SOURCES OF DRUGS

by Prof.Dr. Muhammd Azam Zia

SOURCES OF DRUGS
Plant sources Animal sources Mineral/Earth sources Synthetic/Semi-Synthetic sources Microbiological sources Recombinant DNA Technolog

PLANT SOURCES
LEAVES
Digitalis purpura Euclaptus Tobacco leaves Atropa Belladona .. .. .. .. Digoxin digitoxin Euclaptus oil Nicotine Atropine

FLOWERS
Papaver Somniperum .. Morphine Vica rosea .. Vincristine,Vinbastine Rose . Rose water
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FRUITS
Senna pod Calabar beans Physostigmine .. Anthracin ..

SEEDS
Nux Vomica seeds .. Strychnine Castor oil seeds .. Castor oil Calabar beans .. Physostigmine

ROOTS
Ipecacuanha root .. emetine Rauwolfia serpentina .. Reserpine
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BARKS
Cinchona bark . Quinine, Quinidine Atropa Belladona . Ataopine, Hyoscine.

STEM
Chondrodendron tomentosum ..Dtubocurarine Atropa Belladona . Atropine, Hyoscine

ANIMAL SOURCES
Pancreas . insulin Urine of pregnant women HCG Sheep thyroid . Thyroxine Cod liver fixed oil contains Vit A&D Ant pituitary gland..Pituitary Gonadotropins Blood of animals .. Anti toxins, Vaccines Stomach tissues . Pepsin, Trypsin

MINERAL / EARTH SOURCES

METALS & NON METALLIC ELEMENTS
Iron, mercurial salts Zinc, iodine Gold salts

ORGANIC ACIDS
Ascorbic acid

MISOELLANEOUS
Flourine Borax Selenium Petroleum

SYNTHETIC & SEMISYNTHETIC SOURCES

Emetine Bismuth Iodide Protamine Zinc Insulin Apomorphine Diacetyl Morphine Ethynyl Estradiol Methyl Testosterone

Microbiological sources
Pencillin Vitamins Erythromycin Aminoglycosides

RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOLGY

Insulin Growth hormone Erythropoietins Plasminogen Activators Interferons Vaccines (AIDS vaccine, Hepatitis vaccine) 9

Recombinant DNA Technology From E Coli

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SOURCES OF DRUGS
1. PLANT/VEGETABLE SOURCES: Belladona - atropine Opium - morphine Cinchona - quinine ANIMAL SOURCES: Insulin - Diabetes Mellitus Hormones - Thyroxine

2.

(Active principles of animal drugs are Proteins, Oils & Fats, Enzymes and Hormones)
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3. 4.

MINERAL SOURCES: Iron - Anemia Iodine - Thyroid problems(goiter)

SYNTHETIC SOURCES: Antipyretics Aspirin & Paracetamol Sulphonamides Cotrimoxazole(Septran) Antihistamines Avil 5. MICROBIOLOGICAL SOURCES: Penicillins Vitamins 6. DNA-RECOMBINANT TECHNIQUE: Method Advantages Dis-advantages

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DOSES OF DRUGS
Dose Minimum dose Maximum dose Daily dose Total dose Single dose Loading dose Maintenance dose Median lethal dose Median effective dose Therapeutic index Toxic dose &

Fatal dose
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