You are on page 1of 26

  

  
    

www.UrbanManagement.ir

 
 
 
*

  

     


  : 
. .,% ! '( )  *+ ,  - &   ! $%  !"#
  0  . $  !  1 '% '23 &45  :

7,83 &93: %  0+'  % % - '%  *+ , '6  !"# 
%  '=@ '= 7A% 0% B ?;  +'= ) '>+ ;;< 
 ., '%
.+ DE"+ F@!"G C:@ H 0%   'I,I 7'J0+,!+ B,'C ) .>"
$ ! !"# I   .- 0% K "+ 0% 0#,@% : 
, + '=@  +'=   ... "4'M 7)  0+9L  I
!"# 74$C 0)  I '"%  NI O,!P  '%
'%

U! . ... QR  I'  '5C 0% F!I ST !'M
 .'I 0%'P@  @ %  7'C +G%+ '% ,  'C 'TI 0I   +
.%  !"# I .  ' '%  7 ) *+ ,
 @ %   0V ' 0  WE .- 0% K "+ 1 '% : 
$ , !"#    % '"% 7'C +G%+ 1G3  X+X%

VN  ,  '"! 0$#   'C  &+J- &+9L  

) % )  !"# 7:"  J ,+Z *+ , [,:E ,*+ , ,#


.  \J'6 !"#    '%  'C 'L ) *+ ,
$ !"#  


   
 
 
    :
 
*+/00/+ :,%-. &%


*+/)/'( :
% &%


<lyazdanpanah@mail.uk.ac.ir> !   "        


 *



      
    
 

www.UrbanManagement.ir


#  $!  " !        
  
4(  " # *'  '& 3   *12  0"/&.  +,- *' '() &%
.'!5 7" 6-  -! 5
 Part ?! #  $! . 7 >&=2 Participation 9:;< " 
".  *(  Participatia $&F ?! #  @'  AB C  D/
0 >E (
$  " ". # &H */&) " ,7  $  " &H # */&) C!. G-2" 0$  "
0L2!5) 7 5 #  >E $ AB ! */&) " ' J&,7 (   7 @' I.
.(RS :PMPOMN
0*&% 0*% 0 &U2 2B2B 6
"    '2  

*%CZ2 *-! ." & = -& 0"&Z2 0Y!IX 0*B#7 0WV;2 0= >V%
6&^ " ]  $&V 0'2 " #: %CZ2 $!   -![ +\2 
 =)L!  `
 a ,
%>2 _"  \ 0%CZ2 $! *-! . 7 

.(PO  :Pb 0*/!V (>1) 7 5  =2=!
 5  e *%$&&V  '2  >2 " 
c 2  d =(&] $!  d
*%Bg!  '&d  %5 .'2 @" "  E 
 " *"A A  *"A f;7 " "
"Z   e d 7  A! J& U 2 i!  (d &E d '(!2  (  &h
.(MR :PSN 0*-H) 7 k; l '%  c&2 *  !%C(d " j  (V " A
 -B   0< 4m  (  
 &%  
 
k /^ )  n&1  7&7 ?<  @" 2. # o. !%@B " " A  0

A !p  2Vq " *%  4 2 GX . 7 (A *%@B  %!"1 07&7
 D/
A *%@B  7&7 *%#7  @" 2. # o. !%@B "
 (2Vq ") 
  .(Helly, 2001: 2) " k>1 

_'2&B"  (7) *",2 (] :" "  E ]; " !# 6< "   



"'($ %&"'( 
   !"#

www.UrbanManagement.ir

" @' */!2 *% &]A  (%@=) %r  %$\2 0%#7 " !p
42 " _'2&B" ".  07&H  (k  7 s   # t!
cv 0JU(2 c< A  %B *% &]A "  c E- *&B" (uk : 7
 " c& w. " A  $&1  t ,
"  !%!&.  *%
  7 !%@B " &]A  '(@'E  c   '!X  (Ruk
l'%  
  z(m .'2 =&%  y " z V>2 ] '( >&2 #7  >7x 6<
o.  7 !% &]A c  * / (] :" +2     42 " /&2
 
  '(l'% (k {" !  @' ! '% @'((  @B #
.(ibid: 3-4) 7 p ". 6U2 1  k I
 '(l'% 0- ". 6<
 /& '! '   |(%A ?7  '&7 *  -B   
$! "
B'2# " % &]A $! * IBj  V>2 %5 Y=2  % &]A " " A 
 +#F n!   62  }7( *%(&#  % > =!" lq #  
 *"A
  ! ?
" !# 0"  AB U2 "  & ) %  h^ ,
5 `2 
." ~>^ :
z  2Vq "  6m m^ ^ "
"  ! +" ?2% . =!"  2  'A  @" >B  06Z&Z1 ! 2 ~7 
`E  0 /  7 " +" *%*&%  >! # &1 |(
 k:Z2 !

a2 *!B * 1J%   !FJ%  !.  +E ~7   V&h   7


n   *'2!.  V 0}%I ~7   ! ?
" 
*% 
*%;&^ " 2Vq " *%@B  %$\2 c& " +" $&% ,G . 7 E
&> E  *'2!. 0V%I ?V(
' $&] s ?!  2  '( .7

1. ad hoc
2. Stable- Regular- Participation
3. Instrumental
4. Expressive

M

      
    
 

www.UrbanManagement.ir

.(b :PMN 0 &X) '( 


2  &h *  "  '(!2 c &m

 cE &%  6m *  " 5 `2   
  /& .( $! (
. 7  @"

    
 (
" -B   7&H  7 ' " " 
 ?! 7 "
 %2BB" "
   7   " "
 #!" # 7&H *%   !
# *&> " 6'E  J% #(% 0 7 @'!" ".  &. 7 '< q 
 F1
 w. +!  %@ " @'  /B V%I *%* " / ." " 6&^  $! *%,
"  7%  $! # * 22 "&B +\2 "    '\> $ .7
 .7 0!&A 
&m 06'. $&3  *" B'2#  IB  e *%(&#
+"  1   @' !% &]A C! '&X }V7 

