Chapter 12 Study Guide - The Age of Religious Wars Chapter Outline I. Renewed Religious Struggle II.

The French Wars of Religion (1526-1598) a. Appeal of Calvinism b. Catherine de Mdicis and the Guises i. The Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye ii. The Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre iii. Protestant Resistance Theory c. The Rise to Power of Henry of Navarre d. The Edict of Nantes III. Imperial Spain and the Reign of Philip II (r. 1556-1598) a. Pillars of Spanish Power i. New World Riches ii. Increased Population iii. Efficient Bureaucracy and Military iv. Supremacy in the Mediterranean b. The Revolt in the Netherlands i. Cardinal Granvelle ii. The Compromise iii. The Duke of Alba iv. Resistance and Unification v. The Pacification of Ghent vi. The Union of Arras and the Union of Utrecht vii. Netherlands Independence IV. England and Spain (1553-1603) a. Mary I (r. 1553-1558) b. Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) i. Catholic and Protestant Extremists ii. Deterioration of Relations with Spain iii. Mary, Queen of Scots iv. The Armada V. The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) a. Preconditions for War i. Fragmented Germany ii. Religious Division iii. Calvinism and the Palatinate iv. Maximilian of Bavaria and the Catholic League b. Four Periods of War i. The Bohemian Period ii. The Danish Period iii. The Swedish Period iv. The Swedish-French Period c. The Treaty of Westphalia

Commentary This chapter covers the religious wars in France, Spain's attempt to win an empire, Spanish relations with England and the Thirty Years' War. Non-Lutheran Protestants were not recognized by the Peace of Augsburg. Calvinism and Catholicism were irreconcilable church systems; Calvinism was committed to changing societies and was attractive to proponents of political decentralization while Catholicism remained congenial to those who favored absolute monarchy and "one king, one church, one law." After painful experiences, some rulers known as politiques subordinated theological doctrine to political-unity. With few interludes, the French monarchy remained a staunch Catholic foe of the French Protestants, who were called Huguenots, until 1589. Under the regency of Catherine de Medicis (for Francis II and Charles IX), three powerful families tried to control France: the Guises, the Bourbons and the Montmorency-Chatillons. The Guises remained devotedly Catholic while the Bourbons and the Montmorency-Chatillons developed Huguenot sympathies. Catherine tried to play them off against each other. She wanted a Catholic France, but

