Section 1: Art Before the Written Word 1.

What changes occurred between the Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) to the Neolithic (New Stone Age) period? During the Paleolithic Era, the people were nomadic and always followed their herds. During the Neolithic Era, the people settled in communities and domesticated animals and plants. In terms of residence, individuals from the Paleolithic Era lived in caves, huts, and tents. On the other hand, individuals from the Neolithic Era lived in mud brick homes supported by timber, plastered walls, and floors. While no permanent structures were built during the Paleolithic period, houses, cromlechs, and dolmen were made during the Neolithic period. With regards to tools, the Paleolithic people used chipped stone while the Neolithic people used polished stone. Moreover, the people from the former wore animal skins whereas the people from the latter wore woven garments. The main pieces of artwork during the Paleolithic Era were cave paintings while free standing sculptures dominated the Neolithic Era. In order to make their artwork, people from the Paleolithic period used stone, mammoth ivory, and ochre. People from the Neolithic period used stone and baked clay. 2. Explain why calling a prehistoric figure a woman instead of Venus frees us to think about the object in new and different ways. By calling a prehistoric figure Venus, one is emphasizing that the only role for a female is to bear children and that once she becomes unfertile, she can no longer make any contributions to society. By calling a prehistoric figure a woman instead, one is noting all of the significant ways that females contribute to the world besides childbearing. Basically, the term woman as opposed to Venus frees us from thinking about females as only being child bearers. 3. Refer to at least three works of art in explaining how Paleolithic works of art show an aesthetic sense. y Hall of Bulls For one, the absence of vegetation and the surrounding environment hints that the painting does not have figure ground relationship. Furthermore, the outlining of the animals is considered contour drawing. Since these two elements operate together to take away the realistic nature of the animals, it can be assumed that the artists intended effect was to imbue the images with more magical properties. Additionally, the distortion of the creatures is an example of twisted perspective. The authors objective in applying twisted perspective was to allow the audience to easily identify the species despite the removal of their realistic qualities. y Cave of Chauvet-Pont-d Arc Many of the paintings in this cave were made only after the walls were scraped clear of debris. This left a smoother and lighter area upon which the artists worked. Similarly, a three dimensional quality is achieved by incising about the outlines of certain figures. This emphasizes some of the animals and allows torch light to cast shadows about the edges. The first part of the cave is dominated by red paintings while the deeper area has mostly black paintings. The two areas also differ in their content of animals. y Bison at Altamira The cave painting is aesthetic in its array of colors. The black area was drawn with burnt wood while the red area was made with ochre dissolved in water and then applied to the rock with hands. The golden color on the uncovered rock and the actual transparency of the paint create a polychrome feeling. Other features include a lack of figure ground relationship and twisted perspective. 4. What evidence is there that some megalithic monuments, such as Stonehenge, may have had a relationship to celestial events in the calendar?

Monuments like Stonehenge may have had a relationship to celestial events in the calendar because during the equinoxes and the solstices, the sun rising over the horizon appears to be perfectly placed between gaps in the megaliths. 5. Compare any prehistoric work to something that is created in present day. Carhenge, located in Alliance, Nebraska, is a Stonehenge replica. While Carhenge is made entirely of old cars, Stonehenge is made of masonry stone. Stonehenge is the only work that has any celestial significance. Nevertheless, both monuments incorporate the post-and-lintel construction. Section 2: The Art of Mesopotamia 1. Why was this part of the world such a hot spot for the development of civilization and war? Mesopotamia was such a hot spot for the development of civilization and war because this was the thinking realm of the world, or where all the new ideas were being developed and transformed into great inventions. 2. What great inventions have the Sumerians been credited with? The ancient Sumerians were very smart. They invented, amongst other things, the wheel, the sailboat, and the first written language, frying pans, razors, cosmetic sets, shepherds pipes, harps, kilns to cook bricks and pottery, bronze hand tools like hammers and axes, the plow, the plow seeder, and the first superhero, Gilgamesh. They invented a system of mathematics based on the number 60. Words like crocus, which is a flower, and saffron, which is a spice, are words borrowed from the ancient Mesopotamians. 3. Explain the similarities and differences between the Votive statues from Eshnunna and Votive statue of Gudea. The Votive statues from Eshnunna derive from the Sumerian Era while the Votive statue of Gudea derives from the Neo-Sumerian Era. Votive figures from Eshnunna served mainly as an offering of gratitude to a deity usually made in fulfillment of a vow. The Votive statue of Gudea was created for Gudea, the ruler of Lagash, who basically considered himself to be a God. The Votive statues from Eshnunna are made of gypsum or limestone while the Votive statue of Gudea is made of diorite. The Votive statues from Eshnunna are individualized, but they all have beards, huge eyes, and long skirts. The huge eyes hypnotize the audience and signify greater contact with God. The Votive statue of Gudea shows him seated or standing, hands tightly clasped, head shaven, sometimes wearing a woolen brimmed hat, and always dressed in a long garment that leaves one shoulder uncovered an arm exposed. His eyes are always facing upward, signifying ones devotion to God. Both Votive statues were found in temples or structures of religious significance. 4. Describe the relationship between material and form in the Votive statue of Gudea. Diorite is a very hard stone that is difficult to work. The difficulty of carving the stone may help to account for the fact that diorite Votive statue of Gudea from Lagash has compact, simplified forms. 5. Egyptian architectural history seems preoccupied with tombs and burial. What are the chief concerns of Mesopotamian architecture? Mesopotamia is basically devoid of stone, so mudbrick and clay were the major construction materials. Consequently, little survives of Mesopotamian architecture. Large Egyptian and Greek buildings, on the other hand, were built from masonry stone, making them far more durable. The absence of stone had another interesting architectural implication. There are two