 *"h E
*&5  %* " / 0%$
0%7 " +" cZ  *%t . 7  AB c
0 &X {PMb 0V *) '2    Y"B " %  $! # * 22
.(Pb ,*/!V (>1 {PMP 0!m {PMN
"  ! *%, "  ^  &y 7  ! & " @' & *%\  %=2
 *"h E '&]  e  ?(&# "  & " A   '%" 2  IB
 
  =!" lq # . 7 @" !&A 
V
c&]"  zF  2Vq "  
& "  ?&^ "\! ,
 _'(( !Z *%",2 "
 &%
?;7   5  'ZA ! "V  
*% &]A ?;&^ " z<h 0 '2,
&2 &]A '()    nZA /&2  !  IB ! q " *" 'V 7 7&7  .7
 *' *%$\2   !F   ]! *%$\2 }!h &U2 @'2 +\2  +
k:Z2 # cVE %5 l '% aZ1 +'  %$\2 $! ?\ >  0, *%$\2
*%#7 '5 "
    7  , *  c& &U2 !% ^ 4 

S

"'($ %&"'( 
   !"#

www.UrbanManagement.ir

{PMN 0 &X {PMb 0V * {PSR 0@(X  "/!) " +2 k:Z2 # '  ]"&H
.(PMR 0% {Pb 0*/!V (>1
   (
5  @" $&&V  " A   *%C( '2    * !U2 ?y  *  -  *%Y:
* 0]3> $! $&&V ,
%* # ! . 7  AB 6< '%" f&m 
.' J& " 
 '
  
= >V%
 0'2L c   &  *"A  '
 0
 '
 'E % '!B J& "
 %! 'E % .'2 ". */A *2 # 5 # 2 ay: /&2 @# '2 %
*
*"A *% y BJ%2  6A: . '( s  $&   6 "Z 
 @B 6'^ 
= >V% .(S :Pb 0J& ") '2 " F
*  * 
2 # *   = >V% $! s!h. /&2 @B &Vq  &% :
z Z   '(  $&3
 ! '%   A  !%\(%   A ' E  7 'Z   .(Mb :%) " "
  u * A^ 0B" 2. :'2 ]; cE 
B'2# E 7 " '((   (
. u ]"
'(2   !%2  (  n7  *%@B  * A^ *%@B "
  J& "
 n> # %5  " "  (  "# "X '(( J&U(  ]"  "A & f&1< n 
 %  
ay: . " 2"  Z 2  @" *&B
*=!"  ! ?VH
"  JU2  *"h E W:.  &X 1 $! ( .(NON :PMR 05) '(( 
6m  0(2>2) t&25 `m '5 '!'X # *&B
n!   ' ` 

.( :Pb 0J& ") '(  '& 3 * A^ *%c   *%@B Y >B
n7 2#  '2&B @',  E:. *%"  . 7t! # %@B $!
#  (Durkheim, 1957: 29) " E:. *"h E 0B'2#  ' +\2 @" 2.
1. NGOs

b

      
    
 

www.UrbanManagement.ir

"h E "  


 ]" n  J&U( " 77 Z2  f;7 " =!" *7
! J& " .'! + "  ""B -^ 
 JU2  '2&B @',  A! #7
=)L! % .  7 -(< *%#7 "\!  'Z   # "X!U2 $& >2 #
 *%c1 "  7 -(< *%#7 1 l q " 2>2 6
"'\
"#7 '(&2 E:. JU2 t! *   @  *\(,2 0* _'&Z  ."&B c
.(M :PMP 0!m)
'! %5 ."&B U2 " 2B" Z2 *2j *%@B c&VE $! *  J& "
*%*@"!#   " "A #  '2&B  E ]"  "A & X ! [-^ %
]"  2' ?
& ?<A -^  '! $&(% ] '(( UA1 ]" ] ^
cZ # ]. * UA1 *7  
+U2  " c<^ (&q  '(( t
.(R :PP 0/2'&B) "/]2
) 
 "A   7 *%'2&X  n  " " ". J%  B =!" lq #
U2 " 
 -  # * *A ?H'H"  (   (  `2   (
6<  *'^  2#7  0=2=& 02>2 @B'!" 7  @=2 " ,J!&=
2>2 J& " .'2 @" 
 n!  $!  ".  s    C(&  *# 
*B#7 &E +' t! 0
*%\(% " 2" " hZ2 t!  (*\(%)
 U2  .'2 " %\(% ". $& "p  C(  ^  && ^ " *%\(% 
 J%") Y H 0*\(% 6 &&  \(  (< u *, ` 
" '!'
*%'2
,[ B'2# '!'
tV7 0" " A *  
 ( ' J  (%
Y >B J% A 12  A #  ^  0'!5 "
  * & *" #5 '! 0'!
 "  A! + ' # " &]7  (7  0 7 0@" 2.  " A J1 *%'2&X 0'!
>7 ' ` 
" 0"  '. JU2  #7 # n. t! " " A * ',=2 
.(Stewart & Glynn, 1974:103) 7  B &m " A  5A  @'
" *\(%  = >>B 0Y H ]^ 2  @ 25 ! " J& "



"'($ %&"'( 
   !"#

www.UrbanManagement.ir

$& 4
 'ZA +,-   *\(%  .(Durkheim, 1959:316) " " 
+U2
 (  
 )5  
6 U 2  
l '% _" 
 "A
 25 42 "  ."   7 @' h  ". Dp *   A *%=]
*"A f;7 " 25 .
f;7 " *=!"  *"A f;7 " ! :'%" s&
5 "  7 *A  ]^ B2  7 *\(% # *"A ~>^ 2 &25 !
 6F: .  @ %  ]^ $&() ." @'&\(7 * ".  V>2 "A 67>^
 'E  )X 0*\(%2 ~>^ 2   @" *"A f;7 " !%2>2
 : . 2 B2 
25 ! 
f;7 " 25 {'(  \
." @'&\(7 +U2  
  "A 67>^ 5 "  7 
*\(%
a&V;  ".  A J&U( ,
+#F ?&7 'EA "A " '2 "
 
