L09-10

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4 categories of fallacy : Fallacies of Inconsistency Fallacies of Irrelevance Fallacies of Insufficiency Fallacies of Inappropriate Presumption -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:

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I1 1.1

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Self Contradiction p not p

Contradiction is the relation between a proposition p and its denial not p.

Peter is reading and Peter is not reading 1.2 Contradictory propositions can neither be both true nor both false. 1.3 p not p p not p

* Are The car is black and the car is white contradictory? :

I2 1 2

Self Defeating

( (

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I3

Double Standard

II1

Argument Ad Populum

II2

Argument Ad Hominem

: II3 Appeal to Inappropriate Authority X p d

X X :

1.

2. 3. +

II4

Strained Analogy

A B A p B p

II5

Smuggling a Fake Subject

a) 
&  '

Attacking a Straw man /

b) B


Red-herring

A, A

..  / / / / / .. } /

: III1 Hasty Generalization

Inductive Generalization / : a) b) c) drawn) (the sample size is too small) (there is a structural bias in the sample) /

(there are unfavorable, contradicting findings against the conclusion supposed to be

(Hasty Generalization)

III2

Accident

Vehicles should not exceed the speed limit. Since police cars are vehicles, it is obvious that police cars should not exceed the speed limit.

III3

Composition

III4 ( ) ( ) Division ( ) ( )

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I know that there are some great players in that basketball team, so most/all players in the team are great players. Each player of that basketball team is a great player, so the team is a great team.

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Most of the players in that team are great players. So Tim, being one of the few players in that team who do not come to daily training regularly, is also a great player.

Since the team is a great team, Tim, being a player in the team, is also a great player.

III5

False Cause

(a) Post hoc Fallacy  B A B A

(b) The Fallacy of Slippery Slope

: =/=

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III6 III7 III8

The Fallacy of Denying Antecedent The Fallacy of Affirming Consequent Appeal to Ignorance

IV1 Complex Question

Have you stopped stealing? ( )

What do you admit if you answer this question? Yes You admit you did steal in the past. No You still engage in stealing now.

IV2 Begging the Question / Circular Argument

the conclusion is stated or assumed as one of the premises.It is also known as circular argument ( ).

Horse-riding is dangerous, because it is unsafe.

IV3

False Dilemma | /