Annotated Bibliography Secondary Source Documents

Altman, Dana. Statue of Liberty: New York City. 2009. flickr. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. This picture shows the Statue of Liberty. I used it as my heading picture because the Statue of Liberty symbolizes freedom and justice, and immigration reform is about freedom and justice.

Campos, Mark. Photograph of Border Patrol Agent. n.d. Beyond Borders. Web. 27 Dec. 2011. This picture shows a border patrol agent on duty. Since IIRIRA called for tightening of the border, I thought it fitting to provide this picture as a visual for my website.

History of Illegal Immigration in U.S. End Illegal Immigration. Americans for Legal Immigration PAC, 2009. Web. 1 Oct. 2011. The main objective of this article is to provide information on the history of illegal immigration, which allows me to gain a better understanding on the topic and compare/contrast IIRIRA with previous and subsequent laws. The article provided very useful in-depth information on the relationship between illegal immigration and cheap labor. The author suggests that the illegal immigration laws that have been passed have not been very effective, and the issue could be fixed with stricter enforcement of the laws, which have lessened their grip.

History of Legal and Illegal Immigration to the United States. ProCon.org. ProCon.org, 2011. Web. 3 Dec. 2011. I used the information from this website to make my timeline. In addition to the timeline, it also contains viewpoints from various professors/experts familiar with the immigration field.

Hondros, Chris. Photograph of Bill Clinton. n.d. Getty Images. Web. 29 Dec. 2011. Bill Clinton signed IIRIRA, so I included his picture on a slideshow.

Hyde, Gordon. Photograph of US-Mexico Border. 2007. The National Guard Image Gallery. Web. 27 Dec. 2011.

This picture shows the two sides of the border, and it highlights how vastly different the two countries can be. I used this picture in a slideshow.

Illegal Immigration Facts and Statistics. End Illegal Immigration. Americans for Legal Immigration PAC, 2009. Web. 1 Oct. 2011. This information provided useful facts and statistics on illegal immigration, which I put on my website so people can better understand the ineffectiveness of IIRIRA and what a serious issue illegal immigration is.

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigration Responsibility Act. Cornell University Law School. Legal Information Institute, 2010. Web. 1 Oct. 2011. This article provides information on the more basic parts of the law, such as the bars, border control, the term unlawfully present, etc. It was not entirely helpful in giving in-depth information on the impact of the law, though it did provide some substance on the reason as to why it was created, which gave me some background on the law and information as to whether it was effective or not.

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (United States) (1996). Encyclopedia of Immigration. n.p., 2011. Web. 12 Nov. 2011. This article is primarily over the controversial areas of IIRIRA, such as the immediate deportation of undocumented immigrants. It also briefly mentions the Restoration of Fairness bill, which was another impact of IIRIRA. The author seems to convey that IIRIRA was a bit too overboard, and his/her reaction is another aspect of my project, as is the controversy surrounding the law.

Johnson, Kevin. Personal interview. 30 Oct. 2011. Although not very detailed, the interview I conducted with Mr. Johnson gave me information that I most likely would not have found in my other sources. It was enlightening to receive information from an experts point of view, and his viewpoint helped me understand the impact of IIRIRA.

Kattalia, Kathryn. Photograph of empty storefronts. n.d. Pavement Pieces. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. This picture depicts two stores that have closed because of lack of workers. It really highlights the impact deportations have on U.S. businesses because without cheap laborers on hand, businesses have to shut down. I used this picture on my website in order to show another consequence of deporting an immigrant, the consequence most people are not aware of.

Masters, B. The Pros and Cons of Illegal Immigrants. NPR. NPR, 2006. Web. 13 Jan. 2012. This website shows opposing viewpoints of having undocumented immigrants in the country. The information from this site explains why IIRIRA was passed, and it helps me to understand the impact undocumented immigrants have on this country.

Messerli, Joe. Should America Maintain/Increase the Level of Legal Immigration? Balanced Politics. n.p., 2012. Web. 13 Jan. 2012. This website shows opposing viewpoints of allowing immigrants into the country. The information from this site helped me understand the pros and cons of having immigrants in the country, and it explains why IIRIRA was passed.

Messerli, Joe. Should the U.S. Build a Fence Across the Entire Border with Mexico to Slow Illegal Immigration? Balanced Politics. n.p., 2012. Web. 13 Jan. 2012. This website discussed the opposing viewpoints of building a border fence between Mexico and U.S. It also helps to explain why the illegal immigration has not fallen significantly.