not under Guise domination. Three religious wars were fought between 1562 and 1570 and the Protestants were granted religious freedoms within their territories only to have the peace shattered by the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in 1572, which was supported by Catherine. Over 20,000 Huguenots were massacred on that day and Protestant reformers, who had urged strict obedience to the established political authority, now began to realize that they had to fight for their rights. Further political fighting finally resulted in the succession of the Protestant Henry of Navarre to the throne as Henry IV. Philip II of Spain was alarmed at the prospect of a Protestant France, but Henry was a politique and wisely converted to Catholicism while granting minority religious rights in an officially Catholic country (Edict of Nantes, 1598). Philip II (1556-1598) inherited the western Hapsburg kingdom, where new American wealth had greatly increased Spanish power. During the first half of his reign, he focused attention on the Turkish threat and in the battle of Lepanto (1571) the Turks were decisively beaten by the Holy League. In 1580, Spain annexed Portugal. But Spanish armies were not successful in the Netherlands, which were composed of Europe's wealthiest and most independent towns; many were also Calvinist strongholds, Initial resistance was brutally arrested by the Duke of Alba. But after 1573, the independence movement was headed by William of Orange. By 1577, a unified Netherlands forced the withdrawal of all Spanish troops. It was especially the resistance of the Netherlands that undid Spanish dreams of world empire. Although efforts to reconquer the Netherlands continued into the 1580s, Spain soon became preoccupied with England and France. In England, Mary I (1553-1558) reverted to the strict Catholic practice of her father, Henry VIII. Her successor, Elizabeth I (1558-1603), was a politique who merged a centralized episcopal system with broadly defined Protestant doctrine and traditional Catholic ritual. English relations with Spain soon deteriorated. In 1570, Elizabeth was excommunicated for heresy and throughout the decade English seamen preyed on Spanish shipping in the Americas. In 1585, Elizabeth committed English soldiers to fight against the Spanish in the Netherlands. Finally, she was compelled to execute her Catholic cousin Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1587. Philip launched his Armada against England in 1588, but was soundly defeated; Spain never really recovered from this defeat. In the second half of the sixteenth century, Germany (the Holy Roman Empire) was a land of about 300 autonomous political entities (secular and ecclesiastical principalities, free cities and castle regions). Religious conflict accentuated these divisions; during this time, the population was about equally divided between Catholics and Protestants. In 1609, Maximilian of Bavaria organized a Catholic League to counter a Protestant alliance recently formed under the leadership of the Elector Palatine, Frederick IV. The stage was set for the worst of the religious wars, the Thirty Years' War. The chapter then details the conflict, which is divided into four periods: the Bohemian (1618-1625), the Danish (1625-1629), the Swedish (1630-1635) and the Swedish-French (1635-1648). About one-third of the German population died in this war, which was ended by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. Among other provisions, it asserted the cuius regio, eius religio principle of the Peace of Augsburg and gave legal recognition to the Calvinists. This treaty perpetuated German division and political weakness into the modern period. Art & the West focuses on warring architectural styles: Baroque vs. Plain churches. Key Concepts Extension of the Political Conflict of the Reformation In the second half of the sixteenth century, the political conflict, which had previously been confined to central Europe and a struggle for Lutheran rights and freedoms was extended to France, the Netherlands, England and Scotland - and became a struggle for Calvinist recognition. German Lutherans and Catholics had agreed to live and let live in the Peace of Augsburg (1555) with the credo that he who controls the land may determine its religion. The Calvinists were excluded from this treaty and it was not until 1648 after the bloody Thirty Years' War and the Treaty of Westphalia, that they too received legal recognition. The Spanish Armada As a response to growing English power and disruption of Spanish shipping and land interests, Philip II of Spain launched the Armada of 130 ships against England. The swifter English vessels together with inclement weather inflicted defeat on Spain and the loss of over one-third of her vessels. The news of the Armada's

defeat gave heart to Protestant resistance. Although Spain continued to win impressive victories in the 1590s, it never fully recovered from the defeat. The Anglican Church One of the most skillful religious compromises attained during this period of religious war was the establishment of the Anglican Church. Elizabeth sought a compromise between Catholics and Protestants, which resulted in a church which was officially Protestant in doctrine and Catholic in ritual. Extremists on either side opposed the arrangement and there were conspiracies against Elizabeth. But the compromise proved lasting (with incidental changes) to the modern day. Elizabeth was a classic politique and it was due to her efforts that England did not succumb to the bloody warfare on the Continent. 1. How did Elizabeth I deal with the religious issue in England when she became queen? 2. Why did Elizabeth I put Mary Stuart under house arrest for so many years? What was she afraid of? 3. What role did Sir Francis Drake and the "Sea Dogs" play in the growing tensions between England and Spain? 4. Regarding Queen Elizabeth I's "Armada" speech: - How does she appeal to her subjects by describing herself as both a woman and a king? Why was it necessary for her to take this approach? - Who and what are the enemies of Elizabeth and England in this speech? - How does the speech draw on English nationalism without making it a religious issue? Why would she play down religious tensions? 5. Why did Philip II take upon himself the leadership of the Catholic Counter-Reformation? Why was Spain ideally suited to be the instrument of Philip's ambitions? 6. What was the general state of political and religious affairs in Europe in the first years of Philip II's reign? What conflict existed between religious and national loyalties? 7. Why did Philip II send the Spanish Armada against Elizabeth I in 1588? What were the results of this move for Spain? for England? 8. What were the political, economic, and religious issues that entered into the revolt of the Netherlands? How did this revolt merge with the international political and religious struggles in Europe at the time? 9. Why did Spain decline as a major European power during the reign of Philip III? What role did the Catholic Church especially play in this decline? 10. Analyze the validity of this statement: The Thirty Years' War was in part a German religious war and in part a German civil war fought over constitutional issues in the Holy Roman Empire. 11. How did European rivalries and ambitions become linked to the conflict within Germany in the late 16c and early 17c? 12. Create a CHART that briefly identify each stage of the Thirty Years' War --> What were the key issues? -- The results of each phase? -- The winners? -- The losers? 13. Identify the major provisions of the Treaty of Westphalia in the following areas by creating another CHART: the religious settlement, territorial changes, and political/diplomatic changes. 14. How did the Peace of Westphalia mark the advent in international law of the modern system of independent sovereign states? [notes] 15. Why have some historians labeled the Thirty Years' War the "last of the religious wars", while others have called it the "first modern war"? Which is the more accurate assessment? Why? 16. What was the military revolution which resulted from the Thirty Years' War? What effect did it have on warfare in the 16c and 17c? Key Words and Terms Define & Identify, using the text and/or a dictionary as necessary.

