-

( )

.
________..
30 2007.

..

2007

 624.046
34.41

-
( ), 2007
2

- -


- ,
, . , ,

,
. , ,
,
.
,
, , , .
1.
, ,
, (.1.1). , (z)

(x ). , ,
.

1.1.
, , .1.2.

x y (. .1.2):
Px = P sin y = P cos .
, ,

- -


. 1.1

. 1.2

z
:

Qx =P x =Psin ,
Qy=Py= P cos ;
4

- -

y = P x y = P y sin ,

M x= P y = P x cos .
,
(. .1.2):
x

M y ,
Jx

My

//

My
,
Jy

x - , .
(-, -). .

//

= + =

Mx y + My x.
Jx
Jy

(1.1)

, .. ,
.
, , .
, .

- -

1.2.

(1.1), , x 0,
y0
.

Mx + My =0,
y
x
Jx 0 Jy 0

Pz cos

Jx

y0+

Pz sin

Jy

x0 = 0

cos

Jx

y0+

sin

Jy

x0 = 0 .

(1.2)

(1.2)
, .
(.1.3) x. (1.2)

y 0 sin J x
Jx ,
= tg
=
Jy
x 0 cos J y
tg =

y0
Jx
, tg = tg
.
Jy
x0

(1.3)

Jx Jy , , |tg | |tg |,
,
.
(1.3) , J x =J y (, , , ), .. ,
,
,
6

- -

 .
.

.
, .
( A B .1.3).

. 1.3

(, ,
..) , .. (.1.4).
, ().

- -

. 1.4

- , ( . .1.3), ,
(. )
p

max =
c

max =

M x + M y [ ],
y
p
x
Jx A Jy A
M x + M y [ ] .
y

x
Jx Jy

(1.4)

.
- .
, , ,

| max |= M x y
Jx

My
x
Jy

[ ]

(1.5)

x - .

, .. .
8

- -

1.3.
, .. x ,

x + y .

, , .1.2, :

Py l 3
3EJ x

P cos 3
l ,
3EJ x

Px l 3 P sin 3
x = 3EJ = 3EJ l ,
y
y

x + y .

. 1.5

tg x / (.1.5)
9

- -

tg =

x = P sin 3EJ x
y 3EJ y P cos

Jx
tg .
Jy

(1.6)

(1.6) (1.3), , tg = tg, ..

(.1.5.).
.
1. (.1.6)
, h = 2b, []=160, =60, =30, l=2,8.

. 1.6

. ,
,
Mx y (.1.7). ,

M zmax =

Pl
cos ,
4

M y max =

Pl
sin ,
4

, .

(Mx) ()
(.1.7). M x D
() ,
10

- -

 - () .
y ,
D - .
, , ; .

. 1.7

, ,
, ([]=160 ) , ,

. , ,
(1.5)

M xmax M y max
+
[ ] .
= max =
wx
wy

wy

2b2b 2 1 3
=
= b .
6
3

,
11

- -

3 60 10 3 2,8(0,5 0,866 + 0,5)

3Pl (0,5 cos + sin )
= 0,0902,
b
=
4[ ]
4 160 10 6
h = 2b=18,04 .
2. ( 60: Wx =
25603, Wy=1823), , ,
= 1. .

. 1.8

. ( )
(.1.8)
x
x=M cos =M cos 1 =0,9998M,
=M sin =M sin1 =0,0175M.

max =

Mx + My = Mx (
wx wy wx

1+

My wx
)
Mx wy
12

- -

 max =

Mx
wx

1+

0,0175 2560
M

= 1,246 x ,
0,9998 182
wx

Mx M , max =1.246 M/wx .

, ,
(..1.8),

max =

M
.
wx

, 24,6 %.

2. ()

, , (.2.1).
xp, -

x .
. 2.1

13

- -

2.1.
()

() .
-
,
.

, ,
(.2.2). , ,
, = Pxp.
, ,
(.2.2).
, , , x = .

. 2.2

, , , 14

- -


Mx .
, ,
()
: N = Mx = =Pxp
(.2.3).
, .

. : - , - .

, , , D x (.2.3). N
; y D - , -, ( y )=0, ..

. 2.3

15

- -

 ;
Mx - , -, D
(M x ) = 0, .. z .
x

N
F

My
x
Jy

Mx
y
Jx

(2.1)

, .
, , .
2.2.

(2.1),

N
=
F

1
My
M
+
x0 + x y 0 = P
Jx
Jy
F

yp
xp
+
x + y
Jy 0 Jx 0

=0 ,

x0 y0- , .
,

yp
xp
P
+
+
1 2 x0 2 y 0
=
iy
ix
F

iy = Jy F

ix = Jx F

= 0 ,

yp
xp
1+ 2 x 0 + 2 y 0 = 0 .
iy
ix

(2.2)

(2.2) , () - , ( ).
16

- -

 , (. 2.4). 1 x,
y0 = y1 = 0 x0=x1 =

i y / x p , 2

y, x0 = x1 = 0 y0=y1 =

i x / y p , ( -

(2.2)).
zp, yp ()
, 1 2 , . ,
.
, .. , . , .
(. 2.4).

