1

The Development of the Self-disclosure Scale

Carlo Magno
Sherwin Cuason
Christine Figueroa
De La Salle University-Manila

Abstract
The purpose of the present study is to develop a measure for self-disclosure. The items
were based on a survey administered to 83 college students. From the survey 114 items
were constructed under 9 hypothesized factors. The items were reviewed by experts. The
main try out form of the test was composed of 112 items administered to 100 high school
and college students. The data analysis showed that the test has a Cronbach’s alpha of
.91. The factor loadings retained 60 items with high summated correlations under five
factors. The new factors are beliefs, relationships, personal matters, interests, and
intimate feelings.

Each person has a complex personality system. Individuals are oftentimes very
much interested in knowing our personality type, attitudes, interests, aptitude,
achievement and intelligence. This is the reason why we should develop a psychological
test that would help us assess our standing. The test we have developed aims to measure
the self-disclosing frequency individuals in different areas. This will help them know
what areas in their life they are willing to let other people know. This would be a good
instrument for counselors to use for the assessment of their clients. The result of the
client’s test would help the counselor adjust his or her skills eliciting or disclosing more
or other areas or other topics.
Self-disclosure is a very important aspect in the counseling process, because self-
disclosure is one of the instruments the counselor can use. The consequence of the client
not disclosing himself is their inability to respond to their problem and to the counselor.
This is what the researchers took into consideration in developing the test. It could also
be used outside the counseling process. An individual may want to take it to find out
what areas in his or her life have been easy for them to shell out and what areas need
more revelations.

Review of Related Literature

It has always been psychologists concern to explain what is going on inside a

particular individual in relation with his entire system of personality. One important
component of looking into the intrinsic phenomenon of human behavior is self-
disclosure. Self-disclosure as defined by Sidney Jourard (1958) is the process of making
the self known to other person; “target persons” are persons whom information about the
self is communicated. In the process of self-disclosure we make ourselves manifest in
thinking and feeling through our actions - actions expressed verbally (Chelune,
Skiffington, & Williams, 1981). In addition, Hartley (1993) stressed the importance of
interpersonal communication in disclosing the self. Hartley (1993) defined self-
disclosure as the means of opening up about oneself with other people. Moreover, Norrel
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(1989) defined self-disclosure as the process by which persons make themselves known
to each other and occur when an individual communicates genuine thoughts and feelings.
Generally, self-disclosure is the process in which a person is willing to share or
open oneself to another person or group whom the individual can trust and the process is
done verbally. The factors identified in self-disclosure which are potent areas in the
content in communicating superficial or intimate topics are (1) Personal matters, (2)
Thoughts & ideas, (3) Religion, (4) Work, study & accomplishments, (5) Sex, (6)
Interpersonal relationship, (7) Emotional state, (8) tastes, (9) Problems.
The process of self-disclosure occurs during interaction with others (Chelume,
Skiffington, & Williams, 1981). In the studies that Jourard (1961;1969) conducted, he
stated that a person will permit himself to be known when “ he believes his audience is
man of goodwill.” There should be a guarantee of privacy that the information disclosed
will not escape the circle.
Jourard (1971) noted that persons need to self-disclose to get in touch with their
real selves, to have intimate relationships with people, to bond with others, in pursuit of
the truth of one’s being and to direct their destiny on the basis of knowledge. Jourard
agrees with Buber (1965) that in a humanistic sense of self-disclosure “we see the index
of man functioning at his highest and truly human level rather than at the level of a thing
or an animal. “
The consequences that follow after self-disclosure are manifested on its outcomes
(Jourard, 1971). The outcomes are:
(1) We learn the extent to which we are similar, one to the other, and to the extent
to which we differ from one another in thoughts, feelings, hopes and reactions to the past.
(2) We learn of the other man’s needs, enabling them to help him or to ensure that
his needs will not be met.
(3) We learn the extent to which a man accords with or deviates from moral and
ethical standards.
In a survey that the researchers have conducted, a person after disclosing feels
better (42.2%), happy (8.26%), free (5.51%), fine (4.6%), relaxed (3.67%), peaceful
(3.67%), okay (3.67%), lighter (2.75%), calm (2.75%), great (1.83%), satisfied (1.83%),
nothing (6.42%), and others (12.88%). Furthermore, it was reported that on being
transparent or open, individuals feel relieved that a burden was taken off their shoulders,
they experience peace of mind, and consequently happiness, contact with his or her real
self, and better able to direct their destiny on the basis of knowledge (Jourard, 1971;
Maningas, 1993).
Cozby (1973) noted that self-disclosure as an ongoing behavioral process include
five basic parameters: amount of personal information disclosed; intimacy of the
information disclosed; rate or duration of disclosure; affective manner of presentation;
and disclosing flexibility, these are the appropriate cross-situational modulation of
disclosure. Cozby (1973) further stated that interrelatedness on these parameters is used
interchangeably.