main forms of traditional building construction: arched (roof rests on arches) and post-andlintel (roof rests on columns). While the stone is ideal for post-and-lintel construction, bricks are unsuitable. Therefore, Mesopotamian architecture was almost exclusively arched. This contrasts with Egypt and Greece again, who both favored post-and-lintel construction for their buildings. The main types of large buildings in Mesopotamia were palaces, temples, and mighty gates. Mesopotamian temples, known as ziggurats, are the single most distinctive kind of all Mesopotamian architecture; a ziggurat is basically a stepped pyramid crowned with a shrine. The objective of this stepped design is to bring the temple and humanity closer to the heavens. Mesopotamian architecture culminated in the city of Babylon during the NeoBabylonian period. Its most spectacular monument is the Ishtar Gate, one of a series of gates that guarded the route into the heart of Babylon. It is coated in glazed blue tiles and graced with animal relief carvings. 6. Why is the Stele of Hammurabi so important? The Stele of Hammurabi depicts Hammurabi, the Babylonian King, receiving the rod and ring from Shamash, a native Mesopotamian deity. This entire scene symbolizes authority. The symbols derive from builders tools measuring rods and coiled rope and connote the rulers ability to build social order and render judgments. The scene conveys that Hammurabi had the God-given authority to enforce the laws spelled out on the stele. This was an example of using law to establish a central government. Section 3: The Art of Ancient Egypt 1. Why is there a PREDYNASTIC and an EARLY DYNASTIC period to Egyptian History, instead of just Old, Middle and New? There is a Predynastic and Early Dynastic because these two time periods were when the construction of civilization occurred and no rulers took over yet. 2. Why is the southern part of Egypt referred to as Upper Egypt, and vice versa? Upper Egypt is "upstream" away from the mouth/end of the Nile, which flows north. Lower Egypt is closer to the end of the Nile in the delta area (downstream). So, Upper Egypt (south) is near the beginning of the Nile, Lower Egypt (north) is at the end of the Nile. 3. Who was Imhotep, and what made him so special? Imhotep was the first recorded architect/artist and he was special because he constructed the Stepped Pyramid. 4. How did the Egyptians belief in afterlife affect the creation of the pyramids? Egyptians believed that the afterlife was a continuation of this life. Hence the Egyptian dead were mummified and their tombs were filled with everything a man or woman would need for the enjoyment of life, from armies to cattle to boats to mistresses. 5. Egyptian architectural history seems preoccupied with tombs and burial. What are the chief concerns of Mesopotamian architecture? (Previous Section) 6. Looking at the statues of Khafra and Menkaure, describe what the ideal Old Kingdom Ruler should look like. By this time, the ideal configuration of the state was formed: the pharaoh and his palace were the center of the administration, depended upon and supported by the general populace. In later periods, some of the pharaohs of this time were cast as brutal and despotic rulers, particularly the pyramid-builders Khufu and Khafra. Almost, the ideal leader must have a beard, headdress, pleated skirt and rigid body stance.