#   2#

2V& X  
!^ ~>^ 'EA /&2  @Z 
*%&  5
". !,2 "  @"# \(,2 *% A  7" 7 $ "A  ]^ $&() " . 7
.(S : PM 0*/!V (>1) '( `. 
!p # 

 (  (7 J>&2 '(!B /&2 
#7 }  *%*
 c!VE +\>2 0 ! A  (< 6 &&  (&2, `!7 '(! A ?&7  * &VE
 A 7" # 
 ( *%'(  '&E . A! Z 2 E *%@B \>2 
 .(Pfohl, 1985:159) A! Y >B l 12  2 %/  A ,$ A 7" # $! 
 B % 
 "A *%'2&X  n  " : . &m $&&V  /&2 G 
*% .7  =2=& c  ." @"- 7 &m $! c&1 " =2=& _  #
 J&>Z  <h. &] 0>2  2>2 6 '&] ?VH 0=(%A  

 &Vq #   # 0
# 0". 42J% # 0". # =2=&  4m  0 >2 "
0-( ~>^ c   " " &1 *%V(
=2=&   " +:  "5 k>^
.'! \ " A " )X   A
  ! ! 0J%  l"    2>2  =2=& J&%- '!'
 -  # *&>



      
    
 

www.UrbanManagement.ir

'2 @'& <  " " 6  $&7 0 2 .'2   *=!" #  2 6<
7 
$! " .'(%" 7  2>2 k> ^  0=2=& # '!'
*]L& t!
.(Lukes, 1993:78) "5 k>^  2>2 # ]' ?>2  (   =2=&
7  *"A 2>2 =!" lq #  =2=& ]^ "  2>2 4\ "
...  !,( 0B"7 0 !m2 0*! 02 2 0*'& 2 0'E ~>^ 0"
.'( 
"2 s  =2=& +,- # -! ?y  $m @'& $&7 $!
* U2   /& cE 42 (X "  2B 2=&  A 6 %U 4 2 5 *]L&


{'E ~>^ (] :'%" 2 7 ,- " < $!  '   $!! 

* /2 ~>^ (" {*\(% ~>^ (o {!  1 ! !( ~>^ (k


.$ !. # -( ! -( ~>^ (u%  

" '2 7 ~&Z t! 0J&%- $! " &  `
 "'  6Z&Z1 # ' J% 7
*  " 7 ~&Z '!B " $! " /&2 & ." $!' *"A 2>2 C\(7 * 
.(Miller, 1991:17) '2&B @# '2  *"A 2>2 # V(
t! 0t!%  7 !B '()
#$% !" (

    (
$d7 F  ]7 S ("  # # J ) " A \ c C%gX $! *5 ?

"
 *"h E  
*%Bg! 6 /!  
  . 7  , , ?2BRR aq(
1. Powerlessness
2. Meaninglessness
3. Normlessness
4. Social Isolation
5. Strangement

R

"'($ %&"'( 
   !"#

www.UrbanManagement.ir

# @"- 7  02> ?Z;( RR " %5 B'(d X   , , " $d7 " A $& "
aq( # i! %  &
J\^  }7(  0*'(ZVq  * ^ '() *&B22 Y
 A"h q 22 0( 7 @'!"B &, cVE # d  2. 7,A +A  
 )
@'!"B k 2 -2 SS " '    dd *&B22 A # @"- 7   i& >&7
. 7
      (
2C7X #&2 " 6:q *5"B t&(  C!&X a&Z1 Y 7 $! "
c& F  ]7 S " A  
   *p^ 6<  /&2 2C7X . 7 @"
 
   C%gX *U2 k))  2V $!' ,
7  cE . 7 @'!"B
. 7 @'  AB @, /&2 (*"(7 ) * 2 Y # $&&X 6Z&Z1  `( 
!"   #$%  &' (
C%gX  / V  C! /A *   1 V  Y # '  2" V  C\(7 ,

 '&7 # % .U2   n m !  Y $! " . 7 @' @"- 7


 *%C%gX " @' #5 *%~&Z # @"- 7 $&(%  4m hh 
?]; ^ " q 02C7X $!' # GX   " " . 7 @'   " 77 +'E
(2C7X R ) %7X 7  
$! " .'!"B X %2C7X ,!,2  'Z
.'!"B $!' !,2  < ?2C7X }7( *5 6V71 +\2
" . 7 @' @"- 7 * @#7 V  Y # V  ?
" C! /A ,
=!" lq #
"5  J%  %~&Z D /
# i! % ?;  7  + 'E (&q U(  
$!
. 7 @' ~&Z cd  /
$& = >V%
BC%gX *7 # #J% q  d  !% &]A >7 @#7 V  d ]^ "
1. Validity

P

      
    
 

www.UrbanManagement.ir

." c 0"&B 6< 5 *&B@# '2 *  &7 ?7  @#7 i! ! * 
 c&1 a!q # d  V     @#7 V  7 *%Y $!J, #
7 ,
m^ C%gX " .(Zeller, 1980:234) " +2 " +\2 /& V  
M *   c&1 ! 2 . 7 @' @"- 7 Y " % # *&B@# '2  / V 


B.T.S

 K.M.O *%#5 ~7  d " " 2 


d &q "

 * "( f;7 A  c&1 Y "  (/Rb) @' V71 (/MSS)
&E dI &q / * "( f;7 " '%" 2   +\2 !&2 &E
. 7 @"  "   c&1 +\2 !&2 
 ,-.+ 
'*+ ()
 (&&V *'"  '
 -&< *' i!  '
# %@" " c&1  &< * 
G2!  c&1 #5 0= >J% }!m 0y7 d '(2% e *5 *%#5
c&1 #5 # %~&Z 7 " z(m . 7 @' @"- 7 ... LSD #5 0Aqi!
. 7 @' @"- 7 c
0$ &+- %  1 2'+ (/
6&E  " " A "    0 > |(%A C%gX &  $!J,  (
@"2 ! ". aA   " A $& " % &]A " J&>Z !  B'2# _#
.(Webster,1981: 1946) 7
0" #5 02%B5 ^ t!    !( "   '!B }q*"

