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(arcsin x) =

(tgx) = sec 2 x

1 x2
1
(arccos x) =
1 x2
1
(arctgx ) =
1+ x2
1
(arcctgx) =
1+ x2

(ctgx) = csc x
(sec x) = sec x tgx
(csc x) = csc x ctgx
2

(a x ) = a x ln a
1
(log a x) =
x ln a

tgxdx = ln cos x + C
ctgxdx = ln sin x + C
sec xdx = ln sec x + tgx + C
csc xdx = ln csc x ctgx + C
dx
1
x
= arctg +C
2
+x
a
a
dx
1
xa
x 2 a 2 = 2a ln x + a + C
dx
1 a+x
a 2 x 2 = 2a ln a x + C
dx
x
a 2 x 2 = arcsin a + C

dx

cos

= sec 2 xdx = tgx + C

= csc 2 xdx = ctgx + C

dx

sin

sec x tgxdx = sec x + C


csc x ctgxdx = csc x + C
x
a dx =

ax
+C
ln a

shxdx = chx + C
chxdx = shx + C

I n = sin n xdx = cos n xdx =

dx
x a
2

= ln( x + x 2 a 2 ) + C

n 1
I n2
n

x 2
a2
x + a 2 + ln( x + x 2 + a 2 ) + C
2
2
x 2
a2
x 2 a 2 dx =
x a 2 ln x + x 2 a 2 + C
2
2
x 2
a2
x
a 2 x 2 dx =
a x 2 + arcsin + C
2
2
a
x 2 + a 2 dx =

sin x =

2u
1u 2
x
2du

cos
x
=
u = tg dx =
2
2
2
1+u
1+u
1+u 2

e x ex
2
x
e + ex
: chx =
2
shx e x e x
: thx =
=
chx e x + e x

sin x
=1
x 0
x
1
lim(1 + ) x = e = 2.718281828459045...
x
x

: shx =

lim

arshx = ln( x + x 2 + 1
archx = ln( x + x 2 1)
1 1+ x
arthx = ln
2 1 x

sin

cos

tg

ctg

-
90-
90+
180-
180+
270-
270+
360-
360+

-sin
cos
cos
sin
-sin
-cos
-cos
-sin
sin

cos
sin
-sin
-cos
-cos
-sin
sin
cos
cos

-tg
ctg
-ctg
-tg
tg
ctg
-ctg
-tg
tg

-ctg
tg
-tg
-ctg
ctg
tg
-tg
-ctg
ctg

sin( ) = sin cos cos sin


cos( ) = cos cos sin sin
tg tg
1 tg tg
ctg ctg 1
ctg ( ) =
ctg ctg

tg ( ) =

+

cos
2
2
+

sin sin = 2 cos
sin
2
2
+

cos + cos = 2 cos
cos
2
2
+

cos cos = 2 sin


sin
2
2
sin + sin = 2 sin

sin 2 = 2 sin cos


cos 2 = 2 cos 2 1 = 1 2 sin 2 = cos 2 sin 2

sin 3 = 3 sin 4 sin 3

ctg 2 1
ctg 2 =
2ctg
2tg
tg 2 =
1 tg 2

cos 3 = 4 cos3 3 cos


tg 3 =

3tg tg 3
1 3tg 2

sin

1 cos

cos

1 + cos
2

1 cos 1 cos
sin

1 + cos 1 + cos
sin
=
=
ctg =
=
=
2
1 + cos
sin
1 + cos
2
1 cos
sin
1 cos
a
b
c
=
=
= 2R

c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos C
sin A sin B sin C
tg

arcsin x =

arccos x arctgx =

arcctgx

Leibniz
n

(uv ) ( n ) = C nk u ( nk ) v ( k )
k =0

= u ( n ) v + nu ( n 1) v +

n( n 1) ( n 2 )
n( n 1)( n k +1) ( n k ) ( k )
u
v + +
u
v + + uv ( n )
2!
k!

f (b) f (a ) = f ( )( b a )
f (b) f (a )
f ( )

