EnergyfromElectronTransfer Whatiselectrontransfer?

Unit6 Week1 Lecture1Part1

Wheredoesmostoftheenergythat drivesoureconomiescomefrom?
FossilFuels&NuclearPower
Heatenergyconvertedtomechanicalenergy Powerplantsthentoelectricalenergy Runoutoffossilfuels AirpolluGonfromfossilfuels Climatechangefromfossilfuels Disposalofdangerousnuclearwasteproblemwithnuclear

Transfer Energyfrome

CombusGonreacGonsdooccurbecauseofelectron transfer!

Understandsomebasicscience,thendevelop applicabletechnologiessuchthattheetransfer canbeinterceptedandconvertedintoelectrical energyinsteadofheatenergy.

OxidaGonReducGonReacGons
Occurswhenthereisatransferof electronsfromonespeciesto anotherinthecourseofthe chemicalchange OxidaGon:lossofelectrons(OIL) ReducGon:gainofelectrons(RIG)

2Mg(s)+O2(g)2MgO(s)

CombusGonRedox?
CH4+O2CO2+H2O

Whatcharge?Allcovalentcompounds?

OxidaGonNumbers
1. TheoxidaGon#ofanuncombinedelementis0.

2. 3. 4. 5.

6.

ThesumoftheoxidaGon#sofalltheatomsinaspeciesisequal toitstotalcharge. TheoxidaGon#ofHis+1incombinaGonwithnonmetalsand1 incombinaGonwithmetals. TheoxidaGon#sofelementsinGroups1and2isequaltotheir groupnumber. TheoxidaGon#ofthehalogensis1,unlessitisincombinaGon withoxygenoranotherhalogenhigherinthegroup.The oxidaGonnumberofuorineis1inallitscompounds. TheoxidaGon#ofoxygenis2inmostofitscompounds. ExcepGonsarewithuorine,andasperoxideorsuperoxide.

Stopvideo,workingroups,pracGceassigning oxidaGonnumbers SO2 SO42 P4O6 KMnO4

beforeviewingthislecturepleasecompletethePOGIL
Oxida<onReduc<onac<vity

EnergyfromElectronTransfer WhatisaREDOXreacGon?
Unit6 Week1 Lecture2

OxidizingandReducingAgents
OxidizingAgentspeciesthatcausesoxidaGon ReducingAgentspeciesthatcausesreducGon IdenGfytheoxidizingandreducingagents: 2H2S(g)+SO2(g)3S(s)+2H2O(l)

 Mg(s)+Cl2(g)MgCl2(s)

2NaBr(aq)+Cl2(g)2NaCl(aq)+Br2(l)

Fe2O3(s)+3CO(g)2Fe(s)+3CO2(g)

NaCl(aq)+AgNO3(aq)AgCl(s)+NaNO3(aq)

ReacGoninAqueousSoluGons (aq)indicatesdissolvedinwater Ifanioniccompounddissolvesinwaterit separatesintoitsions,andtheionsare mobile ToemphasizetheionsthatareparGcipaGngin redoxreacGons,ohenwriteredoxreacGonsin termsofionicornetionicreacGon

Takeanotherlookatpreviousexamples 2NaBr(aq)+Cl2(g)2NaCl(aq)+Br2(l)

NaCl(aq)+AgNO3(aq)AgCl(s)+NaNO3(aq)

PracGceReacGons
IdenGfythehalfreacGonsforthefollowing:

Pt4+(aq)+H2(g)Pt2+(aq)+H+(aq)

Isitbalanced?

BalancingRedoxReacGons
IsthefollowingreacGonbalanced? Cu(s)+Ag+(aq)Cu2+(aq)+Ag(s)

reacGons:

RecognizinghalfreacGonshelpsustounderstandthetechnology ofanelectrochemicalcelladeviceinwhichchemicalenergy canbeconverteddirectlytoelectricalenergy

EnergyfromElectronTransfer
Howcanyouextractelectricalenergyfroma redoxreacGon?

beforeviewingthislecturepleasecompletethePOGIL
VoltaicCellac<vity

Unit6 Week1 Lecture3

Spontaneousetransferisgoingtogiveo energyasthereacGonproceeds
WritethereacGonbasedonwhatisgoingoninthepicture:

TheredoxreacGonhasbeenphysicallyseparatedintotwoseparatebeakers, forcingtheelectronowthroughthewire(electricalenergy).

