z, w C z = x + yi w = u + vi x, y, u , v R

1. w = z + B B C w z B B
u = x + a
B = a + bi y u + vi = x + yi + va + bi

v = y + b
B
x

2. w = Az A C A 0 w z Arg ( A) A = a
z = r (cos + i sin ) A = a(cos + i sin ) w = ar[cos( + ) + i sin( + )]
y

=Arg(A)
0

3. w = Az + B
4. w =

z = z (cos + i sin ) z = z (cos i sin )

w =

z (cos i sin ) 1
1
z
z
=
= 2 =
= (cos i sin ) = (cos + i sin )
2
z zz z
z
z

1
=
z

z = r = OP =

(1) O(0, 0)
(2) P PT1 PT2 T1 T2
(3) T1T2 OP P OP =

1
1
= ( OPT1 : OT1 P OP :1 = 1: OP )
OP r

(4) P P* P w =

T1
P'
O

-
P*

x
T2

5. az z + bz + bz + c = 0 a, c R b C
(1) a 0 ( x 2 + y 2 + dx + ey + f = 0 )
(2) a 0 c = 0
(3) a = 0
z = x + yi b = p + qi z = x yi b = p qi
(1) az z + bz + bz + c = 0 a ( x + yi )( x yi ) + ( p qi )( x + yi) + ( p + qi )( x yi ) + c = 0
a ( x 2 + y 2 ) + 2 px + 2qy + c = 0 x 2 + y 2 + dx + ey + f = 0 d =

2p
2q
c
e =
f =
a
a
a

(2) c = 0 f = 0 az z + bz + bz = 0 x 2 + y 2 + dx + ey = 0
(3) a = 0 bz + bz + c = 0 2 px + 2qy + c = 0
6. az z + bz + bz + c = 0 w =

1
a, c R b C
z

(1) a 0 c 0
(2) a 0 c = 0
(3) a = 0 c 0
(4) a = 0 c = 0
b b c
(1) az z + bz + bz + c = 0 a + + +
= 0 cww + bw + bw + a = 0
z z zz
b b
(2) az z + bz + bz = 0 a + + = 0 bw + bw + a = 0
z z
1
1
w = w =
z
z

(3) bz + bz + c = 0

b b c
+ +
= 0 cww + bw + bw = 0
z z zz

b b
+ = 0 bw + bw = 0
z z
az + b
7. () w =
a, b, c, d C ad bc 0
cz + d
(4) bz + bz = 0

 c = 0 w =

az + b
a
b
w = z + = =
cz + d
d
d

c 0 z = cz + d z =
c 0 w =

a
ad
1
(cz + d ) + (b )
az
+
b

c w = a + bc ad z
w=
= c
z
cz + d
cz + d
c
c

az + b
ad bc 0
cz + d

(1) z = cz + d (2) z =

1
a bc ad
z
(3) w = +
z
c
c

(1) What is the trajectory described by

z z1
z z2

= , 1

(2) Consider a transformation from a complex number z to another complex number w by w =

a + bz
.
c + dz

Here a , b , c and d can be complex and ad bc 0 . This is known as the bilinear transformation.
If z is a circle, find possible curves of w .

(1) z = x + yi z1 = x1 + y1i z2 = x2 + y2i x, y , x1 , x2 , y1 , y2 R > 0 1

z z1
z z2

= ( x x1 ) 2 + ( y y1 )2 = ( x x2 ) 2 + ( y y2 ) 2

2
2
2
2
2
( x x1 ) + ( y y1 ) = [( x x2 ) + ( y y2 ) ]

(1 2 ) x 2 2( x1 2 x2 ) x + ( x12 2 x22 ) + (1 2 ) y 2 2( y1 2 y2 ) y + ( y12 2 y22 ) = 0

(x

x1 2 x2 2
y1 2 y2 2 2 ( x1 x2 ) 2 2 ( y1 y2 ) 2
)
+
(
y

) =
+
1 2
1 2
(1 2 ) 2
(1 2 ) 2

2 ( x1 x2 ) 2 2 ( y1 y2 ) 2
x1 2 x2
y1 2 y2
2
r
=
+
> 0 ( x h) 2 + ( y k ) 2 = r 2
h =
k =

