 










* 

) 

* )  ?


* ) 



 



 

 

& 
& 


* )
 



 ?



 ?
*  )

 



&

'  



&

'  
'  
'    & 
'    & 

-
 


   
   







        ' &   
'    ' &  '

& > 


 ;
 



  

  

  

    

&  A
        
 







   
   


( 7 
 

   !5
         ,
 &  A
  
< 


 

   

* .
 & 
  .
    * 
*
)




  
 ,

 
 


  

 
.     



       ,

  


2 
C






 







 

 

 

  ' &
  ' &
  ' &



 ?

   



   









* )

   












* 

&

 "' &$


 
   
     

 
 
    
   
 

 
 

. &    



, 
2   
C








 


 

211



 







 .
 +
  

 



  
   ,
F  
 &  
   ? 

  . & 
 '    *  


 
 %


  ( !
 +   

 


, 
2    


 


2 
 *  . '
  
  . ' 
     

 *  
 

 



 * * . '
  
   
 
   
 '    )  
  
 
 

   

 
 *    

 
 


2   
   
7 
   '+   
 ' 
*  '    & 
 >
 



2 
 
  
    



  
 
  
   
  


2 

  C


  


 
+    


   
 

 +     

   


 
  

  

 + 
 
 


  


     C      

 
           
     
>
 
 

 
    

     *
 ,   
F A    

F A+
 
 


 



  ,     


   
!5

    
 
  
   

 

7 
  
F A    
F A *

,

&



     A+
 



 

-

&

    *  
+

       A
 

 ,     
F A E %  &'

& & 



  
  
   +   
   
 

 
   

 


. & '
    A      


7 
       A      A

 ' '
*  

 


 
   


- .    
+ , . * )        > 
 
       
 . * *    
  

  
 


   +       
 
 ;   ? & 

  
 
   
, 
2   


       A      A      . &

     
  
 


    

 ? & 



 
 !
  . 'F *  




  
&     ? & 8
            
   ,  E !
 )  7

@
 
     

        +

     

  

           ;  "&9+ H$   -


=
 

   
 

  



 
   
 


    
F A    &  
   A

 
     




 
   
? + ? & 9 ? # 

   
 
  ,

&

%  
  ( *
 
   


J *     



 

  
  

  



 

 H ? A 
 
  ,      
 


 7
*  ?    ?    A
  
 
  
 

      



 7 
 

 
    , 
      # ?    
 ?    ?   A
   !
 
      
  
    
  ,
           
   
 
       & 9
     
 

 



           , 
  9   
 



H ? A  
 
  
 
 
    & 9  & 9
    & 9 
  
 ,  
 
 


    
& 7 
  
.            


  *
  
 

 
   9 ?#          *  
 . 
   

 *

 
 


    
  "& 9 &$

 

  


 
 'F *  

  ,
9 ?9 H ?A 
 
 
  
 ()* %  .          +  

 
    A
   



  &         & 
  .  
  
 



 
 

      /  '   
      


 















212

 & /. ? & ? &


   


!

     

 

 ?    "#

" ? . ? &

 .$ 

!

&

% 

*  
 . F +  . H+ . . A  / . H
-

 ?    ?  
 H
   
 1     
  
      
  

 
 F

     
  
 H ? A 
  , 
  
   A
  
*
   

  
 




 F    
  
, 





 
      
 
 

 


  

 

     

  

        


 F 

  


    


 1 ?A  , 
 *  ?    ?    H

 

 
 *

 



 

 
 

  
   
  

 
 >



 
             
 

   ?    ? 
H  A
    
 

  

  
2




 
  


 
,

    
!5 
   ,  

&  A
   
   



     



     
 ,  
 &  
   A  
   A ? #  
& #    #+  

 

 C

      " 



         A ?  
 
  '

, -  


.   -
  


   



 

   
 

-



         

 
   
 


  , 


 
 
 
   A ?    
   -
 
 


 

 


 
 
 
  

   "1$ 


   567  
 
 2
   
 
  
 
 

  
    A ? 
 


 
  
  

       




 
 (



 +

  


 


 

 
  


   
6 
 
 2
     
  





 567   
 


+,- ./ . #0 1  2 13  41


5 #   
  

            
 
  


 $,67%' %7%"%68
+)-  1  # 1
  9 : 3  ; 0"
 <    
  
     5 1/   =>,"=,= )>>)
+%-  *   ?  / 5 .
     
 , &   
     $,67,' %=6"%((
+=- # *  4  # 
  "
       5 1/  
=,("=)= )>>)
+(- #@ *  @0. 1  #   "

 
 " >",   
 "        
  
   
  !

  $,67=' ,>>",>6
+A- B/ 9
   @ # 

        
  ?5/<       $,67(' ,%>"
,%A
+8- C9 <  12 : *    "

 
       
      $,68(' =A%"=A7
+7- : 4  5 !  <  

  
       

 
   
 !

 )A $)>>,' %)="
%%7
+6- : 4   D
 !  
            )>>%
+,>-  :  0@ : #  "
 
 
 " " "
 <   "     # $ 
   %,)"%)> ,67)
+,,- 9 :   E ! 
 #     
  
 
    
!% &' 5 1/ 
 ,)%",%= ,667
+,)- 4;" 5    1/  9 ;
 *;5 1
 !      
 
      $,66>' )8,")8(
+,%- < /
 0"   )"   
 
      &( 5 1/  )6>")66 ,66=
+,=- B /
  2  #    


       
  
   A) $,66%' =A,"=8=
+,(- B /
"5   "   
 
   ) *  !

 +   $,66='
(86"(7(
+,A- # /  #  "  
 
  
   )     $,668'
=>,"=>6


213

You might also like