1. Factor Validity
2. Discriminant Validity
3. Kaiser- Meier Olkine
4. Bartlett,s Test of Sphericity

N

"'($ %&"'( 
   !"#

www.UrbanManagement.ir

.(M :PMR 0}q*") 7 *m 


 & *   >2 " 5 &]>
     
 '!B 
 ! "  &X
*12  "/&. 
 *' '() &% #  $!  " !  
-B   GX .'!5 7" 6-  -! 5 4(  " # *'  '& 3  
  A'%  '&7 *  @B t! " A *%C(   C(  
 
k>^  &%  25 *   7 @B Dp VE " C&  J  "  -B
*  C&  J J%#  ". 62  &2 0 E 0c&    *12  ,'!5
.'((  l< 0'2 " U2 "  A'% aZ1
!%@B " " A  0
 m^ C%gX U2 " ! "
. 7 (A *%@B  %!"1 07&7 k /^ )   7&7 ?<  @" 2. # o.
?%  @" 2. # o. *%@B " A !p  2Vq " *%  4 2 GX
 A *%@B  %"* 07&7 *%#7   > &H A *%@B
.(Helly,2002:1) 7 

:# 7 6V 
  /& &   e  7
'! @"  @"V2 *% &]A # t!% " '^ )   IB 7 t!"
/V7 *pA * ',=2  -^ 0L7) * ", &U2 !%#7  *% (]
0%63&% (o { ZA  t  '(#&2 *%@" 2. *  !/&,
'!. *%2 (k {(...
J7  " =!>%  *% (" {V%I *%$
 V%I 6>
0%@-7 0%m
 *% ( {B'2# c1   *  &]> VE (u% {7  * " /
*%$\2 (# c1  ',    " 2> ` \ !!' !  =!>%
(* {* !&. *%$\2 (e {, *  (9 {(...  >% *#> X) >!# n&1 -^
cv  !^ *%$\2 ( {*(% u =(%A u  *%$\2 ( {&  D&] $\2
.V%I E *%$\2 (+   " 0 '(]7 02# WZ^ # !^
 7&H 
 C\(7 ,
  ] *% &]A 7  cE



      
    
 

www.UrbanManagement.ir

,
. 7 @'  AB U2 " 7 
 C\(7 ,
+  #
~&Z # /&2 (@' "! *%$\2 ") 7 ' "   /& 6' C\(7
(k { !p (] 7 D/
(X c ~&Z $! . 7 @' @"- 7 $&X) 6  7
.(Miller, 1983:4,5) +Z }^< (u%  % & " !p (" {27t (o { '.
]^ 2  , 7 @'  AB =2=&  l"   d 2>2 J&d" "/2 "
B"7 2 )" "A 
6F: . ?;7   5 " d " W:q *A
" )X  'E ~>^  * A ' E # &V 0%\(% k 2 "
7 2"  *A ]^ 7 U2 # *"A 2>2 .(Durkheim, 1959: 209-10)
0
" A  V>2 *"   0@'(!5  V>2 *'& 2 c&VE # 7>^ }
 d
" A &m  V>2 (&'  'E  0 !
 $&]>  V>2 *"  
=2  7>^  ]^ *"A 2>2 I] .""B  : V "A " ]  *"
*"'  67>^ 6<   ""B 5 0"A " w.  &-&d  (  d 7
.(Growther , 1998: 571; Dean, 1969:163-165) " \ 
07 ~&Z " c!'  9
  *"A 2>2 "d & ,

$! "
: AB  E 7 " !# 9  !%!B
+ " `m $! !B d () 5 0 7  A $& #  & " $!!" V1 (]
{"d "  >d   2 E  @# (k {  " '% .  "  B'2#  "
d * 
$! " (" {'2 6- ] +" *%#&2 cZ "  F> @# (o
 `m J(d A 0%p  '(X JH (u% {"2 C&X *d z77 J(& $
6 2 7 d cE ."  , #  # 
$&yX  +1 6ZVq d n! 
. 7 @'5 7"  R   $& @'5 7" 
 d # 0". # >2 ! '
 h-2 Gd "/2 " =2=& *U2 !
,
.(Marks, 1964:68-72) 7 &Vq  
#  42 J% # 0C!. 6 '&]
0'E &U2 *"  "'E ~&Z" .7  c&2  $&7 $! =2=& C\(7



"'($ %&"'( 
   !"#

www.UrbanManagement.ir

'E 
$! " .'2" "  E 7 "  =2=& ".  /2 0*\(% 0!(
*  Ad 6'E #  v # 
!  d 7 "A "/2 " (%  ^ i! _# '2
&m '& 0'E GX . >&2  ". *"h E  7&7 *%" '! '&X ,
"] $&    (< 0*"h E 07&7 +U2   (d  'ZA" 0%" '!  (d * 
.(Robert, 1962: 473-516) 7
=2=&  &  'E C\(7 ,
!B  m^ C%gX " 7 d cE
%!B $! . 7 @' @"- 7 $&7 'E ~&Z # c!'  9
 @"- 7  
q  0J&%" &&  
*%" '! !
J&2  $ v (] :# '2 6V
C! /A # *&B
*  Ad c!7 #  J(d A $ (k {J&%  ". d
~>^ C&X # C& # ,
6F1  ". " (o {J& >%  ". % &E
,
  '() ]" !# 0 7 @'!A ]"  6: "d B# (" {J(d 2 2
.7  ^ " "  E $ (u% {" '2 +" 6:  `A( 0%mZ 
#  J(d ~>^ ( {J(d G^ 2=& 5   ". J!'2  +d 7&7
(# {J! ". 
.  . " A *%@B  Z *  V7(  Ad *%Y
&j 1  "
 7&7 J&2 2  ! " ^ 42  
  J(d A $
J(d A $ (e {"d k>^ >d *    d 2# @" $! " (9 {J&%"  E
{'   " *&j 
" '2 2 A n!   ,'%  J% B  ^ $ cv "5
#&X ^(
) #   2 "/2 + 'd '(d2 2 '() WA J(d A $ (*
}^< *" ' 7" " 
_ " ( {"d '% 2 && /&) &% !# 0"
. >&2  .7 ] *%+"5 7" # 2 '() d & $! "  7 6'E
)'
(&

