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THEORETICAL DISTRIBUTIONS

BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION (5 Ans.: (1) 648 / 78125 (2) 4536 / 15625) 1. Assuming that 50% of the population of a town takes tea and assuming that 100 6. 8 coins are thrown simultaneously. Show investigators each take 10 individuals to find that the probability of obtaining at least 6 out if they take tea, how many investigators heads is 37 / 256. would you expect to report that three people or less take tea? (Ans.: 17.1875 or 17) 7. The probability that an evening college student will graduate is 0.4. Determine the 2. The probability of failure in Physics probability that out of 5 students (a) none (b) practical examination is 20%. If 25 batches one and (c) at least one will graduate. of 6 students each take the examination in how many batches 4 or more students would pass? (Ans.: 22.528 or 23 batches) 3. 8 coins are tossed at a time, 256 times. Numbers of head observed at each throw is recorded and the results are given below. Find the expected frequencies. What are the theoretical values of mean and standard deviation? Calculate also the mean and S.D. of the observed frequencies.
No. Of heads at each throw of 8 coins Freq. No. Of heads at each throw of eight coins Freq. (Ans.: (a) 0.077 (b) 0.2592 (c) 0.923)

8. The incidence of occupational disease in an industry is such that the workers have a 20% chance of suffering from it. What is the probability that out of 6 workers, 4 or more will contact the disease? (Ans.: 0.0169) 9. The probability of a man hitting a target is 1/4. How many times must he fire so that the probability of his hitting the target at least once is greater than 2/3? (Ans.: n = 4) 10. Ratio of the probability of 3 successes in 5 independent trials to the probability of 2 successes in 5 independent trials is 1/4. What is the probability of (1) 3 successes (2) at least 2 successes and (3) at the most 5 successes in 6 independent trials?
(Ans.: (1) 0.015 (2) 0.34464 (3) 0.999936)

0 1 2 3 4

2 6 30 52 67

5 6 7 8

56 32 10 1

(Ans.: Expected freq.: 1, 8, 28, 56, 70, 56, 28, 8,1 For expected frequencies Mean = 4 & S.D. = 1.4142 For observed frequencies Mean = 4.0625 & SD= 1.462)

4. The screws produced by a certain machine were checked by examining samples of 12. The following table shows the distribution of 128 samples according to the number of defective items they contained
No. Of defective in a sample of 12: 0 1 2 3 No. Of sample 7 6 19 35 No. Of defective in a sample of 12: 4 5 6 7 No. Of sample 30 23 7 1

11. How many tosses of a coin are needed so that the probability of getting at least one heads is 0.875? (Ans.: n = 3) 12. The odds in favour of A winning a game of chess against B are 3:2. If 3 games are to be played what are the odds (i) in favour of As winning at least 2 games out of 3 (ii) against A losing the first 2 games to B.
(Ans.: (i) 81:44 (ii) 21:4)

Fit a binomial distribution and find the expected frequencies if the chance of machine being defective is 1/2. Find the mean and variance of the fitted distribution.
(Ans.: Expected freq.: 1, 7, 21, 35, 35, 21, 7, 1 Mean = 3.5 & S.D. = 1.75)

13. The probability of a defective bolt is 1/10; find (i) the mean (ii) variance (iii) moment coefficient of skewness for the distribution of defective bolts in a total of 400.(Ans.: (i) 40 (ii) 40 (iii) 0.0178) 14. With the usual notations, find p for a binomial random variable X if n = 6, and if 9P(X = 4) = P (X = 2) (Ans.: p = 1/4). 15. Assuming the probability of a male birth as 1/2, find the probability that a family of 3 children will have (i) at least 1 girl (ii) 2 boys and 1 girl (iii) at the most 2 girls.
(Ans.: (i) 7/ 8 (ii) 3 / 8 (iii) 7 / 8.)

5. If on the average rainfalls on 12 days in every 30 days, find the probability (1) that the first four days of a given week will be fine and the remainder wet (2) that rain will fall on just three days of a given week.

By Shubhangi Jore

THEORETICAL DISTRIBUTIONS

POISSON DISTRIBUTION The Poisson distribution is used in practice in a wide variety of problems where there are infrequently occurring events with respect to time, area, volume or similar units. Some practical situations in which Poisson distribution can be used are given below: 1. it is used in quality control statistics to count the number of defects of an item.. 2. in biology to count the number of bacteria. 3. in physics to count the number of particles emitted from a radio-active substance.

4. in insurance problems to count the number of causalities.