Meyer, Brooke. 2011 Immigration-Related Laws and Resolutions in the States (Jan. 1Dec. 7, 2011). National Conference of State Legislatures. NCSL, n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2011. This article was about state laws concerning immigration. I was especially interested in the section about the state laws passed to oppose illegal immigration. I used information from that part of the report in my Future Laws section, and it helps show that IIRIRA and other illegal immigration laws were so ineffective that states had to take matters into their own hands and pass severe laws.

Millard, Ann V. and Jorge Chapa. Apple Pie and Enchiladas: Latino Newcomers in the Rural Midwest. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2004. Print. The book discusses living in America as a Latino and the assimilation of cultures. A small portion of it contains information about IIRIRA, but it was useful insight concerning amnesty associated with IIRIRA.

Miller, Debra A. Illegal Immigration. San Diego: ReferencePoint Press, 2007. Print. This book discusses the opposing viewpoints of illegal immigration. Although it does not contain particularly broad views, the contrasts are helpful in giving insight on the topic. It provides the pros and cons of illegal immigrants, Americans opinions on the subject, and statistics, such as the trend of border enforcement agents, the population of illegal immigrants in the country, American opinions on the issue, etc. The most helpful aspect of this book is that it has two points of view, which is what I need in order to observe how IIRIRA mightve affected the economy, political issues, and social issues.

Palmer, Christopher, prod. and dir. Impact of Undocumented Workers on Unemployment. Perf. Veronica Vargas Stidvent. University of Texas, 2010. Web. 2 Jan 2012. In this video, Ms. Stidvent examines the effect immigrant workers have on unemployment. She does not give her own opinion, rather, providing viewpoints of both sides. This greatly helped me comprehend how immigrants affect the nations economy, and what IIRIRA would have been capable of if it had been enforced better.

Photograph of a DREAM Act poster. n.d. SJ Beez. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. This picture shows a poster made to support the DREAM Act. Since the DREAM Act came into being because of IIRIRA, I used this picture in a slideshow.

Photograph of little girl holding sign. n.d. One Love Movement. Web. 29 Dec. 2011. This picture shows a little girl holding up a sign that says Stop Deportations in response to IIRIRA. I used this picture in my timeline.

Photograph of US-Mexico Border. n.d. OpposingViews. Web. 27 Dec. 2011.

This picture shows the U.S.-Mexico border. I used this picture in a slideshow because the border symbolizes the boundary between poverty and a better opportunity for many people.

The Criminal Alien Enforcement Life Cycle. n.d. Deportation Nation. Web. 2 Jan. 2012. This diagram depicts what happens when an immigrant is arrested and awaits deportation. It helped me to better understand the deportation system, and I also used it as a visual on my website to help the audience better understand the subject.

The DREAM Act. Immigration Policy Center. American Immigration Council, 2011. Web. 12 Nov. 2011. This article discusses the DREAM Act, which was created partially because of IIRIRA. From this, I am able to see the extensive impact that IIRIRA has, even on education.

US-Mexico Border. 2008. flickr. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. This picture shows the border in a beach in California. Even though it is only composed of poles of metal, the people stay strictly on their side, respecting the border. I used this picture for my timeline.

US/Mexico Border Fence. 2009. flickr. Web. 29 Dec. 2011. This picture shows the U.S.-Mexico border. I used this picture in a slideshow.

U.S. Supreme Court. 2005. flickr. Web. 27 Dec. 2011. The controversial areas of IIRIRA included a soon-to-be-deported immigrant not being allowed an appeal in the courts, which is why I used a picture of a U.S. Supreme Court in a slideshow.

Primary Source Documents

Andrieski, Ed. Photograph of immigrants in the fields. 2006. The Associated Press. Web. 27 Dec. 2011. This picture shows immigrants working in the fields. Immigrants provide labor that others are unwilling to do, and this picture shows how much of a boon they can be to the economy.

Bryan, Greg. Photograph of Arizona Bill Protesters. n.d. The Associated Press. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. This photo capturing protesters of the Arizona Bill shows how harsh the bill is, and how harsh it had to be because previous national laws couldnt control the illegal immigrant population. I used this picture in my timeline.