3  4567 ()


, *F  7 S !B7X & "  ' s ,@'5 7" ! 2  
 

M

      
    
 

www.UrbanManagement.ir

$&=2&  " =!" &2  # &2 zV!Z  (7 " ?2B RR aq( ")  ,
$&=2& q   '2 @" A  , ']   ". &2 # C& 0'2 @" 7 P (7
N ' s /&2 %5 &]A `m 7 " .'2 "  , " 27 Z7 7 Rb
$&H & " .'2 " 2. /&2 '<" PN  t!"/2  cH 7 " " A '<"
N   ]" C &= WZ^  "/ '<" RR 0cZ > $  '<" P E +
$! & " .'2 "  ?Z7 7 M O $& '<" $! &  '( >% A '<"
& "  ]^ " {'2 @" * A"  '( ('<"R "'^) " ' $! & " A
" A # '<"  . 7 @' @'% ('<" /M) @'(A '<" $! & %5  'X
& " @" 2. Dp " ' $&=2&  '( "\ '<" P  c%3  7 "
. 7 @'5 7" N/R %5
&% $ 387 ()
*p  '2 7  !%@" 2. " '<" P ,( 07 " " A & "
 " z:< 7 " " A +7"  t!"/2  ]^ " 0" " 

.'2 '2  E 
 *%@" 2.
" 
*% &]A " B'((  '<"  e *% A!  
 
' s 0$&=2& &U2 */  c! *%s. ?V71   5  /&  7
@' "! *%#7 ! %@B ! %$\2 " :
z < !B7X '<" b  t!"/2
* !&. *%$\2 &U2 !% &]A " %B ! 6'2 ! /&2 &Z .'2 '2 
z !,2  (2 '2#A &m  B'&7 ?;7   J% 5) &  D&] $\2 ! V%I
"  0@'5 7" ! 2  
   ]^ " .'2   "   !^ *%$\2
!  V%I 6>
 %@-7 0%m 0%63&% "  &U2 7&H *% &]A
* &2 *%$
! 7  / J7  " =!>%  *%  V%I *%$

. 7 @" " wh . ".   %'<" $! & ... B"# ]/]#  t 

S

"'($ %&"'( 
   !"#

www.UrbanManagement.ir

!B7X '<" $! &  ' s /&2 c 


  /& ?V71 
   "  *'^  /&2 '<" /N 0'2 "  
 ('<" Mb/)
 @'5 7" ! 2 #  2B% . 7 @'5 7" "!# 
 / ,(
Y^^  &  J 4\ " 2 ,  '2, 
 0'!5
2Vq " 7 *% &]A  ... ZA  t cv 7&H 
*% &]A
. 7 

*# $ %&' () ( # ! "  
 
 : 
+  # 
 
 





  

+/(

+/(

)*

0(/-

1-/+

--/+

 
 



 
 



  

+(/(

+(/(

)*+

(/(

(/(

&'

$
# %

)-+

-./&

('/-

'+0

(./(

()

)-.

,

'(/.

+(

'**

&/1

'(

0+/1

&-/)

)1.

23 

'**

*/+

-0/)

')/.

0-

 45

'**

'/1

')

$
#  

'**

&.-

'**

&11

'**

1*(

7



'/'



*/(-



   

 



'/.+

8 

&+";&  9 & : ()


d ' s q *%!B 7 a!q # 'E  2>2  /& V71 
*%
aA     " *B#7 *"A 2>2 *%&  "!# '^ " '<" b/N
d " " `
 .'((d ~>^ *"!# 'E /&2 '<" b/  @" ^;

b

      
    
 

www.UrbanManagement.ir

*"!# '^ "  '2, *F  7 S " A # '<" MS/R d ' s /&2 @'
.'2 " 2>2  'E ~>^
387 <   ())
  ]3> $! !B7X # '<" / J!' 
  0  `2  7 "
z: '^ "  " IB2 
 "  *   E  "!# 7  $&=(7
A !7  '5"  `2  # ! ,!B7X # '<" NM/ {'2 " VE "!# 
  %5  B'&7 6m  B" 2. 6: " A $! # '<"  .'2 @"
:
z <  '2 ]3> $! aA  *'^  ! :
z  ,'<" N/S .'2 @"  ". c  (
'2'Z   7  $&% " /&2 '<" /S  " '2 *j  @'!A 6: c^ " 
" ." '2 *&j3 % ?\& 2 " 
*% &]A "   
 
 C2 " $  '2  !2  +'   `2  # ! !B7X # '<" RM  ]^
 V>2 
 !'  $&]> -( Y=2 '<" PM/S .'2 @" A 6,
@'2&BJ&h '2'Z  /&2 '<" NN/R  @"2  (  `2  (   
Rb/ .5 "  " IB2 E +"  *  !
77 *% " ]" "
z <  '2 @"  ( /&2 '<"
&%   _" %5 @" 2. *p & " :
7 " !B7X U2 # `2   /& ?V71 . 7 @'2  V1< 5 =2=) 
 AB 6< ^  
 e `2   *"h E u B" 2. `2  C "
u B" 2. `2  "
 '<" /P  ' s @' V71 ! 2  
  . 7
!# & " .'2 @" !# "!# '<" R/N  n7  '<" R/R 0J  *"h E
0J  `2  $! '<" RS/b ' s /&2 
 e `2  _" !B7X
.'(2 " "!# '<" R/  n7  '<" /
 "
 `2  !B7X # '<" N/  ' s <^ ! 2 ~7 
+"  *  *"!# `2  
"  '2'Z  (! 0'2 @" " @2 R   $&

R

"'($ %&"'( 
   !"#

www.UrbanManagement.ir

-<) $& :
z < ! J &.  `2  !B7X # '<" /S ,(  ]^ " ." " "

.'2 @" !# ( 
"  #
  #0#  /(. #-- "  
 
 :, 
! 1 ( ( -
(! )$! & $
(

%;

# $
% & $   

!


