WATER TRANSPORTATION

WATER TRANSPORTATION
is the process of transport a watercraft, such as a barge, boat, ship or sailboat, makes over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and appearance.

WATER TRANSPORT
refers to movement of goods and passengers on waterways by using various means like boats, steamers, launches, ships, etc.

Inland Waterways
Inland waterborne transport use boats, launches, barges, streamers, etc., to carry goods and passengers on river and canal routes. The rivers and canals in the interior of our country is called inland waterways. Inland waterborne transport is an integral component of the overall transport system of the region and one of the most advantageous transport modes.

ADVANTAGES
Lower cost for the transport of goods Fewer traffic delays Better safety record Increase in the movement of people and goods that encourages domestic and international trade. It has least effect on climate change and the least environmental impact.

Ocean transport
Ocean transport refers to movement of goods and passengers with the help of ships through sea or ocean waterways. Ocean transport has its fixed route, which links almost all the countries of the world.

Types of Ocean Transport

1. Coastal Shipping
ships ply between the main ports of a country. This helps in home trade, and also in carrying passengers within the country.

2.Overseas shipping
ships ply between different countries separated by sea or ocean. It is mainly used for promotion and development of international trade. It is economical means of transport to carry heavy machines and goods in bulk. Overseas transport is carried out on fixed routes, which connect almost all the countries.

Types of Ships

Liners
Is a passenger or cargo vessel, which belongs to a regular shipping company. These ships ply over a fixed route according to a prescribed schedule or timetable.

Tramps
A tramp is a cargo ship, which does not make regular trips but plies whenever cargo is offered to it. It does not follow a fixed route or a prescribed timetable like that of liners.

EVOLUTION OF WATER TRANSPORTATION

TIMELINE

Many thousands of years ago, a raft made by tying several logs together with creepers, was the first kind water transport that a person could steer.

A frame boat, built like a basket and covered with animal skins was another very early boat. A coating of tar kept the boat watertight.

4000 BC: Boat builders in ancient Egypt used reeds to build what were probably the first sailing boats.

By 2500 BC the Egyptians were building wooden boats that could sail across oceans.

1000 AD

Viking longboats These ships had sails as well as up to 60 oarsmen who rowed the ship. The longboats were long and narrow so were able to travel on the open sea, as well as along rivers.

1100 AD

Chinese junks were sailing boats with a rudder for steering the boat, battens on the sails to give them greater strength, and watertight compartments long before western ships had them.

1450 onwards

Three and four masted sailing ships were in service for several centuries.

1800s

Fast sailing ships called 'clipper ships' were built. They had long, slim hulls and tall masts.

1819

The first steamships to cross the Atlantic combined steam and wind power.

1845

The first ocean-going liners made of iron and driven by a propeller were being built from this time.

1880s

Some steam driven river boats had rear paddles and were called stern wheelers, others had paddle wheels on either side.

1910

Coal burning sailing ships were converted to diesel power, using oil instead of steam.

1955

Hovercraft float above the waves on cushions of air and are capable of high speeds of up to 140 km an hour.

1959

The N.S. Savannah, one of the first nuclear powered cargo ships, was able to sail for three and a half years without refueling.

1980s

Hydrofoil Used as ferries or water taxis, hydrofoils ride on wings that lift the craft clear of the water so that it rides on skis as it gains speed.

Container ships carry cargo in huge metal boxes which are stacked on the deck. A modern cargo ship can carry up to one thousand containers.

Among the largest ships ever built, these supertankers are used to transport oil.

1990s

Cruise liners are ships that carry hundreds of people on floating holidays.

Modern nuclear powered aircraft carriers, battle cruisers, destroyers, and nuclear powered submarines are all used to keep a country safe and to protect its territory.

Types of Water Transportation

Bangka
Is a type of boat used in the Philippines for fishing and transporting passengers. They are constructed with a long thin central hull and a solid, buoyant, horizontal wooden skid, named an outrigger, 1 to 3 meters from both sides of the hull.