5. in waiting-time problems to count the number of incoming telephone calls or incoming customers.

6. number of traffic arrivals such as trucks at terminals, aeroplanes at airports, ships


at docks, and so forth. 7. in determining the number of deaths in a district in a given period, say, a year, by a rare disease 8. the number of typographical errors per page in typed material, number of deaths as a result of road accidents, etc. 9. in problems dealing with the inspection of manufactured products with the probability that any one piece is defective is very small and the lots are very large, and 10. to model the distribution of the number of persons joining a queue to receive a service or purchase of a product. In general, the Poisson distribution explains the behaviour of those discrete variates where the probability of occurrence of the event is small and the total number of possible cases in sufficiently large. 1. It is known from past experience that in a certain plant there are on the average 4 industrial accidents per year. Find the probability that in a given year there will be less than 4 accidents. Assume Poisson distribution. (Given e-4 = .01832) (Ans.: 0.4336) 2. In a town 10 accidents take place in a span of 50 days. Assuming that the number of accidents follows the Poisson distribution, find the probability that there will be 3 or more accidents in a day. (Given e-0.2 = 0.8187)
(Ans.: 0.0012)

bulbs are defective. (Given e-3 = 0.04979)


(Ans.: 0.423)

4. Suppose that a manufactured product has 2 defects per unit of product inspected. Using Poissons distribution, calculate the probabilities of finding a product without any defect, 3 defects and 4 defects. (Given e-2 = 0.135) (Ans.: p (0) = 0.135, p (3) =0.18, p (4) = 0.09) 5. Between the hours of 2 P.M. and 4 P.M. the average number of phone calls per minute coming into the switchboard of a company is 2.5. Find the probability that during a particular minute there will be no phone call at all. (Given e-2 = 0.13534 and e-0.5 = 0.60650) (Ans.: 0.08208)

3. If 3% of electric bulbs manufactured by a company are defective, find the probability that in a sample of 100 bulbs at the most 2

By Shubhangi Jore

THEORETICAL DISTRIBUTIONS
6. If a random variable X follows Poisson distribution such that P (X = 1) = P (X = 2) find (a) the mean of the distribution (b) P (X = 0) and (c) S.D. of the distribution.
(Ans. (a) mean = 2 (b) p(o) = 0.1353 & (c) SD = 1.4142)

less than 2 bulbs are defective (ii) more than 3 bulbs are defective (Given e-4 = .01832)
(Hint: = np = 200 * 2 / 100 = 4) (Ans.: (i) P (X < 2) = 0.0915 (ii) P (X > 3) = 0.5609)

7. Fit a Poisson distribution to the following data and calculate the theoretical frequencies. (Given e-0.5 = 0.6065) X: 0 1 2 3 4 F: 123 59 14 3 1
(Ans.: Theoretical frequencies are 121, 61, 15, 3, 0)

12. A manufacturer who produces medicine bottles, finds that 0.1% of the bottles are defective. The bottles are packed in boxed containing 500 bottles. A drug manufacturer buys 100 boxes from the producer of bottles. Using Poisson distribution, find how many boxes will contain: (i) no defectives (ii) at least 2 defectives. (Given e-0.5 = 0.6065)
(Ans.: (i) 61 (ii) 9)

8. Fit a Poisson distribution to the following data (Given e-0.61 = 0.5432) X: 0 1 2 3 4 F: 109 65 22 3 1
(Ans.: Theoretical frequencies are 109, 66, 20, 4, 1)

13. The number of machine malfunctions per shift at a factory recorded for 180 shifts and the following data are obtained:
No. Of malfunctions: No Of shifts: 0 82 1 42 2 3 31 12 4 8 5 3 6 2

9. The following table gives the number of days in a 100-day period, during which automobile accidents occurred in a city X: 0 1 2 3 4 F: 40 35 15 6 4 Fit a Poisson distribution to the data. (Given e-0.99 = 0.3716)
(Ans.:Theoretical frequencies are 37, 38, 18, 6, 1)

What is a reasonable probability model for this type of data? (Given e-1.105 = 0.331)
(Ans.: Theoretical frequencies: 60, 66, 36, 13, 4, 1, 0)

14. 500 television sets are inspected as they come off the production line and the number of defects per set is recorded below:
No. Of defects: No Of sets: 0 368 1 72 2 52 3 7 4 1

