F-500 Benefits vs.

Water Only

Heat Removal/Water Reduction Plain Water will remove 6,624,702 Kcal of heat per hour from a system. Tests have shown that a 1% water solution of F-500 increases the heat removal over plain water. A 1% solution of F-500 (1 gallon of F-500 in 100 gallons of water) will remove 21,104,604 Kcal of heat per hour from the same system. A flow of 1,000 gallons per hour of plain water removes 6,624,702 Kcal of heat from a system. Therefore a flow of 313 gallons per hour of 1% water solution of F-500 will remove the same quantity of heat per hour as plain water. This is a 68% reduction in the volume of water required to remove the same quantity of heat. Reference: Perelli, M. Technical Relation about the use of Sprayed Water with Nozzles with Hydram Fan Coil for use in Fire Fighting, 2000 :Attachment A

Water Reduction Goodyear engineers at their Memphis testing facility in 1999 conducted sprinkler tests on stacked rubber tires using plain water and a 1% solution of F-500. The tests were on identical masses of burning rubber tires. The only variable in the tests were the fire suppression solution. The sprinklers, pipes, pumps, pressure, flow rate were all held constant for all the tests. Results of that testing: Plain Water Only Tests: 215 gallons of water was flowed for 2 minutes 21 seconds. The tires were never extinguished and had to be extinguished by other means. 1% F-500 Tests: 85 gallons of 1% F-500 solution was flowed for 56 seconds the fire was extinguished and remained out. These test provided data that it is possible to reduce the volume of water required to extinguish a very difficult rubber tire fire by 60 (+) percent. Reference: Unpublished study conducted at Goodyear Testing Facility, Memphis 1999.

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Fire Intensity Fire extinguisher tests were conducted at Underwriters Laboratories in Canada using 3% F-500. For a conventional water extinguisher to get UL listed it must pass a 2A rated wood crib fire extinguishment test. The same extinguisher filled with a 3% F-500 solution repeatedly extinguished a 4A rated wood crib. The surface area of a 2A crib is 8,851 square inches. The surface area of a 4A crib is 17,604 square inches. The only variable in these two test series was the agent used (water and 3% F-500 solution). The tests were conducted with the same extinguisher, same volume of extinguishing agent and same fire conditions. This UL testing shows that F-500 can extinguish a fire that is 198% greater in intensity than water alone. Reference: Unpublished Study conducted by George Unger, Underwriters Laboratories, Scarboro, Canada 2000 Surface Tension Reduction Testing as part of the Underwriters listing requirements for a NFPA 18 Wetting Agent is the measurement of surface tension reduction. A 1% solution of F-500 reduces the surface tension of water from 73 dynes/cm to less than 30 dynes/cm. This is a 68% reduction in surface tension. It will take 6 times less volume of a 1% solution of F-500 to cover the same area that plain water would cover alone. Reference: Underwriters Laboratories Listing Report F-500 1997 : Attachment B Data from the field supports these declarations. Time and time again, rapid and complete extinguishments of the most stubborn fires has shown a 3-6 times less water usage when F-500 is added than prior experiences when water alone has been used.

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ATTACHMENT A

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TECHNICAL RELATION ABOUT THE USE OF SPRAYED WATER WITH NOZZLES WITH HYDRAM FAN COIL FOR USE IN FIREFIGHTING. 1. SCOPE The following technical approach is intended to give some rough relations of what shall be expected during the tests to be made with the above equipment with the use of sprayed water by means of nozzles in the air flow downstream of the fan coil.

2. VERIFICATION OF TECHNICAL DATA OF THE FAN First we want to fix some data in the range value of the data sheet of the equipment. From Bernoulli law, let us determine from a given difference of pressure of 100 Pa the speed of the air flow: V=

(2 gH ) =

2 9,81 100 = 44m / s = 158Km / h

(1)

this speed is a speed of a strong wind. Nobody could stand in front of the fan without some fixing point. Still this speed is quite low with respect to the air flow coming out of turbines. Now, for a given flow rate of 60.000 cm/h, we calculate the power of the fan at the point of view of the shaft. So we have the relationship: Pshaft = Qair air gH 16,666 1,3 9,81 100 = = 35900W = 35,9 Kw = 49 Hp < 52 Hp 0,77 (2)

So the relation is verified.