2 2
2 2
2
2
(1 )
(1 )
1
1

(2) z lz z + mz + mz + n = 0 l , n R l 0 m C
w =

a + bz
ad bc 0
c + dz

d = 0 w =

a + bz
a
b
w = + z = =
c + dz
c
c

lz z + mz + mz + n = 0 l (

w w
w
w
)(
) + m(
) + m(
)+n = 0

lww + (l + m ) w + (l + m ) w + (l m m + n ) = 0
Lww + M w + M w + N = 0 L, N R L 0 M C
1
b ad bc
z
d 0 z = c + dz z = w = +
z
d
d
lz z + mz + mz + n = 0 Lz z + M z + M z + N = 0
M M
N
+
+
= 0 Nz z + Mz + M z + L = 0
z z zz
Nz z + Mz + M z + L = 0 Aww + Bw + Bw + C = 0 A, C R A 0 B C
Lz z + M z + M z + N = 0 L +

z w =

a + bz

c + dz

If the nth roots of unity are denoted by 1 , 2 , 3 ,L , n , evaluate

( ) , where A
i< j

i< j

continued product of Ai j .

1 k = cos

2 k
2 k
2
2
+ i sin
= k k = 1, 2,3 = cos
+ i sin

3
3
3
3

z 2 + z + 1 = ( z )( z 2 ) 3 = 1 3 = (1 )(1 2 )
(1 2 )(1 3 )(2 3 ) = ( 2 )( 1)( 2 1) = 3( 2 ) = 3 (1 ) = 3 3 i

ij

denotes

( 3 = (1 )(1 2 ) 3 = (1 )(1
1 k = cos

1
) 3 = (1 ) 2 3 3 = [ (1 )]2 (1 ) = 3 i )

k
k

+ i sin
= k k = 1, 2,3, 4 = cos + i sin
2
2
2
2

z 3 + z 2 + z + 1 = ( z )( z 2 )( z 3 ) 4 = 1 4 = (1 )(1 2 )(1 3 )
2
3
2
3
2
3
(1 2 )(1 3 )(1 4 )(2 3 )(2 4 )(3 4 ) = ( )( )( 1)( )( 1)( 1)

= 4( 2 )( 3 )( 2 3 ) = 4 4 (1 )(1 2 )(1 ) = 4
= 4

4
(1 )
1 3

4
(1 ) = 16 = 16 i
1

1 k = cos

2 k
2 k
2
2
+ i sin
= k k = 1, 2,3, 4,5 = cos
+ i sin

5
5
5
5

z 4 + z 3 + z 2 + z + 1 = ( z )( z 2 )( z 3 )( z 4 ) 5 = 1 5 = (1 )(1 2 )(1 3 )(1 4 )

(1 2 )(1 3 )(1 4 )(1 5 )(2 3 )(2 4 )(2 5 )(3 4 )(3 5 )(4 5 )
= ( 2 )( 3 )( 4 )( 1)( 2 3 )( 2 4 )( 2 1)( 3 4 )( 3 1)( 4 1)
= 5( 2 )( 3 )( 4 )( 2 3 )( 2 4 )( 3 4 )
= 510 (1 )(1 2 )(1 3 )(1 )(1 2 )(1 )
= 5

5
5
(1 )(1 2 )(1 ) = 5
(1 )(1 2 )(1 ) = 25 (1 )(1 2 ) = 25 5
4
1
1

( 5 = (1 )(1 2 )(1 3 )(1 4 ) 5 = (1 )(1 2 )(1

1
1
)(1 ) 5 3 = (1 ) 2 (1 2 ) 2
2

5 5 = [ (1 )(1 2 )]2 (1 )(1 2 ) = 5 )