=
F (b) F (a ) F ( )
F( x) = x

ds = 1 + y 2 dx , y =tg

.: M M
s
y

d
K = lim
=
=
.
s 0
s
ds
(1 + y 2 ) 3

K =
M
K =0;

a K =

1
.
a

sMM

f ( x)
a
b

f ( x)
a

b a
( y0 + y1 + + y n1 )
n
b a 1
[ ( y0 + y n ) + y1 + + y n 1 ]
n 2

f ( x)
a

b a
[( y0 + y n ) + 2( y 2 + y 4 + + y n2 ) + 4( y1 + y3 + + y n1 )]
3n

W = F s
F = p A
m1m2
, k
r2
b
1
y =
f ( x)dx
b a
a
F = k

1
f 2 (t ) dt
b a
a

d =
M 1 M 2 = ( x2
x1 ) 2 +
( y2
y1 ) 2 +
( z2
z1 ) 2

P
r ju A
B =A
B co
s
,
A
B u

P
r ju ( a1 +
a2 ) =
P
r ja1 +
P
r ja 2

a b =
a b co
s =
a x bx +
a y by +
a z bz ,

i

c =
a
b =
ax
bx

co
s
j
ay
by

a x bx +
a y by +
a z bz
ax

+
ay


az , c =
a b sin
bz

ax


[ab c ] =
(a
b ) c =
bx
cx

+
az

bx

+
by

ay
by
cy

az
bz
cz

+
bz


v =
w
r.


=
a
b c co
s

A(

x0

A
x
x
a

+
B
y

+
b

x
y
+
+
2
a
b 2
2
2
x
y
+
2
p
2q

x
a
x
a

2
2
2
2

2
y
+
b 2
2
y

b 2

dz =

z
z
u
u
u
dx +
dy du =
dx +
dy +
dz
x
y
x
y
z

z dz = f x ( x, y ) x + f y ( x, y ) y

dz
z u
z v
z = f [u (t ), v (t )] =

dt
u t
v t
z
z u
z v
z = f [u ( x, y ), v ( x, y )] =
+

x
u x
v x
u =u ( x, y )v =v ( x, y )
u
u
v
v
du =
dx +
dy dv =
dx +
dy
x
y
x
y

F
F
F
dy
d2y

dy
F ( x, y ) =0
= x 2 =
( x )
( x )
dx
Fy
dx
x
Fy
y
Fy
dx
Fy
F
z
z
F ( x, y , z ) =0 = x =
x
Fz
y
Fz

F
F ( x, y, u , v) = 0
( F , G )

J =
= u
G
(u , v)
G ( x, y, u , v) = 0
u
u
1 ( F , G )
v
1 ( F , G )
=
=
x
J ( x, v)
x
J (u , x)
u
1 ( F , G )
v
1 ( F , G )
=
=
y
J ( y, v)
y
J (u , y )

F
v = Fu
G
Gu
v

Fv
Gv

x = (t )
x x0 y y 0 z z 0

y = (t )M ( x0 , y0 , z 0 )
=
=

(
t
)

(
t
)
(t 0 )
0
0
z = (t )

M (t 0 )( x x0 ) + (t 0 )( y y 0 ) + (t 0 )( z z 0 ) = 0

Fy Fz Fz Fx Fx
F ( x, y , z ) = 0

, T = {
,
,
G
G
Gx
G
G
G
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
=
0

y
z
z
x

F ( x, y, z ) = 0 M ( x0 , y0 , z 0 )

1 n = {Fx ( x0 , y0 , z 0 ), Fy ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 ), Fz ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 )}

F
G

2 Fx ( x0 , y0 , z 0 )( x x0 ) + Fy ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 )( y y0 ) + Fz (
x x0
y y0
z z0
3
=
=
Fx ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) Fy ( x0 , y0 , z 0 ) Fz ( x0 , y0 , z 0 )

z = f ( x, y ) p ( x, y )
x

f
f
f
=
cos +
sin
l
x
y

l
f f
i +
j
x
y

=grad f ( x, y ) e e =cos i +sin j l


l

z = f ( x, y ) p ( x, y )

grad f ( x, y ) =

f
grad f ( x, y )l
l

f x ( x0 , y 0 ) = f y ( x0 , y 0 ) = 0 f xx ( x0 , y 0 ) = A, f xy ( x0 , y0 ) = B, f yy ( x0 , y 0 ) = C