3. ADDITION OF WATER WITH/WITHOUT SURFACTANT TO AIR FLOW If we add a water flow to the air stream after the fan coil, we have, in the meanwhile, an increase of the apparent specific weight. On the other side the water flow makes the speed of the air decrease. This relation is the same of eductors, and the fan behaves as an eductor. So we want to fix the final speed downstream of the water inlet. From the principle of conservation of motion we have the relationship:
1 1 2 2 Q1 Vair + Q1 Vwat = Qair + Qwat V fin air wat

(3)

1 but since the Vwat = 0 the final result is:

V fin =

Qair V Qair + Qwat air

(3a)

By substituting a water flow of 400 and 800 lt/min respectively (6,67 Kg/sec and 13,33 Kg/s of water) one obtains:
800 V fin =

28.8 44 = 30m / s (28.8 + 13,3) 28.8 44 = 35,7 m / s (28.8 + 6,67 )

400 V fin =

Since the mixing of water is not an energetic system, we can calculate the energy waste in the two cases:
800 Pfin =

1 800 (Qair + Qwat )V fin 2 1 400 (Qair + Qwat )V fin 2

=18,9 Kw = 25,775 Hp

400 Pfin =

=22,65 Kw = 30 Hp

So we can calculate the effectiveness of the mixing in the two cases: 1 2 (Qwat + Qair )V fin = 2 1 1 1 2 Q V 2 air air

mix

(4)

This leads to 800 = 0,684 and 400 = 0,819

4. APPLICATION OF THE FLOW TO A TUNNEL With reference to the dwg attached, we can see that if we go inside a tunnel there will be a widening of the flow that will increase the size of the flow. We do not know how wide the cone will be or what shape it will have. Investigations should be practically conducted to determine the flow and its relation with the walls of the tunnel. But to get a result let us imagine that the cone is 60 wide (this is a conservative assumption). Now let use think that the cone is circular. From the continuity equation we can write in a simplified form: mean V1 S 1 = mean V2 S 2
2 V1 R12 = V2 R2

(5)

Introducing R1 = 0,95 mt and R2 = 5 mt in the case of 800 litres per minute one obtains V2 = 1,083m / s .

5. THERMODYNAMIC CALCULATIONS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ADDING OF WATER / WATER AND F-500 TO THE FLOW. The effect of the addition of the water to the air has two effects: It cools. It determines a dilution of the oxygen by decreasing the content of oxygen itself because the steam that it is produced, at a value that is nearby 100 C, is going to decrease the oxygen content.

But if the second effect is not brought to its extreme situation, it is difficult to predict how much the heat of combustion is decreased. So to fix the ideas, we will think only of the amount of heat that can be removed by the air and water flow. So, we assume that the increase of temperature is at maximum 100C, that the water inside the air is partially vaporized, and that there are two main losses of water : A loss of water that goes on the walls and gets out of the air. A certain amount of water that cannot transform to steam due to thermodynamic resistance. The scope of F-500 is only to increase the efficiency of the vaporization so that a larger amount of water can transform to steam. If we write Qtot = Qair + Qwat (6)

assuming that the contribute of the heat transfer is divided between air and water, then: Qair = Qair Cp T = 28.8 0.3 80 = 691.2 Kcal / s = 2,488,320 Kcal / h If we consider the water, we can write: Qwat = Qwat mecc ter H vap assuming a mecc = 0,8 and ter = 0,2 in case of water only and ter = 0,9 in case of use of F-500 one obtains the following result: Qwat = 1149 Kcal / s = 4,136,382 Kcal / h in case of water only Qwat = 5171Kcal / s = 18,615,744Kcal / h in case of F-500. So the total heat removed will be : Plain Water = 1% F-500 Solution =

6,624,702 Kcal/h 21,104,604 Kcal/h

ATTACHMENT B

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