Areas of Self-disclosure

In terms of the information disclosed, the researchers arrived with nine

hypothesized factors based on a survey study conducted. These factors are:
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Interpersonal relationship, thoughts and ideas, work/study/accomplishments, sex,

religion, personal characteristics, emotional state, tastes, problems. The factors are
reflected on the subjects disposition of being students in which there are influences of
social situation of schooling and social life.

Interpersonal Relationship. Interpersonal relationship is operationally defined as

the range of relationships or bonding formed within the outside the family which include
peers, friends, and casual acquaintances. Jourard (1971) proposed that disclosure of
relatively intimate information indicates movement towards greater intimacy in
interpersonal relationships. In support, it is indicated that self-disclosure illuminate the
process of developing relationships (Hill & Stull, 1981; Altman & Taylor, 1973).
In terms of gender, it was consistently proven that women disclose themselves to
their same gender to the greater extent that men do. Females have generally been
reported to be more disclosing than males (Jourard, 1971; Chelume et al, 1981; Taylor et
al, 1981). Some studies indicate that individuals who are more willing to disclose
personal information about themselves also to high-disclosing rather than low disclosing
others (Jourard, 1959; Jourard & Landsman, 1960; Richman, 1963; Altman & Taylor,
1973).
It was reported that self-disclosure is significantly and positively related with
friendship and this relationship is greatest with respect to intimate topics or superficial
information (Rubin & Levy, 1975; Newcomb, 1961; Priest & Sawyer, 1967). Rubin and
Shenker (1975) adapted a self-disclosure questionnaire of Jourard and Taylor (1971) in
which they came up with four new clusters; interpersonal relationship, attitudes, sex, and
tastes. These clusters contain items on sensitive information one withholds. The self-
disclosure reports are less moderately reliable (.62 to .72 for men and .51 to .78 for
women).
In marital relationship, it was found that the greater the discrepancy in partners
affective self-disclosure and marital satisfaction ( Levinger & Senn, 1967; Jorgensen,
1980).
In parent-child relationship it was reported that there are no differences in the
content of the self-disclosure of Filipino adolescents with their mother and father (Cruz,
Custodio, & Del Fierro, 1996). The study also indicated that birth order is highly
relevant in analyzing the content of self-disclosure. The result of the study also show that
children are more disclosing toward the mother because she empathize.

Sex. One of the most intimate topics as a content in self-disclosure is sex. It is

usually embarassing and hard to open to others because some people have the faulty
learning that it is evil, lustful, and dirty (Coleman, Butcher, & Carson, 1980). But mature
individuals view human sexuality as a way of being in the world of men and women
whose moments of life and every aspect of living is spent to experience being with the
entire world in a distinctly male or female way (Maningas, 1995). Furthermore, sexuality
is part of our natural power or capacity to relate to others. It gives the necessary qualities
of sensitivity, warmth, mental respect in our interpersonal relationship and openness
(Maningas, 1995).
Sexuality as being part of our relationship needs to be opened up or expressed as
Freud noted the desire of our instinct or id. Maningas (1995) stressed out that sex is an
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integral part of our personal self-expression and our mission of self-communication to

others. Some findings by Jourard (1964) on subject matter differences noted that details
about one’s sex life is not muchly disclosable as compared with other factors. Jourard
(1964) also noted that anyone who is reluctant to be known by another person and to
know another person - sexually and cognitively - will find the prospective terrifying.
Sex as a factor in self-disclosure is included because most closely knitted
adolescents gives focal view on sex. The survey study that was conducted shows that
5.26% of males and 3.44% of females disclose themselves regarding sexual matters.