A < 0, ( x0 , y0 )
2

AC B > 0
A > 0, ( x0 , y0 )

AC

B
<
0

AC B 2 = 0,

f
( x,
y )d
x
d
y

=
f
( x,
y )

x
o
y

( x,
y ) x
d
=
f

D
( x 2
+
y 2
+
a 2
)

x =
r s
i
n
c
o
s

y =
r s
i
n
s
i
n

z =
r c
o
s

f ( x,

y, z )d
x
d
y
d
z

x =
r c
o
s

y =
r s
i
n
,

z
=
z

F (r ,
, z) =
f (r c
o
s

, r s
i
n

=
F (r ,

1
=
x
d
v

=
( y

Fx

=
f
(r
c
o

=
M

+
z 2 )
d
v

x = (t)
f (x, y)L L ,( t ) ,
y = (t)

x= t
2
2
f (x, y)d = s f [ (t) ,(t) ] (t) + (t)d t( < )
y = (t)
L

x =(t )

y =(t )

P( x, y )dx +Q( x, y)dy = {P[(t ), (t )](t ) +Q[(t ), (t )](t )}dt


L

Pdx +Qdy = ( P cos +Q cos )ds


L

Q P
(

) dxdy = Pdx +Qdy


x
y
D
L

( x
D

P
) dxdy = Pdx +Qdy
y
L

Q P
1
P = y , Q = x

= 2 D A = dxdy = xdy ydx


x
y
2L
D

1G
2P ( x, y )Q ( x, y )G

Q
P

x
y

Q
P

Pdx +Qdy
x
y

u ( x, y )

( x, y )

u ( x, y ) =

P( x, y )dx +Q( x, y )dy

( x0 , y0 )

x0 = y 0 = 0

(0,0)

f(
x, y , z ) d s =

f[ x, y, z( x, y)] 1 + z ( x, y) + z ( x, y)d xd y
2
x

2
y

Dx y

P(
x, y, z )d ydz+ Q( x, y, z )dzd x+ R( x, y, z )dxdy

R( x, y, z)d xd y= R[ x, y, z( x, y)]d xd

Dxy

P( x, y, z)d yd z= P[ x( y, z), y, z]d ydz

D yz

Q( x, y, z)dzd x= Q[ x, y( z, x),z]d zd

Dzx

Pd ydz+ Q d zdx+ R d xd y= ( P co s + Q co s + R co s )d s

(x + y

R
) dv = Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy = ( P cos + Q cos + R cos )ds
z


P Q R

div =
+
+
, div < 0,
x y z

A n ds = An ds = (P cos + Q cos + R cos ) ds

div
A
dv = An ds

R
Q
P
R
Q P

) dydz +(

) dzdx +(

) dxdy =Pdx +Qdy +R


y
z
z
x
x
y

dydz

dzdx

y
Q

i
j
k

rot A =
x
y
z
P
Q
R

dxdy

z
R

1 q n
1 q
( n +1) n
1 + 2 + 3 + + n =
2
1 1
1
1 + + + +
2 3
n

1 + q + q 2 + + q n 1 =

cos

y
Q

cos

z
R

R
Q
P
R
Q
P
=
=

=
y
z
z
x
x
y

Pdx

cos

=
x

+Qdy +Rdz = A t ds

<1

= lim u n >1
n
=1

2
n

<1
U n+1

= lim
>1
n U
n
=1

3
s n = u1 +u 2 + +u n ; lim s n
n

u1 u 2 + u 3 u 4 + ( u1 +u 2 u3 + , u n > 0)

u n u n +1

s u1 , rn rn u n +1
lim u = 0

n n

(1)u1 + u 2 + + u n + u n
(2) u1 + u 2 + u3 + + u n +
(2) (1)
(2) (1) (1)
1
( 1) n


n
n
1
2
n

1
p
p
n
p > 1

1
x < 1
1 x
1 + x + x + x + + x +
x 1
2

(3) a0 + a1 x
+ a 2 x 2 + + a n x n +
x < R
R x > RR
x = R

0R =

a n+1
= a nan+1(3) = 0R = +
n a
n
= +R = 0

lim

f ( x) = f ( x0 )( x x0 ) +
Rn =

f ( x0 )
f ( n ) ( x0 )
( x x0 ) 2 + +
( x x0 ) n +
2!
n!