Cesare, Donna de. Immigrants Rights Protest. 1997. Destinys Children. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. This photo shows immigrant rights activists protesting against IIRIRA because it was so preemptive and severe. It shows how detrimental IIRIRA can be to immigrants if immigrant rights activists are stepping in to protest against it. I used this picture in my timeline.

Edwin, Levick. Immigrants on an Atlantic Liner. 1906. Library of Congress. Web. 27 Dec. 2011. This picture shows a shipload of immigrants headed for Ellis Island; so many want to find a better life in America. The way they are entering the country contrasts with todays system.

Franklin, Ross D. Photograph of Protesters rallying against Arizona law. 2010. The Associated Press. Web. 27 Dec. 2011. This photo depicts people protesting against the tough Arizona immigration law. I used this picture in a slideshow.

Heller, Joe. Political Cartoon of Statue of Liberty. 2010. flickr. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. This political cartoon shows an Arizona officer questioning the Statue of Liberty. This cartoon exhibits the cartoonists opposition to the Arizona immigration laws, especially since he drew the officer questioning the Statue of Liberty, which is the very symbol of justice, freedom, and the U.S. I used this cartoon in a slideshow.

Immigrants at Ellis Island. n.d. Heritage Discovery Center. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. This picture shows immigrants entering the immigrant inspection station at Ellis Island. Immigration was regulated even a hundred years ago. However it does differ from todays system. I used this picture in a slideshow.

Immigration. Calisphere. University of California, n.d. Web. 2 Jan. 2012. This web page provides many useful primary source pictures that allow me to see how immigration issues were then compared to now. I used many of these pictures for my website.

Immigration Data by Subject Area. Homeland Security. U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2011. Web. 1 Oct. 2011. This site provides useful statistics (from the number of border enforcement agents to the population of illegal immigrants in the U.S.). These statistics are a visual representation of the effectiveness of IIRIRA and any subsequent laws.

Johnston, David. "Government is Quickly using Power of New Immigration Law." New York Times (1923-Current file): A20. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851-2007). 22 Oct. 1996. Web. 12 Nov. 2011. This article discusses the injustice of IIRIRA and how many undocumented immigrants could not take their amnesty problems to court (under the program meant to grant amnesty to illegal aliens) because of IRIRA. This account of the IIRIRA in 1996 reveals one group of opinions on IIRIRA, which helps me understand its impact.

Lange, Dorothea. First Braceros. 1942. calisphere. Web. 29 Dec. 2011. This picture shows the Mexican workers entering the United States as part of the Bracero Program. I used this picture in my timeline.

Lowe, Chan. Reject Corner!!!.....Not. 2011. South Florida Sun Sentinel. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. This political cartoon portraying the Alabama bill, which is a highly controversial antiimmigration law, ridicules the severity of the bill. The artists opinions truly show through in this cartoon, so I used this as a visual for my website.

Mexican Workers Wanted in October. 1943. Northwest Farm News. Web. 27 Dec. 2011. This photo shows a news headline announcing that Mexican workers are needed; immigrants play a helpful role in the labor force. I used this picture in my timeline.

Okam, Yoichi. LBJ Signs Immigration Bill. 1965. Consolidated News Photos. Web. 29 Dec. 2011. This picture shows President Lyndon B. Johnson signing the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 at the Statue of Liberty. For it to be a public event and for so many to show up proves that it was widely supported, showing that immigration reform is progressing. I used this picture in my timeline.

Ojito, Mirta. "Change in Laws Sets Off Big Wave of Deportations." New York Times (1923Current file): A1. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851-2007). Dec 15 1998. Web. 12 Nov. 2011. This article discusses the mass deportations caused by IIRIRA. Its impact was vast. By 1998, almost twice the people were deported compared to 1996 and all due to IIRIRA. Deportable crimes were expanded to minor offenses, such as forging checks. However, it was costly to enforce a law in which arresting undocumented aliens had to be a daily task. This could explain why the law was not so effective in later years.

Photograph of 911 attack on Twin Towers. 2001. IB Times. Web. 27 Dec. 2011. This picture shows the 911 attack on the World Trade Center. I used this picture in my timeline.

Photograph of activists rallying against a new Arizona law. 2010. Getty Images. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. This picture shows people protesting against the Arizona law. Protests are a predominant recurrence in the immigration world, so I used it as a picture in a slideshow.