Personal matters about the self. Personal matters consist of private truths about
oneself and it may be favorable or unfavorable evaluative reaction toward something or
someone, exhibited in one’s belief, feelings or intended behavior.
In an experiment conducted by Taylor, Gould, and Brounstein (1981), they found
that the level of intimacy of the disclosure was determined by (1) dispositional
characteristics, (2) characteristics of subjects, and (3) the situation. Their personalistic
hypothesis was confirmed that the level of disclosure affects the level of intimacy. Some
studies also show that some individuals are more willing to disclose personal information
about themselves to high disclosing rather than low disclosing others (Jourard, 1959;
Jourard & Landsman, 1960; Jourard & Richman, 1963; Altman & Taylor, 1973).
Furthermore, Jones & Archer (1976) have sought directly that the recipient’s attraction
towards a discloser would be mediated by the personalistic attribution the recipient makes
for the disclosers level of intimacy.
Kelly and McKillop (1996) in their article stated that “choosing to reveal personal
secrets is a complex decision that could have distorting consequences, such as being
rejected and alienated from the listener.” But Jourard (1971) noted that a healthy
behavior feels “right” and it should produce growth and integrity. Thus, disclosing
personal matters about oneself is a means of being honest and seeking others to
understand you better.

Emotional State. One of the factors of self-disclosure defined as one’s revelation

of emotions or feelings to other people. A retrospective study was conducted to
determine what students did to make their developing romantic relationship known to
social network members and what they did to keep their relationship from becoming
known. It is shown in this study that the most frequent reasons for revelation were felt
obligation to reveal based on the relationship with the target, the desire for emotional
expression, and the desire for psychological support from the target. The most frequent
reason to withhold information was the anticipation of a negative reaction from the target
(Baxter, 1993). The researchers felt that the determination of the probability of self-
disclosure will be a lot better if emotional state is considered as a factor. Emotions,
disclosures & health addresses some of the basic issues of psychology and
psychotherapy: how people respond to emotional upheavals, why they respond the way
they do, and why translating emotional events into language increases physical and
mental health (Pennebaker, 1995).

Taste. Is defined as thelikes and dislikes of a person openned to other people. In

a study made by Rubin & Shenker (1975), they made a test studying the friendship,
 5

proximity and self-disclosure of college students in the contexts of being roomates or

hallmates. The items were categorized in four clusters, in what we thought would be
ascending order of intimacy-tastes, attitudes, interpersonal relationships, and self-concept
and sex. This would help us determine whether people are willing to share superficial
information right away as well as intimate information.

Thoughts. Is defined as the things in mind that one is willing to share with other
people. “A friend”, Emerson wrote, “ is a person with whom I may be sincere. Before
him I may think aloud.” A large number of studies have documented the link between
friendship and the disclosure of personal thoughts and feelings that Emerson’s statement
implies (Rubin & Shenker, 1975). Another study presents a self-psychological rationale
for the selected use of therapist self-disclosure, the conscious sharing of thoughts,
feelings, attitudes, or experiences with a patient (Goldstein, 1994).

Religion. We operationally defined religion in self-disclosure as the ability of an

individual to share his experiences thoughts, and emotions toward his beliefs about God.
Healey (1990) offer an overview of the role of self-disclosure in Judeo-Christian religious
experience with emphasis in the process of spiritual direction. In the study done by
Kroger (1994), he shows the catholic confession as the embodiment of common sense
regarding the social management of personal secrets, of the sins committed, and
considers confession as a model for understanding the problem of the social transmission
of personal secrets in everyday life. It is very important and considered as a factor in
self-disclosure because of the fact, the Filipino people are very religious, and study shows
that religious people disclose more ( Kroger, 1994).
Problem
When a person is depressed, he tends to find others that will listen and can share
the problem with. To release the tension a person feels, he usually discloses it. Larity of a
problem is attained when people starts to verbalize it and in the process, can be reach a
solution. In the study of Rime (1995), they revealed that after major negative life events
and traumatic emotional episodes, ordinary emotions, too, are commonly accompanied
by intrusive memories and the need to talk about the episode. It also considered the
hypothesis that such mental rumination and social sharing would represent spontaneously
initiated ways of processing emotional information.

