MUHAMMAD RIZWAN

2008-CIVIL-76

Table of Contents
Topic 1. Indus Basin Irrigation System 1.1 Introduction 1.2 History of Indus Valley and ancient civilization 1.3 Indus Basin Irrigation System-IBIS 1.4 Salient Features 2. Barrages of Pakistan Salient features of Barrages of Pakistan 2.1 Barrages over Indus River 2.2 Barrages over Jhelum River 2.2 Barrages over Sutlej River 2.3 Barrages over Chenab River 2.4 Barrages over Ravi River 3. Salient features of off-taking Canals from the Barrages of Pakistan References 19 Page # 2 2 2 3 5 6 7 7 11 12 13 16 17

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Indus Basin Irrigation System

1.1: Introduction
Pakistan s Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) is the strong heart of the country s economy. Its creation is a tribute to the British irrigation engineers who created the original system (18471947) that Pakistan inherited in 1947 and to the Pakistani irrigation engineers and institutions (particularly the Water and Power Development Authority [WAPDA] and the provincial irrigation departments) who have spent the last 60 years adding new dams and barrages, building new link and branch canals, and modernizing and maintaining the world s most complex and extensive irrigation system. From the 1950s onward, the IBIS has also been the product of the generosity and intellectual input of a host of international experts and international institutions, particularly the World Bank. This paper starts with a review of what has been accomplished in order to put the IBIS into perspective and illustrate the magnitude of the effort put into building the present system. The paper s aim is to sketch the task ahead and develop a coherent national strategy for the preservation of the IBIS for the future.

1.2: History of Indus Valley and Ancient Civilization

The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilization (3300 1300 BCE; mature period 2600 1900 BCE) that was located in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent, consisting of what is now mainly modern-day Pakistan and northwest India. Flourishing around theIndus River basin, the civilization primarily centred along the Indus and the Punjab region, extending into the Ghaggar-Hakra River valley and the Ganges-Yamuna Doab. Geographically, the civilization was spread over an area of some 1,260,000 km, making it the largest ancient civilization in the world. The Indus Valley is one of the world's earliest urban civilizations, along with its contemporaries, Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. At its peak, the Indus Civilization may have had a population of well over five million. Inhabitants of the ancient Indus river valley developed new techniques in metallurgy and handicraft (carneol products, seal carving) and produced copper, bronze, lead, and tin. The civilization is noted for its cities built of brick, roadside drainage system, and multistoried houses. The Indus Valley has been the host to one of the most ancient civilization of human history, the Indus Valley Civilization. After the extinction of the Indus Civilization, new settlements especially in doabs grew slowly. New irrigation systems started to evolve. Inundation canals and small dams were constructed and population grew all around this area. In order to reduce the occurrence of low irrigation water supply the British authorities, towards the middle of the last century, started modernizing and expanding the irrigation system of the Indus Basin. It is believed that the ancient people of the valley of Indus were outstanding in the field of agriculture and industry as compared to the civilization of contemporary period in Egypt and Mesopotamia. The textile crafts made from cotton are living examples of their expertise. Such
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was the glory of the ancient people of Indus valley; perhaps they were the first sedentary farmers of the world. The richness and wealth of the Indus valley was the greed of the foreigners. The valley of Indus has always been the cherished goal of the invaders and conquerors that followed one after another from the northwestern passes through the mountain ranges. The Aryans, the Iranians, the Graeco-Bactrians, the Parthenians, the Kushans, the white Huns, Muslims emperors, and Britishers plundered the rich valley of the Indus from time to time and ruled over the valley and northern India. Entire history of Indus valley reveals that one invader or another has treaded the present Pakistan. The Muslims of the subcontinent first tried to shake off a century old rule of British in 1857 and finally succeeded to drive them away in 1947, and the great valley Indus became part of Pakistan. Pakistan lies between latitudes 24 degree and 37 degree North and longitudes 61 degree to 76 degree East. Its surroundings include Iran on the west, Afghanistan on the northwest, Gilgit Agency, Azad Kashmir and disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir lie on the northeast, India on the east and the Arabian Sea exists on its south.

Fig 1.1 Indus Basin

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1.3: INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM - IBIS

Today we have the world's marvelous and the largest contiguous irrigation system that currently irrigates over 16 million hectares of land, out of 34 million hectares of cultivable lands available. This land lies within the plains formed by river Indus and its tributaries. Britishers started the barrage irrigation system during 1930s. In order to fully utilize the river water resources, the IBIS has emerged as the largest contiguous irrigation system in the world. The IBIS comprises of three large dams, eighty five small dams, nineteen barrages, twelve inter-river link canals, forty-five canal commands and 0.7 million tube wells In monetary terms, this network is the biggest infrastructure enterprise of Pakistan

accounting for approximately US$ 300 billion of investment.