Barge
Is a flat-bottomed boat, built mainly for river and canal transport of heavy goods. Most barges are non-self-propelled and need to be moved by tugboats towing them or towboats pushing them.

Canoe
Small and light boat; pointed at both ends; it is usually propelled by means of paddles, although sails and, more recently, outboard motors are also used. in its human-powered form, the canoe is propelled by the use of paddles, usually by two people. Paddlers face in the direction of travel, either seated on supports in the hull, or kneeling directly upon the hull.

Catamaran
is a flat-bottomed boat, built mainly for river and canal transport of heavy goods. It is a type of multihulled boat or ship consisting of two hulls, or vakas, joined by some structure, the most basic being a frame, formed of akas. It can be sail- or engine-powered.

Cruise
is a passenger ship used for pleasure voyages, where the voyage itself and the ship's amenities are part of the experience, as well as the different destinations along the way. Transportation is not the prime purpose, as cruise ships operate mostly on routes that return passengers to their originating port, so the ports of call are usually in a specified region of a continent.

Ferry
is a boat or a ship carrying passengers, and sometimes their vehicles, on short-distance, scheduled services.

Gondola
is a traditional, flatbottomed Venetian rowing boat. It is also propelled by an oar. Girak Gondola is a type of lift which transports passengers in multiple detachable enclosed cabins. Gondola cabins have ranged in size from as small as two persons to upwards of twenty

Hovercraft
is a craft capable of traveling over surfaces while supported by a cushion of slow moving, high-pressure air which is ejected against the surface below and contained within a "skirt.

Jet Ski
a small self-propelled vehicle for one person resembling a scooter, which skims across water on a flat keel, and is steered by means of handlebars. It is properly known as "stand-up PWCs(Personal Water Craft)

Kayak
is a long narrow hunting boat propelled by single or double paddles.

is a boat of a distinctive design, made to fit the narrow canals of Great Britain. It refers to the original working boats built in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries for carrying goods on the narrow canals. modern "narrowboats used for recreation and occasionally as homes, whose design is an interpretation of the old boats for modern purposes and modern materials.

Narrow boat

Padded V-hull
is very similar in basic shape to the popular v-hull which simply forms a vee when looking at the back of the watercraft. They can come in many different configurations from that of a pure race boat to that of a recreational craft.

Punt
is a flat-bottomed boat with a squarecut bow, designed for use in small rivers or other shallow water. The punter generally propels the punt by pushing against the river bed with a pole.

Raft
is a special type of boat, distinguished by the absence of a hull. Rafts are kept afloat either by buoyant materials such as wood, or by inflated containers.

Rowboat
is small boat of shallow draft with cross thwarts for seats and rowlocks for oars with which it is propelled.

Sailboat
is a relatively small wind-driven vessel used primarily for sports and personal purposes.

Submarine
is a watercraft capable of independent operation below the surface of the water.

Water Taxi
also known as a commuter boat, is a watercraft used to provide public transport, usually but not always in an urban environment.

U-boat
refers to military submarines operated by Germany, particularly in World War I and World War II.

Yacht
it is defined as a light fast sailing vessel used by the Dutch navy to pursue pirates and other transgressors around and into the shallow waters of the Low Countries

Yawl
is a two-masted sailing craft similar to a sloop or cutter but with an additional mast located well aft of the main mast, often right on the transom, specifically aft of the rudder post.

PROMINENT WATER TRANSPORATTION OPERATORS

LOCAL

SuperFerry formerly known as (WG&A OR William Gothong and Aboitiz) it is founded by the aboitiz group and is based in manila. It is the countrys largest shipping company in terms of the wide and various services they can offer.

Negros Navigation
(Nenaco) is one of the oldest domestic shipping companies in the Philippines. It is also one of the largest companies in the passenger transport business in the Philippines.

Cebu Ferries
is a shipping company based in Cebu City, Philippines. It is the Aboitiz's alternate shipping company.