Work/Study. Work or study is defined as the person’s present duty or

responsibility which is expected to him and needs to be fulfilled in a given time. It is
considered a factor in self- disclosure because this will give a glimpse of how open a
person can share his joy and burden in his current responsibility. In the study of Starr
(1975), it was hypothesized that self- disclosure is causally related to psychological and
physical well being, with low disclosure related to maladjustment and high disclosure
associated with mental health.
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Table 1
Hypothesized factors of Self-disclosure

Factor Definition
Emotional state One’s revelation of emotions or feelings to other people.
Feelings, attitudes toward a situation being revealed to
others.
Interpersonal relationship Indicates movement towards greater intimacy in
interpersonal relationships. Range of relationships or
bonding formed within the outside the family.
Personal matters Private truth about oneself, favorable or unfavorable,
toward something or someone and is exhibited in one’s
belief, feelings or intended behavior. Being honest and
seeking others to know you better by disclosing.
Problems Depressing event or situation that can be lightened
through disclosing. Conflict, disagreement experienced by
an individual.
Religion Ability of an individual to share his experiences, thoughts
and emotions toward his feeling of God. Concept,
perception and view of religion by an individual being
able to share or tackle in the face of others.
Sex As a way of being in the world of men and women whose
moments of life is spent to experience being with the
entire world in a distinctly male or female way.
Willingness of a person to discuss his sexual experiences,
needs and views.
Taste Likes and dislikes of a person opened to other people.
Views, feeling, appreciation of a person, place or thing.
Thoughts Information in mind that you are willing to share with
other people. Perception regarding a thing, or situation
which is shared with others.
Work/study/accomplishment Person’s present duty in which is expected to him. A
person’s responsibility being expected by others and to be
fulfilled in a particular time.

Scope and Limitation

The self-disclosure test is focused on the tendency of High School and college
students of disclosing themselves. The items are applicable for 12 to 18 years old. The
items were designed in a way that adolescent can show their disclosing capability on the
activities and context they encounter during their stage. The ability of an individual to
disclose himself is limited only to the existing factors proposed. The test is based on high
schools and colleges experiences and if taken by a person ages 23 and above, it may not
show the real measure of self-disclosure of an individual. It is recommended for the next
researcher to construct items using the same domains to make it generalize for other ages.
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Significance of the study

The self-disclosure scale is an instrument that can be used in counseling
Psychology. The instrument is helpful for counselors to assess their client’s problem on
the basis of their self-disclosing frequency in different areas. In the theories of
personality, it can serve as an additional tool for measuring self-disclosure. Another
significant contribution is having made available a tool for Filipino that measure this
particular construct. This test has been made by Filipinos and for Filipinos. It has been
made in the contest of Philippine setting and Filipino personality. Although the language
used is in English, the items are easy to understand and applicable for Filipino
adolescence.

Method

Search for Content Domain

In the search for content domains, a survey was made and answered by 55
females from 16-22 years old. The respondents were students from the CLA, COE, COS
and CBE of DLSU. The survey questionnaire aims to gather data about the self-
disclosing activities of the students. The survey questionnaire indicates the person whom
one usually discloses, topics disclosed, situation where one discloses, how one discloses,
characteristics while disclosing, and rate of their own self- disclosing habit. The self-
disclosure questionnaire by Sidney Jourard and Rubin and Shenkers intimacy of self-
disclosure was reviewed on how they came up with their items and factors.

Item Writing and Review

Based from the survey, 114 items under nine factors were constructed and the
verbal frequency scale was used. The items were reviewed by two psychology professors
and one psychometrician from De La Salle University. Some items were deleted, some
were removed, and some were added. After being reviewed the pre-try out form was
constructed.

Development of the Pretest Form

The pretest-form consists of 114 items with nine factors. The factors were sex (5
items), problems (21 items), interpersonal relationship (17 items),
accomplishments/work/study (14 items), religion (6 items), tastes (8 items), thoughts (9
items), personal matter (20 items). The scaling used is the verbal frequency scale Always,
often, sometimes, rarely, never).

Pretryout Form
In the pretryout form, 10 forms were prepared to be answered by 10 respondents
conveniently selected, then a feedback is given on vague and not applicable items, and
other comments. There were 10 psychology majors who answered the pre-test form (6
females and 4 males).
The pretryout form consists of 110 items still with nine factors. There were six
negative items (item no. 7, 30, 97, 106, 107, 109) and the rest were positive items. The
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scaling used was the verbal frequency scale because the test is a measure of a habit. The
order of the items were randomly arranged and the responses are answered by checking
the corresponding scale. The purpose of the pretryout form is for mild testing 10 subjects
and to ask for comments for further revision.