Schematic diagram of the Indus Basin irrigation system

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1.4: SALIENT FEATURES

It is world's largest and unified irrigation system that consists of three major reservoirs (Chashma, Mangla, and Tarbela); 18 barrages (Ferozepur, Sulemanki, Islam, Balloki, Marala, Trimmu, Panjnad, Kalabagh, Sukkur, Kotri, Taunsa, Guddu, Chashma, Mailsi, Sidhnai, Rasul, Qadirabad, and Marala); 12 link canals; 45 irrigation canals; and over 107,000 water courses and millions of farm channels & field ditches. The total length of main canal system is estimated about 585000 Kilometer (36932 miles) and that of watercourses &field channels exceeds 1.62 million Kilometers (over 1.02 million miles). Catchment area of Indus is most unique in the sense that it contains seven (7) of the world s highest peaks after Mount Everest. Among these include the K2 (28,253 ft), Nanga Parbat (26,600 ft), Rakaposhi (25,552 ft) etc.; Further to above, seven(7) glaciers situated in the Indus catchment are among the largest in the world, namely, Siachin, Hispar, Biafo, Baltura, Baltoro, Barpu and Hopper.

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Barrages of Pakistan

Fig. 1.2 showing Rivers and respective Barrages constructed across them

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Salient Features of Barrages in Pakistan

Barrages Over Indus Ravi

1958 River Indus, 20 km southeast of Taunsa City 750,000 cusecs 4,436 ft 53 12

y Tounsa Barrage
Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length No. of Bays No. of Under Sluices

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Crest Level Off taking Canals

y Ghazi Barotha Barrage

Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length Off taking Canals 2004 River Indus 500,000 cusecs 170,560 ft 1

y Jinnah Barrage
Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length No. of Bays Off taking Canals 1946 River Indus, Kalabagh I Mianwali District northwest of Punjab 950,000 cusecs 3,360 ft 42 1

y Chashma Barrage
Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Between 1967-1971 River Indus, 25 km southwest of Punjab 11,76,000 cusecs

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Length No. of Bays No. of Under Sluices Crest Level Off taking Canals

3,356 ft 52 11 2

Guddu Barrage
Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length No. of Bays Off taking Canals 1962 River Indus, Near Kashmore 12,00,000 cusecs 3.840 ft 64 5

Sukkur Barrage
Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length No. of Bays No. of Under Sluices Crest Level Off taking Canals 1932 River Indus, Near Sukkur City 15,00,000 cusecs 4,490 ft 54 12 177 7

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y Kotri Barrage
Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length No. of Bays No. of Under Sluices Crest Level Off taking Canals 1955 South-west of Karachi near Hyderabad 750,000 cusecs 3000 ft 44 48 S.P.D 4

Barrages Over River Ravi

Balloki Barrage
Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length No. of Bays No. of Under Sluices Crest Level Off taking Canals 1914 River Ravi 140,000 cusecs 1,644 ft 35 625 S.P.D 2

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Sidhnai Barrage
Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length No. of Bays No. of Under Sluices Crest Level Off taking Canals 1965 River Ravi 167,000 cusecs 712 ft 15 4 454 S.P.D 2

Barrages Over Jhelum River

Mangla Dam
Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length Off taking Canals 1967 River Jhelum, 100 km from Islamabad in Azad Kashmir district 11,00,000 cusecs 10,300 ft 1

Rasool Barrage
Year of Completion Location Design Discharge 1968 River Jhelum, 72 km from Mangla Dam 876,000 cusecs
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Length No. of Bays No. of Under Sluices Crest Level Off taking Canals

3,209 ft 42 6 703S.P.D 2

Barrages Over Sutlej River

Sulemanki Barrage
Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length No. of Bays No. of Under Sluices Crest Level Off taking Canals 1927 River Sutlej 309,000 cusecs 2,220 ft 24 16 560 S.P.D 3

Islam Barrage
Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length No. of Bays 1927 River Chenab 300,000 cusecs 1,650 ft 29
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No. of Under Sluices Crest Level Off taking Canals

4 435.5 S.P.D 2

Mailsi Siphon
Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length No. of Bays No. of Under Sluices Crest Level 1965 River Sutlej, Near Mailsi 429,000 cusecs 1,601 ft 24 415.5 S.P.D

 Barrages Over Chenab River

Maralla Head Works
Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length No. of Bays No. of Under Sluices Crest Level 1968 River Chenab, Near Sialkot City 11,00,000 cusecs 4,472 ft 66 13 800 S.P.D