INTERNATIONAL

Royal Caribbean International is a Norwegian and American cruise line brand based in Miami, Florida and owned by Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd.. With 42 ships in service, it controls a 25.6% share of the world cruise market. Royal Caribbean International was founded as Royal Caribbean Cruise Line in 1968 by Anders Wilhelmsen & Company, I.M. Skaugen & Company, and Gotaas Larsen, Norwegian shipping companies.

Royal Caribbean Cruise

Star Cruises
a member of Genting Hong Kong, is the sixth largest cruise line in the world behind companies such as Carnival Corporation and Royal Caribbean Cruises. Star Cruises dominates the Asia-Pacific market and is owned by Genting Hong Kong

Disney Cruise Line

Disney Cruise Line is an American cruise line company owned and operated by Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, a division of The Walt Disney Company and is headquartered in Celebration, Florida. The business is run by President Karl Holz. Disney Cruise Line operates the Disney Cruise Line Terminal, which homeports the Disney Magic and the Disney Dream. The Disney Wonder is home ported in Los Angeles. In 2012, it is estimated Disney Cruise Lines will own nearly 3% share of the worldwide cruise market.

Carnival Cruise Lines is a British-American owned cruise line, based in Doral, Florida, a suburb of Miami in the United States. The company has the largest fleet in the group, with twenty three vessels currently in operation that account for 21.1% of the worldwide market share . Executive control of the company is provided by the North American division of Carnival Corporation, headquartered in Doral, Florida

Carnival Cruise Lines

Princess Cruises
Is a British-American owned cruise line, based in Santa Clarita, California in the United States. Previously a subsidiary of P&O Princess Cruises PLC, the company is now one of ten cruise ship brands operated by Carnival Corporation & PLC and accounts for approximately 19% share of its revenue

Costa Cruises
is a British-American owned Italian cruise line, based in Genoa, Italy

Oceania Cruises
is a Miami, Florida, United States-based shipping company that operates four luxury cruise ships on world-wide itineraries. It is currently the worlds largest upscale cruise line, offering good-quality food and itineraries at a cheap price when compared to other upscale cruise lines.

Holland America
is a cruise shipping company. It was founded in 1873 as the Netherlands-America Steamship Company ,a shipping and passenger line. Headquartered in Rotterdam and providing service to the Americas, it became known as Holland America Line. HAL is now headquartered in Seattle, Washington, U.S

WATER TRANSPORT INFASTRUCTURE

Philippine Waterways: 3,219 km (limited to vessels with draft less than 1.5 m) (2011)

PORTS AND HARBORS

The main gateway to the Philippines through the sea is through the Manila International Cargo Terminal and the Eva Macapagal Port Terminal, both in the pier area of Manila. Other cities with bustling ports and piers include Bacolod, Batangas City, Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Butuan, Iligan, Iloilo, Jolo, Legazpi, Lucena, Puerto Princesa, San Fernando, Subic, Zamboanga, Cotabato, Allen, Ormoc, Ozamiz and Tagbilaran. Most of these terminals comprise the Strong Republic Nautical Highway, a nautical system conceptualized under the term of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo where land vehicles can use the roll-on/roll-off (Ro-Ro) ship service to traverse the different islands of the country at minimal costs.

River Ferries
Pasig River Ferry Service (Cruises the historical river of the Philippines "Pasig River" from Plaza Mexico, Intramuros, Manila to Barangay Kalawaan Sur, Pasig City)

REGULATING AGENCIES

LOCAL
Philippine Ports Authority (PPA)
The Philippine Ports Authority is a government-owned corporation under the Department of Transportation and Communications as an attached agency. It is responsible for financing, management and operations of public ports throughout the Philippines.

The Philippines' Maritime Industry Authority (MARINA)

Is an agency of the Philippine government under the Department of Transportation and Communications responsible for integrating the development, promotion and regulation of the maritime industry in the Philippines. MARINA has jurisdiction over the development, promotion and regulation of all enterprises engaged in the business of designing, constructing, manufacturing, acquiring, operating, supplying, repairing, and/or maintaining vessels, or component parts thereof, of managing and/or operating shipping lines, shipyards, drydocks, marine railways, marine repair ships, shipping and freight forwarding agencies and similar enterprises.