Electrochemistrythestudyoftheinterchange ofchemicalandelectricalenergy

ThisdeviceinwhichthehalfreacGonsfroma spontaneousredoxreacGonhavebeen separatediscalledvoltaiccellorGalvaniccell

NiceFlashAnimaGonshouldhaveexploredthisin VoltaicCellPOGILacGvity.Ifyouhaventalreadyplease takeGmetoexplorethisanimaGon

hlp://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/ essenGalchemistry/ash/galvan5.swf

VoltaicorGalvanicCelladeviceinwhichchemical energyischangedintoelectricalenergy
Electrodeconductorsthatmake contactwithcontents AnodesiteofoxidaGon CathodesiteofreducGon Saltbridgeallowschargebalance betweencells. CellpotenGal,E,measureofabilityof acellreacGontopullelectrons throughacircuit.(alsocalled electromoGveforce,emf). CellpotenGalmeasuredinvolts,V. Diculttomeasureaccurately.

VoltaicorGalvanicCell Zn(s)|Zn2+(aq)||Cu2+(aq)|Cu(s)

PracGcewriGngcellreacGons
Writethediagramforacellwithahydrogenelectrodeonthe lehandaniron(III)iron(II)electrodeontheright.Thetwo electrodecompartmentsareconnectedbyasaltbridge.

PracGcewriGngcellreacGons,cont.
WritethediagramforacellthathasanelectrodeconsisGngof amanganesewiredippingintoasoluGonofmanganese(II) ionsontheleh,asaltbridge,andacopper(II)copper(I) electrodeontherightwithaplaGnumwire.

EnergyfromElectronTransfer
Whydobalerieslooksodierent?

Unit6 Week2 Lecture4

TransferringchemicalpotenGaltoelectricalenergy withcreaGvedesignyieldsdierentgalvaniccellsfor dierentapplicaGons

Diagramofdrycell,similartoEverready baleryorDuracell

LeadAcidbalery
6cells2voltseach,total12volts Pb(s)+PbO2(s)+H2SO42PbSO4(s)+2H2O(l)

HybridCarsuseNiMHbaleries

ToyotaPrius GasEngineandElectricMotor

EnergyfromElectronTransfer
Whatisafuelcell?
Unit6 Week2 Lecture5Part1

FuelCells

GalvaniccellthatproduceselectricitybyconverGng chemicalenergyofafuelwithoutburningthefuel. SomeGmescalledowbaleries. Mostcommonfuelishydrogen.

HydrogenFuelCell anode cathode H22H++2e 2e+2H++O2H2O

CombusGonvsFuelCell

FuelcellcarsaresGllindevelopmentstagebecause ofexpenseofgeqngfuelandofthefuelcellitself

CarryingH2aroundisaproblemalsobecauseitisso explosive.CarrymethanolandreformingittoH2isa bigareaofresearch.

EnergyfromElectronTransfer
Whatisafuelcell?
Unit6 Week2 Lecture5Part2

MiningforH2?
WherewillwegetalltheH2weneed? Cantdigitoutoftheground. Chemicallyremoveitfromcompounds Methane(sourcenaturalgas) 165kJ+CH4(g)+2H2O(g)4H2(g)+CO2(g)

Whataboutwaterasthesource?

 Heatorelectricitytobreakthewater

Touseheathaveto raisetemperatureto 5000C

NeitherispracGcalforlargeamounts

 Newmaterialsarebeingdevelopedconvert photonstohighenoughenergyelectronsto breakthewatertoyieldH2gas.

H2fuelcellpromisingcleanenergy,butmany hurdlestoovercome
ProduceenoughH2 Transportitasgascylindersheavy,limited quanGGes Transportasliquidexpensivetochillto253C CannotuseexisGngnaturalgaspipeline Tryingtoadsorbtocarbonormetals AlotofresearchGme&$$sGllgoesintoallthese problems

EnergyfromElectronTransfer Canlightenergybeconvertedto electricity?

Unit6 Week3 Lecture6Part1

PhotovoltaicCells
Convertradiantenergy directlytoelectrical energy Lightabsorbedby electronscausing electronstobeexpelled fromonelocaGonand movetoanother locaGon

Semiconductors:materialsthatdonotnormallyconduct electricity,butcanundercertaincondiGons

Dopingwithotherelementsleadstonorptype semiconductors:

Sandwichingthenandptypesemiconductormaterialscreatesa voltagewhichgeneratesadirectcurrentlikeabalery.Addingalow resistancewirewilldirectelectronsaroundexternalcircuitallowing thecircuittodoelectricalwork.

Ifitisthatcleanandeasy,whydontwejustswitchto solarpower?

EnergyfromElectronTransfer
Unit6 Week3 Lecture6Part2

ResearchisongoingtoincreasetheeciencyofPVcells:

PhotocellsaresGllmoreexpensivethantradiGonalmethodsof producingelectricity.Lessthan1%ofelectricityisgeneratedusing photocells.

SomeapplicaGonslendthemselvestothePVcelltechnology:

ConclusionsElectronTransfer