EXPT206: FLUID MECHANICS, BOUYANCY (ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE) Problem: 1.

One kg of iron and one kg of brass are suspended from different scales, each metal fully submerged in water. How do the scale reading compare? Express the answer as a function of the densities of the 2 materials. mass of iron=1kg Mass of brass=1kg SG=Density of Iron / (Density of Iron-Density of Water) Manipulating the equation Density of Iron=1x10^3 SG / (SG-1) 2. A completely submerged chunk of metal sinks in water with an acceleration equal to 1/5 of g ( where g=9.8 m/s2). Find the specific gravity of this metal. Ignore all drag effects in the fluid. Fb=Wfluid displaced=(mm=mw)g=(mm-mw)(9.8/5) SG=Wm / [(mm-mw)(9.8 /5)] SS= mm(9.8) / [(mm=mw)(9.8 /5)] SG=5mm/(mm-mw) 3. A beach ball has a volume of 0.03 m3. how much force would you have to exert to hold this beach completely under water?
V = 0.0 m3 3 m V= m = V W = m = V g g 0 = Fb W Fb = W Fb = V g Fb = (0.0 )(1x103 )( 9.8) 3 Fb = 2 4 N 9 Fy =0

4. A sinker was used to submerge a piece of cork beneath the water to determine the corks specific gravity. Assuming the specific gravity is ot known, why is it unnecessary to determine the specific gravity of the sinker?

SAMPLE COMPUTATION:

A. Specific Gravity ( Solid sample heavier than Water) Aluminum:

SG = SG = WA W A WW

Where:
W A = weight of sample in air
WW = weight of sample in water WCA SW = weight of sample without

31 .8dynes 31 .8dynes 20 .2dynes SG = 2.74

B. Specific Gravity ( Liquid Sample) Alcohol:

SG = SG = W A W L W A WW

the cork in water W( C +S )W = weight of sample and cork in water W L = weight of liquid sample

20 .5dynes 18 .5dynes 20 .5dynes 18 .1dynes SG = 0.833

C. Specific Gravity ( Solid lighter than Water)

SG = SG = WA WCA SW W( S +C )W

2.8dynes 20 .7 dynes 8.5dynes SG = 0.2295 0.23

REMARKS AND CONCLUSION:

In physics, buoyancy is an upward force on an object immersed in a fluid (i.e., a liquid or a gas), enabling it to float or at least to appear lighter. Buoyancy is important for many vehicles such as boats, ships, balloons, and airships. Archimedes' principle, principle that states that a body immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the

displaced fluid. The principle applies to both floating and submerged bodies and to all fluids, i.e., liquids and gases. It explains not only the buoyancy of ships and other vessels in water but also the rise of a balloon in the air and the apparent loss of weight of objects underwater. In determining whether a given body will float in a given fluid, both weight and volume must be considered; that is, the relative density, or weight per unit of volume, of the body compared to the fluid determines the buoyant force. If the body is less dense than the fluid, it will float or, in the case of a balloon, it will rise. If the body is denser than the fluid, it will sink. Relative density also determines the proportion of a floating body that will be submerged in a fluid. If the body is two thirds as dense as the fluid, then two thirds of its volume will be submerged, displacing in the process a volume of fluid whose weight is equal to the entire weight of the body. In the case of a submerged body, the apparent weight of the body is equal to its weight in air less the weight of an equal volume of fluid. The fluid most often encountered in applications of Archimedes' principle is water, and the specific gravity of a substance is a convenient measure of its relative density compared to water. In calculating the buoyant force on a body, however, one must also take into account the shape and position of the body. A steel rowboat placed on end into the water will sink because the density of steel is much greater than that of water. However, in its normal, keel-down position, the effective volume of the boat includes all the air inside it, so that its average density is then less than that of water, and as a result it will float. If a cubic centimeter of aluminum was suspended in a fluid such as water with a very thin and negligible thread, the metal cube would have the fluid exerting pressure on the cube. Try to imagine that if the cube were to disappear, and the fluid would magically replace the cube, then the surrounding water would support this cube that is now containing water, so that the cube of water would be motionless. That is, the forces would be balanced. The cube of water would push out on the surrounding water and the surrounding water would push back on the cube. The fluid would be static, or stationary. Now replace this same cube of water with the original cube of aluminum. The surrounding water would not 'know' that the cube has been replaced with another substance. It would still push inward and upward and downward with the same force that it pushed on the cube of water. The sideways forces would be balanced and oppose each other equally, but the upward and downward forces would not be the same. The pressure at the bottom of the cube is greater than the pressure at the top of the cube, because pressure increases with increased depth. The difference between the upward and downward forces acting on the bottom and the top of the cube, respectively, is called buoyancy.