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Off taking Canals

Khanki Head Works

Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length No. of Bays No. of Under Sluices Crest Level Off taking Canals 1889 River Chenab, Gujrat District 750,000 cusecs 4,000 ft 48 56 726.5-727 S.P.D 1

Qadirabad Barrage
Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length No. of Bays No. of Under Sluices Crest Level Off taking Canals 1967 River Chenab, Phalia Tehsil of Mandi Bahaudin 900,000 cusecs 3,373 ft 50 5 684.5 S.P.D 1

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Trimmu Barrage
Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length No. of Bays No. of Under Sluices Crest Level Off taking Canals 1939 25 km from Jhang city on the Confluence of river Ravi and Chenab 645,000 cusecs 2,856 ft 47 Left Portion :5 Right portion: 6 Main Weir: 477..5 Under Sluice: 472.0 S.P.D 3

Punjnad Barrage
Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length No. of Bays No. of Under Sluices Crest Level Off taking Canals 1929 River Chenab 700,000 cusecs 2,856 ft 47 325 S.P.D 2

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Barrages Over River Ravi

Balloki Barrage
Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length No. of Bays No. of Under Sluices Crest Level Off taking Canals 1914 River Ravi 140,000 cusecs 1,644 ft 35 625.5 S.P.D 2

Sidhnai Barrage
Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length No. of Bays No. of Under Sluices Crest Level Off taking Canals 1965 River Ravi 167,000 cusecs 712 ft 15 4 454 S.P.D 2

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Salient Features of off-taking Canals from the Barrages of Pakistan

Barrage Names Year of Area Completion Irrigated of Barrage in Km2 Above Rim Station 1 2 3 4 5 Amandra Munda Warsak Jinnah Chashma
Swat Swat Kabul 1915 1885 /1917 1890 / 1962 1947 1971 26,900 28,317 1,557 1. Upper Swat Canal 1. Lower Swat Canal Warsak Canal (L&R) 2. Kabul River Canal 1915 1885 1962 1890 1949 1970 1970 1959 1959 1962 1962 1962 1962 1932 1932 1932 1932 1932 1932 1955 1955 1955 1955
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S.No

Rivers

Canals

Year of Completion

Discharge at Head (cusecs)

96 55 14 13 311 614 142 340 235 249 241 365 235 439 379 76 317 54 144 289 116 391 408 255

Below Rim Station

Indus Indus 1. Thal Canal Chashma Jhelum Link 2. CRBC/Peharpur Taunsa Punjnad Link Muzaffargarh Canal 3. D.G. Khan Canal Ghotki Feeder 2a. Desert Pat Feeder 2b. Pat Feeder Canal 3. Begari Feeder Nara Canal Khairpur East Canal Rohri Canal Khairpur West Canal North West Canal 6. Rice Canal Akram Wah (Link Canal) Fuleli Canal Pinyari Canal 4. Kalri Canal

Taunsa

Indus

1959

21,237

Guddu

Indus

1962

25,485

Sukkur

Indus

1932

42,475

Kotri

Indus

1954

25,485

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Rasul

Jhelum

1967

24,069

11 12 13

Marala Khanki

Chenab Chenab

1968 1892 1967

31,148 29,732 25,485

Qadirabad Chenab

14

Trimmu

Chenab

1939

18,406

15

Balloki

Ravi

1965

63,712

16

Sidhnai (New)

Ravi

1965

4,709

17

Sulemanki

Sutlej

1928

9,911

18 19 20

Islam Punjnad Ghazi Barrage

Sutlej
Chenab

1928
1932

10,987

Rasul- Qadirabad Link Lower Jhelum Canal LJC Feeder 4. Rasul Power Canal Marala Ravi Link 2. Upper Chenab Canal 1. Lower Chenab Canal 1. Qadirabad Balloki Link and LCC Feeder Trimmu Sidhnai Link Haveli Canal 3. Rangpur Canal Balloki Sulemanki Link 2. Lower Bari Doab Canal Sidhnai Mailsi Link Mailsi Bahawal Link 3. Sidhnai Canal Eastern Sadiqia Canal Fodwah Canal 3. Upper Pakpattan Canal U & L Bahawal Canal 2. Qaim Canal Punjnad Canal Abbasia Canal 1. Ghazi Barotha Power Channel

1967 1901

538 150 154 101

1956 1912 1892 1967 1965 1939 1939 1954 1913 1965 1965 1886 1927 1927 1927 1927 1927 1335 1338 2002

623 467 326 527 311 183 77 524 198 286 110 127 139 95 169 132 213 231 65 132

Indus

2002

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Refrences
http://uetblogs.com/groups/civil-engineers/ http://www.tbl.com.pk/ http://irrigation.punjab.gov.pk/ http://www.wapda.gov.pk/ http://www.scribd.com/

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