7. What made Amenhotep IVs (New Dynasty) religion so different than anything before it? Amenhotep IVs religion focused on just ONE god, unlike previous religions. Also, physical objects were worshiped rather than idealized figures. Section 4: Art of Greece and the Aegean World 1. How does Ancient Greece differ in contrast to the religion and government of Ancient Egypt? Ancient Greece differs in terms of government in that Egyptian civilization had a stronger emphasis on central authority, while the Greeks had a more decentralized structure, where powers were distributed over the cities and the states as well. No religious differences. 2. How does the geography of Aegean lands contrast to the fertile valleys of Mesopotamia and Egypt? Aegean lands are not suited for large scale agricultural projects, as opposed to the fertile valleys that exist in Mesopotamia and Egypt. Most inhabitants on the Aegean islands relied on occupations such as sailors, fishermen, and traders. 3. What are some characteristics of art from the Cycladic Islands? Some of the general characteristics include the use of marble, and many figures depicted a female nude with arms folded, flat, wedge-shaped, strong columnar neck, long ridge like nose, etc. 4. Give an example of a piece of work that shows the Minoan civilizations interest in the Bull. Bull Leaping Fresco is an excellent example of a piece of work that exemplifies the Minoan civilizations interest in the bull. 5. Contrast the Minoan civilization to that of the Mycenaean culture. Be sure to explain how geography had a huge effect on their culture. Minoan civilization was located on the islands, while the Mycenaeans inhabited the mainland. 6. Compare and contrast the Archaic Kouros to that of the Ancient Egyptian sculpture of rulers. They differed in terms of material (Greece most likely used marble while the Egyptians used some form of diorite). Sculptures from each time period are extremely rigid and stiff. Ancient Greece sculptures utilized the archaic smile. 7. How is Kritios Boy (Early Classical Period) different than the Archaic Kouros figure? Contrapposto is now used and the use of the archaic smile is gradually starting to diminish Section 5: The Spread of Greek Art & Culture 1. How does Hellenistic Greek Art differ in comparison to its Classical Greek predecessors? Hellenistic Greek art differs in many ways from its classical Greek predecessors. First and foremost, Hellenistic art moved away from the idealized figure and instead portrayed the individual. Hellenistic Greek artists also focused more on realism and naturalism. 2. How did the rule of Alexander the Great affect the spread of Greek art? Alexander the Great spread Greek culture far beyond its original borders. 3. How is Market Woman quite different compared to other Greek sculptures?

The Market Woman depicts someone of old age. 4. Explain the S-Curve in sculpture particularly with Aphrodite of Melo. The S-curve is basically a new technique utilized by artists more to the latter end of the classical era in Greek history. The S-curve in sculptures effectively moves the viewers eyes from one part of the piece to another. In the Aphrodite of Melo, a famous Greek sculpture portraying a nude figure, the S-curve allows the viewer to see one large focus area. 5. How did Darius change the economic, political, and architectural areas of the Persian Empire? Darius adapted currency to the Daric which boosted trade. Politically, he set up a more decentralized government and architecturally, he continued to support the construction of new structures. 6. Compare the Etruscan Apollo to that of any other figure sculpture. Etruscan Apollo compared with Market Woman. While the former depicts a young figure (hence, idealizing it), the latter depicts an older person (hence, focusing on realism and the true individual). Section 6: Roman Art 1. What was so remarkable about the Roman pictorial mosaics? Use of square tiles to create 3D images as rounded figures. 2. How is the typical Roman temple related to the standard Etruscan temple? How is it related to Greek temples? Both had an open floor plan. 3. The Augustus Primaporta is a portrait of political propaganda. Describe the influences and characteristics of the work. Military attire suggests importance and power. Arm gesturing out suggests one is addressing the people. 4. Describe the various devices for creating the illusion of space and depth used in the Ara Pacis relief sculptures. Various devices were used to create the illusion of space and depth in the Ara Pacis relief sculptures. 5. Why is the Flavian Amphitheater called the Colosseum (72-80 BCE)? It was the first extremely large circular structure created in that time period. 6. Name the orders that are used on the exterior of the Colosseum. How are the orders composed that is, why did a certain order go at the lower portion while others appear as one moves further up. Doric- ionic- corinthian. Used in this order to show the progression and evolution pertaining to the design of each respective column. 7. Describe the shape and function of a basilica in Imperial Roman times. Rectangular in shape and built to hold a lot of people. Includes a nave, aisles, apse, transept, narthex, and atrium. Section 7: Jewish Early Christian Byzantine Art 1. Name two important women associated with Byzantine history and culture. Describe their contributions to Byzantine history and culture. - Theodora: was treated equally compared to men

- Constantina: She would have been empress because she was a stronger leader than her brother 2. The Hagia Sophia is known for its large dome, but the Cathedral of San Marco consists of 5 smaller domes. What is its advantage? - The more domes there are, the more light that gets let in because of the amount of windows. 3. Name two ways in which the addition of transcepts to the basilica were very useful. - created a T crossing - more space for pilgrimages 4. Explain the difference in how the Jewish religion sees icons differently than the Early Eastern Christian religion. - The Jewish people did not use too much iconographic art because they did not want to publicize their work and did not want specific elements of their religion shown to the world. - The Early Christians used a lot of iconographic art in an attempt to spread the word about their religion and publicize it. 5. What are galleries in a Byzantine Church, and why were they created? - Vast subterranean chambers used as cemeteries for burying the dead Christians. 6. What happened in Constantinople in 1453, and how did this affect the Eastern Byzantine Empire? -The empire fell. It was the center for everything at the time including the economy, transportation, etc. Section 10a: Early Medieval Art

