NG DNG PHN MM MICROSOFT EXCEL VO GII BI TON QUY HOCH TUYN TNH

Th.s. Trn Th Ha Khoa K ton Ti chnh

Mc tiu ca vic gii bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh (QHTT) l tm c phng n ti u v vn dng phng n vo thc tin. Tuy nhin, trong thc t cng vic ny li kh phc tp, gy khng t kh khn v lng tng cho nhng i tng quan tm n n. Ti sao chng ta khngtrt gnh nng ny cho Excel nh? Bi vit ny nhm gii thiu cch s dng phn mm ng dng Microsoft Excel gii bi ton QHTT v rt ra cc ngha kinh t ca chng. gii bi ton QHTT da trn phn mm ng dng Microsoft Excel cn thc hin theo trnh t sau: 1. Cc bc thc hin Bc 1: Lp m hnh bi ton (nu bi ton cha lp m hnh)1; Bc 2: Vn dng phn mm ng dng Microsoft Excel gii bi ton QHTT da trn m hnh bc 1; Bc 3: Kt lun phng n ti u v gi tr ca hm mc tiu (nu c). Tt nhin, thc hin c bc 2 bn cn phi c mt my tnh c ci t sn phn mm ny. 2. ng dng Microsoft Excel gii bi ton QHTT hiu r vic gii bi ton QHTT da trn phn mm ng dng Excel, chng ta hy cng nhau xem xt v d sau: Cng ty Hoa Lt cn trng 4 loi hoa Cc, Hng, Lan, Hu trn 3 mnh vn khc nhau. Bit rng din tch t hin c ng vi mi mnh vn l 40 ha, 60 ha, 80 ha. Din tch t phi trng mi loi hoa theo k hoch l: Cc: 50 ha, Hng: 70 ha, Lan: 30 ha, Hu: 30 ha. Ngoi ra, do tnh cht ca cc loi t trng khc nhau, nn hoa Hng khng th trng c trn mnh t th nht, v hoa Hu khng th trng c trn mnh t th ba. Bit thu hoch (Li nhun) c tnh ca tng loi hoa trn tng loi t trng nh sau (trm ngn ng/ha):

Hoa t 40 60 80

Cc (50) 10 6 15

Hng (70) 9 10

Lan (30) 8 12 10

Hu (30) 9 12 -

Yu cu: Lp k hoch trng hoa sao cho cng ty thu c li nhun nhiu nht. Gii: Bc 1: Lp m hnh bi ton - Tng din tch t = 40 + 60 + 80 =180 = 50 + 70 + 30 + 30 = Tng din tch trng hoa

Nn a bi ton v dng chnh tc trc khi thc hin bc 2

- Gi xij l s ha mnh vn i trng loi hoa j, vi i= 1, 2, 3 v j = 1, 2, 3, 4 tng ng l Cc, Hng, Lan, Hu. f = 10 x11 + 8x13 + 9x14 + 6x21 + 9x22 + 12x23 + 12x24 + 15x31 + 10x32 + 10x33 -> Max x11 + x13 + x14 = 40 x21 + x22 + x23 + x24 = 60 x31 + x32 + x33 = 80 x11 + x21 + x31 = 50 x22 + x32 = 70 x13 + x23 + x33 = 30 x14 + x24 = 30 i, xij 0, j Bc 2: ng dng Excel gii bi ton QHTT da trn m hnh bc 1. - Khi ng Exel - Nhp d liu vo bng tnh: + Ct A l gi tr c th c ca cc bin. Trong v d ny ta c 10 bin cn tm t x11 n x33 + Ct B l cng thc tnh biu thc v tri ca cc rng buc + Ct C l gi tr v phi ca cc rng buc + Ct D l cng thc tnh hm mc tiu Ban u ta cho gi tr tu chn vo ct. Trong v d ny, cc s liu nh bng 1 Bng 1 A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 B C 40 60 80 50 70 30 30 D =10*A1+8*A3+9*A4+6*A5+9*A6+12*A7+12*A8 +15*A9+10*A10+10*A11 1 =A1+A3+A4 0 =A5+A6+A7+A8 1 =A9+A10+A11 1 =A1+A5+A9 1 =A6+A10 1 =A3+A7+A11 1 =A4+A8 1 1 1 1

Bng 2 (Kt qu sau khi nhp d liu) A 1 2 3 4 5 1 0 1 1 1 B 3 4 3 3 2 C 40 60 80 50 70 D 101

6 7 8 9 10 11

1 1 1 1 1 1

3 2

30 30

- Dng Solver gii bi ton + T Menu Tool chn Solver2, xut hin hp hi thoi Solver Parameters:

Set Target Cell: $D$1 Equal To: Max By Changing Cells: $A$1:$A$11

Subject to the Constraints: + Hp hi thoi Add Constraints:

Chn a ch hm mc tiu. Chn mc tiu ti u (Max hoc Min). Cha cc bin cn tm x =(x11, x12, x13,....,x33,) Cn cho cc bin 1 gi tr khi ng no Chng hn x11 = x13 =....= x33 =1; x12 = 0 Cha cc rng buc, nhn nt Add chn.

Cell Reference: $A$1:$A$11 Hp bn tay tri Chn du >= Hp gia Constraint: 0 Hp bn tay phi + Nhn nt Add chn thm cc rng buc, hp hi thoi Add Constraints:

Nu trong menu Tool khng c Solver th vo menu Tool, chn Add - Ins, xut hin hp hi thoi Add - Ins, chn mc Solver Add - Ins.

Cell Reference: $B$1:$B$7 Hp bn tay tri Chn du = Hp gia Constraint: $C$1:$C$7 Hp bn tay phi + Nhn OK, tr li hp hi thoi Solver Parameters:

+ Nhn nt Solver, xut hin hp hi thoi Solver Results:

+ Chn Keep Solver Solution, nhn OK. Khi kt qu bi ton QHTT s c hin th nh sau: A 1 2 3 4 5 10 0 0 30 0 B 40 60 80 50 70 C 40 60 80 50 70 D 2000

6 7 8 9 10 11

30 30 0 40 40 0

30 30

30 30

Bc 3: Kt lun Bi ton c phng n ti u x

= (10, 0, 0, 30, 0, 30, 30, 0, 40, 40, 0, 0) v fmax = 2000 trm ngn ng = 200 triu ng. Vy k hoch trng cc loi hoa trn tng loi t c phn b nh sau: n v tnh: ha Hoa t 40 60 80 Cc (50) 10 0 40 Hng (70) 0 30 40 Lan (30) 0 30 0 Hu (30) 30 0 0

Vi k hoch trng hoa nh trn th cng ty Hoa Lt thu c li nhun nhiu nht, gi tr li nhun t n 200 triu ng. Nh vy, vn dng phm mm Excel gii bi ton QHTT khng nhng lm cho bi ton QHTT tr nn n gin hn rt nhiu m cn mang ngha kinh t su sc, bin cc con s kh khan trong m hnh ton hc i vo thc tin cuc sng.