Development of the Main-tryout form

The comments made on the pretryout form were considered and the main-tryout
form was developed. The main-tryout form was consists of 112 items. The test was
intended for adolescents because the items were empirically based on adolescent subjects
and it reflects their usual activities. There were six negative items. The scaling used was
the verbal frequency scale. The arrangement of items were in random order and the task
of the respondent is to check the corresponding scale beside each item.
There were 100 respondents who answered the test. The respondents were fourth
year highschool students of St. Augustine School in Cavite, their ages ranging from 15 to
16, there were 48 males and females. The rest of the participants were college students
from De La Salle University.
The sampling design is purposive in which the respondent’s selection criteria is
should belong to fourth year level in highschool and in college in private schools. During
the administration of the test, the researchers explained the purpose of the test to the
students and they all agreed to answer. It took the respondents 20 minutes to answer the
test. The researchers then reviewed the data after the collection, each test was scored and
encoded in the computer.

Item Analysis and Factor Analysis

The 112 items were intercorrelated and the factors were extracted the SPSS
computer software. A matrix was made between the factors and the reliability was
obtained using the Cronbach’s alpha. The items were grouped using Principal
Components Analysis.

Development of the Final form

In the final form there were 60 items accepted and 62 items were deleted in the
item analysis due to low factors loadings (below .40). There were five factors extracted
in the Principal Components Analysis: Beliefs, relationships, personal matters, interests,
and intimate feelings.

Plan on developing the Norms

A norm will be used to interpret the scores. The test is scored based on the
corresponding answer on each item. A score is yield for a particular factor. The raw
score will have an equivalent percentile based on a norm. And a corresponding percentile
will have a remark.

Test Plan
In administering the test there is no alloted time to answer the test. The
respondents or person taking the test is instructed to shade their corresponding answer on
the answer sheet. There is no right or wrong answer in the test so respondents should
answer as honestly as possible.
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In scoring, the answer Always is equivalent to 5 points, often=4, sometimes=3,

rarely=2, never=1. All the items are positive because all the negative items were
removed during the item analysis due to low factor loadings. The score on each item will
be summated and there is an equivalent percentile for a particular score.
In the interpretation, the garnered percentile will have a remark of high frequency,
average frequency, and low frequency.
A low disclosing individual would mean that the particular person never or rarely
opens up his or herself toward others in the particular area.
An average self-disclosing individual would mean that the particular person have
opened in general terms about a particular matter only when necessary and on selected
others on a particular area.
A high self-disclosing individual would mean that the person has opened and
shared himself fully and in complete details to others in the particular area. The
individual will have the tendency to let himself to be known in all dimensions of his or
her being.

Results
The corrected item-total correlation of the 62 items have a total correlation of
above .30. The item-total correlation of accepted items ranges from .4866 to .3009, the
item correlation of the deleted items ranges from -.0123 to .2980. The coefficient alpha
reliability is .9134, the standard item alpha is .9166.
A correlation matrix was made on the 112 items, the mean for the interiitem
correlation is .339, the variance is 1821.3782, and the standard deviation is 42.6776. The
highest intercorrelation of items is .6543 that occurred between item number 51 and item
number 74.
In the process of factor analysis, the hypothesized nine factors were extracted into
18 factors with an eigenvalue of 1.07878. The researchers considered 4% of variance
which offers 5 factors. Table 2 shows the accepted items with their factor loadings.

Table 2
Accepted items with their factor loadings

Item number Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4 Factor 5

item 33 .68766
item 70 .64815
item 8 .61846
item 3 .59245
item 20 .55228
item 98 .53677
item 77 .45061
item 52 .45001
item 59 .40504
item 101 .38157
item 18 .32574
item 88 .64293
item93 .72024
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item95 .6780
item65 .59372
item94 .54047
item53 .51697
item75 .50285
item68 .44658
item66 .41453
item76 .41102
item96 .38957
item99 .36690
item11 .36482
item111 .29875
item82 .77164
item83 .69717
item17 .59079
item10 .54027
item104 .45128
item100 .44697
item56 .42587
item60 .39554
item62 .39486
item69 .32917
item27 .63290
item34 .61822
item39 .58744
item78 .54582
item43 .49976
item01 .49312
item28 .43613
item26 .43205
item35 .42141
item32 .41807
item72 .41475
item06 .35834
item73 .32098
item10 .54207
item100 .446979
item104 .54207
Item17 .59079
item56 .42587
item60 .39554
item62 .38486
item69 .32917
item82 .77164
item83 .69717
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Table 3
Factor Transformation Matrix

FACTOR 1 FACTOR 2 FACTOR 3 FACTOR 4 FACTOR 5

FACTOR 1 .48319 -.56544 -.25557 -.00160 -.61764
FACTOR 2 .45400 .43328 -.56522 -.49917 .19368
FACTOR 3 .45191 .55520 .57057 .09512 -.39107
FACTOR 4 .42701 -.42879 .49427 -.34059 .52297
FACTOR 5 .41696 .02089 -.212989 .79106 .39315

The new five factors were given new names because the contents were different.
Factor 1 was labeled as Beliefs with 11 items, Factor 2 was labeled as relationships with
13 items, Factor 3 labeled as Personal Matters with 13 items, and Factor 4 as intimate
feelings with 13 items, and factor 5 labeled as interests with 10 items.