Photograph of Hungarian Immigrants. n.d. Bloomberg Businessweek. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. This picture shows Hungarian Immigrants waiting to be processed at an embassy. I used this picture in my timeline.

Photograph of Immigrants Working in a Factory. n.d. National Geographic Stock. Web. 27 Dec. 2011.

This picture shows immigrants working in a factory. Immigrants take the jobs that are unwanted by others, and work in such dingy conditions. This picture shows how useful immigrants can be to the economy. I used this as a visual on my website.

Photograph of Immigrants Working the Fields. 1964. The Associated Press. Web. 29 Dec. 2011. This picture is an up-close photo of immigrants picking chili peppers. Immigrants provide labor that others are unwilling to do, and this picture shows how much of a boon they can be to the economy. I used this as a visual on my website.

Photograph of Ronald Reagan signing IRCA. 1986. Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. Web. 29 Dec. 2011. This photo shows Ronald Reagan signing the Immigration Reform and Control Act. I used this picture in my timeline.

Political Cartoon of Immigration Reform. n.d. Daily News Pulse. Web. 27 Dec. 2011. This cartoon depicts how the publics patience for immigration reform is thin, which helps explain why immigration reform bills are so difficult to pass. I used this picture in a slideshow.

Political Cartoon of Immigration Reform. n.d. Restore Fairness. Web. 29 Dec. 2011. This political cartoon shows people yelling out for immigration reform and an elephant (Congress) not being able to hear. The cartoonist is frustrated at Congress since the cartoon portrays Congress ignorance of immigration reform. I used this picture in a slideshow.

Randhava, Rob. Restoration of Fairness in Immigration Act of 2002' Announced at Press Conference. The Leadership Conference. The Leadership Conference Education Fund, 2002. Web. 3 Nov. 2011. This article discusses the mitigation of IIRIRA via the Restoration of Fairness. The author agrees that the bill is highly beneficial to the undocumented immigrants in the U.S. Though the author does not outwardly disagree with IIRIRA, they do not agree with the severity of it either. It also shows the impact that IIRIRA had in terms of deportation on the immigrants, the lives that they carefully built taken from them when they were deported without a trial, leaving their loved

ones behind. Fortunately, the Restoration of Fairness allows immigrants with a hearing before any decisions are made.

Samala, Mark. Photograph of supporters rallying for DREAM Act. 2010. ZUMAPress. Web. 27 Dec. 2011. This photo captures people supporting the DREAM Act. The majority of the supporters shown are students, and it shows how the DREAM Act could greatly benefit a students life. I used this picture in my timeline.

Stone, Heather. Immigrants Grapple With Man and The Beast. Nieman Reports. Harvard College, 2006. Web. 2 Jan. 2012. This article provides primary source pictures and also information relating to immigrants who hope to dash across the border to find a better life in America. These pictures and the article provide a reason for why immigrants are willing to make such risky ventures and highlight the dangers of crossing the border.

The Americanese wall - as Congressman [John Lawson] Burnett would build it. 1916. Library of Congress. Web. 27 Dec. 2011. This political cartoon of Immigration Act of 1917 depicts the act in a negative way. It mocks the acts ridiculous immigrant criteria. This cartoon provides a thought relating to the Immigration Act of 1917 that wasnt representative of the majority, which is why I used it as a picture in my timeline.

The Only Way to Handle It. 1921. Library of Congress. Web. 27 Dec. 2011. This political cartoon depicting the first quota act portrays the act as being unfair. With the beginning of the funnel (Europe) overflowing with people and the other end (USA) having so few people exiting from it, the first quota act doesnt seem to satisfy enough immigrants. I used this picture in my timeline, and it also provides an opinion to the first quota act.

Underwood & Underwood. Immigrants just arrived from Foreign Countries--Immigrant Building, Ellis Island, New York Harbor. 1904. Library of Congress. Web. 28 Dec. 2011.

This picture shows a crowd of immigrants who have just arrived at Ellis Island and are waiting to be processed. Immigration was regulated even more than a hundred years ago. I used this picture in a slideshow.

Wiese, Frank. Photograph of Activists arguing over Proposition 187. 1996. Center for American Progress. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. This picture of two groups arguing over Californias Proposition 187 shows how immigration is such a huge issue; so much so, that opposing factions must be divided by a police line. I used this picture in my timeline.