Philippine Coast Guard (PCG)

The Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) is a maritime law enforcement agency operating under the Department of Transportation and Communications of the Philippines. The general mandate of the law that brings the PCG at the forefront of maritime law enforcement is given further clarity in bilateral and multilateral agreements with the Bureau of Customs (BoC), the Presidential Anti-Smuggling Group (PASG), the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA), and the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), among others.

INTERNATIONAL
Cruise Lines International Association
Is the world's largest cruise association and is dedicated to the promotion and growth of the cruise industry.

CLIA exists to promote all measures that foster a safe, secure and healthy cruise ship environment, educate, train its travel agent members, and promote and explain the value, desirability and affordability of the cruise vacation experience.

SOLAS
'Safety of Life at Sea'

SOLAS- SOLAS stands for 'Safety of Life at Sea' and is an International agreement for all vessels (cargo, tanker, passenger etc.) that sets standards for safety, emergency procedures and other such protocols.

SOLAS REQUIREMENT
Medical fitness Other areas will be: World Geography, Operation of Lifeboats, Rescue boats and other buoyant apparatuses used in rescue. Fire prevention and Fire-fighting; Knowledge of hazards in radio installations and equipment: electrical, mechanical, chemical and radiation hazards. First-aid including resuscitation and other medical techniques. You will also receive training in theory and practice in manning sea going vessels. Physically fit at sea, speak and write English, has basic knowledge of first aid and cpr, basic, firefighting technique and procedures. Boat handling and navigation, basic rescue skills and evacuation, communication use UHF and VHF radio. Able to fix electrical, radio and safety device.

Advantages of Water Transport

Water Transport has the following advantages

1. It is a relatively economical mode of transport for bulky and heavy goods. 2. It is a safe mode of transport with respect to

occurrence of accidents.
3. The cost of maintaining and constructing routes is very low as most of them are naturally made. 4. Play major role in the international trade, 5. Reducing congestion by using available space on the

water

6. Ensure fast and direct connection, supporting the

land-borne mode 7. Providing a reliable service for commuters 8. Providing a unique way to discover a city for tourist and leisure travelers. 9. Increase in Economic Activity 10.Increase in Foreign Exchange 11. Decrease in Transportation Cost

12. Increase in Government Revenue

13.Increase in Employment opportunities 14. Increase in Foreign Investment

Limitations of Water Transport

1. The depth and navigability of rivers and canals vary and thus, affect operations of different transport vessels. 2. It is a slow moving mode of transport and therefore not suitable for transport of perishable goods. 3. It is adversely affected by weather conditions. 4. Sea transport requires large investment on ships and their maintenance. 5. Accident can cause water pollution and creating dangers for marine life, 6. Not flexible.

ROLE OF WATER TRANSPORTAION IN SOCIETY

The role that transportation plays in the planning of natural areas as destination sites involves various players and the consideration of the needs of the community it will serve. Transportation sometimes does not stimulate the desired tourism development and therefore it is important to understand the central position of transport in destination development if the destinations growth process is to be understood.

Importance to Foreign Trade

Majority of foreign trading partners, the only options for transportation are water or air. Water-based transportation is generally the most cost effective mode for the majority of internationally traded goods.
Ports function as the transfer point between land and water transportation of cargo. The channels provide adequate water depths for the vessels and navigational aids.

Water Transportation Today

Today, as much as ever, America relies on its system of inland waterways and coastal ports. Imports and exports of raw materials and finished products fuel the world economy.

A significant portion of domestic trade is carried on the inland waterways as well. Industries that either use or produce large, heavy, or bulk materials are often located adjacent to waterways in order to take advantage of barge transportation. Barges can move more weight and volume at less cost and at less environmental impact than freight moved by planes, trains, or trucks. Steel mills, lumber mills, oil refineries, and grain silos can all be found adjacent to navigation channels.