. 2.4

, .
17

- -

 -
- , :
(. ) (. ) (. 2.4)

N
pmax = A =
F

My
M
x A + x y A [ p ] ,
Jy
Jx

N
max = =
F

My
M
x + x y [ ].
Jy
Jx

(2.3)

, , , , .
,

max =

N
F

My
M
x A + x y F [
Jy
Jx

].

(2.4)

2.3.
(. 2.4)
1 2,
. 1: y 1 =0; x 1 =i y 2 /x p ,
(2.5)
2

. 2: x 2 = 0; y 2 = i z / y p.
, , () y p , x p . , ..
, y1, x2 ,
.. .
.
18

- -

 , , .
, , , .
, ,
, , (2.5).

. . 2.6
.

.2.5

19

- -

 .
2.1. H =10 t=1 , =70 ,
h =3 (. 2.6). ,
. h

. 2.6

,
?
. .
t ( I),

20

- -

 hxt ( II).
z.
I

yc

10 1 0

II

I
II
F yC F yC
I
II
F F

3 1 ( 1,5 )

= 0 ,643
10 1

3 1

: N - - .
(. 2.6).
() .
( ),
- ( ).
,
.

N M xC ,
max = + J y A
F
xC
FH - , FI FII =7 2;
J -

J xc

= JI

xc

+ JII

I + FII
J
=
X
xc

JII

( xII

+ FII

h
( + yC)
2

13 3
1 10 3
2
=
+ 1100,643 (
+ 13(1,5+0,643 )2 )
12
12

)=
4

=71,43 ;

yA -
(. )

yA =

h
+ y C = 5,643 .
2
21

- -

710 4 710 4 0,6435,64310

+
max =
710 4
71,45 8

= 1,3510 =135 .

h1

max =

h1 = H

N
=
F1

(H h1) t

10 4 7
= 0,1
max t
13510 6 10
P

= 0,048 =4,8 .

3.
.
,
,
.
, .
( , ), , , ,
.
.
, -
. .
22

- -

3.1.
(. 3.1) M x y ,
M,

M = M 2x + M 2y .

(3.1)

Mx
. ( ), . ( ).
.
, (= z) (. 3.1). . , . ( . ) ,
.

. 3.1

23

- -

M 2x + M 2y
M
=
,
A =
w oc
w oc

M
A=
wp

(3.2)

Woc Wp

w oc =

d 3
32

0,1d ,

w p = 2w oc =

d 3
16

(3.3)

0,2d .

. . ,

(. 3.2).

. 3.2

. 3.2,

24

- -

 . (III) (IV).
III
2

III =

+ 4

(3.4)

III =

M 2x + M 2y
2
w oc

+4

2w oc

1
w oc

M 2x + M 2y + M 2

III =

M III
w

(3.5)
2

III = x + y + -

III -

.
IV

VI

+ 3

(3.6)

IV =

M 2x + M 2y
2
w oc

+3

M 2
2w oc

1
w oc

M 2x + M 2y + 0,75M 2

IV
,
IV =
w

(3.7)

III = 2x + 2y + 2 - IV .
25

- -


,
III , - I

I = 0,5 + 2 + 4 2 .

(3.8)

.
4.
N=14.7 =10,5 /.
, , =1,5
. III IV ,
, [] =80 .
.
III

III =

M III M III
=
.
w oc
0,1d 3

N 14,7 103
= 1400 .
= =
10,5

III
2
= 1500 2 + 1400 2 = 2050 ,
III = 2 +

III

M III
2050
=3
= 6,35 10 2 ,
6
0,1[ ]
0,1 80 10

dIII=63,5 .

IV
26

- -

 III =

M IV M VI
=
.
3
w oc
0,1d

IV
2
= 1500 2 + 0,75 1400 2 = 1930 ,
III = 2 + 0,75

d III 3

M IV
1930
=3
= 6,23 10
0,1[ ]
0,1 80 106

dIV=62,3 .
,
,
.
3.2
, , Mv, a z (. 3.3).

. 3.3

, , 27

- -

 ( ) .
(. 3.4).

.3.4

, , ,
, .
, , .

, x M y ,
, x My ,
.
. ,
.
28

- -


N ( L), . , .
, ( ),
( ) Mx.
, N , (L,K)
, .
III ( ) IV () .


. C: = 0; max =

.N: max =

Mx My
+
=
wx wy

M M
=
;
w hb 2

max =

My
wy

My 6

hb 2

2

III = 2 + 4 2 = N2 + 4 max

.: / = max =

M
hb

; =

Mx Mx 6
,
=
wx
hb 2

2
+ 4( / )
III = 2 + 4 2 = M
2

, III
, - I

29

- -

I = 0,5

+ 4

5.
=0.9 .
III (. 3.5).
.
, -

(. 3.6).

. 3.5

. 3.6

Mx=M= 0.9 0.9 = 0.81 ,
Mz = = 0.9 0.6 = 0.54 .