Table 4
New Table of Specification

FACTORS Number of items ITEM NUMBER RELIABILITY

Factor 1: Beliefs 11 8,101,18, 20,33, 52, .8031

59, 70, 77, 98, 3

Factor 2: 13 105, 15, 21, 24, 31, .7696

Relationships 41, 48, 55, 61, 63
79, 84, 88

Factor 3: Personal 13 11, 111, 53, 65, 66, .7962

Matters 68, 75, 76, 93, 94,
95, 96, 99

Factor 4: Intimate 13 1,6, 26, 27, 28, 32, .7922

Feelings 34, 35, 39, 43, 72,
73, 78

Factor 5: Interests 10 10, 100, 104, 17, 56, .7979

60, 62, 69, 82, 83

60
 12

Discussion
At first there were nine hypothesized factor based on a survey, 18 factors were
then extracted with eigenvalues greater than 1.00. Finally there were a final of five
factors with acceptable factor loadings. The five factors have new labels because the
items were rotated differently based on the data on the main tryout. Factor 1 contains
items about the beliefs on religion, and ideas on a particular topic and it is labeled as
such. Factor 2 contains items reflecting relationships with friends and it was labeled as
“relationships.” Factor 3 contains items about a person’s secrets and attitudes and most
of the items contains personal matters and it was labeled as such. Factor 4 is a cluster of
taste and perceptions so it was labeled as interest. Factor 5 contains feelings about
oneself, problems, love, success, and frustrations, so it was labeled as intimate feelings.
The factors were reliable due to their alpha which are .8031, .7696, .7962, .7922, .7979.
It only shows that each factor is consistent with the intended purpose of the researchers.
In the result of factor analysis the items were not equal in each factor, factor 1 has 11
items, factor 2 has 13 items, factor 3 has 13 items, factor 4 has 10 items and factor 5 has
13 items. The five factors account for the areas in which a particular individual self-
discloses.

There were nine hypothesized factors, all of these were disproved, new factors
arrived after factor analysis. The items were reclassified in every factor and it was given
a new name. Only five factors were accepted following the four percent rating of the
eigenvalue. These factors are Beliefs, Relationships, Interests, Personal matters, and
intimate feelings. The test we have developed intended to measure the degree of self-
disclosure of individuals but it was refocused to measure the self-disclosure each person
makes on each different areas or factors.

In terms of the test’s psychometric property, it has gone in the level of item review
by experts and factor analysis, it has an internal consistency of .9134 which is high.
Considering that the test has just undergone its initial stages, further validation study is
recommended to give more detailed properties of the test. Norming and interpretation for
the test is not yet further established where it needs to be administered to a large sample
size. An intensive study should be made with considerable and appropriate number of
respondents. In terms of the sampling a probabilistic technique is suggested to account
for further generalization in the study because the current test only used a purposive non-
probabilistic sampling.

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Appendix A
Items on the Preliminary Test Form

SEX

1. I discuss my sexual urges to my close friends.

2. I do not like talking about my sexual desires and fantasies.
3. I tell my friends the name of the persons I want to have sex with.
4. In a group discussion I bluntly say my feelings about having premarital sex.
5. I will not keep to myself my sexual desires and fantasies.

PROBLEMS

1. I tell my problem to my friend.

2. I share my frustrations in life to my best friend.
3. I share my fears with my friends.
4. It makes me feel irritable whenever I have a big problem and have not told it to
someone.
5. Whenever I have a big fear about something I quickly approach my parents.
6. Whenever I have a problem, I don’t want anybody to know about it so I just keep it to
myself.
 16

7. I feel like telling my friends about my problem more when it’s in a way of a joke.
8. My problems come out easily on my mouth when I’m on the phone.
9. I tell my barkada the hassles I experience at home.
10. I feel saying my personal insecurities to others.
11. I feel opening my personal problems to others.
12. I think of telling all my problems to my parents.
13. I feel opening up my troubled situations to others.
14. I feel telling anyone about my failures.
15. I talk about my problems to others.
16. I talk about my current struggles in life to others.
17. I talk about my family problems to people.
18. I discuss my problem to the first friend I meet during the day.
19. I feel talking to people about my problems anytime.
20. I share my personal problems in a large group of people..
21. I will share my problems to my boyfriend/girlfriend.

INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS

1. I tell my crushes to my close friends.

2. I tell my bad experiences in love affairs.
3. I discuss the time when I felt I was in love.
4. I share my admiration towards the opposite sex.
5. I share with my friends the activities I’ve done last summer.
6. I talk to others about my relationship with my boyfriend/girlfriend.
7. I talk about my love life in details to friends.
8. I tell all my crushes to my friends anytime and anywhere.
9. I am transparent in all matters to my boyfriend/girlfriend.
10. I feel talking about my love life to my parents.
11. I am transparent about my attitude towards others.
12. I allow myself to be known internally by others.
13. I think of telling my commitments made to other people.
14. I will make it a point to inform a particular person that I like him or her.
15. I talk about my concerns about a particular person.
16. I think of telling people the things that bother me about them.
17. I feel telling a person that I hate his or her negative attitude.

ACCOMPLISHMENTS/WORK/STUDY

1. I discuss my goals freely.

2. I tell my ambition.
3. I share my problems in my academics.
4. I tell my friends my views about the teacher.
5. I talk about how important school grades are to me.
6. I tell my parents the kind of work I would like to do in the future.
7. I talk in great details about my successes.
8. I tell people about my sincere sense of goals.
 17

9. I inform my teachers on my difficulty in understanding the lecture.

10. I feel free to tell my academic problems.
11. I talk about my troubles in a particular subject/course.
12. I think of telling my finances to other people.
13. I will tell my parents all my plans.
14. I talk about what I feel are my special strong points and qualifications for my work.

RELIGION

1. I share the blessings of God.

2. I share the lessons God is teaching me.
3. I discuss my ups and downs in my spiritual life.
4. I share my views about God.
5. I share my belief about God.
6. I talk about my spiritual life to people.

TASTE

1. I tell my bestfriend the style of clothes that I want.

2. I tell my bestfriend the kind of stores where I want to buy my clothes.
3. I tell my friends the types of newspapers and magazines that I enjoy reading.
4. My sister knows the kind of CD’s and tapes I would buy.
5. I make sure that all my friends know my interests.
6. I open up the kinds of movies that I like to see; the TV shows that are my favorites.
7. I talk about the kind of party, or social gathering that I like best, and the kind that
would bore me, or that I wouln’t enjoy.
8. I tell my parents what I would appreciate most for a present.

EMOTIONAL STATE

1. I share my happiest moment with my friends.

2. I tell my embarrassing moments.
3. I tell my best friend the things that I worry the most.
4. Every time I drink beer with my barkada I release my anger to whatever it may be
through telling it to my friends.
5. I feel telling my disturbed emotions when in distress.
6. I talk in great details about my failures.
7. I tell people about my depressive state.
8. I open up my sensitive topics in an intimate conversation.
9. I tell others all about my happy experiences.
10. I will let others know when I am angry.
11. I will let others know my current state of emotion.
12. I tell people the things that I envy about them.
13. I inform the person I hate whenever possible.
14. I feel telling my sad moments to friends.
 18

THOUGHTS

1. I discuss my ideas openly.

2. I share my personal beliefs no matter how weird it is.
3. I will take the risk of talking about my deepest secret in a group of people.
4. I feel expressing my ideas or thoughts whenever necessary.
5. I feel free expressing my kinky ideas to people.
6. I feel comfortable in revealing my secrets about my personal self.
7. I feel opening my deep dreams to others.
8. I always tell someone about my dreams.
9. I always tell someone about my intentions.