1. Stylistically, Early Medieval Art was a blend of which cultures? - Irish, German, English 2. Why were manuscripts such as the Ebbo Gospels only created by the wealthy monasteries? - They were considered pieces of luxury art. Money was needed to produce the art. Regular monasteries usually did not make a profit, and therefore could not purchase the manuscripts. 3. What are the three parts to a three part elevation in a Corolingian basilica? -Clerestory -Ambulatory -Gallery 4. Refer to explicit details on the Sutton Hoo purse cover to identify the wide-ranging sources of motifs found on the piece. - It has confronted animal figures and an interlaced pattern. The elaborate intertwining linear patterns resembles that of the Islamic world, however, when the animals are present, that is very much containing to the realm of the medieval time. 5. What aspect or element of the Matthew the Evangelist portrait of the Ebbo Gospels give the evangelist a quality of spiritual excitement? -The static lines give a frenzied look to the portrait, creating the spiritual excitement 6. How did the Holy Roman Empire come about? - The Pope gave the crown to Caesar. Section 10b: Romanesque Art

1. How did pilgrimages during the 1000s and 1100s affect artistic development? Pilgrimages during the 1000s and 1100s affected artistic development by initiating the construction of bigger churches to accommodate the vast number of pilgrims. Abbeys were no longer being constructed because of their small size. 2. What were some of the ways that Romanesque church builders accommodated large amounts of pilgrims and visitors? They increased the size of the naves and walkways. 3. Describe some of the fluting decorations of the columns at the Durham Cathedral. There are spiral columns and columns with zigzag designs on them. 4. In general, how are Romanesque Churches similar to a "Roman" style? What makes Romanesque Churches different or special? Romanesque churches are similar to a Roman style because they both used columns, courtyards, arcade areas, and masonry stone. Romanesque churches were special in that they pointed to the heavens, used groin vault systems, used pointed arches and had three story naives. 5. Imagine a priest or preacher speaking in front of the Last Judgment tympanum at Saint-Lazare, Autun (figure 10-29). What kinds of points might the speaker be able to make or illustrate by reference to the relief? In this tympanum, Virgin Mary is seen in a seated frontal pose, not seen in any previous Last Judgment depictions. The priest can make the point that there are iconoclastic differences now from Byzantine Art. Section 11a: Gothic Architecture

1. Explain how the term Gothic became used to describe this type of art. - It was originally used as a term by Giorgio Vasari to criticize the style. He called this type of art as being monstrous and barbaric. 2. Why did arches change from rounded in Romanesque and earlier styles to pointed in the Gothic? - Pointed arches help support the weight of the building more efficiently than rounded arches. Also, pointed arches visually seem taller than rounded arches 3. Why did buttresses become increasingly emphasized, finally leading to the flying buttresses observed in Gothic Architecture?

4. Explain why Suger chose large stained glass windows for Gothic interiors over Romanesque masonry. - Because the glass would replace the walls and that they would transmit light into the building rather than reflect it out. 5. What are some characteristics about the Chartes Cathedral that make it special? - The Royal Portal- consists of 3 tympanums: each represent Christs Acension, Second Coming, and Jesus in lap of Virgin Mary. - Stained Glass: Virgin and Child and angels, and the Rose Window. 6. How is the three-part elevation of a Gothic cathedral different than that of a Romanesque?

7. How do ENGLISH Gothic Cathedrals differ from their French counterparts? - Facades lack the height of the French churches, - English cathedrals had great crossing towers - The English did NOT emphasize height and also rarely used flying buttresses, whereas the French emphasized height and used flying buttress extensively. Section 11b: Gothic Painting 1. Name and explain three different art history style that Nicola Pisano seemed to include in his Baptistery Pulpit. - Pisano used aspects from Roman Classical art, French Gothic, and Christian Byzantine in his Baptistery pulpit. He used Roman relief carving styles, Gothic influences such as the pointed arches, and Byzantine ivory and mosaic designs. 2. Name the two rival Italian cities important to the birth of Gothic painting. Name and artist from each city and give an example of their work. - city: Sienna artist: Duccio Virgin and Child in Majesty - city: Florence- artist: Cimabue- Virgin and Child Enthroned 3. Explain both the similarities and differences between Lorenzettis Allegory of Good Government and Duccios Virgin and Child in Majesty. -

4. Explain both the similarities and differences between Cimabues and Giottos Virgin and Child Enthroned. -