As a result of the experiment, I notice that a specific gravity of an object is constant, that you cannot change the specific gravity of an object. Like in brass and aluminum, the experimental value is almost the same as the specific gravity of the object in the lecture. I also notice that the table in the lecture is wrong, because the liquid sample have almost interchanged the value. The value in the table of alcohol is 0.790 but in the experiment, we got a specific gravity of 0.833 that almost the specific of kerosene that is 0.820. I also notice that cork is a solid but it has a specific gravity less that the waters density making the cork float in water. For the sources of error in the experiment, I can summarize the sources of error as a.) the contamination of the chemical, c.) wrong mass determination in scaling and d.) the air resistance making the balance scale move. The contamination of the chemical has a effect to the specific gravity change in the liquid because the two liquid have different density making a error if we dete4rmine the specific gravity of the liquid. Wrong mass determination in scaling will also cause error in the experiment, because the one change in mass will cause very far density obtain. Even if only 0.1 cm will cause very far density. Lastly, the air will also cause error; we need to make the object stop to move in order to see if the counter weight is correct. If there is air in the place of the experiment, it will only cause a very hard time to determine the weight. To make the experiment fast, we can use digital weight balance. High technology equipments will make anything fast, because the platform balance will cause you time determining the weight. An application and common application of buoyancy is the submarine. To function underwater, submarines are built a bit differently than surface ships that float on the water's surface. In order to travel underwater, submarines must function in agreement with some key laws of nature, including Archimedes' Principle and Boyles' Law. Submarines are completely enclosed vessels with cylindrical shapes, narrowed ends and two hulls: the inner hull and the outer hull. The inner hull protects the crew from the immense water

pressure of the ocean depths and insulates the sub from the freezing temperatures. This hull is called the pressure hull. The outer hull shapes the submarine's body. The ballast tanks, which control the sub's buoyancy, are located between the inner and outer hulls. A submarine resting on the surface has positive buoyancy, which means it is less dense than the water around it and will float. At this time, the ballast tanks are mainly full of air. To submerge, the submarine must have negative buoyancy. Vents on top of the ballast tanks are opened. Seawater coming in through the flood ports forces air out the vents, and the submarine begins to sink. The submarine ballast tanks now filled with seawater is denser than the surrounding water. The exact depth can be controlled by adjusting the water to air ratio in the ballast tanks. Submerged, the submarine can obtain neutral buoyancy. That means the weight of the submarine equals the amount of water it displaces. The submarine will neither rise nor sink in this state. To make the submarine rise again, compressed air is simply blown into the tanks forcing the seawater out. The submarine gains positive buoyancy becomes less dense than the water and rises. I concluded that the buoyancy is a force that is equal to the weight of the fluid that is displaced by the object that a specific object is able to float if its density is less than the liquids density. Like in water and oil for example, the two are both liquid but if you mix the two substances, you can see that the two substances will separate. Also I learn in my chemistry laboratory that there are so many types of alcohol and oil. Different number of carbons will have different density. Because the lecture has only one type of alcohol and the density of alcohol given there is different to what we perform. Also, I found out that, not only in water that Archimedes principle will occur, it is also applicable in hot air balloon. Hot air balloons rise into the air because the density of the air (warmer air) inside the balloon is less dense than the air outside the balloon (cooler air). The balloon and the basket displace a fluid that is heavier than the balloon and the basket, so it has buoyant force acting on the system. Balloons tend to fly better in the morning, when the surrounding air is cool.

FREE SPACE:
Reference: The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright 2006, Columbia University Press. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarineh http://www.onr.navy.mil/focus/blowballast/sub/work1.htm

Acknowledgement: First of all, I would like to thank God for giving me another day with full of energy. He always guides me in every thing I do and giving me trusted friends and energetic groupmates. I would also like to thank Engr. Ricardo de Leon for having an early dismissal because we had an examination on physics lecture after his class, so I have some time to review for the examination. Also, I would like to thank Sandra Javier for helping me photocopy the lecture in the experiment so that the distribution of the copy is fast. CHRISTMAS AROUND THE WORLD Canada: In some provinces, a big winter festival called Sinck Tuck is celebrated by the Eskimos, with dancing and a present-giving party. Mexico: Children dont receive presents until January 6. Iceland: Tradition has it that people who did not receive a new item of clothing at Christmas time were captured by the Yule Cat! their Greece: 40 days of fasting precede a Christmas feast. Philippines: You can get your Christmas wish by going to early morning mass for nine days striaght! Simbang Gabi starts on December 16 and ends on the 24th. The fun isnt in just getting your fill of puto bumbong and bibingka. India:

Mango and banana trees are decorated instead of pine trees.