' "

9: %; 9:

"!
%;

"!

 

!


9: %; 9: %;

 

9:

)0/-

)&)

''/&

-'

*/&

*/-

,

+*/.

(*1

.)/)

(--

)'/+

'((

)-/+

)*'

&/.

)&

23 

)*/+

'.+

)./(

)')

10/)

+)+

.-/.

(1+

-./(

.'*

 45

'**

0*(

'**

0*)

'**

.1'

'**

.0)

'**

.&&

7

2 
  /&  
" `2  "
 # !#  /& $& ?; 
%  '2 @"2 !# "!#  %5  @'!"  >
  `2  " A )% '%"
(&q '<" bb   *q  , 7 @' J 
  /& V>2
"
 ~ ?;  
  /&  `2  "
 Y!IX $& -B  
"  
 e `2  Y!IX  /& )% -B   $! ( ." "
 0" " "
 ~ ?;  @' "! &  " $& ."  & 

 c 
  /& ,`2  $! "
 Y!IX ' "!#   *q
@'  ?;  "
 /&2 P _ '
c! *5 *%#5 ." J 7&H
.'((  '&!3 

R

      
    
 

www.UrbanManagement.ir

4) 4 5 - 6


3 "  # ! " :2 
 
 

!  
 

& $ *+,-  
!

!  
 


*+,-  

& $ *+,-  

& $

& $ *+,-  

7

 45 23 

,

7
 45 23 

,

7

 45 23 

,

&.&

-+

1+

&)*

0-

)(&

++

+&

+)/).0
&-/'

'-&

.'

'1*

.0/0 +(/1 &0/+ 0./0 0-/1 00/' 0)/( ../- 0)/'


&(

'()

-)

(*

)(/. )*/1 (1/) '*/0 1/(

'-/0

'.

'*.

''

'(/0 )-/) './(

'&+

1'/( (-/.
(0

(1

)+/( (&/-

++

'0

)0

&

'(

'

./+

+/'

'(/(

)/(

) /-

)/'

) /0

&/-

' /+

&/)

./+

.0.

'&0

&+&

'-+

&.-

.0

'-&

'*0 &.&

.1

'0-

'*1

'**

)*/' +'/+ )0/( '** '0/( +)/& )-/& '** '0/+

+)

)-/+

=( <;  >?3 = */***

<;  >?3 =*/ +((

=( <;  >?3 =*/***

= &-/'-. <5@ 
;

= &/*+0 <5@ 
; =(

= )&/+& <5@ 
;

A B3 

A B3 

A B3 





,
23 
 45
7

`2   !B7X  !%@2 *'( 7"   N _ '


! 2  
 
_'(%"2 -< %5 "  !%@B >!Z  '2 @" " +"  @  7  "

 7 *> OM  R  *> ON  t!  *> Ob _2 `2 "
 +'
' s 
  *'(@B $! ?;  * E  @" N *> SOR
6- c  7&H " " 
 $&=2&  `2 "
  %"@2 $&
+:  nZA 
$! "  ) /&2 @' V71

LSD

#5  
  ." " "
  "(

 '2 @" " `2   b ]  _2  2!B7X -B   (""B - 5 ! 2


1] # * "( 6- '2 @" "  (@2 $!F) R ] S _2  2!B7X

RR

"'($ %&"'( 
   !"#

www.UrbanManagement.ir

'2 @" " ON _2  %B $&  " ( 6- $! .'2 " 
 $&=2&
 & 
" `2  "
 # !# )% -B   $! ( ." @'!" /&2
."   7&H  c 
 $&=2& V>2 %  0'
( -  #
  # ! " >.< =
;-
 "8-9 :7 
( - @-)
89
 1
*/ *'*

*/)-+

*/**'

0

&/&-(

'/)&1

( / .+(

67


5$

. ,

. ,

'-1/&(+

 34 2 

. / &01

1'-/ &10

 9C ! 

'-1')/&(*

&&-

 9C !9;

)*+*/1'0

&(&

E

'0/)1*

1&/ *0*

 9C ! 

'(/ 11'

+*-./ *'1

&(+

 9C !9;

+'.-/ *-1

&(-

E

')(/).'

(-1 / *(.

 9C ! 

). / .-0

'1(0./ -1'

.++

 9C !9;

'1-0(/*'1

.+-

E

 
 D; 
E
 
 D; 
3;
 
 D; 
3;F

]3> $! * IBj  /&  *"A 2>2  'E ~>^ $& ?;  7 "
 * & =2=& ~>^ " A ) %  ' s 
  /& 
 q  0'(   " 
" A =!"  ]" 0 ^ 07&7 +U2 0

bb  a&Z1 ?&mA $! ( .'((  


*% &]A  
" *  
 ;  * "( /&2  _ '
c! *5 *%#5 .""B '&!3 (&q '<"
." J *=!" 0! $ A F  -B    *q  @" " 2

RP

      
    
 

www.UrbanManagement.ir

/(. #--  #0# "  # ! " :B 


 
 


!  
 


! 
 


 " !



!
  " !
!



!
  " !



!
  "!



!


7

 45

).1

)&*

(./( +*/0
)'-

'.-

23  , 7

 45

23 

,

7

 45

23 

,

)'-

+0

'

)')

'10

&(

(0/.

&'

'

)(/&

'**

&1

)10

&*/0

0./& 01/.

(-

'

'** ../1 1)/'

)+

''

+* ''/)

'*

'+/+

&(

'

'&

'+/+ ''/-

)0/&

+*

)/+

)/(

)/0

(/'

&/)

1/'

+1+

(+&

')*

&))

)+*

1'

'

&'0

)(1

1*

'

'**

10/0

)*/-

*/& '** 11/.

))

&

'**

11/1

))

&

&0/' &1/&
0-

+(

(*/-

<;  >?3 = */***

&.

0'/1

-&

.'

