Place all answers on your answer sheet do not write on this test

Human Biology
Module 2 Assessment

Place all answers on your answer sheet do not write on this test

Identify the bones by name.

1. ___________________________ 2. ___________________________ 3. ___________________________ 4. ___________________________ 5. ___________________________

What type of joint are these. Choose from the list below.

6. ___________________________ 7. ___________________________ 8. ___________________________ 9. ___________________________ 10. ___________________________ Ball and Socket Joint Hinge Joint Gliding Joint Fixed Joint Swivel Joint

The vertebrae circle the correct answer

11. The vertebrae shown in pink are

12

A) Cervical B) Thoracic C) Lumbar D) Sacral 12. Arrow 12 is pointing to vertebra A) C3 B) T4 C) T6 D) L5

13. The thoracic vertebrae are A) B) C) D) Above the ribs Attached to the ribs Below the ribs Have nothing to do with the ribs

A
The vertebrae identify the following

Place the correct letter in the blank

_____ 14. Transverse process

_____ 15. Spinous process _____ 16. Intervertebral disk _____ 17. Spinal nerve _____ 18. Spinal cord

patients based on their x-rays. Choose the best answer. Go to page 5 for helpful information!

Diagnostic Radiology use your diagnostic skills to answer the questions for the following
Patient 1 this 32 year old male fell 15 feet from a ladder suffering injuries to his left shoulder.

19.

This x-ray shows

A dislocated shoulder A fracture of the humerus A dislocated shoulder and a fracture of the humerus. A broken collar bone. Broken ribs.

A. B. C. D. E.

20.
A. B. C. D. E.

Which arrow indicates a fracture?

Arrow A Arrow B Arrow C Arrow D Arrow E

Patient 2 this 38 year old female with low back pain as a result of a spodylolisthesis. L2
21. Go to page 5 for helpful information!

This x-ray shows

L3

A. The Cervical Spine B. The Thoracic Spine C. The Lumbar Spine

L4

22.

The injury is located at

A. L1 and L2 B. L2 and L3 C L3 and L4 D. L4 and L5

L5

Go to page 5 for helpful information!

Patient 3 this 16 year old girl suffered this injury while playing a very rough game of soccer.

Answer the following questions as completely as you can. Use terminology from the Radiology Reference Guide beginning on the next page.

and the bones involved).

23. Describe the injuries from this x-ray. Be specific (if there is a fracture name the type of fracture

24. Describe the treatment that will be needed to repair the injuries, be as specific as you can (imagine what an x ray might look like after the repair is completed).

Radiology Reference Guide

Different Types of

Fractures

A doctor might be able to tell whether a bone is broken simply by looking at the injured area. But the doctor will order an X-ray to confirm the fracture and determine what type it is. Getting an X-ray to look at the broken bone won't take long. However, a fracture through the growing part of the bone (called the growth plate) may not show up on X-ray. If this type of fracture is suspected, the doctor will treat it even if the Xray doesn't show a break. Kids' bones are more likely to bend than break completely because they're softer. Fracture types that are more common in kids include: buckle or torus fracture: one side of the bone bends, raising a little buckle, without breaking the other side greenstick fracture: a partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends (this fracture resembles what would happen if you tried to break a green stick)

Mature bones are more likely to break completely. A stronger force will also result in a complete fracture of younger bones. A complete fracture may be a: closed fracture: a fracture that doesn't break the skin open (or compound) fracture: a fracture in which the ends of the broken bone break through the skin (these have an increased risk of infection and always require surgery). non-displaced fracture: a fracture in which the pieces on either side of the break line up displaced fracture: a fracture in which the pieces on either side of the break are out of line (which might require surgery to make sure the bones are properly aligned before casting)

Other common fracture terms include: hairline fracture: a thin break in the bone single fracture: the bone is broken in one place segmental: the bone is broken in two or more places in the same bone. comminuted fracture: the bone is broken into more than two pieces or crushed usually requires surgery.

A shoulder dislocation occurs when the head of the humerus (upper arm bone) pops out of the shallow shoulder socket of the scapula (called the glenoid). This can happen when a strong force pulls the shoulder upward or outward, or from an extreme external rotation of the humerus. Dislocation can be full or partial:

Partial dislocation (also called subluxation)the head of the humerus slips out of the socket momentarily and then snaps back into place Full dislocationthe head of the humerus comes completely out of the socket

Shoulder dislocations can also be associated with fracturesone can have a fracture and dislocation at the same time. Nerves and blood vessels can sometimes be injured with a severe shoulder dislocation, requiring immediate medical attention.

What about

My Discs?

Discs have two parts the hard outer part called the annulus and softer jelly-like inner part called the nucleus. Weakening or serious damage can be caused from repetitive strains like sitting for long periods of time, excessive wear and tear or from traumatic injuries.

There are two common Disc problems we see in our Chiropractic clinic:

Bulging Discs are common problem were a weakened area of the annulus (fibrous tissue) allows the softer jelly-like nucleus of the disc to bulge outward like a balloon. This outward bulging can put pressure on the nearby nerves. Bulging disc cases respond well to chiropractic care. A Herniated or Ruptured Disc can be more serious. These types of problems can occur anywhere in the spine but are most commonly seen in the low back. This is when part of the jelly-like nucleus pushes out of the annulus and into the spinal canal. These injuries are usually due to trauma or long-term degeneration

What is a spinal subluxation? A person with a spinal subluxation has one vertebra in the spine that is out of alignment with the rest of the vertebrae. The vertebrae are bones that makeup the spine. Spinal subluxation is usually caused by an injury to the ligaments that hold the vertebrae together.

Spondylolisthesis

Spondylolisthesis occurs when one vertebra slips forward on the adjacent vertebrae. This will produce both a gradual deformity of the lower spine but also a narrowing of the vertebral canal. It is often associated with pain. Spinal fusion surgery is usually required.

Scoliosis
Scoliosis is an abnormal curving of the spine. Your spine is your backbone. It runs straight down your back. Everyones spine naturally curves a tiny bit. But people with scoliosis have a spine that curves too much. The spine might look like the letter C or S.

Surgical Techniques for repairing broken bones

Dynamic Compression Plate

(metal plate and screws)

(Removable pins)

K-wires

Repaired clavicle with hardware

Internal Fixation
(hardware on the inside)

External Fixation
(hardware on the outside)

Spinal Fusion