The Future of Water Transportation

Barges and ships use less fuel to carry a higher volume of cargo than trucks, railcars, or airplanes, they operate more cheaply and with less environmental impact than other transportation alternatives. The efficiency of the U.S. waterways infrastructure is key to the nation's competitive position in the international marketplace. Other nations have modeled their waterways infrastructure on their system in order to improve their own potential for world trade. To meet the challenges of the future, the American Ports and the Corps of Engineers actively plan for port and channel improvements. There is a great deal of effort locally and nationally to find ways to make the development and maintenance of waterways and port facilities economical and environmentally sound. With careful planning and conscientious maintenance, our waterways -- the most ancient of highways -- will serve us long into the future.

IMPLICATION OF WATER TRANSPORATION OPERATION ON THE ENVIRONMENT

Effects in the Environment

Dams change free-owing rivers into reservoirs, and can prevent sh movements. Navigation also requires dredging in order to maintain safe depths in channels, which in the past has been seen as an environmental problem.

Water Pollution
The normal operation of transportation vehicles does not generate water pollution in the way that it generates air pollution. Shipping activity, in particular, directly affects the environment in a number of ways. The routine discharge of ballast water from marine vessels, if ballast is not segregated from cargo, introduces oil pollution at sea and in coastal waters, and can lead to introduction of nuisance species transported from the boats origin to its destination. The routine maintenance dredging of ports and inland waterways stirs up toxic sediment and frequently leads to the disposal of dredged material in the open ocean. These problems increase with growth in shipping, although they are less directly linked to ton-kilometers of freight than is air pollution.

Air Pollution
All transport modes consume energy and the most common source of energy is from the burning of fossil fuels like coal, petrol, diesel, etc. The relation between air pollution and respiratory disease have been demonstrated by various studies and the detrimental effects on the planet earth is widely recognized recently. The combustion of the fuels releases several contaminants into the atmosphere, including carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, and other particulate matter. Particulate matters are minute solid or liquid particles that are suspended in the atmosphere. They include aerosols, smoke, and dust particles. These air pollutants once emitted into the atmosphere , undergo mixing and disperse into the surroundings.

Noise Pollution
Sound is acoustical energy released into atmosphere by vibrating or moving bodies where as noise is unwanted sound produced. Transportation is a major contributor of noise pollution. Noise is generated during both construction and operation. During construction, operation of large equipments causes considerable noise to the neighborhood. During the operation, noise is generated by the engine and exhaust systems of vehicle, aerodynamic friction, and the interaction between the vehicle and the support system (road-tire, rail-wheel). Extended exposure to excessive sound has been shown to produce physical and psychological damage.

Role of Water Transport in Tourism

Cruise tourism has been a growing market sector around the world, not only as a means to travel to a destination but as an experience. The development of a destination as a cruise port requires in-depth economic, environmental and social assessment. Destinations also need to consider the capacity of existing tourism product, marine infrastructure, land-based transport services and tour operations to meet the needs of this market. Successful cruise destinations must provide a unique experience for visitors, have well organized transport systems and public amenities, clustered tourism products and attractions and a variety of excursion and shopping options.

There are a number of considerations in developing appropriate

and effective water-based transport facilities and services in a destination including: Understanding visitor and resident demand for water-based infrastructure and facilities and assessing this demand against existing supply; Assessment of the ecological, economic, social and cultural impacts of water-based transport Consideration of the planning and safety regulations and environmental restrictions for the development of water-based transport facilities;

Development of a comprehensive management and

monitoring plan for the transport operation to ensure sustainability of the business and conservation of the natural environment; Incorporation of all stakeholders interests and

values to ensure support and commitment for

development and ongoing management; Development of public / private partnerships to gain public support for infrastructure development and private involvement in tourism operations.

Positive Impacts of the Cruise Industry The industry contributes to the economy of destination areas. In addition, the exposure of tourists to beautiful, pristine areas such as those in Alaska can improve understanding of the need for conservation. The cruise industry can aid in raising awareness of threatened or endangered species.