f ( n +1) ( )
( x x0 ) n +1 , f ( x) lim Rn = 0
n
(n +1)!

x0 = 0 f ( x) = f (0) + f (0) x +

f (0) 2
f ( n ) (0) n
x + +
x +
2!
n!

m( m 1) 2
m( m 1) ( m n +1) n
x + +
x +
( 1 < x <1)
2!
n!
x3 x5
x 2 n 1
sin x = x
+
+ ( 1) n1
+
(
< x < +)
3!
5!
( 2n 1)!
(1 + x ) m =1 + mx +

ei x + e i x
c ox =s
ei x = c ox +s i s i xn i x 2 i x
s i xn= e e

f (t ) = A0 + An sin( nt +n ) =
n =1

a0
+ (a n cos nx + bn sin nx )
2
n =1

a0 = aA 0a n = An sin nbn = An cos nt = x

1, sin x, cos x, sin 2 x, cos 2 x sin nx , cos nx


0

[ , ]

a0
f ( x) = + (an c o sn x+ bn sinn x) = 2
2 n= 1

1
x (n= 0,1,2)
an = f ( x) c o sn x d

b = 1 f ( x)s inn x d
x (n= 1,2,3)
n

1 1
2
1 1 1
2
1+ 2 + 2 + =
1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + =
3 5
8
2 3 4
6

1 1 1
2
1 1 1
2
+ + + =
1 2 + 2 2 + =
22 42 62
24
2 3 4
12

2
a
=
0

b
=
f ( x) sinnx d x n = 1,2,3 f ( x) = bn s inn x
n
n
0

a0
2
b
=
0

a
=
f
(
x
)
c
o
s
n
x
d

n
=
0
,
1
,
2

f
(
x
)
=
+ an c o sn x
n
n
0
2

2l

a0
n x
n x
f ( x) = + (an co s + bn sin ) = 2l
2 n =1
l
l
l

1
n x
a
=
f
(
x
)
cos
dx (n= 0,1,2)
n
l
l

l

l
b = 1 f ( x) sin n x d x (n= 1,2,3)
n l
l
l

y
=
f
( x

g (
y )d
y
=
f
( x)d
x

y
d
y
d
u
=

=
u
+
x
x
d
x
d
x

dy
1 +
P( x) y = Q( x)
dx
P ( x ) dx
Q( x) = 0,
y = Ce
Q( x) 0
y = ( Q ( x )e

P( x)d x

P ( x ) dx
dx + C )e

dy
2 + P( x) y = Q( x) y n
(n 0,1)
dx

P ( x, y ) dx +Q ( x, y ) dy =0

du ( x, y ) =P ( x, y ) dx +Q ( x, y ) dy =0

u ( x, y ) =C

u
u
=P ( x, y ) =Q ( x, y )
x
y

f (x) 0
d2y d y
+ P(x) + Q(x) y = f (x)
2
dx dx
f (x) 0

(*) y + py +qy = 0 p, q

1 ( )r 2 + pr +q = 0 r 2r
2 ()

r1 , r2

(*) y , y , y

3 r1 , r2

(*)
(*)

r1r2
( p 2 4q > 0)

y = c1e r1x + c2 e r2 x

( p 2 4q = 0)

y = (c1 + c2 x)e r1x

( p 2 4q < 0)

y = ex (c1 cos x + c2 sin x)

r1 = + ir2 = i
p
2

= =

4q p 2
2

y + py + qy = f ( x)p, q
f ( x) = e x Pm ( x)
f ( x) = e x [ Pl ( x) cos x + Pn ( x ) sin x]

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