The House of Valois The Guises The Bourbons Huguenots

Habsburg Catherine de Medici St. Bartholomew Day Massacre

Henry (IV) of Navarre Edict of Nantes [1598] Paris is worth a mass

El Escorial William of Orange (the Silent) Compromise of 1564 (Netherlands) Spanish Fury Pacification of Ghent (1576) The Apology secular principalities Imperial Diet Mary Tudor Marian Exiles John Knox Elizabeth I politique Sir William Cecil Act of Supremacy (1559) regicide heart and soul of a king

Puritans Congregationalists Mary Stuart James VI (James I) Sir Francis Drake Philip II Battle of Lepanto Spanish Armada Philip III "Sea Beggars" Protestant Union The Palatinate Frederick V, Elector of Palatinate Catholic League Thirty Years' War [1618-1648] Max. I, Duke of Bavaria Ferdinand II

Bohemia Defenestration of Prague [General] Tilly Battle of White Mountain [1620] Albrecht von Wallenstein Edict of Restitution [1629] Gustavus Adolphus Cardinal Richelieu mercenaries Treaty of Westphalia [1648] United Provinces sovereign / sovereignty

Multiple-Choice 1._____ The defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 (a) confirmed England as Europe's dominant power. (b) saved France from Spanish conquest. (c) gave heart to Catholic supporters everywhere. (d) inflicted a defeat from which Spain never fully recovered. 2. _____ Albrecht of Wallenstein was a (a) devout Catholic spiritual leader. (b) brilliant and ruthless mercenary. (c) devout Catholic military leader. (d) none of the above. 3._____ Henry of Navarre (a) opposed the politiques. (b) rejected Catholicism for political reasons. (c) tolerated a Protestant minority in his country. (d) all of the above. 4._____ A major grievance of the Puritans was the (a) conducting of the mass in Latin. (b) abandonment of the Catholic ceremony and vestments. (c) continuation of the episcopal system of church governance. (d) both a and c. 5._____From Queen Elizabeth's point of view, the main problem caused by Mary Queen of Scots was that she was (a) more attractive than Elizabeth and could provide future heirs to the throne. (b) Elizabeth's legitimate successor who plotted to replace her. (c) Catholic and intended to eliminate the Church of England. (d) personally jealous of Elizabeth and sought to embarrass her at court. 6._____ The Spanish objective in the Netherlands was to (a) establish a major port at Antwerp. (b) make the country politically docile and religiously uniform. (c) maintain the status quo to disrupt English foreign policy. (d) end the Hanseatic League. 7._____ The phrase, cuius regio, eius religio, means (a) the king should always support the established religion. (b) the one who controls the land determines its religion. (c) whoever reigns may also serve as head of the religion. (d) whoever controls the religion may rule. 8._____ Philip II of Spain attempted to conquer (a) Portugal, France and Denmark. (b) Portugal, Italy and France. (c) Portugal, the Netherlands and England. (d) the Netherlands, Germany and England. 9._____ In the second half of the 16th century, Germany had about how many autonomous political entities? (a) 7 (b) 125 (c) 600 (d) 360