1 k = cos

k
k

+ i sin
= k k = 1, 2,3, 4,5, 6 = cos + i sin
3
3
3
3

z 5 + z 4 + z 3 + z 2 + z + 1 = ( z )( z 2 )( z 3 )( z 4 )( z 5 ) 6 = 1
6 = (1 )(1 2 )(1 3 )(1 4 )(1 5 )
(1 2 )(1 3 )(1 4 )(1 5 )(1 6 )(2 3 )(2 4 )(2 5 )(2 6 )
(3 4 )(3 5 )(3 6 )(4 5 )(4 6 )(5 6 )
= ( 2 )( 3 )( 4 )( 5 )( 1)( 2 3 )( 2 4 )( 2 5 )( 2 1)
( 3 4 )( 3 5 )( 3 1)( 4 5 )( 4 1)( 5 1)
= 6( 2 )( 3 )( 4 )( 5 )( 2 3 )( 2 4 )( 2 5 )( 3 4 )( 3 5 )( 4 5 )
= 6 20 (1 )(1 2 )(1 3 )(1 4 )(1 )(1 2 )(1 3 )(1 )(1 2 )(1 )
= 6

6
6
6
6 3
2

(1

)(1

)(1

)
=

(1 )(1 2 )(1 )
5
5
4
2
1 (1 )(1 )
1 ( 1)( 1)

= 216 4 = 216(cos

4
4
+ i sin
) = 108(1 + 3 i)
3
3

1 k = cos

2 k
2 k
2
2
+ i sin
= k k = 1, 2,3, 4,5, 6 = cos
+ i sin

7
7
7
7

 z 6 + z 5 + z 4 + z 3 + z 2 + z + 1 = ( z )( z 2 )( z 3 )( z 4 )( z 5 )( z 6 ) 7 = 1
7 = (1 )(1 2 )(1 3 )(1 4 )(1 5 )(1 6 )
(1 2 )(1 3 )(1 4 )(1 5 )(1 6 )(1 7 )(2 3 )(2 4 )(2 5 )(2 6 )(2 7 )
(3 4 )(3 5 )(3 6 )(3 7 )(4 5 )(4 6 )(4 7 )(5 6 )(5 7 )(6 7 )
= ( 2 )( 3 )( 4 )( 5 )( 6 )( 1)( 2 3 )( 2 4 )( 2 5 )( 2 6 )( 2 1)
( 3 4 )( 3 5 )( 3 6 )( 3 1)( 4 5 )( 4 6 )( 4 1)( 5 6 )( 5 1)( 6 1)
= 7( 2 )( 3 )( 4 )( 5 )( 6 )( 2 3 )( 2 4 )( 2 5 )( 2 6 )
( 3 4 )( 3 5 )( 3 6 )( 4 5 )( 4 6 )( 5 6 )
= 7 35 (1 )(1 2 )(1 3 )(1 4 )(1 5 )(1 )(1 2 )(1 3 )(1 4 )(1 )(1 2 )(1 3 )
(1 )(1 2 )(1 )
7
7
= 7

(1 )(1 2 )(1 3 )(1 )(1 2 )(1 )

6
6
5
1 (1 )(1 )
7
7 3
= 7

(1 )(1 2 )(1 3 )(1 )(1 2 )(1 )

2
1 ( 1)( 1)
= 343 4 (1 )(1 2 )(1 3 ) = 343 7
( 7 = (1 )(1 2 )(1 3 )(1 4 )(1 5 )(1 6 ) 7 = (1 )(1 2 )(1 3 )(1

1
1
1
)(1 2 )(1 )
3

7 6 = (1 ) 2 (1 2 ) 2 (1 3 ) 2 714 = [ 4 (1 )(1 2 )(1 3 )]2 4 (1 )(1 2 )(1 3 ) = 7 )

(i j ) = 1 2 = 2
(1) n = 2
i< j
(2) n = 3 (i j ) = 3 3 i
i< j

n
2

n
1
2

(3) n n 4 (i j ) = n t = p ( p + 1)
i< j
2
p =1
t

(4) n n 5 (i j ) = n 2
i< j