PERSONAL

1. I talk about my personal life whenever there’s a chance.

2. I unload all information about myself when needed.
3. I open up my sensitive topics in an intimate conversation.
4. I open up my personal characteristics to others.
5. I talk to people about my weakness regardless of privacy.
6. I tell the truth when asked about any matters about me.
7. I tell my negative attitudes to people beforehand.
8. I tell my parents all activities of the day without missing any detail.
9. I disclose information about me willingly to people who is interested.
10. I make sure I share something about my personal self during conversations.
11. I am willing to share my life story to a group of people.
12. I tell people the sensitive parts of my body.
13. I am giving information that is a part of me in a casual situation.
14. I talk about my personal views on sexual morality-how I feel that I and others ought
to behave in sexual matters.
15. I open up my personal standards of beauty and attractiveness in women/men-what I
consider to be attractive in a woman/man.
16. I open up the things that I regard as desirable for a man/woman to be- what I look for
in a man/woman.
17. I tell my friends whether or not I feel that I am attractive to the opposite sex; my
problems, if any, about getting favorable attention from the opposite sex.
18. I talk about the things in the past or present that I feel ashamed and guilty about.
19. I share with my closest friends what it takes to hurt my feelings deeply.
20. I tell the world the kind of things that make me especially proud of myself, elated,
full of self-esteem or self-respect.

Appendix B
 19

Final Test Form

Instructions:

Shade the circle corresponding to your answer.

N - When you have Never encountered, done or felt the situation.

R - When you have encountered, done or felt the situation only for a few times or Rarely.
S - Sometimes you have encountered, done or felt the situation.
O - When you have encountered, done or felt the situation most of the time or Often.
A - When you have encountered, done or felt the situation all the time or Always.

Please answer the test honestly. Do not leave any items unanswered. There are no right
or wrong answers. There is no time limit in taking the test so take your time.

Example: N R S O A
1. I discuss the time when I felt I was in love. 0 0 0 0 0

For this item the respondent shaded the circle below the letter A, which means
that he or she have encountered, done or felt the situation all the time or always.

The test begins here!!!

1. I share my views about God.

2. I talk about my current struggles in life to others.
3. I tell my bestfriend the things that I worry the most.
4. I share my fears with my friends.
5. I discuss my bad experiences in love affairs.
6. I feel opening up my troubled situations to others.
7. I always tell someone about my intentions in life.
8. I like telling my personal insecurities.
9. I am open about my admiration towards the opposite sex.
10. I feel like telling my friends about my problem more when it’s in a way of a joke.
11. I make sure that all my friends know my interests.
12. I discuss the ups and downs I experienced in my spiritual life.
13. I share my happiest moments with my friends.
14. I talk about how concerned I am of a particular person.
15. I share my personal beliefs no matter how weird it is.
16. I talk about my spiritual life to people.
17. I allow myself to known to others.
18. I tell the world the kind of things that make me especially proud of myself.
19. I talk about the things in the past or present that I feel ashamed or guilty of.
20. I let other people to know me so that they would reveal themselves.
21. I open myself to others wholeheartedly.
22. I feel people the sensitive parts of my body.
23. I discuss my ideas openly.
 20

24. I express my ideas or thoughts whenever necessary.

25. I tell my friends whether or not I feel I am attracted to the opposite sex.
26. I feel comfortable in revealing secrets about myself.
27. I always tell someone about my dreams.
28. I talk about my troubles in a particular subject/course.
29. I talk about my love life in details to friends.
30. I tell my bestfriend the style of clothes I want.
31. I share my fears with my friends.
32. I feel opening up my personal problems to others.
33. I share the lessons that I am learning from God.
34. I share the blessings of God.
35. I talk about my family problems to other people.
36. I tell my sad moments to friends.
37. I talk about the kind of party or social gathering that I like best.
38. I discuss the time when I felt I was in love.
39. I feel opening up my troubled situations to others.
40. I give information about my casual situation.
41. Whenever I have a big fear about something I quickly approach my parents.
42. I am irritated about my big problem when I haven’t told anybody.
43. I open my personal standards of beauty and attractiveness in women/men.
44. I feel talking to people about my problems anytime.
45. I talk about my personal life whenever there’s a chance.
46. I tell my ambitions in life.
47. I share my academic problems.
48. I talk in great details about my successes.
49. I tell people about my sincere sense of goals.
50. I share with my closest friends what it takes to hurt my feelings deeply.
51. I make sure I share something about my personal self during conversations.
52. I share my beliefs about God.
53. I talk about how important school grades are to me.
54. I share my frustrations in life with my bestfriend.
55. Whenever I have failures, I feel the need to have somebody to talk to.
56. I talk about my personal views on sexual morality.
57. I tell my close friends who my crush is.
58. I tell my friends about the hassles I experience at home.
59. I talk about what I feel are my special strong points for my work.
60. I tell my problems to my friends.