10. The mean of a Poisson distribution is 2.25. Find the other constants of the distribution.
(Ans.: = 2.25, = 1.5, 1 = 0, 2 = 2.25, 3 = 2.25, 4 = 17.4375, 1 = 0.444, 2 = 0.444, 1 = 0.67, 2 = 0.44)

Estimate the average number of defects per set and expected frequencies of o, 1, 2, 3 and 4 defects assuming Poisson distribution. (Given e-0.402 = 0.6689)
(Ans.: Expected frequencies: 334, 134, 27, 4, 1)

11. If 2% of the electric bulbs manufactured by a certain company are defective, find the Probability that in a sample of 200 bulbs (i)

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NORMAL DISTRIBUTION 1. In an intelligent test administered on 1000 Indian women is approximately normally students, the average was 42 and S.D. 24. distributed with a mean of 64 inches and a Find: standard deviation of 3 inches, out of the (i) The number of students exceeding a 1000 applications received find the number score 50. of applicants that would be (i) too tall (ii) too (ii) The number of students lying between short (iii) of acceptable height. (Ans.: (i) 48, (ii) 251 and (iii) 701) 30 and 54. (iii) The value of score exceeded by top 100 4. Assume the mean height of soldiers to be students. (Ans.: (i) 371, (ii) 383 and (iii) 73) 68.22 inches with a variance of 10.8 inches. How many soldiers in a regiment of 1000 2. If X is a normal variate with mean 18 and would you expect to be over six feet tall? variance 625, find P (-31 < x < 67) and (Ans.: 125 soldiers) P (x < 67, x > 18). (Ans.: 0.6735021) 1.96 -t * t / 2 (Given (1/2) - dt = 0.9750021) 5. The weekly wages of 1000 workmen are normally distributed around a mean of Rs.70 3. East Airlines has the policy of employing with a standard deviation of Rs.5. Estimate only Indian women whose height is between the number of workers whose weekly wages 62 inches and 69 inches. If the height of

By Shubhangi Jore

THEORETICAL DISTRIBUTIONS
will be: (i) Between Rs. 69 and Rs. 72, (ii) Less than Rs. 69 and (iii) More than Rs. 72.
(Ans.: (i) 235, (ii) 421and (iii) 347).

6. If the average weekly wages of 1000 families is normally distributed around a mean of Rs.70 with a standard deviation of Rs.5, what would be the lowest weekly wage of the 100 highest paid workers?
(Ans.: Rs.76.40)

13. The following table gives frequencies of occurrence of a variate X between certain limits. Variable X Frequency Less than 40 30 40 or more but less than 50 33 50 and more 37 The distribution is exactly normal. Find the average and standard deviation of X. 14. Find the probability that an item drawn at random from normal distribution with mean 5 and standard deviation 3 will be between (i) 2.57 and 4.34 (ii) 1.24 and 1.37 (iii) 3.74 and 6.8
(Ans.: (i) 0.2039 (ii) 0.0943 and (iii) 0.385)

7. 1000 light bulbs with mean life of 120 days are installed in a new factory; their length of life is normally distributed with a standard deviation of 20 days. How many bulbs will expire in less than 90 days? If it is decided to replace all bulbs together, what interval should be allowed between replacements if not more than 10% should expire before replacement? (Ans.: 67 bulbs and
bulbs should be replaced after 94 days)]

8. The lifetime of a certain type of battery has a mean life of 400 hours and a standard deviation of 50 hours. Assuming normality of the distribution of lifetime, find (i) The percentage of batteries, which have lifetime of more than 350 hours. (ii) The life time value above which the best 25% of the batteries will have their life time and (iii) The proportion of batteries, which have lifetime between 300 and 500 hours.
(Ans.: (i) 84.13 % (ii) 433.75 hrs. (iii) 95.44 %)

9. A set of examination marks is approximately normally distributed with mean of 75 and standard deviation of 5. If the top 5% of the students get grade A and the bottom 25% get grade F, what is the lowest A and what mark is the highest F?
(Ans.: Lowest A is 83 and Highest F is 72).

10. Sacks of grain packed by an automatic machine loader have an average weight of 114 pounds. It is found that 10% of the bags are over 116 pounds. If the distribution is normal find the standard deviation. (Ans.: 1.56) 11. In a distribution exactly normal 7% of the items are under 35 and 89% are under 63. What are the mean and standard deviation of the distribution? (Ans.: mean = 50.288, =10.36) 12. In a normal distribution 31% of the items are under 45 and 8% are over 64. Find the mean and standard deviation of the distribution? (Ans.: mean = 49.96, = 10)

By Shubhangi Jore

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