)-/) )(/1





,
23 
 45

7

=( <; >?3 = */1+) =( <;  >?3 = */**&

= )1/(-<5@ 
; =(

= '/-'& <5@ 
;

= './'& <5@ 
;

A B3 

A B3 

A B3 

<;  >?3 = */***

<; >?3 = */ )1'

<;  >?3 = */***

 C = */&--

 C = */)*.

 C = */(+&

 $,+$ (*
0B'2# $! 
h(  (  
 ?&7   
" B'2# 
" A # t!% *     %5 * ',=2  -^  '!5 '!'X    a!:
&]> VE  ', 2 (  
 ."#7 !IX2k(

$!
$! . 7 @' |(%%  +=% 
 "!IL B G %  7 
 *"A
^ ."!IX 6< ... 7&H 07    " '2  &]>  ',

RN

"'($ %&"'( 
   !"#

www.UrbanManagement.ir

" '! C7X $! '(( 2  +" )  7  @" $! < C7X
'25 7"  # */&) ) " A 0'  -,2 *=!" C7X
*  "
 c!7 0" A '<Z  2>2 C( # !=]  !% A&% 7 "
k 2  '((  $!' %5 }]E "  ". '<Z  !%( 0'<Z $! aZ1
'2 " U2 W- }; $! Y!IX " =% 0" " 6 %5 * 
*  }7(  /
B2B *%@&  n!  $!  '(  "'1  " A *%k 2 n&1 n!  
.'2 &>-
 !%@" 2. " C%gX $! " 7 " " A +7"  t!"/2 v  ( 
!5 GX 0'( 2  2Vq " 
&]A &% " @" 2. *p  '2 7
&. ! " "!# !B7X " C( $! 7  *&B"! 
$! #  = >>B  5  ;  * E  
 "A '2&X ,'5  2B%
_  . 7  AB  E 5 " "A  =(%A  
n&1  ""B % 

! '
*(    +,- $! @"7 "  *"A 2>2  'E  =2=&
 =!" # ! '
&< *  7(
 '( >% &%- 0J&%- $! .  IB
7&7  ^  
# ! '
0 # ! '
0". # ! '
0( /2  ' ,()
$!  >2 +2  A *"
 lq # ' '
$!  '2  @"   .... 
0'2 J&> 0'2 c-( l q  ". *&2"  ;  " % >2  7(
"  <  7 ^ .'(%   $! ' '(( ^ %5  2> '(%" @#

 " " "
 ( A ?
) 
B'2# " */&) )  " $! C%gX $!
7  IBj 
 C( " *'^ )   /& $!  '(  "\! -2
z: '^ " *"A 2>2 !B7X +7"  t!"/2 J!' 
  ! 2  
 
" % `
 .'((  "!# '^ " 'E ~>^ /&2 %5 # &2 # C&    " "!#
*"!# 'E  2>2 !B7X '<"   t!"/2 ,@'5 7" ?\& 2 "  "
"
 `2   % !"'1 # !# 7 0]3> $! ( " .'((  ~>^ ". "

R

      
    
 

www.UrbanManagement.ir

" " 2 '%"  E &j3 1   C(  ,


5 # /&2  @  7 
 
 e *% !"'1  B" 2. *% !"'1 !B7X # &2 # C&
" "
 `2    * @2  '2 @" !# "!# 
 C( +\2 ,

0 7 
" "!# `2  "
 B!2  & '2 @" " A 
 +"  @ 

$! " .'2 @" k 2  S   _2 !B7X # &2  t!"/2  *q 
f;7  0" " = > "A 'hE  c!   @# '2 %   -B  
' "A ! " 7 "A . 7  >  /&2 n!   62 "
  C2 "  6,
 "  ("
 `2  A " !B7X ". J# ) ...  %B5 ' 06,
.'(  '7(  !&2" " '2  ,( 0'  A=2  E `&7 !&2"
 E ;  
 a!q "  "A <F   " *5"! 
$! "
a!q # *=!"  
"  BC( !7  eV "\! a!q # ! .'( 
  &  '(%" @#
"A   I <A " }& $!  .%@B " !p
$!'  '%" C! /A 
 "  
"  ".   " c< 

 2B% ." 


# "A ! '
(! 'E  =2=& ". # `2 &7
 7 7&H  #   &. 7 
 " " 2 % A!
 ]^ " 0 7 @'2 E 7&H '^ " " A n   & -B   $! (
  "5 J% A  !m ~>^ "A *   $! $m 2Vq "  jx 
 }& $!   '%" J& 7&H 6
*   ". 6 ',  '%" @#

*% A! # @'5 7" ! 2 ~7   ]^ " ." ! 
|(%A  4

*%$\2 ! &  &] $\2 p '<" $! & ,7 !
  e
# &2 ' U^: /&2 7  6' C " $&()J%  '( >% * !&.
# C&  , 6>
"  !  !p a^ . "X a!q # !B7X
*  '<"  "'^ ,(  '2 @'!# 6"V 
  ] t  &2
. 7  &]A  @!' 63&% " !  @' "/2 @!' 63&% " !p

R

"'($ %&"'( 
   !"#

www.UrbanManagement.ir

0C%gX *% A!  2V $! $& cZ  eV  *U2 2V &%  
 
7  $&7 0J& " 0G  &U2 *" A U2 ~7  0'  :
z VE  2B%

n&1  
$! #  = >>B  5  ;  * E  
 "A '2&X
"  B"5  %>2 !# 0""B 7  AB  E 5 " "A  =(%A 
c  
*%=] 0'2# "X cZ  C(  " A .'22 ']  

+\2 ". B'2# " '! )5 */!9q "  w. 
*%=] 5  '(%"
" .'!5 '!'X %5 " 
 * "A ~>^ 7 $!'  '2&B   '(%"
 %6" '(  ! '%  %C( )5  " @  2 $!    
$!
 !# 0" "\! " A "   *%",2 "  
"  7 * A *%=]
!%J7  @  J!&B "!  .J&(  A 
 1 02. " 2=)  J!&B "!
  " o      C( * 
" B .'(!B ",2 %5   J&( V2" 
.'( 7 .2 :
z < ! 0'( >2  2 0'( 7 . !5 0'2 @"V2 aA %",2 ) J&(&V '! '
~>^ 2  (  *"A 2>2  
  @'5 7"  ! 2  4
 
 5 j  d `2  (  
*% &]A " 'E   )X 0*\(%2
  7 "  '2, & "   , *, 
" 
d  /&
 zZ&E" ]3> $!  { d 
d 0 & *"A 2>2  /& ) % -B
.""B '&y /&2 'E  e ^V
  7 ]3> $! B!2 0@'5 7" 
*% A -B   
$! "
*%C( #(% 7 " " A * C&X * .7  *"A `2  "
 ?;7 
 $!  " '2  E ]VE cE  `&7 '^ " 7 '(l'% ?2Vq " ?2!