III

III =
:

+ 4 .
=0,

30

- -

M M
=
= max =
w hb 2

0,54 10 3
0,246 6 3 2 10

= 40,6 ,

=f (h/b), h/b=2, =0,246.

III = 4

= 2 B = 2 40,6 = 81,2 .

M
0,81103 6
6
x
: A =
=
=
= 45 ,
bh 2
wx
3 6 2 10 6
= max = 0,795 40,6 = 32,3

= f(h/b), h/b= 2, = 0,795.

III = A + 4 A =

45 2 + 4 32,3 2 = 78,7 .

4.
, ( , -, ),
,
.
, . 4.1.
6. (. 4.1),
l1
l2, l 3 , :
1. ,
.
2. q,
l 3 .

31

- -

3. l1
l2.

. 5.1

:
) , ;
)
;
) /3 , .

l1,

l2,

L3,

0,23

0,28

0,33

ql2
P
1,3

b,

h
b
2,5

160

.
1. .
-

32

- -

 N, .
Q , , , . , . 4.1, . 4.2.

. 4.2

2. q
2.1. l 3 .
,
. : 33

- -

 , , , Mz,
N.
2.2.
l 3 ,
.

, , . (. 4.3)
bh 2
hb 2
W x = 6 ,W y = 6 ,W x > W y , .. h>b .

( > ). ,
, . 4.3.

. 4.3

34

- -


( N, Mx, y ) ( = z) (. 4.3).

,
:
E, N,
M x , M y , ,
D, N,
My, a
,
F, N, ,
1.
2.3.
.
q .
1,3 P 1,3 P
ql2/P=1,3, q =
=
= 4,64 P.
0,28
l2
:
Mx = Pl1 + ql2l3 = P 0.23 + 4,64 P 0,28 0,33 = 0,659 P,
My = Pl2 = 0.28 P,

Mz= = q l

2
2 /2=

4,6 P 0,28 2
=0,182P.
2

h/b = 2,5 b=3 :

bh 2 3 7,5 2
w x = 6 = 6 = 28,13 3,
35

- -

wy

hb 2 7,5 3 2
=
=
= 11,25 3,
6
6

w = hb 2 = 0,256 7,5 3 2 = 17,3

3,

h/b=2,5 =0,256.
2.4
.
,
E
max

N
=
F

E
=
max

My Mx
+
wy wx

P
3 7,5 10

4 +

0,659P

+
6

28,13 10

0,28P
11,25 10

6
[ ]
P
= 160 10 = 3305,7 H.
4,8410 4 4,84 10 4
D. D

N My
+
,
F wy
P

3 7,5 10

= max =

M
W

0,28 P
11,25 10

0,182
17,3 10

= 2,54 10 4 P ,

= 0,0105 10 6 .

D , III

III =

+ 4 2
36

- -

 III = ( D) + 4( D)
2

[ ]

P
=
3,3 10 4

(2,54 10 4 P )2 + 4 (1,05 10 4 P )2 = 3,3 10 4 P.

160 10 6
3,3 10 4

= 4848 H.

F. F

N Mx
+
,
F wx

3 7,5 10

==

0,659P
28,13 10

= 2,34 10 4 P ,

= max = 0,775 0,0105 10 6 = 0,0081 10 6 P ,

= f(b/h), h/b = 2,5, = 0,775.

III

F
III =

( F )2 + 4( F )2 = (2,34 104 P )2 + 4(0,81 104 P )2

= 2,48 104 P ,
6
[ ]
P
= 160 10 = 6451
H.
2,4810 4 2,48 10 4

,
3,3 , .. .
3.
= 3305 3,3, q = 15344 H/ 15,3
3.1.
l1. ,
37

- -

 , = 11.

max =

M x = Pl1
W x 0,1d13

d 1 3

Pl1
3505 0,23
=3
= 3,62 10
0,1 [ ]
0,1 160 10 6

.
2

d1=36 .
3.2.
/2
(. 4.2) ,
,
, , z= 1z, ..
(. 3.1). . 4.4
.

.4.4

38

- -

My = Pl2 = 3305 0.28 = 925.4 ,

q l 2 2 15344 0,28 2
= 601,5 ,
z = 2 =
2
==l1=33050,23=760,2 .

III

2

III M y + M z + M
=
=
III
W oc
w
M 2y + M 2z + M 2

d 2

d 2 3

3
, Woc=0,1d2 .

0,1 [ ]

925,4 2 + 601,5 2 + 760,2 2

0,1 160 10

= 4,38 10

d2=44 .

1. . . .. . - .:
, 1975.
2. ..
. .1 .: , 1997.
3. .. . .:, 1963.
39

- -

1.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
2.
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
3.
3.1.
3.2.
4.

.
.
.
...
..
()..

()


..
..
.
..

3
3
3
6
9
13
14
16
18
22
23
27
31
39

..
..

6084/16

... 2,3
.-.. 1,9
150 .

15 .
(). 125319, , ., 64
40

- -