a Pes tay Te bee yDy concave \. Liae ls. Ceaenesr-s) DousLE CONVEX POSITIVE LENSES A LENS 1S POSITIVE IF IT CAN cON- VERGE PARALLEL LIGHT To FORM AN IMAGE. IF THE LENS 1S A SINGLE PIECE OF GLASS, IT IS A SIMPLE LENS ge z Piano convex | DOUBLE PLANO CONCAVE CONVEX MENISc)s| CONCAVE CONCAVE MENISCUS NEGATIVE LENSES NEGATIVE LENSES CAUSE PARALLEL LIGHT RAYS To DIVERSE ~ No IMAGE IS FORMED. USED ALONE AT. EYE, A NEGATIVE LENS REDUCES AACE oF Pow 08: in OBsECT a FOCAL LENGTH DISTANCE FROM A LENS TO POINT WHERE IT FORMS AN MAE OF A DISTANT OBJECT. dsvauy Measuacn FROM CENTER OF LENS ALTHO Or EXACT a oe PRINCIPAL PLANES IMAGINARY PLANES FROM WHICH EXACT FOCAL LENGTH MEASUREMENTS: ARE TAKEN, IF THE LENS IS SYMMET-| RICAL, THE PP's ARE SYMMETRICAL Dovece Convex RADIUS of CURVATURE ALL SIMPLE LENSES HAVE SPHERICAL CURVES. THE RADII DETERMINE THE FOCAL LENGTH. Aagmwasane apacox. sn NACT ONLY FOR THIALLENS, {HOEK LS FINDING F.L. of a LENS HOLD THE LENS IN SUNLIGHT AND ALONGSIDE A RULER. MOVE LENS UP BNO DOWN TO FORM SWALLEST MAGE OF SUN. READ THE F-L-ON RULER WHITE LIGHT WHITE LIGHT {s COMPOSED OF ALL THE COLORS. A NARROW BEAM OF SUN-| LiGHT DIRECTED TARU A Prism WiLL EMERGE AS A COLORED BAND ~The SECT) Reo. ue Pokus roets LONGITUDINAL COLOR SIMPLE LENS BREAKS UP WHITE LIGHT JUST LIKE A PRISM. BLUE Rave: FOCUS’ CLOSER THAN RED. THe FAULT | IS CONSTANT OVER WHOLE FIELD LATERAL COLOR FAILURE OF THE LENS TO FORM SAME IMAGE SIZE IN ALL COLORS. THIS FAULT INCREASES Witt FIELO ANGLE... IS NOT PRESENT ON AXIS. CenreR on Pagaias. SPHERICAL ABERRATION As SHOWN, A POSITIVE LENS 1S SPHERICALLY UNDER-CORRECTED. S.A. VARIES WITH 4/VALUE OF LENS ANO IS LESS FOR A SWWALL APERTURE, fel Ba - Eaciear Sane Pow cross ae ACHROMATIC LENS ACHROMATS ARE TWO-ELEMENT LENSES CORRECTED FOR LONGITU- BINAL COLOR ANO SPHERICAL ABERDATION FOR AN AXIAL OBJECT Edmund Scientific Co, Barrington 08007 © 1966 by Edmund Scientific Co. All rights reserved published 1966 1079| telescope En esg nes OPTICS is a big subject. Most beginners avoid jens design, knowing very well that such work is a mathematical jungle, The simpler approach is to buy lenses, prisms and mirrors readymade and take it from there. Then the math work re- duces to simple lens equations, If you use stock optics of good quality, you can be assured of good imagery. The problem of designing a telescope ie just a matter of getting light through the in- strument to form an image of a certain size at a certain location, ‘The astronomical telescope is a narrow-tield instrument of 1 degree or less. As a result the objective is nearly immune to the off-axis aber~ SUBTENDS AT THE EVE Fe ven. sae oF a otveer ss Gx He ase rations~-eoma, distortion, field curvature and astigmatism, The two axial faultsare chromatic ~undspherieal aberration, As you may already know, chromatic aberration is non-existent for reflected light, In brief, if your interestisin re~ flecting telescopes, your only problem in image quality is that of spherical aberration, Even when you make your own mirror, the jobof fashioning and correcting a single surface is well within the capabilities of the average person. Where ié the image? Hven in simple observing, you sometimes wonder. All optical drawings of telescopes assume the final image to bea virtual one formed:at infinity, As a matter of fact, most pergons will focus "in" @ little more thanneces~ sary, causing the emergent light rays todiverge slightly as ‘required to form a virtual image at 20 to 40 inches, a shown in drawing below. In any ‘case it makes no difference in the magnifi- cation, whieh is strictly a matter of angular sub- the same at any distance, tense which es {i TRUE FIELD || How the TELESCOPE MAGNIFIES ANGLE AS NAKED EYE When vou use a teLescore, “HE OBJECTIVE LOOKS AT-THE OBJECT AT EXACTLY THE SAME Bur your eye SEES THE IMAGE OF THE omJecT AT A much GREATER ANGLE 1 jevierua & IMAGE Wi COMA 4 1S OBLIQUE SPHERICAL, ABER: ON. OCCURS ONLY, OFF-AXIS THE UNSYMMETRIC DEFOR. PRODUCES AA COMET-SHAPE INGE & he i ASTIGMATISM “THIS FAUET SHOWS AN IMece PorsT AS A SHORT LINE, UNCH C1 AGES GM HORIZONTAL TO VERTICAL POSITION ON EITHER SIDE OF BEST FOCUS FIELD CURVATURE THE NATURAL-TENDENCY OF 4 LENS 5 TO FORM A SHARP IMAGE ON’ A CuRVED SURFACE BENT TOWARO THE LENS