*  J% c  7 0
" " A d  d ]^ " , 7 J,  
 cE
# ! d 7 @' 
 7 *  " /&2 d .'! aZ1 " A *  J%  

(
 h  " +" u *
< 2 u E  d) j d %5
'^ " d  /& $! ,7 " ?
" 2-7  .(bN:PS 0V)) 7

RM

      
    
 

www.UrbanManagement.ir

." '2  E 
 cE  VE cE
$!J, ' s /&2 
 " "  c&1 ! 2  4
 
 7 " 2 ,  '2, 
 6 && $&&V " c
c  @' $&&V G2!   'Z ?V71   *q ) 7 7&H ' " 

c $! 0  *%l  
 s. " 7  7&H
  c  n7 @' $&&V G2!  c +" t! # C& ". *".  (7&H)
7&H ' " 
  e *%&    @" " wh . ".
  7 &E  $! _'(%"2 z' x  $! .('2 @" *&B c $! *
 %@B " " A kI
@  * '  " #(%  $! ( . 7 J 7 ' " 

" *%&2 # @"- 7 ,
"  `2  $ 7  J& >% 2Vq " *%#7
." " A  &%

RS

References
www.UrbanManagement.ir



(L M N " K
J) 
1;(
 (+ 
 :  ('&1)) .! 4; !9;@ 6
.L 3 R S .$3 O$P Q5 @ 9 ; 

 >7 =
7  <1= ('&1() .S  9  U    ; T 4;@ 6
.T3

=
  
? $ (! 
# (  ?; ('&1&) .V49M !M 6
<;  
  PPWJ :  : 9  
 ;  D9  

.!J
7
K "  ?  ?; &
2
!    ?; ,('&1() .V49M !M 6
.(0* !J < 3 ")   <5 3 C@
.  @1A 
B  
 >C ('&0+) . Y US 6
 F 
=
3
  7$7D  @E ,('&1-) . : < Z 9[M : 6
.(NGO)
,N ;  (UU\ 8Y\ K
J) 
 
 GE ,('&+-) .E ,;9 6
.]9 R S
.E" " <Y"  (L M N " K
J) 
 
 GE H
! ,('&.-) .E ,;9 6

 
   ! K1 
=I J ,('&1&) ._U 4 ^; 6
.4 Ua Ua $    
 L  `B ; 3 ;  K ! 4 M
.( `;  
3 @=L- 2
1>'  
 D;  ,('&0') ._c ba<  6
$7F ! M
=?; $ H   
 ,('&1-) . ^ ; UJ<  6
(]9 
) !4 9  
O; dJ 
=?; $ H    ?; 

.;  ;59 < <V4; " ;  _ ? V
! 4 d  :  
 Df;  8UJ ('&0() . ^ ! P  9 ^$F <; eF 6
.' `;  , `;9  + 
1;(
2> !J  gVM L 
.  (<; U% S  K
J) 
1;(
('&.&) . @ VC 6
)
0  
N
  
 
=(13 ! ('&.-) . ^ <V4UJ YW 6
ia 3;" D;  9 h49J D9  C5 3  
3
 O+
! 4
.!4 h49J L j 849J
; <; kJ < <"9C 9 <5 3 L e  " ('&1*) . ^ <V4UJ YW 6
.L9 `;  L9 

 P$> 2
 3 !9; 9 3 
< 5 \
<P? 9 < <V4;ia ; !9 Df;  ('&1)) .l E :  6

Rb

References
www.UrbanManagement.ir



.L9 ] 3 0 `;  
!4 2>
 ?; 
 
   ! J$  $ ! ('&0)) .$_  M !V4 6
$   < K ! 4 M  ? ?; 2
#WW ST
1 U
! (! V
 QR
. 
 L  `B 4 Ua Ua
- Dean, G. Dwight. (1969), Dynamic Social Phsycology, New York, Random House.
- Durkheim,Emil. (1957), Professional Ethics and Civic Moral, traslated by
Carnelia Brook Field, London, Routledg & Kegan Paul.
- Durkheim, Emil. (1959), Suicide: A Study in Sociology, Gleancoe.
- Helly, Denise. (2001), "Voluntary and Social Participation by People of
Immigrant Origin: Overview of Canadian Research", Second National
Metropolis Confererence, Montreal, November 1997.
- Growther, Janathan. (1998), Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current
English, Oxford University Press.
- Lukes, Steven. (1993), Alienation and Anomie; Critical Assesments, edited
by Piter Hamilton, Routledge.
- Marks, karl. (1964), Selected Writings in Sociology and Social Philosophy,
N.Y.
- Miller, Delbert C. (1991), Hand book of Reseach Design and Social
Measurment, fifth edition, Sage Publication, U.S.A.
- Pfohl J.stepen. (1985), Image of Deviance and Sociological History, MC
Grow Hill.
- Robert, Julian B. (1962), Melvin Seeman and Shephard Liverant, Internal
vs. External Control of Reinforcement: A major Variable in Behavior
Theory, In Dicisions Value and Groups, vol2, London, Penquan.
- Stewart e,w. & Glyn A.J. (1979), Introduction to sociology, MC.Grow Hill.
- Webster. (1981), Webster's Third New International Dictionary.
- Zeller, Richard A. & Edward G. Carmines. (1980), Mesurment in the Social
Science, Cambridge University Press, London & NewYork.

P

You might also like