10._____ Both Henry III and Henry IV of France (a) maintained close political and religious ties with Spain. (b) were assassinated. (c) were victorious over Huguenot armies. (d) were Protestant leaders. True-False Rewrite false statements so that they are true. 1. _____ French Calvinism (Huguenotism) was supported by a minority of the population, but these included many nobles and bourgeois middle class people. 2. _____ An important cause of the Thirty Years' War was the awakening of German nationalism in the early seventeenth century. 3. _____ The marriage of Philip of Spain and Mary I of England was popular in both countries. 4. _____ The motto, "one king, one church, one law," was supported by Lutherans. 5. _____ The Spanish Fury referred to the destruction of the Aztecs. 6. _____ The Edict of Restitution (1629) intensified the conflict between Lutherans and Catholics in central Europe. 7. _____ Catherine de Medicis had to contend with the house of Burgundy for control of France after the death of Henry II. 8. _____ New military tactics employing greater mobility of infantry, cavalry, and artillery led to the military successes of Gustavus Adolphus during the Thirty Years' War. 9. _____ Both Henry III and Henry IV of France were assassinated as a result of bitter religious feelings in France. 10. _____ In the 1560s, the Duke of Alba brutally suppressed a Protestant uprising in the Netherlands. Completion 1. The outbreak of the ____________Years' War in 1618 made the international dimension of the religious conflict especially clear. 2. French Protestants are known as ____________, a term derived from Besancon Hugues, the leader of Geneva's political revolt against the House of Savoy in the 1520s. 3. On Saint ____________Day, August 24, 1572, Coligny and 3000 fellow Huguenots were butchered in Paris. 4. The Edict of ____________recognized and sanctioned minority religious rights within what was to remain an officially Catholic country. 5. Spanish mercenaries, leaderless and unpaid, ran amok in Antwerp on November 4, 1576, leaving 7000 people dead in the streets. The event came to be known as the Spanish ____________. 6. Queen ____________hoped to avoid both Catholic and Protestant extremism at the official level by pursuing a middle way. 7. Elizabeth dealt cautiously with the ____________, who were Protestants working within the national church to "purify" it of every vestige of "popery" and to make its Protestant doctrine more precise. 8. Drakes ____________ of the globe between 1577 and 1580 was one in a series of dramatic demonstrations of English ascendancy on the high seas. 9. As elsewhere in Europe, ____________ was the political and religious leaven within the Holy Roman Empire on the eve of the Thirty Years' War. 10. The Treaty of ____________ in 1648 brought all hostilities within the Holy Roman Empire to end. Essay/Discussion Questions:

1. How did Spain achieve a position of dominance in the 16th century? What were its strengths and weaknesses as a nation? What were Philip II's goals? Which ones were not successful and why? How might European history have been changed had the Spanish Armada been victorious? 2. Henry of Navarre (Henry IV of France), Elizabeth I and William of Orange were all politiques. Define the term in your own words and then explain why you agree or disagree with the statement. 3. "The Thirty Years' War is the outstanding example in European history of meaningless conflict." Explain why you agree or disagree with the statement. How could the war have been avoided? 4. Compare and contrast the religious compromises worked out in the Peace of Augsburg in Germany, the Edict of Nantes in France, and the Elizabethan religious settlement in Englan5. List in detail the terms of the Treaty of Westphalia. In your opinion, which of these terms appears to have had a lasting effect on the peoples of Europe? For Further Consideration of the Documents in Kagan Each of the following questions is designed to help you reach a better understanding of certain documents presented in the text. Feel free to refer to the document as necessary The value of a primary historical source should not be underestimated; it helps us to understand the nature of the era in which it was written. Theodore Beza Defends the Right to Resist Tyranny 1. How does Bezas viewpoint about the appropriate powers of the people and their rulers differ from ideas about leadership in the Middle Ages? 2. Beza was among the first to propose what would eventually be termed a social contract between governors and the governed. Explain the terms of the contract as Beza perceived it, and what he believed would happen if the terms were violated. Henry IV Recognizes Huguenot Religious Freedom 3. Was religious tolerance embodied in the Edict of Nantes? If so, explain how. If not, indicate what was missing. 4. Show how the Catholic and Reformed (Protestant) faiths were (or were not) equal under the Edict. An Unknown Contemporary Describes Queen Elizabeth 7. How does this description compare with that of Mary I? 8. How do the personal qualities and political skills of the two leaders differ?